core/rawdb: introduce flush offset in freezer

core/blockchain.go

@@ -113,23 +113,29 @@ const (
 	//   * the `BlockNumber`, `TxHash`, `TxIndex`, `BlockHash` and `Index` fields of log are deleted
 	//   * the `Bloom` field of receipt is deleted
 	//   * the `BlockIndex` and `TxIndex` fields of txlookup are deleted
+	//
 	// - Version 5
 	//  The following incompatible database changes were added:
 	//    * the `TxHash`, `GasCost`, and `ContractAddress` fields are no longer stored for a receipt
 	//    * the `TxHash`, `GasCost`, and `ContractAddress` fields are computed by looking up the
 	//      receipts' corresponding block
+	//
 	// - Version 6
 	//  The following incompatible database changes were added:
 	//    * Transaction lookup information stores the corresponding block number instead of block hash
+	//
 	// - Version 7
 	//  The following incompatible database changes were added:
 	//    * Use freezer as the ancient database to maintain all ancient data
+	//
 	// - Version 8
 	//  The following incompatible database changes were added:
 	//    * New scheme for contract code in order to separate the codes and trie nodes
+	//
 	// - Version 9
-	//  Total difficulty has been removed from both the key-value store and the
+	//  The following incompatible database changes were added:
-	//  ancient store, the td freezer table has been deprecated since that.
+	//  * Total difficulty has been removed from both the key-value store and the ancient store.
+	//  * The metadata structure of freezer is changed by adding 'flushOffset'
 	BlockChainVersion uint64 = 9
 )
 

core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go

@@ -849,6 +849,7 @@ func TestHeadersRLPStorage(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create database with ancient backend")
 	}
 	defer db.Close()
+
 	// Create blocks
 	var chain []*types.Block
 	var pHash common.Hash
@@ -864,7 +865,7 @@ func TestHeadersRLPStorage(t *testing.T) {
 		chain = append(chain, block)
 		pHash = block.Hash()
 	}
-	var receipts []types.Receipts = make([]types.Receipts, 100)
+	receipts := make([]types.Receipts, 100)
 	// Write first half to ancients
 	WriteAncientBlocks(db, chain[:50], receipts[:50])
 	// Write second half to db

core/rawdb/ancient_scheme.go

@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ const (
 	stateHistoryStorageData  = "storage.data"
 )
 
+// stateFreezerNoSnappy configures whether compression is disabled for the state freezer.
 var stateFreezerNoSnappy = map[string]bool{
 	stateHistoryMeta:         true,
 	stateHistoryAccountIndex: false,

core/rawdb/freezer_batch.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package rawdb
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/golang/snappy"
@@ -188,9 +189,6 @@ func (batch *freezerTableBatch) commit() error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := batch.t.head.Sync(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
 	dataSize := int64(len(batch.dataBuffer))
 	batch.dataBuffer = batch.dataBuffer[:0]
 
@@ -208,6 +206,12 @@ func (batch *freezerTableBatch) commit() error {
 	// Update metrics.
 	batch.t.sizeGauge.Inc(dataSize + indexSize)
 	batch.t.writeMeter.Mark(dataSize + indexSize)
+
+	// Periodically sync the table, todo (rjl493456442) make it configurable?
+	if time.Since(batch.t.lastSync) > 30*time.Second {
+		batch.t.lastSync = time.Now()
+		return batch.t.syncWithNoLock()
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 

core/rawdb/freezer_meta.go

@@ -17,93 +17,166 @@
 package rawdb
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 )
 
-const freezerVersion = 1 // The initial version tag of freezer table metadata
+const (
+	freezerTableV1 = 1 // Initial version of metadata struct
+	freezerTableV2 = 2 // Add field: 'flushOffset'
+)
 
-// freezerTableMeta wraps all the metadata of the freezer table.
+// freezerTableMeta is a collection of additional properties that describe the
+// freezer table. These properties are designed with error resilience, allowing
+// them to be automatically corrected after an error occurs without significantly
+// impacting overall correctness.
 type freezerTableMeta struct {
-	// Version is the versioning descriptor of the freezer table.
+	file    *os.File // file handler of metadata
+	version uint16   // version descriptor of the freezer table
+
+	// virtualTail represents the number of items marked as deleted. It is
+	// calculated as the sum of items removed from the table and the items
+	// hidden within the table, and should never be less than the "actual
+	// tail".
+	//
+	// If lost due to a crash or other reasons, it will be reset to the number
+	// of items deleted from the table, causing the previously hidden items
+	// to become visible, which is an acceptable consequence.
+	virtualTail uint64
+
+	// flushOffset represents the offset in the index file up to which the index
+	// items along with the corresponding data items in data files has been flushed
+	// (fsync’d) to disk. Beyond this offset, data integrity is not guaranteed,
+	// the extra index items along with the associated data items should be removed
+	// during the startup.
+	//
+	// The principle is that all data items above the flush offset are considered
+	// volatile and should be recoverable if they are discarded after the unclean
+	// shutdown. If data integrity is required, manually force a sync of the
+	// freezer before proceeding with further operations (e.g. do freezer.Sync()
+	// first and then write data to key value store in some circumstances).
+	//
+	// The offset could be moved forward by applying sync operation, or be moved
+	// backward in cases of head/tail truncation, etc.
+	flushOffset uint64
+}
+
+// decodeV1 attempts to decode the metadata structure in v1 format. If fails or
+// the result is incompatible, nil is returned.
+func decodeV1(file *os.File) *freezerTableMeta {
+	_, err := file.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	type obj struct {
 		Version uint16
-
+		Tail    uint64
-	// VirtualTail indicates how many items have been marked as deleted.
+	}
-	// Its value is equal to the number of items removed from the table
+	var o obj
-	// plus the number of items hidden in the table, so it should never
+	if err := rlp.Decode(file, &o); err != nil {
-	// be lower than the "actual tail".
+		return nil
-	VirtualTail uint64
+	}
+	if o.Version != freezerTableV1 {
+		return nil
 	}
-
-// newMetadata initializes the metadata object with the given virtual tail.
-func newMetadata(tail uint64) *freezerTableMeta {
 	return &freezerTableMeta{
-		Version:     freezerVersion,
+		file:        file,
-		VirtualTail: tail,
+		version:     o.Version,
+		virtualTail: o.Tail,
 	}
 }
 
