Merge branch 'master' into bs/cell-blobpool/sparse-v2

.gitea/workflows/release.yml

@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ jobs:
 
   windows:
     name: Windows Build
-    runs-on: "win-11"
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
@@ -155,24 +155,49 @@ jobs:
         go-version: 1.24
         cache: false
 
-    # Note: gcc.exe only works properly if the corresponding bin/ directory is
+    - name: Install cross toolchain
-    # contained in PATH.
+      run: |
+        apt-get update
+        apt-get -yq --no-install-suggests --no-install-recommends install \
+          gcc-mingw-w64-x86-64 gcc-mingw-w64-i686 nsis
 
     - name: "Build (amd64)"
-      shell: cmd
       run: |
-        set PATH=%GETH_MINGW%\bin;%PATH%
+        go run build/ci.go install -dlgo -os windows -arch amd64 -cc x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc
-        go run build/ci.go install -dlgo -arch amd64 -cc %GETH_MINGW%\bin\gcc.exe
+
+    - name: "Create/upload archive (amd64)"
+      run: |
+        go run build/ci.go archive -os windows -arch amd64 -type zip -signer WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY -upload gethstore/builds
       env:
-        GETH_MINGW: 'C:\msys64\mingw64'
+        WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY: ${{ secrets.WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY }}
+        AZURE_BLOBSTORE_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.AZURE_BLOBSTORE_TOKEN }}
+
+    - name: "Create/upload NSIS installer (amd64)"
+      run: |
+        go run build/ci.go nsis -arch amd64 -signer WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY -upload gethstore/builds
+        rm -f build/bin/*
+      env:
+        WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY: ${{ secrets.WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY }}
+        AZURE_BLOBSTORE_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.AZURE_BLOBSTORE_TOKEN }}
 
     - name: "Build (386)"
-      shell: cmd
       run: |
-        set PATH=%GETH_MINGW%\bin;%PATH%
+        go run build/ci.go install -dlgo -os windows -arch 386 -cc i686-w64-mingw32-gcc
-        go run build/ci.go install -dlgo -arch 386 -cc %GETH_MINGW%\bin\gcc.exe
+
+    - name: "Create/upload archive (386)"
+      run: |
+        go run build/ci.go archive -os windows -arch 386 -type zip -signer WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY -upload gethstore/builds
       env:
-        GETH_MINGW: 'C:\msys64\mingw32'
+        WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY: ${{ secrets.WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY }}
+        AZURE_BLOBSTORE_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.AZURE_BLOBSTORE_TOKEN }}
+
+    - name: "Create/upload NSIS installer (386)"
+      run: |
+        go run build/ci.go nsis -arch 386 -signer WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY -upload gethstore/builds
+        rm -f build/bin/*
+      env:
+        WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY: ${{ secrets.WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY }}
+        AZURE_BLOBSTORE_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.AZURE_BLOBSTORE_TOKEN }}
 
   docker:
     name: Docker Image

.github/workflows/freebsd.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - freebsd-github-action
+
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    name: FreeBSD-build
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      with:
+        submodules: false
+
+    - name: Test in FreeBSD
+      id: test
+      uses: vmactions/freebsd-vm@v1
+      with:
+        release: "15.0"
+        usesh: true
+        prepare: |
+          pkg install -y go
+        run: |
+          freebsd-version
+          uname -a
+          go version
+          go run ./build/ci.go test -p 8

.github/workflows/go.yml

@@ -97,3 +97,44 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Run tests
         run: go run build/ci.go test -p 8
+
+  windows:
+    name: Windows ${{ matrix.arch }}
+    needs: lint
+    runs-on: [self-hosted, windows, x64]
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - arch: amd64
+            mingw: 'C:\msys64\mingw64'
+            test: true
+          - arch: '386'
+            mingw: 'C:\msys64\mingw32'
+            test: false
+    env:
+      GETH_MINGW: ${{ matrix.mingw }}
+      GETH_CC: ${{ matrix.mingw }}\bin\gcc.exe
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          submodules: true
+
+      - name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version: '1.25'
+          cache: false
+
+      - name: Build
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          set PATH=%GETH_MINGW%\bin;%PATH%
+          go run build/ci.go install -arch ${{ matrix.arch }} -cc %GETH_CC%
+
+      - name: Run tests
+        if: matrix.test
+        shell: cmd
+        run: |
+          set PATH=%GETH_MINGW%\bin;%PATH%
+          go run build/ci.go test -arch ${{ matrix.arch }} -cc %GETH_CC% -short -p 8

accounts/abi/abigen/source2.go.tpl

@@ -183,8 +183,11 @@ var (
 		// Solidity: {{.Original.String}}
 		func ({{ decapitalise $contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}) Unpack{{.Normalized.Name}}Event(log *types.Log) (*{{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}}, error) {
 			event := "{{.Original.Name}}"
-			if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != {{ decapitalise $contract.Type}}.abi.Events[event].ID {
+			if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-				return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+				return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+			}
+			if log.Topics[0] != {{ decapitalise $contract.Type}}.abi.Events[event].ID {
+				return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 			}
 			out := new({{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}})
 			if len(log.Data) > 0 {

accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/crowdsale.go.txt

@@ -360,8 +360,11 @@ func (CrowdsaleFundTransfer) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event FundTransfer(address backer, uint256 amount, bool isContribution)
 func (crowdsale *Crowdsale) UnpackFundTransferEvent(log *types.Log) (*CrowdsaleFundTransfer, error) {
 	event := "FundTransfer"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != crowdsale.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != crowdsale.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(CrowdsaleFundTransfer)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {

accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/dao.go.txt

@@ -606,8 +606,11 @@ func (DAOChangeOfRules) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event ChangeOfRules(uint256 minimumQuorum, uint256 debatingPeriodInMinutes, int256 majorityMargin)
 func (dAO *DAO) UnpackChangeOfRulesEvent(log *types.Log) (*DAOChangeOfRules, error) {
 	event := "ChangeOfRules"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(DAOChangeOfRules)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {
@@ -648,8 +651,11 @@ func (DAOMembershipChanged) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event MembershipChanged(address member, bool isMember)
 func (dAO *DAO) UnpackMembershipChangedEvent(log *types.Log) (*DAOMembershipChanged, error) {
 	event := "MembershipChanged"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(DAOMembershipChanged)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {
@@ -692,8 +698,11 @@ func (DAOProposalAdded) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event ProposalAdded(uint256 proposalID, address recipient, uint256 amount, string description)
 func (dAO *DAO) UnpackProposalAddedEvent(log *types.Log) (*DAOProposalAdded, error) {
 	event := "ProposalAdded"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(DAOProposalAdded)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {
@@ -736,8 +745,11 @@ func (DAOProposalTallied) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event ProposalTallied(uint256 proposalID, int256 result, uint256 quorum, bool active)
 func (dAO *DAO) UnpackProposalTalliedEvent(log *types.Log) (*DAOProposalTallied, error) {
 	event := "ProposalTallied"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(DAOProposalTallied)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {
@@ -780,8 +792,11 @@ func (DAOVoted) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event Voted(uint256 proposalID, bool position, address voter, string justification)
 func (dAO *DAO) UnpackVotedEvent(log *types.Log) (*DAOVoted, error) {
 	event := "Voted"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(DAOVoted)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {

accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/eventchecker.go.txt

@@ -72,8 +72,11 @@ func (EventCheckerDynamic) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event dynamic(string indexed idxStr, bytes indexed idxDat, string str, bytes dat)
 func (eventChecker *EventChecker) UnpackDynamicEvent(log *types.Log) (*EventCheckerDynamic, error) {
 	event := "dynamic"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(EventCheckerDynamic)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {
@@ -112,8 +115,11 @@ func (EventCheckerEmpty) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event empty()
 func (eventChecker *EventChecker) UnpackEmptyEvent(log *types.Log) (*EventCheckerEmpty, error) {
 	event := "empty"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(EventCheckerEmpty)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {
@@ -154,8 +160,11 @@ func (EventCheckerIndexed) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event indexed(address indexed addr, int256 indexed num)
 func (eventChecker *EventChecker) UnpackIndexedEvent(log *types.Log) (*EventCheckerIndexed, error) {
 	event := "indexed"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(EventCheckerIndexed)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {
@@ -196,8 +205,11 @@ func (EventCheckerMixed) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event mixed(address indexed addr, int256 num)
 func (eventChecker *EventChecker) UnpackMixedEvent(log *types.Log) (*EventCheckerMixed, error) {
 	event := "mixed"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(EventCheckerMixed)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {
@@ -238,8 +250,11 @@ func (EventCheckerUnnamed) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event unnamed(uint256 indexed arg0, uint256 indexed arg1)
 func (eventChecker *EventChecker) UnpackUnnamedEvent(log *types.Log) (*EventCheckerUnnamed, error) {
 	event := "unnamed"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(EventCheckerUnnamed)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {

accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/nameconflict.go.txt

@@ -134,8 +134,11 @@ func (NameConflictLog) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event log(int256 msg, int256 _msg)
 func (nameConflict *NameConflict) UnpackLogEvent(log *types.Log) (*NameConflictLog, error) {
 	event := "log"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != nameConflict.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != nameConflict.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(NameConflictLog)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {

accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/numericmethodname.go.txt

@@ -136,8 +136,11 @@ func (NumericMethodNameE1TestEvent) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event _1TestEvent(address _param)
 func (numericMethodName *NumericMethodName) UnpackE1TestEventEvent(log *types.Log) (*NumericMethodNameE1TestEvent, error) {
 	event := "_1TestEvent"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != numericMethodName.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != numericMethodName.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(NumericMethodNameE1TestEvent)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {

accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/overload.go.txt

@@ -114,8 +114,11 @@ func (OverloadBar) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event bar(uint256 i)
 func (overload *Overload) UnpackBarEvent(log *types.Log) (*OverloadBar, error) {
 	event := "bar"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != overload.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != overload.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(OverloadBar)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {
@@ -156,8 +159,11 @@ func (OverloadBar0) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event bar(uint256 i, uint256 j)
 func (overload *Overload) UnpackBar0Event(log *types.Log) (*OverloadBar0, error) {
 	event := "bar0"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != overload.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != overload.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(OverloadBar0)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {

accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/token.go.txt

@@ -386,8 +386,11 @@ func (TokenTransfer) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value)
 func (token *Token) UnpackTransferEvent(log *types.Log) (*TokenTransfer, error) {
 	event := "Transfer"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != token.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != token.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(TokenTransfer)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {

accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/tuple.go.txt

@@ -193,8 +193,11 @@ func (TupleTupleEvent) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event TupleEvent((uint256,uint256[],(uint256,uint256)[]) a, (uint256,uint256)[2][] b, (uint256,uint256)[][2] c, (uint256,uint256[],(uint256,uint256)[])[] d, uint256[] e)
 func (tuple *Tuple) UnpackTupleEventEvent(log *types.Log) (*TupleTupleEvent, error) {
 	event := "TupleEvent"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != tuple.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != tuple.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(TupleTupleEvent)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {
@@ -234,8 +237,11 @@ func (TupleTupleEvent2) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event TupleEvent2((uint8,uint8)[] arg0)
 func (tuple *Tuple) UnpackTupleEvent2Event(log *types.Log) (*TupleTupleEvent2, error) {
 	event := "TupleEvent2"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != tuple.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != tuple.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(TupleTupleEvent2)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {

accounts/abi/bind/old.go

@@ -176,6 +176,13 @@ var (
 	// ErrNoCodeAfterDeploy is returned by WaitDeployed if contract creation leaves
 	// an empty contract behind.
 	ErrNoCodeAfterDeploy = bind2.ErrNoCodeAfterDeploy
+
+	// ErrNoEventSignature is returned when a log entry has no topics.
+	ErrNoEventSignature = bind2.ErrNoEventSignature
+
+	// ErrEventSignatureMismatch is returned when a log's topic[0] does not match
+	// the expected event signature.
+	ErrEventSignatureMismatch = bind2.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 )
 
 // ContractCaller defines the methods needed to allow operating with a contract on a read

accounts/abi/bind/v2/base.go

@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ import (
 const basefeeWiggleMultiplier = 2
 
 var (
-	errNoEventSignature       = errors.New("no event signature")
+	ErrNoEventSignature       = errors.New("no event signature")
-	errEventSignatureMismatch = errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+	ErrEventSignatureMismatch = errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 )
 
 // SignerFn is a signer function callback when a contract requires a method to
@@ -536,10 +536,10 @@ func (c *BoundContract) WatchLogs(opts *WatchOpts, name string, query ...[]any)
 func (c *BoundContract) UnpackLog(out any, event string, log types.Log) error {
 	// Anonymous events are not supported.
 	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return errNoEventSignature
+		return ErrNoEventSignature
 	}
 	if log.Topics[0] != c.abi.Events[event].ID {
-		return errEventSignatureMismatch
+		return ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {
 		if err := c.abi.UnpackIntoInterface(out, event, log.Data); err != nil {
@@ -559,10 +559,10 @@ func (c *BoundContract) UnpackLog(out any, event string, log types.Log) error {
 func (c *BoundContract) UnpackLogIntoMap(out map[string]any, event string, log types.Log) error {
 	// Anonymous events are not supported.
 	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return errNoEventSignature
+		return ErrNoEventSignature
 	}
 	if log.Topics[0] != c.abi.Events[event].ID {
-		return errEventSignatureMismatch
+		return ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {
 		if err := c.abi.UnpackIntoMap(out, event, log.Data); err != nil {

accounts/abi/bind/v2/internal/contracts/db/bindings.go

@@ -276,8 +276,11 @@ func (DBInsert) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event Insert(uint256 key, uint256 value, uint256 length)
 func (dB *DB) UnpackInsertEvent(log *types.Log) (*DBInsert, error) {
 	event := "Insert"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != dB.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != dB.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(DBInsert)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {
@@ -318,8 +321,11 @@ func (DBKeyedInsert) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event KeyedInsert(uint256 indexed key, uint256 value)
 func (dB *DB) UnpackKeyedInsertEvent(log *types.Log) (*DBKeyedInsert, error) {
 	event := "KeyedInsert"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != dB.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != dB.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(DBKeyedInsert)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {

accounts/abi/bind/v2/internal/contracts/events/bindings.go

@@ -115,8 +115,11 @@ func (CBasic1) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event basic1(uint256 indexed id, uint256 data)
 func (c *C) UnpackBasic1Event(log *types.Log) (*CBasic1, error) {
 	event := "basic1"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != c.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != c.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(CBasic1)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {
@@ -157,8 +160,11 @@ func (CBasic2) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event basic2(bool indexed flag, uint256 data)
 func (c *C) UnpackBasic2Event(log *types.Log) (*CBasic2, error) {
 	event := "basic2"
-	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != c.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
+		return nil, bind.ErrNoEventSignature
+	}
+	if log.Topics[0] != c.abi.Events[event].ID {
+		return nil, bind.ErrEventSignatureMismatch
 	}
 	out := new(CBasic2)
 	if len(log.Data) > 0 {

accounts/abi/bind/v2/lib_test.go

@@ -379,16 +379,16 @@ func TestEventUnpackEmptyTopics(t *testing.T) {
 		if err == nil {
 			t.Fatal("expected error when unpacking event with empty topics, got nil")
 		}
-		if err.Error() != "event signature mismatch" {
+		if err != bind.ErrNoEventSignature {
-			t.Fatalf("expected 'event signature mismatch' error, got: %v", err)
+			t.Fatalf("expected 'no event signature' error, got: %v", err)
 		}
 
