diff --git a/rpc/client.go b/rpc/client.go
index 314612c1bb..9175626241 100644
--- a/rpc/client.go
+++ b/rpc/client.go
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ func (c *Client) CallContext(ctx context.Context, result interface{}, method str
 	resp := batchresp[0]
 	switch {
 	case resp.Error != nil:
-		return resp.jsonErr()
+		return resp.decodeError()
 	case len(resp.Result) == 0:
 		return ErrNoResult
 	default:
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ func (c *Client) BatchCallContext(ctx context.Context, b []BatchElem) error {
 		elem := &b[index]
 		switch {
 		case resp.Error != nil:
-			elem.Error = resp.jsonErr()
+			elem.Error = resp.decodeError()
 		case resp.Result == nil:
 			elem.Error = ErrNoResult
 		default:
diff --git a/rpc/handler.go b/rpc/handler.go
index 1a1a31f920..89fc78236c 100644
--- a/rpc/handler.go
+++ b/rpc/handler.go
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ func (h *handler) handleResponses(batch []*jsonrpcMessage, handleCall func(*json
 		// the op.resp channel.
 		if op.sub != nil {
 			if msg.Error != nil {
-				op.err = msg.jsonErr()
+				op.err = msg.decodeError()
 			} else {
 				op.err = json.Unmarshal(msg.Result, &op.sub.subid)
 				if op.err == nil {
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ func (h *handler) handleCallMsg(ctx *callProc, msg *jsonrpcMessage) *jsonrpcMess
 		var logctx []any
 		logctx = append(logctx, "reqid", idForLog{msg.ID}, "duration", time.Since(start))
 		if resp.Error != nil {
-			je := resp.jsonErr()
+			je := resp.decodeError()
 			logctx = append(logctx, "err", je.Message)
 			if je.Data != nil {
 				logctx = append(logctx, "errdata", formatErrorData(je.Data))
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ func (h *handler) handleCall(cp *callProc, msg *jsonrpcMessage) *jsonrpcMessage
 	answer := h.runMethod(rctx, msg, callb, args)
 	var rErr error
 	if answer.Error != nil {
-		rErr = errors.New(answer.jsonErr().Message)
+		rErr = errors.New(answer.decodeError().Message)
 	}
 	rSpanEnd(&rErr)
 
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ func (h *handler) runMethod(ctx context.Context, msg *jsonrpcMessage, callb *cal
 	_, _, spanEnd := telemetry.StartSpanWithTracer(ctx, h.tracer(), "rpc.encodeJSONResponse", attributes...)
 	response := msg.response(result)
 	if response.Error != nil {
-		err = errors.New(response.jsonErr().Message)
+		err = errors.New(response.decodeError().Message)
 	}
 	spanEnd(&err)
 	return response
diff --git a/rpc/http.go b/rpc/http.go
index f61398889e..49618244df 100644
--- a/rpc/http.go
+++ b/rpc/http.go
@@ -183,9 +183,9 @@ func cleanlyCloseBody(body io.ReadCloser) error {
 	return body.Close()
 }
 
-func (c *Client) sendHTTP(ctx context.Context, op *requestOp, msg interface{}) error {
+func (c *Client) sendHTTP(ctx context.Context, op *requestOp, msg *jsonrpcMessage) error {
 	hc := c.writeConn.(*httpConn)
-	respBody, err := hc.doRequest(ctx, msg)
+	respBody, err := hc.doRequest(ctx, appendMessage(nil, msg))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ func (c *Client) sendHTTP(ctx context.Context, op *requestOp, msg interface{}) e
 
 func (c *Client) sendBatchHTTP(ctx context.Context, op *requestOp, msgs []*jsonrpcMessage) error {
 	hc := c.writeConn.(*httpConn)
-	respBody, err := hc.doRequest(ctx, msgs)
+	respBody, err := hc.doRequest(ctx, appendBatch(nil, msgs))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -216,11 +216,7 @@ func (c *Client) sendBatchHTTP(ctx context.Context, op *requestOp, msgs []*jsonr
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (hc *httpConn) doRequest(ctx context.Context, msg interface{}) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
-	body, err := json.Marshal(msg)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+func (hc *httpConn) doRequest(ctx context.Context, body []byte) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, hc.url, io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(body)))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -272,11 +268,14 @@ func (s *Server) newHTTPServerConn(r *http.Request, w http.ResponseWriter) Serve
 	body := io.LimitReader(r.Body, int64(s.httpBodyLimit))
 	conn := &httpServerConn{Reader: body, Writer: w, r: r}
 