-// readMetadata reads the metadata of the freezer table from the
+// decodeV2 attempts to decode the metadata structure in v2 format. If fails or
-// given metadata file.
+// the result is incompatible, nil is returned.
-func readMetadata(file *os.File) (*freezerTableMeta, error) {
+func decodeV2(file *os.File) *freezerTableMeta {
 	_, err := file.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil
 	}
-	var meta freezerTableMeta
+	type obj struct {
-	if err := rlp.Decode(file, &meta); err != nil {
+		Version uint16
-		return nil, err
+		Tail    uint64
+		Offset  uint64
+	}
+	var o obj
+	if err := rlp.Decode(file, &o); err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if o.Version != freezerTableV2 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return &freezerTableMeta{
+		file:        file,
+		version:     freezerTableV2,
+		virtualTail: o.Tail,
+		flushOffset: o.Offset,
 	}
-	return &meta, nil
 }
 
-// writeMetadata writes the metadata of the freezer table into the
+// newMetadata initializes the metadata object, either by loading it from the file
-// given metadata file.
+// or by constructing a new one from scratch.
-func writeMetadata(file *os.File, meta *freezerTableMeta) error {
+func newMetadata(file *os.File) (*freezerTableMeta, error) {
-	_, err := file.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return rlp.Encode(file, meta)
-}
-
-// loadMetadata loads the metadata from the given metadata file.
-// Initializes the metadata file with the given "actual tail" if
-// it's empty.
-func loadMetadata(file *os.File, tail uint64) (*freezerTableMeta, error) {
 	stat, err := file.Stat()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	// Write the metadata with the given actual tail into metadata file
-	// if it's non-existent. There are two possible scenarios here:
-	// - the freezer table is empty
-	// - the freezer table is legacy
-	// In both cases, write the meta into the file with the actual tail
-	// as the virtual tail.
 	if stat.Size() == 0 {
-		m := newMetadata(tail)
+		m := &freezerTableMeta{
-		if err := writeMetadata(file, m); err != nil {
+			file:        file,
+			version:     freezerTableV2,
+			virtualTail: 0,
+			flushOffset: 0,
+		}
+		if err := m.write(true); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		return m, nil
 	}
-	m, err := readMetadata(file)
+	if m := decodeV2(file); m != nil {
+		return m, nil
+	}
+	if m := decodeV1(file); m != nil {
+		return m, nil // legacy metadata
+	}
+	return nil, errors.New("failed to decode metadata")
+}
+
+// setVirtualTail sets the virtual tail and flushes the metadata if sync is true.
+func (m *freezerTableMeta) setVirtualTail(tail uint64, sync bool) error {
+	m.virtualTail = tail
+	return m.write(sync)
+}
+
+// setFlushOffset sets the flush offset and flushes the metadata if sync is true.
+func (m *freezerTableMeta) setFlushOffset(offset uint64, sync bool) error {
+	m.flushOffset = offset
+	return m.write(sync)
+}
+
+// write flushes the content of metadata into file and performs a fsync if required.
+func (m *freezerTableMeta) write(sync bool) error {
+	type obj struct {
+		Version uint16
+		Tail    uint64
+		Offset  uint64
+	}
+	var o obj
+	o.Version = freezerTableV2 // forcibly set it to v2
+	o.Tail = m.virtualTail
+	o.Offset = m.flushOffset
+
+	_, err := m.file.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return err
 	}
-	// Update the virtual tail with the given actual tail if it's even
+	if err := rlp.Encode(m.file, &o); err != nil {
-	// lower than it. Theoretically it shouldn't happen at all, print
+		return err
-	// a warning here.
-	if m.VirtualTail < tail {
-		log.Warn("Updated virtual tail", "have", m.VirtualTail, "now", tail)
-		m.VirtualTail = tail
-		if err := writeMetadata(file, m); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
 	}
+	if !sync {
+		return nil
 	}
-	return m, nil
+	return m.file.Sync()
 }

core/rawdb/freezer_meta_test.go

@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ package rawdb
 import (
 	"os"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 )
 