 		_, err = c.UnpackBasic2Event(log)
 		if err == nil {
 			t.Fatal("expected error when unpacking event with empty topics, got nil")
 		}
-		if err.Error() != "event signature mismatch" {
+		if err != bind.ErrNoEventSignature {
-			t.Fatalf("expected 'event signature mismatch' error, got: %v", err)
+			t.Fatalf("expected 'no event signature' error, got: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
 }

accounts/abi/unpack_test.go

@@ -910,7 +910,7 @@ func TestUnpackTuple(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		},
 		FieldT: T{
-			big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(1),
+			big.NewInt(0).SetBits([]big.Word{}), big.NewInt(1),
 		},
 		A: big.NewInt(1),
 	}
@@ -919,7 +919,7 @@ func TestUnpackTuple(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Error(err)
 	}
-	if reflect.DeepEqual(ret, expected) {
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(ret, expected) {
 		t.Error("unexpected unpack value")
 	}
 }

accounts/keystore/account_cache_test.go

@@ -68,18 +68,27 @@ func waitWatcherStart(ks *KeyStore) bool {
 
 func waitForAccounts(wantAccounts []accounts.Account, ks *KeyStore) error {
 	var list []accounts.Account
+	haveAccounts := false
+	haveChange := false
 	for t0 := time.Now(); time.Since(t0) < 5*time.Second; time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond) {
-		list = ks.Accounts()
+		if !haveAccounts {
-		if reflect.DeepEqual(list, wantAccounts) {
+			list = ks.Accounts()
-			// ks should have also received change notifications
+			haveAccounts = reflect.DeepEqual(list, wantAccounts)
+		}
+		if !haveChange {
 			select {
 			case <-ks.changes:
+				haveChange = true
 			default:
-				return errors.New("wasn't notified of new accounts")
 			}
+		}
+		if haveAccounts && haveChange {
 			return nil
 		}
 	}
+	if haveAccounts {
+		return errors.New("wasn't notified of new accounts")
+	}
 	return fmt.Errorf("\ngot  %v\nwant %v", list, wantAccounts)
 }
 

accounts/keystore/watch.go

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-//go:build (darwin && !ios && cgo) || freebsd || (linux && !arm64) || netbsd || solaris
+//go:build (darwin && !ios && cgo) || freebsd || linux || netbsd || solaris
-// +build darwin,!ios,cgo freebsd linux,!arm64 netbsd solaris
+// +build darwin,!ios,cgo freebsd linux netbsd solaris
 
 package keystore
 

accounts/keystore/watch_fallback.go

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-//go:build (darwin && !cgo) || ios || (linux && arm64) || windows || (!darwin && !freebsd && !linux && !netbsd && !solaris)
+//go:build (darwin && !cgo) || ios || windows || (!darwin && !freebsd && !linux && !netbsd && !solaris)
-// +build darwin,!cgo ios linux,arm64 windows !darwin,!freebsd,!linux,!netbsd,!solaris
+// +build darwin,!cgo ios windows !darwin,!freebsd,!linux,!netbsd,!solaris
 
 // This is the fallback implementation of directory watching.
 // It is used on unsupported platforms.

accounts/scwallet/hub.go

@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ func (hub *Hub) readPairings() error {
 }
 
 func (hub *Hub) writePairings() error {
-	pairingFile, err := os.OpenFile(filepath.Join(hub.datadir, "smartcards.json"), os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE, 0755)
+	pairingFile, err := os.OpenFile(filepath.Join(hub.datadir, "smartcards.json"), os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0755)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -129,11 +129,8 @@ func (hub *Hub) writePairings() error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if _, err := pairingFile.Write(pairingData); err != nil {
+	_, err = pairingFile.Write(pairingData)
-		return err
+	return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
 }
 
 func (hub *Hub) pairing(wallet *Wallet) *smartcardPairing {

accounts/usbwallet/hub.go

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
-	"github.com/karalabe/hid"
+	"github.com/ethereum/hid"
 )
 
 // LedgerScheme is the protocol scheme prefixing account and wallet URLs.

accounts/usbwallet/wallet.go

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
-	"github.com/karalabe/hid"
+	"github.com/ethereum/hid"
 )
 
 // Maximum time between wallet health checks to detect USB unplugs.

appveyor.yml

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-clone_depth: 5
-version: "{branch}.{build}"
-
-image:
-  - Visual Studio 2019
-
-environment:
-  matrix:
-    - GETH_ARCH: amd64
-      GETH_MINGW: 'C:\msys64\mingw64'
-    - GETH_ARCH: 386
-      GETH_MINGW: 'C:\msys64\mingw32'
-
-install:
-  - git submodule update --init --depth 1 --recursive
-  - go version
-
-for:
-  # Windows builds for amd64 + 386.
-  - matrix:
-      only:
-        - image: Visual Studio 2019
-    environment:
-      # We use gcc from MSYS2 because it is the most recent compiler version available on
-      # AppVeyor. Note: gcc.exe only works properly if the corresponding bin/ directory is
-      # contained in PATH.
-      GETH_CC: '%GETH_MINGW%\bin\gcc.exe'
-      PATH: '%GETH_MINGW%\bin;C:\Program Files (x86)\NSIS\;%PATH%'
-    build_script:
-      - 'echo %GETH_ARCH%'
-      - 'echo %GETH_CC%'
-      - '%GETH_CC% --version'
-      - go run build/ci.go install -dlgo -arch %GETH_ARCH% -cc %GETH_CC%
-    after_build:
-      # Upload builds. Note that ci.go makes this a no-op PR builds.
-      - go run build/ci.go archive -arch %GETH_ARCH% -type zip -signer WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY -upload gethstore/builds
-      - go run build/ci.go nsis -arch %GETH_ARCH% -signer WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY -upload gethstore/builds
-    test_script:
-      - go run build/ci.go test -dlgo -arch %GETH_ARCH% -cc %GETH_CC% -short

beacon/engine/errors.go

@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ var (
 	TooLargeRequest          = &EngineAPIError{code: -38004, msg: "Too large request"}
 	InvalidParams            = &EngineAPIError{code: -32602, msg: "Invalid parameters"}
 	UnsupportedFork          = &EngineAPIError{code: -38005, msg: "Unsupported fork"}
+	TooDeepReorg             = &EngineAPIError{code: -38006, msg: "Too deep reorg"}
 
 	STATUS_INVALID         = ForkChoiceResponse{PayloadStatus: PayloadStatusV1{Status: INVALID}, PayloadID: nil}
 	STATUS_SYNCING         = ForkChoiceResponse{PayloadStatus: PayloadStatusV1{Status: SYNCING}, PayloadID: nil}

beacon/engine/gen_ed.go

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func (e ExecutableData) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 		Withdrawals   []*types.Withdrawal `json:"withdrawals"`
 		BlobGasUsed   *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"blobGasUsed"`
 		ExcessBlobGas *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"excessBlobGas"`
-		SlotNumber    *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"slotNumber"`
+		SlotNumber    *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"slotNumber,omitempty"`
 	}
 	var enc ExecutableData
 	enc.ParentHash = e.ParentHash
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ func (e *ExecutableData) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 		Withdrawals   []*types.Withdrawal `json:"withdrawals"`
 		BlobGasUsed   *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"blobGasUsed"`
 		ExcessBlobGas *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"excessBlobGas"`
-		SlotNumber    *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"slotNumber"`
+		SlotNumber    *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"slotNumber,omitempty"`
 	}
 	var dec ExecutableData
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(input, &dec); err != nil {