+	var buf []byte
 	encodeMsg := func(msg *jsonrpcMessage, isError bool) error {
-		return httpEncodeValue(conn, w, msg, isError)
+		buf = appendMessage(buf[:0], msg)
+		return httpWriteResult(w, buf, isError)
 	}
 	encodeBatch := func(msgs []*jsonrpcMessage, isError bool) error {
-		return httpEncodeValue(conn, w, msgs, isError)
+		buf = appendBatch(buf[:0], msgs)
+		return httpWriteResult(w, buf, isError)
 	}
 
 	dec := json.NewDecoder(conn)
@@ -285,12 +284,13 @@ func (s *Server) newHTTPServerConn(r *http.Request, w http.ResponseWriter) Serve
 	return NewFuncCodec(conn, encodeMsg, encodeBatch, dec.Decode)
 }
 
-// httpEncodeValue handles the HTTP-specific JSON encoding logic for responses.
+// httpWriteResult writes pre-encoded response data over HTTP.
 // For error responses, it sets Content-Length and flushes to ensure the response
 // is fully written before any HTTP server write timeout occurs.
-func httpEncodeValue(conn *httpServerConn, w http.ResponseWriter, v any, isError bool) error {
+func httpWriteResult(w http.ResponseWriter, data []byte, isError bool) error {
 	if !isError {
-		return json.NewEncoder(conn).Encode(v)
+		_, err := w.Write(data)
+		return err
 	}
 
 	// It's an error response and requires special treatment.
@@ -299,11 +299,7 @@ func httpEncodeValue(conn *httpServerConn, w http.ResponseWriter, v any, isError
 	// server's write timeout occurs. So we need to flush the response. The
 	// Content-Length header also needs to be set to ensure the client knows
 	// when it has the full response.
-	encdata, err := json.Marshal(v)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	w.Header().Set("content-length", strconv.Itoa(len(encdata)))
+	w.Header().Set("content-length", strconv.Itoa(len(data)))
 
 	// If this request is wrapped in a handler that might remove Content-Length (such
 	// as the automatic gzip we do in package node), we need to ensure the HTTP server
@@ -312,7 +308,7 @@ func httpEncodeValue(conn *httpServerConn, w http.ResponseWriter, v any, isError
 	// the final chunk is missing.
 	w.Header().Set("transfer-encoding", "identity")
 
-	_, err = w.Write(encdata)
+	_, err := w.Write(data)
 	if f, ok := w.(http.Flusher); ok {
 		f.Flush()
 	}
diff --git a/rpc/json.go b/rpc/json.go
index e74aadc695..120e6fa7c2 100644
--- a/rpc/json.go
+++ b/rpc/json.go
@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ func (msg *jsonrpcMessage) errorResponse(err error) *jsonrpcMessage {
 	return resp
 }
 
-// jsonErr decodes the Error field into a jsonError struct.
-func (msg *jsonrpcMessage) jsonErr() *jsonError {
+// decodeError decodes the Error field into a jsonError struct.
+func (msg *jsonrpcMessage) decodeError() *jsonError {
 	if msg.Error == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -123,6 +123,9 @@ func (msg *jsonrpcMessage) response(result interface{}) *jsonrpcMessage {
 		enc []byte
 		err error
 	)
+	// Call MarshalJSON directly for types that implement it. This avoids the
+	// expensive validation/compaction pass that json.Marshal performs on
+	// encoder output.
 	if m, ok := result.(json.Marshaler); ok {
 		enc, err = m.MarshalJSON()
 	} else {
@@ -227,22 +230,26 @@ func NewFuncCodec(conn deadlineCloser, encodeMsg encodeMsgFunc, encodeBatch enco
 // NewCodec creates a codec on the given connection. If conn implements ConnRemoteAddr, log
 // messages will use it to include the remote address of the connection.
 func NewCodec(conn Conn) ServerCodec {
-	enc := json.NewEncoder(conn)
 	dec := json.NewDecoder(conn)
 	dec.UseNumber()
-
+	var buf []byte
 	encodeMsg := func(msg *jsonrpcMessage, isError bool) error {
-		return writeMessage(conn, msg)
+		buf = appendMessage(buf[:0], msg)
+		buf = append(buf, '\n')
+		_, err := conn.Write(buf)
+		return err
 	}
 	encodeBatch := func(msgs []*jsonrpcMessage, isError bool) error {
-		return enc.Encode(msgs)
+		buf = appendBatch(buf[:0], msgs)
+		buf = append(buf, '\n')
+		_, err := conn.Write(buf)
+		return err
 	}
 	return NewFuncCodec(conn, encodeMsg, encodeBatch, dec.Decode)
 }
 