 func TestReadWriteFreezerTableMeta(t *testing.T) {
@@ -27,36 +29,98 @@ func TestReadWriteFreezerTableMeta(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create file %v", err)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
-	err = writeMetadata(f, newMetadata(100))
+
+	meta, err := newMetadata(f)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to write metadata %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to new metadata %v", err)
 	}
-	meta, err := readMetadata(f)
+	meta.setVirtualTail(100, false)
+
+	meta, err = newMetadata(f)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to read metadata %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to reload metadata %v", err)
 	}
-	if meta.Version != freezerVersion {
+	if meta.version != freezerTableV2 {
 		t.Fatalf("Unexpected version field")
 	}
-	if meta.VirtualTail != uint64(100) {
+	if meta.virtualTail != uint64(100) {
 		t.Fatalf("Unexpected virtual tail field")
 	}
 }
 
-func TestInitializeFreezerTableMeta(t *testing.T) {
+func TestUpgradeMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	f, err := os.CreateTemp(t.TempDir(), "*")
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create file %v", err)
 	}
 	defer f.Close()
-	meta, err := loadMetadata(f, uint64(100))
+
+	// Write legacy metadata into file
+	type obj struct {
+		Version uint16
+		Tail    uint64
+	}
+	var o obj
+	o.Version = freezerTableV1
+	o.Tail = 100
+
+	if err := rlp.Encode(f, &o); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to encode %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Reload the metadata, a silent upgrade is expected
+	meta, err := newMetadata(f)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to read metadata %v", err)
 	}
-	if meta.Version != freezerVersion {
+	if meta.version != freezerTableV1 {
-		t.Fatalf("Unexpected version field")
+		t.Fatal("Unexpected version field")
 	}
-	if meta.VirtualTail != uint64(100) {
+	if meta.virtualTail != uint64(100) {
-		t.Fatalf("Unexpected virtual tail field")
+		t.Fatal("Unexpected virtual tail field")
+	}
+	if meta.flushOffset != uint64(0) {
+		t.Fatal("Unexpected flush offset field")
+	}
+
+	meta.setFlushOffset(100, true)
+
+	meta, err = newMetadata(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to read metadata %v", err)
+	}
+	if meta.version != freezerTableV2 {
+		t.Fatal("Unexpected version field")
+	}
+	if meta.virtualTail != uint64(100) {
+		t.Fatal("Unexpected virtual tail field")
+	}
+	if meta.flushOffset != uint64(100) {
+		t.Fatal("Unexpected flush offset field")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInvalidMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+	f, err := os.CreateTemp(t.TempDir(), "*")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create file %v", err)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	// Write invalid legacy metadata into file
+	type obj struct {
+		Version uint16
+		Tail    uint64
+	}
+	var o obj
+	o.Version = freezerTableV2 // -> invalid version tag
+	o.Tail = 100
+
+	if err := rlp.Encode(f, &o); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to encode %v", err)
+	}
+	_, err = newMetadata(f)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Unexpected success")
 	}
 }

core/rawdb/freezer_table.go

@@ -108,11 +108,13 @@ type freezerTable struct {
 
 	head   *os.File            // File descriptor for the data head of the table
 	index  *os.File            // File descriptor for the indexEntry file of the table
-	meta   *os.File            // File descriptor for metadata of the table
 	files  map[uint32]*os.File // open files
 	headId uint32              // number of the currently active head file
 	tailId uint32              // number of the earliest file
 
+	metadata *freezerTableMeta // metadata of the table
+	lastSync time.Time         // Timestamp when the last sync was performed
+
 	headBytes  int64          // Number of bytes written to the head file
 	readMeter  *metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the effective amount of data read
 	writeMeter *metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the effective amount of data written
@@ -166,10 +168,17 @@ func newTable(path string, name string, readMeter, writeMeter *metrics.Meter, si
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
+	// Load metadata from the file. The tag will be true if legacy metadata
+	// is detected.
+	metadata, err := newMetadata(meta)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	// Create the table and repair any past inconsistency
 	tab := &freezerTable{
 		index:         index,
-		meta:          meta,
+		metadata:      metadata,
+		lastSync:      time.Now(),
 		files:         make(map[uint32]*os.File),
 		readMeter:     readMeter,
 		writeMeter:    writeMeter,
@@ -221,13 +230,11 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repair() error {
 			return err
 		} // New file can't trigger this path
 	}
-	// Validate the index file as it might contain some garbage data after the
-	// power failures.
 	if err := t.repairIndex(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Retrieve the file sizes and prepare for truncation. Note the file size
-	// might be changed after index validation.
+	// might be changed after index repair.
 	if stat, err = t.index.Stat(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -253,12 +260,14 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repair() error {
 	t.tailId = firstIndex.filenum
 	t.itemOffset.Store(uint64(firstIndex.offset))
 
-	// Load metadata from the file
+	// Adjust the number of hidden items if it is less than the number of items
-	meta, err := loadMetadata(t.meta, t.itemOffset.Load())
+	// being removed.
-	if err != nil {
+	if t.itemOffset.Load() > t.metadata.virtualTail {
+		if err := t.metadata.setVirtualTail(t.itemOffset.Load(), true); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-	t.itemHidden.Store(meta.VirtualTail)
+	}
+	t.itemHidden.Store(t.metadata.virtualTail)
 