beacon/engine/types.go

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ type ExecutableData struct {
 	Withdrawals   []*types.Withdrawal `json:"withdrawals"`
 	BlobGasUsed   *uint64             `json:"blobGasUsed"`
 	ExcessBlobGas *uint64             `json:"excessBlobGas"`
-	SlotNumber    *uint64             `json:"slotNumber"`
+	SlotNumber    *uint64             `json:"slotNumber,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // JSON type overrides for executableData.
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ func ExecutableDataToBlockNoHash(data ExecutableData, versionedHashes []common.H
 	if data.BaseFeePerGas != nil && (data.BaseFeePerGas.Sign() == -1 || data.BaseFeePerGas.BitLen() > 256) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid baseFeePerGas: %v", data.BaseFeePerGas)
 	}
-	var blobHashes = make([]common.Hash, 0, len(txs))
+	var blobHashes = make([]common.Hash, 0, len(versionedHashes))
 	for _, tx := range txs {
 		blobHashes = append(blobHashes, tx.BlobHashes()...)
 	}

beacon/light/request/server.go

@@ -438,14 +438,11 @@ func (s *serverWithLimits) fail(desc string) {
 // failLocked calculates the dynamic failure delay and applies it.
 func (s *serverWithLimits) failLocked(desc string) {
 	log.Debug("Server error", "description", desc)
-	s.failureDelay *= 2
 	now := s.clock.Now()
 	if now > s.failureDelayEnd {
 		s.failureDelay *= math.Pow(2, -float64(now-s.failureDelayEnd)/float64(maxFailureDelay))
 	}
-	if s.failureDelay < float64(minFailureDelay) {
+	s.failureDelay = max(min(s.failureDelay*2, float64(maxFailureDelay)), float64(minFailureDelay))
-		s.failureDelay = float64(minFailureDelay)
-	}
 	s.failureDelayEnd = now + mclock.AbsTime(s.failureDelay)
 	s.delay(time.Duration(s.failureDelay))
 }

beacon/light/sync/update_sync.go

@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ const (
 	ssNeedParent             // cp header slot %32 != 0, need parent to check epoch boundary
 	ssParentRequested        // cp parent header requested
 	ssPrintStatus            // has all necessary info, print log message if init still not successful
-	ssDone                   // log message printed, no more action required
 )
 
 type serverState struct {
@@ -180,7 +179,8 @@ func (s *CheckpointInit) Process(requester request.Requester, events []request.E
 		default:
 			log.Error("blsync: checkpoint not available, but reported as finalized; specified checkpoint hash might be too old", "server", server.Name())
 		}
-		s.serverState[server] = serverState{state: ssDone}
+		s.serverState[server] = serverState{state: ssDefault}
+		requester.Fail(server, "checkpoint init failed")
 	}
 }
 

build/checksums.txt

@@ -5,49 +5,49 @@
 # https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases/download/v5.1.0
 a3192784375acec7eaec492799d5c5d0c47a2909a3cc40178898e4ecd20cc416  fixtures_develop.tar.gz
 
-# version:golang 1.25.7
+# version:golang 1.25.10
 # https://go.dev/dl/
-178f2832820274b43e177d32f06a3ebb0129e427dd20a5e4c88df2c1763cf10a  go1.25.7.src.tar.gz
+20cf04a92e5af99748e341bc8996fa28090c9ac98765fa115ec5ddf41d7af41d  go1.25.10.src.tar.gz
-81bf2a1f20633f62d55d826d82dde3b0570cf1408a91e15781b266037299285b  go1.25.7.aix-ppc64.tar.gz
+a194e767c2ab4216a60acc068b9dbe6bf4fae05c14bb52d6bbdcb5b3ea521308  go1.25.10.aix-ppc64.tar.gz
-bf5050a2152f4053837b886e8d9640c829dbacbc3370f913351eb0904cb706f5  go1.25.7.darwin-amd64.tar.gz
+52321165a3146cd91865ef98371506a846ed4dc4f9f1c9323e5ad90d2a411e06  go1.25.10.darwin-amd64.tar.gz
-ff18369ffad05c57d5bed888b660b31385f3c913670a83ef557cdfd98ea9ae1b  go1.25.7.darwin-arm64.tar.gz
+795691a425de7e7cdba3544f354dcd2cebcf52e87dc6898193878f34eb6d634f  go1.25.10.darwin-arm64.tar.gz
-c5dccd7f192dd7b305dc209fb316ac1917776d74bd8e4d532ef2772f305bf42a  go1.25.7.dragonfly-amd64.tar.gz
+e37b4544ba9e9e9a7ab2ed3116b3fc4d39a88da854baa5a566d9d6d3a9de7d4c  go1.25.10.dragonfly-amd64.tar.gz
-a2de97c8ac74bf64b0ae73fe9d379e61af530e061bc7f8f825044172ffe61a8b  go1.25.7.freebsd-386.tar.gz
+2a70d1fdabab637aa442ca94599a56e381238efa20cb995d5433b8579bfe482c  go1.25.10.freebsd-386.tar.gz
-055f9e138787dcafa81eb0314c8ff70c6dd0f6dba1e8a6957fef5d5efd1ab8fd  go1.25.7.freebsd-amd64.tar.gz
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-938720f6ebc0d1c53d7840321d3a31f29fd02496e84a6538f442a9311dc1cc9a  go1.25.7.openbsd-arm64.tar.gz
+bdf3335d5008c1ddc81fa94892283e4f1fee22566f5351d4e726d9f55a67c838  go1.25.10.openbsd-arm64.tar.gz
-a4c378b73b98f89a3596c2ef51aabbb28783d9ca29f7e317d8ca07939660ce6f  go1.25.7.openbsd-ppc64.tar.gz
+0933d418da0a61e0f29de717a77498f16b9b5b50dbe2205e20b2ed7fd4067f75  go1.25.10.openbsd-ppc64.tar.gz
-937b58734fbeaa8c7941a0e4285e7e84b7885396e8d11c23f9ab1a8ff10ff20e  go1.25.7.openbsd-riscv64.tar.gz
+191e6f3e75712f8c13d189d53b668e2cac6449f26474c1d86fbd04f6e9846f9c  go1.25.10.openbsd-riscv64.tar.gz
-61a093c8c5244916f25740316386bb9f141545dcf01b06a79d1c78ece488403e  go1.25.7.plan9-386.tar.gz
+68c053c8acd76c50fc430e92f4a86110ec3d97dd03d27b9339b4eaf793caff5f  go1.25.10.plan9-386.tar.gz
-7fc8f6689c9de8ccb7689d2278035fa83c2d601409101840df6ddfe09ba58699  go1.25.7.plan9-amd64.tar.gz
+42e2c46638ae22d93402e79efb40faee5c42cf7c56a01bb3ab47c6bb2512b745  go1.25.10.plan9-amd64.tar.gz
-9661dff8eaeeb62f1c3aadbc5ff189a2e6744e1ec885e32dbcb438f58a34def5  go1.25.7.plan9-arm.tar.gz
+3ef1d5838b1648da16724a07b72e839ccbd7cb8899c3e0426afd6b79d494b91c  go1.25.10.plan9-arm.tar.gz
-28ecba0e1d7950c8b29a4a04962dd49c3bf5221f55a44f17d98f369f82859cf4  go1.25.7.solaris-amd64.tar.gz
+631e3716017fbec06500a628d97e1155daec3593f0a7812c2ebfe8fc8c96b2ab  go1.25.10.solaris-amd64.tar.gz
-baa6b488291801642fa620026169e38bec2da2ac187cd3ae2145721cf826bbc3  go1.25.7.windows-386.zip
+ddc693d2d9d7cc671ebb72d1d50aa05670f95b059b7d90440611af57976871d5  go1.25.10.windows-386.zip
-c75e5f4ff62d085cc0017be3ad19d5536f46825fa05db06ec468941f847e3228  go1.25.7.windows-amd64.zip
+ca37af2dadd8544464f1a9ca7c3886499d1cdfcb263855d0a1d71f194b2bd222  go1.25.10.windows-amd64.zip
-807033f85931bc4a589ca8497535dcbeb1f30d506e47fa200f5f04c4a71c3d9f  go1.25.7.windows-arm64.zip
+38be57e0398bd93673d65bcae6dc7ee3cf151d7038d0dba5c60a5153022872da  go1.25.10.windows-arm64.zip
 