-// writeMessage writes a single jsonrpcMessage directly to the writer.
-func writeMessage(w io.Writer, msg *jsonrpcMessage) error {
-	var buf []byte
+// appendMessage appends the JSON-RPC encoding of msg to buf.
+func appendMessage(buf []byte, msg *jsonrpcMessage) []byte {
 	buf = append(buf, `{"jsonrpc":"2.0"`...)
 	if msg.ID != nil {
 		buf = append(buf, `,"id":`...)
@@ -264,9 +271,21 @@ func writeMessage(w io.Writer, msg *jsonrpcMessage) error {
 		buf = append(buf, `,"result":`...)
 		buf = append(buf, msg.Result...)
 	}
-	buf = append(buf, '}', '\n')
-	_, err := w.Write(buf)
-	return err
+	buf = append(buf, '}')
+	return buf
+}
+
+// appendBatch appends the JSON-RPC encoding of a message batch to buf.
+func appendBatch(buf []byte, msgs []*jsonrpcMessage) []byte {
+	buf = append(buf, '[')
+	for i, msg := range msgs {
+		if i > 0 {
+			buf = append(buf, ',')
+		}
+		buf = appendMessage(buf, msg)
+	}
+	buf = append(buf, ']')
+	return buf
 }
 
 const hexDigits = "0123456789abcdef"
diff --git a/rpc/subscription_test.go b/rpc/subscription_test.go
index d1888c8a9a..623b496124 100644
--- a/rpc/subscription_test.go
+++ b/rpc/subscription_test.go
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ func readAndValidateMessage(in *json.Decoder) (*subConfirmation, *subscriptionRe
 	case msg.isResponse():
 		var c subConfirmation
 		if msg.Error != nil {
-			return nil, nil, msg.jsonErr()
+			return nil, nil, msg.decodeError()
 		} else if err := json.Unmarshal(msg.Result, &c.subid); err != nil {
 			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid response: %v", err)
 		} else {
@@ -237,11 +237,17 @@ type mockConn struct {
 }
 
 func (c *mockConn) writeJSON(ctx context.Context, msg *jsonrpcMessage, isError bool) error {
-	return writeMessage(c.w, msg)
+	buf := appendMessage(nil, msg)
+	buf = append(buf, '\n')
+	_, err := c.w.Write(buf)
+	return err
 }
 
 func (c *mockConn) writeJSONBatch(ctx context.Context, msgs []*jsonrpcMessage, isError bool) error {
-	return json.NewEncoder(c.w).Encode(msgs)
+	buf := appendBatch(nil, msgs)
+	buf = append(buf, '\n')
+	_, err := c.w.Write(buf)
+	return err
 }
 
 // closed returns a channel which is closed when the connection is closed.
diff --git a/rpc/websocket.go b/rpc/websocket.go
index 9970c8d4b2..e70498873a 100644
--- a/rpc/websocket.go
+++ b/rpc/websocket.go
@@ -293,11 +293,14 @@ type websocketCodec struct {
 
 func newWebsocketCodec(conn *websocket.Conn, host string, req http.Header, readLimit int64) ServerCodec {
 	conn.SetReadLimit(readLimit)
+	var buf []byte
 	encodeMsg := func(msg *jsonrpcMessage, isError bool) error {
-		return conn.WriteJSON(msg)
+		buf = appendMessage(buf[:0], msg)
+		return conn.WriteMessage(websocket.TextMessage, buf)
 	}
 	encodeBatch := func(msgs []*jsonrpcMessage, isError bool) error {
-		return conn.WriteJSON(msgs)
+		buf = appendBatch(buf[:0], msgs)
+		return conn.WriteMessage(websocket.TextMessage, buf)
 	}
 	wc := &websocketCodec{
 		jsonCodec:    NewFuncCodec(conn, encodeMsg, encodeBatch, conn.ReadJSON).(*jsonCodec),