 	// Read the last index, use the default value in case the freezer is empty
 	if offsetsSize == indexEntrySize {
@@ -267,12 +276,6 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repair() error {
 		t.index.ReadAt(buffer, offsetsSize-indexEntrySize)
 		lastIndex.unmarshalBinary(buffer)
 	}
-	// Print an error log if the index is corrupted due to an incorrect
-	// last index item. While it is theoretically possible to have a zero offset
-	// by storing all zero-size items, it is highly unlikely to occur in practice.
-	if lastIndex.offset == 0 && offsetsSize/indexEntrySize > 1 {
-		log.Error("Corrupted index file detected", "lastOffset", lastIndex.offset, "indexes", offsetsSize/indexEntrySize)
-	}
 	if t.readonly {
 		t.head, err = t.openFile(lastIndex.filenum, openFreezerFileForReadOnly)
 	} else {
@@ -293,6 +296,7 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repair() error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("freezer table(path: %s, name: %s, num: %d) is corrupted", t.path, t.name, lastIndex.filenum)
 		}
 		verbose = true
+
 		// Truncate the head file to the last offset pointer
 		if contentExp < contentSize {
 			t.logger.Warn("Truncating dangling head", "indexed", contentExp, "stored", contentSize)
@@ -304,11 +308,23 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repair() error {
 		// Truncate the index to point within the head file
 		if contentExp > contentSize {
 			t.logger.Warn("Truncating dangling indexes", "indexes", offsetsSize/indexEntrySize, "indexed", contentExp, "stored", contentSize)
-			if err := truncateFreezerFile(t.index, offsetsSize-indexEntrySize); err != nil {
+
+			newOffset := offsetsSize - indexEntrySize
+			if err := truncateFreezerFile(t.index, newOffset); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 			offsetsSize -= indexEntrySize
 
+			// If the index file is truncated beyond the flush offset, move the flush
+			// offset back to the new end of the file. A crash may occur before the
+			// offset is updated, leaving a dangling reference that points to a position
+			// outside the file. If so, the offset will be reset to the new end of the
+			// file during the next run.
+			if t.metadata.flushOffset < uint64(newOffset) {
+				if err := t.metadata.setFlushOffset(uint64(newOffset), true); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
 			// Read the new head index, use the default value in case
 			// the freezer is already empty.
 			var newLastIndex indexEntry
@@ -345,7 +361,7 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repair() error {
 		if err := t.head.Sync(); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		if err := t.meta.Sync(); err != nil {
+		if err := t.metadata.file.Sync(); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -372,7 +388,60 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repair() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// repairIndex validates the integrity of the index file. According to the design,
+func (t *freezerTable) repairIndex() error {
+	stat, err := t.index.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	offset := stat.Size()
+
+	// Validate the items in the index file to ensure the data integrity.
+	// It's possible some garbage data is retained in the index file after
+	// the power failures and should be truncated first.
+	offset, err = t.checkIndex(offset)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// If legacy metadata is detected, attempt to recover the offset from the
+	// index file to avoid clearing the entire table.
+	if t.metadata.version == freezerTableV1 {
+		t.logger.Info("Recover the flush offset for legacy table", "offset", offset)
+		return t.metadata.setFlushOffset(uint64(offset), true)
+	}
+	// Move the flush offset to the end of the file for fresh new freezer table
+	if offset == indexEntrySize && t.metadata.flushOffset == 0 {
+		return t.metadata.setFlushOffset(uint64(offset), true)
+	}
+	// Short circuit if the offset is aligned with the index file
+	if offset == int64(t.metadata.flushOffset) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Extra index items have been detected beyond the flush offset. Since these
+	// entries correspond to data that has not been fully flushed to disk in the
+	// last run (because of unclean shutdown), their integrity cannot be guaranteed.
+	// To ensure consistency, these index items will be truncated, as there is no
+	// reliable way to validate or recover their associated data.
+	if offset > int64(t.metadata.flushOffset) {
+		size := offset - int64(t.metadata.flushOffset)
+		if t.readonly {
+			return fmt.Errorf("index file(path: %s, name: %s) contains garbage data %d", t.path, t.name, size)
+		}
+		t.logger.Info("Truncate excessive items", "size", size)
+		return truncateFreezerFile(t.index, int64(t.metadata.flushOffset))
+	}
+	// Flush offset refers to the position which exceeds the index file. The only
+	// possible scenario for this is: power failure or system crash occurs after
+	// truncating the segment in index file from head or tail, but without updating
+	// the flush offset. In this case, automatically reset the flush offset with
+	// the file size which implies the entire index file is complete.
+	if t.readonly {
+		return nil // do nothing in read only mode
+	}
+	t.logger.Info("Rewind the flush offset", "old", t.metadata.flushOffset, "new", offset)
+	return t.metadata.setFlushOffset(uint64(offset), true)
+}
+
+// checkIndex validates the integrity of the index file. According to the design,
 // the initial entry in the file denotes the earliest data file along with the
 // count of deleted items. Following this, all subsequent entries in the file must
 // be in order. This function identifies any corrupted entries and truncates items
@@ -392,18 +461,11 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repair() error {
 // leftover garbage or if all items in the table have zero size is impossible.
 // In such instances, the file will remain unchanged to prevent potential data
 // loss or misinterpretation.
-func (t *freezerTable) repairIndex() error {
+func (t *freezerTable) checkIndex(size int64) (int64, error) {
-	// Retrieve the file sizes and prepare for validation
-	stat, err := t.index.Stat()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	size := stat.Size()
-
 	// Move the read cursor to the beginning of the file
-	_, err = t.index.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
+	_, err := t.index.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return 0, err
 	}
 	fr := bufio.NewReader(t.index)
 