 # version:golangci 2.10.1
 # https://github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/releases/

build/ci.go

@@ -73,21 +73,9 @@ var (
 		"./cmd/keeper",
 	}
 
-	// Files that end up in the geth*.zip archive.
+	// Files that end up in the geth-alltools*.zip archive (and the NSIS installer
-	gethArchiveFiles = []string{
+	// dev-tools section). Order matches the historical layout produced by ci.go.
-		"COPYING",
+	allToolsBinaries = []string{"abigen", "evm", "geth", "rlpdump", "clef"}
-		executablePath("geth"),
-	}
-
-	// Files that end up in the geth-alltools*.zip archive.
-	allToolsArchiveFiles = []string{
-		"COPYING",
-		executablePath("abigen"),
-		executablePath("evm"),
-		executablePath("geth"),
-		executablePath("rlpdump"),
-		executablePath("clef"),
-	}
 
 	// Keeper build targets with their configurations
 	keeperTargets = []struct {
@@ -107,17 +95,21 @@ var (
 			Tags: "ziren",
 			Env:  map[string]string{"GOMIPS": "softfloat", "CGO_ENABLED": "0"},
 		},
+		{
+			Name:   "womir",
+			GOOS:   "wasip1",
+			GOARCH: "wasm",
+			Tags:   "womir",
+		},
 		{
 			Name:   "wasm-js",
 			GOOS:   "js",
 			GOARCH: "wasm",
-			Tags:   "example",
 		},
 		{
 			Name:   "wasm-wasi",
 			GOOS:   "wasip1",
 			GOARCH: "wasm",
-			Tags:   "example",
 		},
 		{
 			Name: "example",
@@ -163,11 +155,11 @@ var (
 
 	// Distros for which packages are created
 	debDistros = []string{
-		"xenial",   // 16.04, EOL: 04/2026
+		"xenial", // 16.04, EOL: 04/2026
-		"bionic",   // 18.04, EOL: 04/2028
+		"bionic", // 18.04, EOL: 04/2028
-		"focal",    // 20.04, EOL: 04/2030
+		"focal",  // 20.04, EOL: 04/2030
-		"jammy",    // 22.04, EOL: 04/2032
+		"jammy",  // 22.04, EOL: 04/2032
-		"noble",    // 24.04, EOL: 04/2034
+		"noble",  // 24.04, EOL: 04/2034
 	}
 
 	// This is where the tests should be unpacked.
@@ -176,13 +168,35 @@ var (
 
 var GOBIN, _ = filepath.Abs(filepath.Join("build", "bin"))
 
-func executablePath(name string) string {
+// executablePath returns the path to a built binary in GOBIN, applying the
-	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+// platform-specific extension for the given target OS.
+func executablePath(name, targetOS string) string {
+	if targetOS == "windows" {
 		name += ".exe"
 	}
 	return filepath.Join(GOBIN, name)
 }
 
+// gethArchiveFiles returns the file list for the geth-{platform}-{ver}.zip
+// archive, with binary paths resolved for the target OS.
+func gethArchiveFiles(targetOS string) []string {
+	return []string{
+		"COPYING",
+		executablePath("geth", targetOS),
+	}
+}
+
+// allToolsArchiveFiles returns the file list for the
+// geth-alltools-{platform}-{ver}.zip archive, with binary paths resolved for
+// the target OS.
+func allToolsArchiveFiles(targetOS string) []string {
+	files := []string{"COPYING"}
+	for _, name := range allToolsBinaries {
+		files = append(files, executablePath(name, targetOS))
+	}
+	return files
+}
+
 func main() {
 	log.SetFlags(log.Lshortfile)
 
@@ -229,6 +243,7 @@ func main() {
 func doInstall(cmdline []string) {
 	var (
 		dlgo       = flag.Bool("dlgo", false, "Download Go and build with it")
+		targetOS   = flag.String("os", runtime.GOOS, "Target OS to cross build for")
 		arch       = flag.String("arch", "", "Architecture to cross build for")
 		cc         = flag.String("cc", "", "C compiler to cross build with")
 		staticlink = flag.Bool("static", false, "Create statically-linked executable")
@@ -237,7 +252,7 @@ func doInstall(cmdline []string) {
 	env := build.Env()
 
 	// Configure the toolchain.
-	tc := build.GoToolchain{GOARCH: *arch, CC: *cc}
+	tc := build.GoToolchain{GOOS: *targetOS, GOARCH: *arch, CC: *cc}
 	if *dlgo {
 		csdb := download.MustLoadChecksums("build/checksums.txt")
 		tc.Root = build.DownloadGo(csdb)
@@ -251,7 +266,7 @@ func doInstall(cmdline []string) {
 	}
 
 	// Configure the build.
-	gobuild := tc.Go("build", buildFlags(env, *staticlink, buildTags)...)
+	gobuild := tc.Go("build", buildFlags(env, *staticlink, buildTags, *targetOS)...)
 
 	// Show packages during build.
 	gobuild.Args = append(gobuild.Args, "-v")
@@ -266,7 +281,7 @@ func doInstall(cmdline []string) {
 	// Do the build!
 	for _, pkg := range packages {
 		args := slices.Clone(gobuild.Args)
-		args = append(args, "-o", executablePath(path.Base(pkg)))
+		args = append(args, "-o", executablePath(path.Base(pkg), *targetOS))
 		args = append(args, pkg)
 		build.MustRun(&exec.Cmd{Path: gobuild.Path, Args: args, Env: gobuild.Env})
 	}
@@ -293,7 +308,13 @@ func doInstallKeeper(cmdline []string) {
 		tc.GOARCH = target.GOARCH
 		tc.GOOS = target.GOOS
 		tc.CC = target.CC
-		gobuild := tc.Go("build", buildFlags(env, true, []string{target.Tags})...)
+		// An empty GOOS means "build for the host OS"; thread that through to
+		// buildFlags so platform-specific linker flags are picked correctly.
+		targetOS := target.GOOS
+		if targetOS == "" {
+			targetOS = runtime.GOOS
+		}
+		gobuild := tc.Go("build", buildFlags(env, true, []string{target.Tags}, targetOS)...)
 		gobuild.Dir = "./cmd/keeper"
 		gobuild.Args = append(gobuild.Args, "-v")
 
@@ -303,14 +324,15 @@ func doInstallKeeper(cmdline []string) {
 		outputName := fmt.Sprintf("keeper-%s", target.Name)
 
 		args := slices.Clone(gobuild.Args)
-		args = append(args, "-o", executablePath(outputName))
+		args = append(args, "-o", executablePath(outputName, targetOS))
 		args = append(args, ".")
-		build.MustRun(&exec.Cmd{Path: gobuild.Path, Args: args, Env: gobuild.Env})
+		build.MustRun(&exec.Cmd{Path: gobuild.Path, Args: args, Env: gobuild.Env, Dir: gobuild.Dir})
 	}
 }
 
