diff --git a/core/vm/instructions.go b/core/vm/instructions.go
index 63bb6d2d51..9cea453367 100644
--- a/core/vm/instructions.go
+++ b/core/vm/instructions.go
@@ -991,13 +991,13 @@ func makePush(size uint64, pushByteSize int) executionFunc {
 			start   = min(codeLen, int(*pc+1))
 			end     = min(codeLen, start+pushByteSize)
 		)
-		a := new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(scope.Contract.Code[start:end])
+		a := scope.Stack.get()
+		a.SetBytes(scope.Contract.Code[start:end])
 
 		// Missing bytes: pushByteSize - len(pushData)
 		if missing := pushByteSize - (end - start); missing > 0 {
 			a.Lsh(a, uint(8*missing))
 		}
-		scope.Stack.push(a)
 		*pc += size
 		return nil, nil
 	}
diff --git a/core/vm/instructions_test.go b/core/vm/instructions_test.go
index cce88eebb5..07557b8c9a 100644
--- a/core/vm/instructions_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/instructions_test.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
@@ -281,25 +282,40 @@ func TestJsonTestcases(t *testing.T) {
 
 func opBenchmark(bench *testing.B, op executionFunc, args ...string) {
 	var (
-		evm   = NewEVM(BlockContext{}, nil, params.TestChainConfig, Config{})
-		stack = newStackForTesting()
-		scope = &ScopeContext{nil, stack, nil}
+		evm      = NewEVM(BlockContext{}, nil, params.TestChainConfig, Config{})
+		stack    = newStackForTesting()
+		code     = []byte{}
+		opPush32 = makePush(32, 32)
 	)
 	// convert args
 	intArgs := make([]*uint256.Int, len(args))
 	for i, arg := range args {
+		code = append(code, common.LeftPadBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(arg), 32)...)
 		intArgs[i] = new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(arg))
 	}
 	pc := uint64(0)
+	scope := &ScopeContext{nil, stack, &Contract{Code: code}}
+	start := time.Now()
 	bench.ResetTimer()
 	for i := 0; i < bench.N; i++ {
-		for _, arg := range intArgs {
-			stack.push(arg)
+		for range len(args) {
+			opPush32(&pc, evm.interpreter, scope)
+			pc += 32
 		}
 		op(&pc, evm.interpreter, scope)
-		stack.pop()
+		opPop(&pc, evm.interpreter, scope)
 	}
 	bench.StopTimer()
+	elapsed := uint64(time.Since(start))
+	if elapsed < 1 {
+		elapsed = 1
+	}
+	reqGas := uint64(len(args))*GasFastestStep + GasFastestStep + GasQuickStep
+	gasUsed := reqGas * uint64(bench.N)
+	bench.ReportMetric(float64(reqGas), "gas/op")
+	// Keep it as uint64, multiply 100 to get two digit float later
+	mgasps := (100 * 1000 * gasUsed) / elapsed
+	bench.ReportMetric(float64(mgasps)/100, "mgas/s")
 
 	for i, arg := range args {
 		want := new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(arg))
diff --git a/core/vm/stack.go b/core/vm/stack.go
index 11b305d20f..36a73b9a87 100644
--- a/core/vm/stack.go
+++ b/core/vm/stack.go
@@ -29,28 +29,24 @@ type stackArena struct {
 }
 
 func (sa *stackArena) push(value *uint256.Int) {
-	if len(sa.data) <= sa.top {
-		// we need to grow the arena
-		sa.data = slices.Grow(sa.data, 512)
-		sa.data = sa.data[:cap(sa.data)]
-	}
-	sa.data[sa.top] = *value
-	sa.top++
-}
 
-func (sa *stackArena) pop() {
-	sa.top--
 }
 
 func newArena() *stackArena {
 	return &stackArena{
-		data: make([]uint256.Int, 1024),
+		data: make([]uint256.Int, 1025),
 	}
 }
 
 // stack returns an instance of a stack which uses the underlying arena. The instance
 // must be released by invoking the (*Stack).release() method
 func (sa *stackArena) stack() *Stack {
+	// make sure every substack has at least 1024 elements
+	if len(sa.data) <= sa.top+1024 {
+		// we need to grow the arena
+		sa.data = slices.Grow(sa.data, 1024)
+		sa.data = sa.data[:cap(sa.data)]
+	}
 	return &Stack{
 		bottom: sa.top,
 		size:   0,
@@ -62,7 +58,7 @@ func (sa *stackArena) stack() *Stack {
 // backed by a newly allocated arena.
 func newStackForTesting() *Stack {
 	arena := &stackArena{
-		data: make([]uint256.Int, 256),
+		data: make([]uint256.Int, 1025),
 	}
 	return arena.stack()
 }
@@ -89,16 +85,22 @@ func (s *Stack) Data() []uint256.Int {
 }
 
 func (s *Stack) push(d *uint256.Int) {
-	// NOTE push limit (1024) is checked in baseCheck
-	s.inner.push(d)
+	s.inner.data[s.inner.top] = *d
+	s.inner.top++
 	s.size++
 }
 
+func (s *Stack) get() *uint256.Int {
+	elem := &s.inner.data[s.inner.top]
+	s.inner.top++
+	s.size++
+	return elem
+}
+
 func (s *Stack) pop() uint256.Int {
-	ret := s.inner.data[s.bottom+s.size-1]
-	s.inner.pop()
+	s.inner.top--
 	s.size--
-	return ret
+	return s.inner.data[s.inner.top]
 }
 
 func (s *Stack) len() int {
@@ -155,7 +157,6 @@ func (s *Stack) swap16() {
 }
 
 func (s *Stack) dup(n int) {
-	// TODO: check size of inner
 	s.inner.data[s.bottom+s.size] = s.inner.data[s.bottom+s.size-n]
 	s.size++
 	s.inner.top++