@@ -425,21 +487,21 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repairIndex() error {
 			entry.unmarshalBinary(buff)
 			return entry, nil
 		}
-		truncate = func(offset int64) error {
+		truncate = func(offset int64) (int64, error) {
 			if t.readonly {
-				return fmt.Errorf("index file is corrupted at %d, size: %d", offset, size)
+				return 0, fmt.Errorf("index file is corrupted at %d, size: %d", offset, size)
 			}
 			if err := truncateFreezerFile(t.index, offset); err != nil {
-				return err
+				return 0, err
 			}
 			log.Warn("Truncated index file", "offset", offset, "truncated", size-offset)
-			return nil
+			return offset, nil
 		}
 	)
 	for offset := int64(0); offset < size; offset += indexEntrySize {
 		entry, err := read()
 		if err != nil {
-			return err
+			return 0, err
 		}
 		if offset == 0 {
 			head = entry
@@ -468,10 +530,10 @@ func (t *freezerTable) repairIndex() error {
 	// the seek operation anyway as a precaution.
 	_, err = t.index.Seek(0, io.SeekEnd)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return 0, err
 	}
 	log.Debug("Verified index file", "items", size/indexEntrySize, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
-	return nil
+	return size, nil
 }
 
 // checkIndexItems validates the correctness of two consecutive index items based
@@ -550,12 +612,23 @@ func (t *freezerTable) truncateHead(items uint64) error {
 	// Truncate the index file first, the tail position is also considered
 	// when calculating the new freezer table length.
 	length := items - t.itemOffset.Load()
-	if err := truncateFreezerFile(t.index, int64(length+1)*indexEntrySize); err != nil {
+	newOffset := (length + 1) * indexEntrySize
+	if err := truncateFreezerFile(t.index, int64(newOffset)); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if err := t.index.Sync(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	// If the index file is truncated beyond the flush offset, move the flush
+	// offset back to the new end of the file. A crash may occur before the
+	// offset is updated, leaving a dangling reference that points to a position
+	// outside the file. If so, the offset will be reset to the new end of the
+	// file during the next run.
+	if t.metadata.flushOffset > newOffset {
+		if err := t.metadata.setFlushOffset(newOffset, true); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
 	// Calculate the new expected size of the data file and truncate it
 	var expected indexEntry
 	if length == 0 {
@@ -652,7 +725,10 @@ func (t *freezerTable) truncateTail(items uint64) error {
 	}
 	// Update the virtual tail marker and hidden these entries in table.
 	t.itemHidden.Store(items)
-	if err := writeMetadata(t.meta, newMetadata(items)); err != nil {
+
+	// Update the virtual tail without fsync, otherwise it will significantly
+	// impact the overall performance.
+	if err := t.metadata.setVirtualTail(items, false); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Hidden items still fall in the current tail file, no data file
@@ -664,6 +740,18 @@ func (t *freezerTable) truncateTail(items uint64) error {
 	if t.tailId > newTailId {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid index, tail-file %d, item-file %d", t.tailId, newTailId)
 	}
+	// Sync the table before performing the index tail truncation. A crash may
+	// occur after truncating the index file without updating the flush offset,
+	// leaving a dangling offset that points to a position outside the file.
+	// The offset will be rewound to the end of file during the next run
+	// automatically and implicitly assumes all the items within the file are
+	// complete.
+	//
+	// Therefore, forcibly flush everything above the offset to ensure this
+	// assumption is satisfied!
+	if err := t.syncWithNoLock(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	// Count how many items can be deleted from the file.
 	var (
 		newDeleted = items
@@ -681,11 +769,6 @@ func (t *freezerTable) truncateTail(items uint64) error {
 		}
 		newDeleted = current
 	}
-	// Commit the changes of metadata file first before manipulating
-	// the indexes file.
-	if err := t.meta.Sync(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
 	// Close the index file before shorten it.
 	if err := t.index.Close(); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -716,6 +799,21 @@ func (t *freezerTable) truncateTail(items uint64) error {
 	t.itemOffset.Store(newDeleted)
 	t.releaseFilesBefore(t.tailId, true)
 