-// buildFlags returns the go tool flags for building.
+// buildFlags returns the go tool flags for building. targetOS is the OS we
-func buildFlags(env build.Environment, staticLinking bool, buildTags []string) (flags []string) {
+// are producing binaries for.
+func buildFlags(env build.Environment, staticLinking bool, buildTags []string, targetOS string) (flags []string) {
 	var ld []string
 	// See https://github.com/golang/go/issues/33772#issuecomment-528176001
 	// We need to set --buildid to the linker here, and also pass --build-id to the
@@ -322,10 +344,10 @@ func buildFlags(env build.Environment, staticLinking bool, buildTags []string) (
 	}
 	// Strip DWARF on darwin. This used to be required for certain things,
 	// and there is no downside to this, so we just keep doing it.
-	if runtime.GOOS == "darwin" {
+	if targetOS == "darwin" {
 		ld = append(ld, "-s")
 	}
-	if runtime.GOOS == "linux" {
+	if targetOS == "linux" {
 		// Enforce the stacksize to 8M, which is the case on most platforms apart from
 		// alpine Linux.
 		// See https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs-2.23.1/ld/Options.html#Options
@@ -678,12 +700,13 @@ func downloadProtoc(cachedir string) string {
 // Release Packaging
 func doArchive(cmdline []string) {
 	var (
-		arch    = flag.String("arch", runtime.GOARCH, "Architecture cross packaging")
+		targetOS = flag.String("os", runtime.GOOS, "Target OS the binaries were built for")
-		atype   = flag.String("type", "zip", "Type of archive to write (zip|tar)")
+		arch     = flag.String("arch", runtime.GOARCH, "Architecture cross packaging")
-		signer  = flag.String("signer", "", `Environment variable holding the signing key (e.g. LINUX_SIGNING_KEY)`)
+		atype    = flag.String("type", "zip", "Type of archive to write (zip|tar)")
-		signify = flag.String("signify", "", `Environment variable holding the signify key (e.g. LINUX_SIGNIFY_KEY)`)
+		signer   = flag.String("signer", "", `Environment variable holding the signing key (e.g. LINUX_SIGNING_KEY)`)
-		upload  = flag.String("upload", "", `Destination to upload the archives (usually "gethstore/builds")`)
+		signify  = flag.String("signify", "", `Environment variable holding the signify key (e.g. LINUX_SIGNIFY_KEY)`)
-		ext     string
+		upload   = flag.String("upload", "", `Destination to upload the archives (usually "gethstore/builds")`)
+		ext      string
 	)
 	flag.CommandLine.Parse(cmdline)
 	switch *atype {
@@ -697,15 +720,15 @@ func doArchive(cmdline []string) {
 
 	var (
 		env      = build.Env()
-		basegeth = archiveBasename(*arch, version.Archive(env.Commit))
+		basegeth = archiveBasename(*targetOS, *arch, version.Archive(env.Commit))
 		geth     = "geth-" + basegeth + ext
 		alltools = "geth-alltools-" + basegeth + ext
 	)
 	maybeSkipArchive(env)
-	if err := build.WriteArchive(geth, gethArchiveFiles); err != nil {
+	if err := build.WriteArchive(geth, gethArchiveFiles(*targetOS)); err != nil {
 		log.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	if err := build.WriteArchive(alltools, allToolsArchiveFiles); err != nil {
+	if err := build.WriteArchive(alltools, allToolsArchiveFiles(*targetOS)); err != nil {
 		log.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	for _, archive := range []string{geth, alltools} {
@@ -731,7 +754,11 @@ func doKeeperArchive(cmdline []string) {
 	maybeSkipArchive(env)
 	files := []string{"COPYING"}
 	for _, target := range keeperTargets {
-		files = append(files, executablePath(fmt.Sprintf("keeper-%s", target.Name)))
+		targetOS := target.GOOS
+		if targetOS == "" {
+			targetOS = runtime.GOOS
+		}
+		files = append(files, executablePath(fmt.Sprintf("keeper-%s", target.Name), targetOS))
 	}
 	if err := build.WriteArchive(keeper, files); err != nil {
 		log.Fatal(err)
@@ -741,8 +768,8 @@ func doKeeperArchive(cmdline []string) {
 	}
 }
 
-func archiveBasename(arch string, archiveVersion string) string {
+func archiveBasename(targetOS, arch, archiveVersion string) string {
-	platform := runtime.GOOS + "-" + arch
+	platform := targetOS + "-" + arch
 	if arch == "arm" {
 		platform += os.Getenv("GOARM")
 	}
@@ -1205,13 +1232,13 @@ func doWindowsInstaller(cmdline []string) {
 	env := build.Env()
 	maybeSkipArchive(env)
 
-	// Aggregate binaries that are included in the installer
+	// Aggregate binaries that are included in the installer.
 	var (
 		devTools []string
 		allTools []string
 		gethTool string
 	)
-	for _, file := range allToolsArchiveFiles {
+	for _, file := range allToolsArchiveFiles("windows") {
 		if file == "COPYING" { // license, copied later
 			continue
 		}
@@ -1248,16 +1275,24 @@ func doWindowsInstaller(cmdline []string) {
 	if env.Commit != "" {
 		ver[2] += "-" + env.Commit[:8]
 	}
-	installer, err := filepath.Abs("geth-" + archiveBasename(*arch, version.Archive(env.Commit)) + ".exe")
+	installer, err := filepath.Abs("geth-" + archiveBasename("windows", *arch, version.Archive(env.Commit)) + ".exe")
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Fatalf("Failed to convert installer file path: %v", err)
 	}
-	build.MustRunCommand("makensis.exe",
+	// makensis on Windows is "makensis.exe" with /D-style defines; on Linux
-		"/DOUTPUTFILE="+installer,
+	// (and other Unixes) the binary is "makensis" and accepts -D.
-		"/DMAJORVERSION="+ver[0],
+	makensisCmd := "makensis"
-		"/DMINORVERSION="+ver[1],
+	defineFlag := "-D"
-		"/DBUILDVERSION="+ver[2],
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
-		"/DARCH="+*arch,
+		makensisCmd = "makensis.exe"
+		defineFlag = "/D"
+	}
+	build.MustRunCommand(makensisCmd,
+		defineFlag+"OUTPUTFILE="+installer,
+		defineFlag+"MAJORVERSION="+ver[0],
+		defineFlag+"MINORVERSION="+ver[1],
+		defineFlag+"BUILDVERSION="+ver[2],
+		defineFlag+"ARCH="+*arch,
 		filepath.Join(*workdir, "geth.nsi"),
 	)
 	// Sign and publish installer.

cmd/abigen/main.go

@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ func generate(c *cli.Context) error {
 		code string
 		err  error
 	)
-	if c.IsSet(v2Flag.Name) {
+	if c.Bool(v2Flag.Name) {
 		code, err = abigen.BindV2(types, abis, bins, c.String(pkgFlag.Name), libs, aliases)
 	} else {
 		code, err = abigen.Bind(types, abis, bins, sigs, c.String(pkgFlag.Name), libs, aliases)

cmd/devp2p/enrcmd.go

@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ func formatAttrString(v rlp.RawValue) (string, bool) {
 
 func formatAttrIP(v rlp.RawValue) (string, bool) {
 	content, _, err := rlp.SplitString(v)
-	if err != nil || len(content) != 4 && len(content) != 6 {
+	if err != nil || len(content) != 4 && len(content) != 16 {
 		return "", false
 	}
 	return net.IP(content).String(), true

cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/chain.go

@@ -51,6 +51,12 @@ type Chain struct {
 	state   map[common.Address]state.DumpAccount // state of head block
 	senders map[common.Address]*senderInfo
 	config  *params.ChainConfig
+
+	txInfo txInfo
+}
+
+type txInfo struct {
+	LargeReceiptBlock *uint64 `json:"tx-largereceipt"`
 }
 