+	// Move the index flush offset backward due to the deletion of an index segment.
+	// A crash may occur before the offset is updated, leaving a dangling reference
+	// that points to a position outside the file. If so, the offset will be reset
+	// to the new end of the file during the next run.
+	//
+	// Note, both the index and head data file has been persisted before performing
+	// tail truncation and all the items in these files are regarded as complete.
+	shorten := indexEntrySize * (newDeleted - deleted)
+	if t.metadata.flushOffset <= shorten {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid index flush offset: %d, shorten: %d", t.metadata.flushOffset, shorten)
+	} else {
+		if err := t.metadata.setFlushOffset(t.metadata.flushOffset-shorten, true); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
 	// Retrieve the new size and update the total size counter
 	newSize, err := t.sizeNolock()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -725,40 +823,30 @@ func (t *freezerTable) truncateTail(items uint64) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// Close closes all opened files.
+// Close closes all opened files and finalizes the freezer table for use.
+// This operation must be completed before shutdown to prevent the loss of
+// recent writes.
 func (t *freezerTable) Close() error {
 	t.lock.Lock()
 	defer t.lock.Unlock()
 
+	if err := t.syncWithNoLock(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	var errs []error
-	doClose := func(f *os.File, sync bool, close bool) {
+	doClose := func(f *os.File) {
-		if sync && !t.readonly {
-			if err := f.Sync(); err != nil {
-				errs = append(errs, err)
-			}
-		}
-		if close {
 		if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
 			errs = append(errs, err)
 		}
 	}
-	}
+	doClose(t.index)
-	// Trying to fsync a file opened in rdonly causes "Access denied"
+	doClose(t.metadata.file)
-	// error on Windows.
-	doClose(t.index, true, true)
-	doClose(t.meta, true, true)
-
-	// The preopened non-head data-files are all opened in readonly.
-	// The head is opened in rw-mode, so we sync it here - but since it's also
-	// part of t.files, it will be closed in the loop below.
-	doClose(t.head, true, false) // sync but do not close
-
 	for _, f := range t.files {
-		doClose(f, false, true) // close but do not sync
+		doClose(f)
 	}
 	t.index = nil
-	t.meta = nil
 	t.head = nil
+	t.metadata.file = nil
 
 	if errs != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%v", errs)
@@ -917,7 +1005,7 @@ func (t *freezerTable) retrieveItems(start, count, maxBytes uint64) ([]byte, []i
 	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
 
 	// Ensure the table and the item are accessible
-	if t.index == nil || t.head == nil || t.meta == nil {
+	if t.index == nil || t.head == nil || t.metadata.file == nil {
 		return nil, nil, errClosed
 	}
 	var (
@@ -1042,6 +1130,9 @@ func (t *freezerTable) advanceHead() error {
 	t.lock.Lock()
 	defer t.lock.Unlock()
 
+	if err := t.syncWithNoLock(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	// We open the next file in truncated mode -- if this file already
 	// exists, we need to start over from scratch on it.
 	nextID := t.headId + 1
@@ -1069,7 +1160,19 @@ func (t *freezerTable) advanceHead() error {
 func (t *freezerTable) Sync() error {
 	t.lock.Lock()
 	defer t.lock.Unlock()
-	if t.index == nil || t.head == nil || t.meta == nil {
+
+	return t.syncWithNoLock()
+}
+
+// syncWithNoLock is the internal version of Sync which assumes the lock is
+// already held.
+func (t *freezerTable) syncWithNoLock() error {
+	// Trying to fsync a file opened in rdonly causes "Access denied"
+	// error on Windows.
+	if t.readonly {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if t.index == nil || t.head == nil || t.metadata.file == nil {
 		return errClosed
 	}
 	var err error
@@ -1078,10 +1181,18 @@ func (t *freezerTable) Sync() error {
 			err = e
 		}
 	}
-
 	trackError(t.index.Sync())
-	trackError(t.meta.Sync())
 	trackError(t.head.Sync())
+
+	// A crash may occur before the offset is updated, leaving the offset
+	// points to a old position. If so, the extra items above the offset
+	// will be truncated during the next run.
+	stat, err := t.index.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	offset := stat.Size()
+	trackError(t.metadata.setFlushOffset(uint64(offset), true))
 	return err
 }
 
@@ -1097,13 +1208,8 @@ func (t *freezerTable) dumpIndexString(start, stop int64) string {
 }
 
 func (t *freezerTable) dumpIndex(w io.Writer, start, stop int64) {
-	meta, err := readMetadata(t.meta)
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Version %d count %d, deleted %d, hidden %d\n",
-	if err != nil {
+		t.metadata.version, t.items.Load(), t.itemOffset.Load(), t.itemHidden.Load())
-		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Failed to decode freezer table %v\n", err)
-		return
-	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(w, "Version %d count %d, deleted %d, hidden %d\n", meta.Version,
-		t.items.Load(), t.itemOffset.Load(), t.itemHidden.Load())
 
 	buf := make([]byte, indexEntrySize)
 

core/rawdb/freezer_table_test.go

@@ -262,18 +262,6 @@ func TestSnappyDetection(t *testing.T) {
 		f.Close()
 	}
 
-	// Open without snappy
-	{
-		f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, sg, 50, false, false)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		if _, err = f.Retrieve(0); err == nil {
-			f.Close()
-			t.Fatalf("expected empty table")
-		}
-	}
-
 	// Open with snappy
 	{
 		f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, sg, 50, true, false)
@@ -286,6 +274,18 @@ func TestSnappyDetection(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatalf("expected no error, got %v", err)
 		}
 	}
+
+	// Open without snappy
+	{
+		f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, sg, 50, false, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if _, err = f.Retrieve(0); err == nil {
+			f.Close()
+			t.Fatalf("expected empty table")
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 func assertFileSize(f string, size int64) error {
@@ -521,7 +521,6 @@ func TestFreezerOffset(t *testing.T) {
 	fname := fmt.Sprintf("offset-%d", rand.Uint64())
 
 	// Fill table
-	{
 	f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, sg, 40, true, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -540,59 +539,20 @@ func TestFreezerOffset(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, batch.commit())
 
 	t.Log(f.dumpIndexString(0, 100))
-		f.Close()
-	}
 
 	// Now crop it.
-	{
+	f.truncateTail(4)
-		// delete files 0 and 1
+	f.Close()
-		for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
-			p := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("%v.%04d.rdat", fname, i))
-			if err := os.Remove(p); err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-		}
-		// Read the index file
-		p := filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("%v.ridx", fname))
-		indexFile, err := os.OpenFile(p, os.O_RDWR, 0644)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		indexBuf := make([]byte, 7*indexEntrySize)
-		indexFile.Read(indexBuf)
-
-		// Update the index file, so that we store
-		// [ file = 2, offset = 4 ] at index zero
-
-		zeroIndex := indexEntry{
-			filenum: uint32(2), // First file is 2
-			offset:  uint32(4), // We have removed four items
-		}
-		buf := zeroIndex.append(nil)
-
-		// Overwrite index zero
-		copy(indexBuf, buf)
-
-		// Remove the four next indices by overwriting
-		copy(indexBuf[indexEntrySize:], indexBuf[indexEntrySize*5:])
-		indexFile.WriteAt(indexBuf, 0)
-
-		// Need to truncate the moved index items
-		indexFile.Truncate(indexEntrySize * (1 + 2))
-		indexFile.Close()
-	}
 
 	// Now open again
-	{
+	f, err = newTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, sg, 40, true, false)
-		f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fname, rm, wm, sg, 40, true, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-		defer f.Close()
 	t.Log(f.dumpIndexString(0, 100))
 
 	// It should allow writing item 6.
-		batch := f.newBatch()
+	batch = f.newBatch()
 	require.NoError(t, batch.AppendRaw(6, getChunk(20, 0x99)))
 	require.NoError(t, batch.commit())
 
@@ -607,7 +567,7 @@ func TestFreezerOffset(t *testing.T) {
 		5: getChunk(20, 0xaa),
 		6: getChunk(20, 0x99),
 	})
-	}
+	f.Close()
 
 	// Edit the index again, with a much larger initial offset of 1M.
 	{
@@ -1369,45 +1329,63 @@ func TestRandom(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIndexValidation(t *testing.T) {
-	const (
+	const dataSize = 10
-		items    = 30
+
-		dataSize = 10
-	)
 	garbage := indexEntry{
 		filenum: 100,
 		offset:  200,
 	}
 	var cases = []struct {
+		write         int
 		offset        int64
 		data          []byte
 		expItems      int
+		hasCorruption bool
 	}{
 		// extend index file with zero bytes at the end
 		{
-			offset:   (items + 1) * indexEntrySize,
+			write:    5,
+			offset:   (5 + 1) * indexEntrySize,
 			data:     make([]byte, indexEntrySize),
-			expItems: 30,
+			expItems: 5,
+		},
+		// extend index file with unaligned zero bytes at the end
+		{
+			write:    5,
+			offset:   (5 + 1) * indexEntrySize,
+			data:     make([]byte, indexEntrySize*1.5),
+			expItems: 5,
 		},
 		// write garbage in the first non-head item
 		{
+			write:    5,
 			offset:   indexEntrySize,
 			data:     garbage.append(nil),
 			expItems: 0,
 		},
-		// write garbage in the first non-head item
+		// write garbage in the middle
 		{
-			offset:   (items/2 + 1) * indexEntrySize,
+			write:    5,
+			offset:   3 * indexEntrySize,
 			data:     garbage.append(nil),
-			expItems: items / 2,
+			expItems: 2,
+		},
+		// fulfill the first data file (but not yet advanced), the zero bytes
+		// at tail should be truncated.
+		{
+			write:    10,
+			offset:   11 * indexEntrySize,
+			data:     garbage.append(nil),
+			expItems: 10,
 		},
 	}
 	for _, c := range cases {
 		fn := fmt.Sprintf("t-%d", rand.Uint64())
-		f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fn, metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewGauge(), 100, true, false)
+		f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fn, metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewGauge(), 10*dataSize, true, false)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		writeChunks(t, f, items, dataSize)
+		writeChunks(t, f, c.write, dataSize)
 
 		// write corrupted data
 		f.index.WriteAt(c.data, c.offset)
@@ -1421,10 +1399,10 @@ func TestIndexValidation(t *testing.T) {
 		for i := 0; i < c.expItems; i++ {
 			exp := getChunk(10, i)
 			got, err := f.Retrieve(uint64(i))
-			if err != nil {
+			if err != nil && !c.hasCorruption {
 				t.Fatalf("Failed to read from table, %v", err)
 			}
-			if !bytes.Equal(exp, got) {
+			if !bytes.Equal(exp, got) && !c.hasCorruption {
 				t.Fatalf("Unexpected item data, want: %v, got: %v", exp, got)
 			}
 		}
@@ -1433,3 +1411,163 @@ func TestIndexValidation(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+// TestFlushOffsetTracking tests the flush offset tracking. The offset moving
+// in the test is mostly triggered by the advanceHead (new data file) and
+// heda/tail truncation.
+func TestFlushOffsetTracking(t *testing.T) {
+	const (
+		items    = 35
+		dataSize = 10
+		fileSize = 100
+	)
+	fn := fmt.Sprintf("t-%d", rand.Uint64())
+	f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fn, metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewGauge(), fileSize, true, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// Data files:
+	//   F1(10 items) -> F2(10 items) -> F3(10 items) -> F4(5 items, non-full)
+	writeChunks(t, f, items, dataSize)
+
+	var cases = []struct {
+		op     func(*freezerTable)
+		offset uint64
+	}{
+		{
+			// Data files:
+			//   F1(10 items) -> F2(10 items) -> F3(10 items) -> F4(5 items, non-full)
+			func(f *freezerTable) {}, // no-op
+			31 * indexEntrySize,
+		},
+		{
+			// Write more items to fulfill the newest data file, but the file advance
+			// is not triggered.
+
+			// Data files:
+			//   F1(10 items) -> F2(10 items) -> F3(10 items) -> F4(10 items, full)
+			func(f *freezerTable) {
+				batch := f.newBatch()
+				for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+					batch.AppendRaw(items+uint64(i), make([]byte, dataSize))
+				}
+				batch.commit()
+			},
+			31 * indexEntrySize,
+		},
+		{
+			// Write more items to trigger the data file advance
+
+			// Data files:
+			//   F1(10 items) -> F2(10 items) -> F3(10 items) -> F4(10 items) -> F5(1 item)
+			func(f *freezerTable) {
+				batch := f.newBatch()
+				batch.AppendRaw(items+5, make([]byte, dataSize))
+				batch.commit()
+			},
+			41 * indexEntrySize,
+		},
+		{
+			// Head truncate
+
+			// Data files:
+			//   F1(10 items) -> F2(10 items) -> F3(10 items) -> F4(10 items) -> F5(0 item)
+			func(f *freezerTable) {
+				f.truncateHead(items + 5)
+			},
+			41 * indexEntrySize,
+		},
+		{
+			// Tail truncate
+
+			// Data files:
+			//   F1(1 hidden, 9 visible) -> F2(10 items) -> F3(10 items) -> F4(10 items) -> F5(0 item)
+			func(f *freezerTable) {
+				f.truncateTail(1)
+			},
+			41 * indexEntrySize,
+		},
+		{
+			// Tail truncate
+
+			// Data files:
+			//   F2(10 items) -> F3(10 items) -> F4(10 items) -> F5(0 item)
+			func(f *freezerTable) {
+				f.truncateTail(10)
+			},
+			31 * indexEntrySize,
+		},
+		{
+			// Tail truncate
+
+			// Data files:
+			//   F4(10 items) -> F5(0 item)
+			func(f *freezerTable) {
+				f.truncateTail(30)
+			},
+			11 * indexEntrySize,
+		},
+		{
+			// Head truncate
+
+			// Data files:
+			//   F4(9 items)
+			func(f *freezerTable) {
+				f.truncateHead(items + 4)
+			},
+			10 * indexEntrySize,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		c.op(f)
+		if f.metadata.flushOffset != c.offset {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected index flush offset, want: %d, got: %d", c.offset, f.metadata.flushOffset)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTailTruncationCrash(t *testing.T) {
+	const (
+		items    = 35
+		dataSize = 10
+		fileSize = 100
+	)
+	fn := fmt.Sprintf("t-%d", rand.Uint64())
+	f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fn, metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewGauge(), fileSize, true, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// Data files:
+	//   F1(10 items) -> F2(10 items) -> F3(10 items) -> F4(5 items, non-full)
+	writeChunks(t, f, items, dataSize)
+
+	// The latest 5 items are not persisted yet
+	if f.metadata.flushOffset != 31*indexEntrySize {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected index flush offset, want: %d, got: %d", 31*indexEntrySize, f.metadata.flushOffset)
+	}
+
+	f.truncateTail(5)
+	if f.metadata.flushOffset != 31*indexEntrySize {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected index flush offset, want: %d, got: %d", 31*indexEntrySize, f.metadata.flushOffset)
+	}
+
+	// Truncate the first 10 items which results in the first data file
+	// being removed. The offset should be moved to 26*indexEntrySize.
+	f.truncateTail(10)
+	if f.metadata.flushOffset != 26*indexEntrySize {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected index flush offset, want: %d, got: %d", 26*indexEntrySize, f.metadata.flushOffset)
+	}
+
+	// Write the offset back to 31*indexEntrySize to simulate a crash
+	// which occurs after truncating the index file without updating
+	// the offset
+	f.metadata.setFlushOffset(31*indexEntrySize, true)
+
+	f, err = newTable(os.TempDir(), fn, metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewGauge(), fileSize, true, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if f.metadata.flushOffset != 26*indexEntrySize {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected index flush offset, want: %d, got: %d", 26*indexEntrySize, f.metadata.flushOffset)
+	}
+}