 // NewChain takes the given chain.rlp file, and decodes and returns
@@ -74,12 +80,20 @@ func NewChain(dir string) (*Chain, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+
+	var txInfo txInfo
+	err = common.LoadJSON(filepath.Join(dir, "txinfo.json"), &txInfo)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	return &Chain{
 		genesis: gen,
 		blocks:  blocks,
 		state:   state,
 		senders: accounts,
 		config:  gen.Config,
+		txInfo:  txInfo,
 	}, nil
 }
 

cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/conn.go

@@ -345,10 +345,12 @@ loop:
 			if have, want := msg.ForkID, chain.ForkID(); !reflect.DeepEqual(have, want) {
 				return fmt.Errorf("wrong fork ID in status: have %v, want %v", have, want)
 			}
-			if have, want := msg.ProtocolVersion, c.ourHighestProtoVersion; have != uint32(want) {
+			for _, cap := range c.caps {
-				return fmt.Errorf("wrong protocol version: have %v, want %v", have, want)
+				if cap.Name == "eth" && cap.Version == uint(msg.ProtocolVersion) {
+					break loop
+				}
 			}
-			break loop
+			return fmt.Errorf("wrong protocol version: have %v, want %v", msg.ProtocolVersion, c.caps)
 		case discMsg:
 			var msg []p2p.DiscReason
 			if rlp.DecodeBytes(data, &msg); len(msg) == 0 {

cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/snap.go

@@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ func (s *Suite) TestSnapGetAccountRange(t *utesting.T) {
 			root:         root,
 			startingHash: zero,
 			limitHash:    ffHash,
-			expAccounts:  67,
+			expAccounts:  68,
 			expFirst:     firstKey,
-			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x622e662246601dd04f996289ce8b85e86db7bb15bb17f86487ec9d543ddb6f9a"),
+			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x59312f89c13e9e24c1cb8b103aa39a9b2800348d97a92c2c9e2a78fa02b70025"),
 			desc:         "In this test, we request the entire state range, but limit the response to 4000 bytes.",
 		},
 		{
@@ -97,9 +97,9 @@ func (s *Suite) TestSnapGetAccountRange(t *utesting.T) {
 			root:         root,
 			startingHash: zero,
 			limitHash:    ffHash,
-			expAccounts:  49,
+			expAccounts:  50,
 			expFirst:     firstKey,
-			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x445cb5c1278fdce2f9cbdb681bdd76c52f8e50e41dbd9e220242a69ba99ac099"),
+			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x4615e5f5df5b25349a00ad313c6cd0436b6c08ee5826e33a018661997f85ebaa"),
 			desc:         "In this test, we request the entire state range, but limit the response to 3000 bytes.",
 		},
 		{
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ func (s *Suite) TestSnapGetAccountRange(t *utesting.T) {
 			root:         root,
 			startingHash: zero,
 			limitHash:    ffHash,
-			expAccounts:  34,
+			expAccounts:  35,
 			expFirst:     firstKey,
-			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x2ef46ebd2073cecde499c2e8df028ad79a26d57bfaa812c4c6f7eb4c9617b913"),
+			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x2de4bdbddcfbb9c3e195dae6b45f9c38daff897e926764bf34887fb0db5c3284"),
 			desc:         "In this test, we request the entire state range, but limit the response to 2000 bytes.",
 		},
 		{
@@ -178,9 +178,9 @@ The server should return the first available account.`,
 			root:         root,
 			startingHash: firstKey,
 			limitHash:    ffHash,
-			expAccounts:  67,
+			expAccounts:  68,
 			expFirst:     firstKey,
-			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x622e662246601dd04f996289ce8b85e86db7bb15bb17f86487ec9d543ddb6f9a"),
+			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x59312f89c13e9e24c1cb8b103aa39a9b2800348d97a92c2c9e2a78fa02b70025"),
 			desc: `In this test, startingHash is exactly the first available account key.
 The server should return the first available account of the state as the first item.`,
 		},
@@ -189,9 +189,9 @@ The server should return the first available account of the state as the first i
 			root:         root,
 			startingHash: hashAdd(firstKey, 1),
 			limitHash:    ffHash,
-			expAccounts:  67,
+			expAccounts:  68,
 			expFirst:     secondKey,
-			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x66192e4c757fba1cdc776e6737008f42d50370d3cd801db3624274283bf7cd63"),
+			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x59a7c8818f1c16b298a054020dc7c3f403a970d1d1db33f9478b1c36e3a2e509"),
 			desc: `In this test, startingHash is after the first available key.
 The server should return the second account of the state as the first item.`,
 		},
@@ -227,9 +227,9 @@ server to return no data because genesis is older than 127 blocks.`,
 			root:         s.chain.RootAt(int(s.chain.Head().Number().Uint64()) - 127),
 			startingHash: zero,
 			limitHash:    ffHash,
-			expAccounts:  66,
+			expAccounts:  68,
 			expFirst:     firstKey,
-			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x729953a43ed6c913df957172680a17e5735143ad767bda8f58ac84ec62fbec5e"),
+			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x683b6c03cc32afe5db8cb96050f711fdaff8f8ff44c7587a9a848f921d02815e"),
 			desc: `This test requests data at a state root that is 127 blocks old.
 We expect the server to have this state available.`,
 		},
@@ -658,8 +658,8 @@ The server should reject the request.`,
 				// It's a bit unfortunate these are hard-coded, but the result depends on
 				// a lot of aspects of the state trie and can't be guessed in a simple
 				// way. So you'll have to update this when the test chain is changed.
-				common.HexToHash("0x5bdc0d6057b35642a16d27223ea5454e5a17a400e28f7328971a5f2a87773b76"),
+				common.HexToHash("0x4bdecec09691ad38113eebee2df94fadefdff5841c0f182bae1be3c8a6d60bf3"),
-				common.HexToHash("0x0a76c9812ca90ffed8ee4d191e683f93386b6e50cfe3679c0760d27510aa7fc5"),
+				common.HexToHash("0x4178696465d4514ff5924ef8c28ce64d41a669634b63184c2c093e252d6b4bc4"),
 				empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty,
 				empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty,
 				empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty,
@@ -679,8 +679,8 @@ The server should reject the request.`,
 			// be updated when the test chain is changed.
 			expHashes: []common.Hash{
 				empty,
-				common.HexToHash("0x0a76c9812ca90ffed8ee4d191e683f93386b6e50cfe3679c0760d27510aa7fc5"),
+				common.HexToHash("0x4178696465d4514ff5924ef8c28ce64d41a669634b63184c2c093e252d6b4bc4"),
-				common.HexToHash("0x5bdc0d6057b35642a16d27223ea5454e5a17a400e28f7328971a5f2a87773b76"),
+				common.HexToHash("0x4bdecec09691ad38113eebee2df94fadefdff5841c0f182bae1be3c8a6d60bf3"),
 			},
 		},
 

cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/suite.go

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ func (s *Suite) EthTests() []utesting.Test {
 		// get history
 		{Name: "GetBlockBodies", Fn: s.TestGetBlockBodies},
 		{Name: "GetReceipts", Fn: s.TestGetReceipts},
+		{Name: "GetLargeReceipts", Fn: s.TestGetLargeReceipts},
 		// test transactions
 		{Name: "LargeTxRequest", Fn: s.TestLargeTxRequest, Slow: true},
 		{Name: "Transaction", Fn: s.TestTransaction},
@@ -434,6 +436,9 @@ func (s *Suite) TestGetReceipts(t *utesting.T) {
 	// Find some blocks containing receipts.
 	var hashes = make([]common.Hash, 0, 3)
 	for i := range s.chain.Len() {
+		if s.chain.txInfo.LargeReceiptBlock != nil && uint64(i) == *s.chain.txInfo.LargeReceiptBlock {
+			continue
+		}
 		block := s.chain.GetBlock(i)
 		if len(block.Transactions()) > 0 {
 			hashes = append(hashes, block.Hash())
@@ -442,25 +447,121 @@ func (s *Suite) TestGetReceipts(t *utesting.T) {
 			break
 		}
 	}
+	if conn.negotiatedProtoVersion < eth.ETH70 {
+		// Create block bodies request.
+		req := &eth.GetReceiptsPacket69{
+			RequestId:          66,
+			GetReceiptsRequest: (eth.GetReceiptsRequest)(hashes),
+		}
+		if err := conn.Write(ethProto, eth.GetReceiptsMsg, req); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("could not write to connection: %v", err)
+		}
+		// Wait for response.
+		resp := new(eth.ReceiptsPacket69)
+		if err := conn.ReadMsg(ethProto, eth.ReceiptsMsg, &resp); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("error reading block receipts msg: %v", err)
+		}
+		if got, want := resp.RequestId, req.RequestId; got != want {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected request id in respond", got, want)
+		}
+		if resp.List.Len() != len(req.GetReceiptsRequest) {
+			t.Fatalf("wrong receipts in response: expected %d receipts, got %d", len(req.GetReceiptsRequest), resp.List.Len())
+		}
+	} else {
+		// Create block bodies request.
+		req := &eth.GetReceiptsPacket70{
+			RequestId:              66,
+			FirstBlockReceiptIndex: 0,
+			GetReceiptsRequest:     (eth.GetReceiptsRequest)(hashes),
+		}
+		if err := conn.Write(ethProto, eth.GetReceiptsMsg, req); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("could not write to connection: %v", err)
+		}
+		// Wait for response.
+		resp := new(eth.ReceiptsPacket70)
+		if err := conn.ReadMsg(ethProto, eth.ReceiptsMsg, &resp); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("error reading block receipts msg: %v", err)
+		}
+		if got, want := resp.RequestId, req.RequestId; got != want {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected request id in respond", got, want)
+		}
+		if resp.List.Len() != len(req.GetReceiptsRequest) {
+			t.Fatalf("wrong receipts in response: expected %d receipts, got %d", len(req.GetReceiptsRequest), resp.List.Len())
+		}
+	}
+}
 
-	// Create receipts request.
+func (s *Suite) TestGetLargeReceipts(t *utesting.T) {
-	req := &eth.GetReceiptsPacket{
+	t.Log(`This test sends GetReceipts requests to the node for large receipt (>10MiB) in the test chain.
-		RequestId:          66,
+	This test is meaningful only if the client supports protocol version ETH70 or higher 
-		GetReceiptsRequest: (eth.GetReceiptsRequest)(hashes),
+	and LargeReceiptBlock is configured in txInfo.json.`)
+	conn, err := s.dialAndPeer(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("peering failed: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := conn.Write(ethProto, eth.GetReceiptsMsg, req); err != nil {
+	defer conn.Close()
-		t.Fatalf("could not write to connection: %v", err)
+
+	if conn.negotiatedProtoVersion < eth.ETH70 || s.chain.txInfo.LargeReceiptBlock == nil {
+		return
 	}
-	// Wait for response.
+
-	resp := new(eth.ReceiptsPacket)
+	// Find block with large receipt.
-	if err := conn.ReadMsg(ethProto, eth.ReceiptsMsg, &resp); err != nil {
+	// Place the large receipt block hash in the middle of the query
-		t.Fatalf("error reading block bodies msg: %v", err)
+	start := max(int(*s.chain.txInfo.LargeReceiptBlock)-2, 0)
+	end := min(*s.chain.txInfo.LargeReceiptBlock+2, uint64(len(s.chain.blocks)))
+
+	var blocks []common.Hash
+	var receiptHashes []common.Hash
+	var receipts []*eth.ReceiptList
+
+	for i := uint64(start); i < end; i++ {
+		block := s.chain.GetBlock(int(i))
+		blocks = append(blocks, block.Hash())
+		receiptHashes = append(receiptHashes, block.Header().ReceiptHash)
+		receipts = append(receipts, &eth.ReceiptList{})
 	}
-	if got, want := resp.RequestId, req.RequestId; got != want {
+
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected request id in respond", got, want)
+	incomplete := false
+	lastBlock := 0
+
+	for incomplete || lastBlock != len(blocks)-1 {
+		// Create get receipt request.
+		req := &eth.GetReceiptsPacket70{
+			RequestId:              66,
+			FirstBlockReceiptIndex: uint64(receipts[lastBlock].Derivable().Len()),
+			GetReceiptsRequest:     blocks[lastBlock:],
+		}
+		if err := conn.Write(ethProto, eth.GetReceiptsMsg, req); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("could not write to connection: %v", err)
+		}
+		// Wait for response.
+		resp := new(eth.ReceiptsPacket70)
+		if err := conn.ReadMsg(ethProto, eth.ReceiptsMsg, &resp); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("error reading block receipts msg: %v", err)
+		}
+		if got, want := resp.RequestId, req.RequestId; got != want {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected request id in respond, want: %d, got: %d", got, want)
+		}
+
+		receiptLists, _ := resp.List.Items()
+		for i, rc := range receiptLists {
+			receipts[lastBlock+i].Append(rc)
+		}
+		lastBlock += len(receiptLists) - 1
+
+		incomplete = resp.LastBlockIncomplete
 	}
-	if resp.List.Len() != len(req.GetReceiptsRequest) {
+
-		t.Fatalf("wrong receipts in response: expected %d receipts, got %d", len(req.GetReceiptsRequest), resp.List.Len())
+	hasher := trie.NewStackTrie(nil)
+	hashes := make([]common.Hash, len(receipts))
+	for i := range receipts {
+		hashes[i] = types.DeriveSha(receipts[i].Derivable(), hasher)
+	}
+
+	for i, hash := range hashes {
+		if receiptHashes[i] != hash {
+			t.Fatalf("wrong receipt root: want %x, got %x", receiptHashes[i], hash)
+		}
 	}
 }
 

cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/genesis.json

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
   "nonce": "0x0",
   "timestamp": "0x0",
   "extraData": "0x68697665636861696e",
-  "gasLimit": "0x23f3e20",
+  "gasLimit": "0x11e1a300",
   "difficulty": "0x20000",
   "mixHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "coinbase": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
@@ -119,6 +119,10 @@
       "balance": "0x1",
       "nonce": "0x1"
     },
+    "8dcd17433742f4c0ca53122ab541d0ba67fc27ff": {
+      "code": "0x6202e6306000a0",
+      "balance": "0x0"
+    },
     "c7b99a164efd027a93f147376cc7da7c67c6bbe0": {
       "balance": "0xc097ce7bc90715b34b9f1000000000"
     },

cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/headblock.json

@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
 {
-  "parentHash": "0x65151b101682b54cd08ba226f640c14c86176865ff9bfc57e0147dadaeac34bb",
+  "parentHash": "0x7e80093a491eba0e5b2c1895837902f64f514100221801318fe391e1e09c96a6",
   "sha3Uncles": "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
   "miner": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-  "stateRoot": "0xce423ebc60fc7764a43f09f1fe3ae61eef25e3eb8d09b1108f7e7eb77dfff5e6",
+  "stateRoot": "0x8fcfb02cfca007773bd55bc1c3e50a3c8612a59c87ce057e5957e8bf17c1728b",
-  "transactionsRoot": "0x7ec1ae3989efa75d7bcc766e5e2443afa8a89a5fda42ebba90050e7e702980f7",
+  "transactionsRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
-  "receiptsRoot": "0xfe160832b1ca85f38c6674cb0aae3a24693bc49be56e2ecdf3698b71a794de86",
+  "receiptsRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
   "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "difficulty": "0x0",
   "number": "0x258",
-  "gasLimit": "0x23f3e20",
+  "gasLimit": "0x11e1a300",
-  "gasUsed": "0x19d36",
+  "gasUsed": "0x0",
   "timestamp": "0x1770",
   "extraData": "0x",
   "mixHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "nonce": "0x0000000000000000",
   "baseFeePerGas": "0x7",
-  "withdrawalsRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+  "withdrawalsRoot": "0x92abfda39de7df7d705c5a8f30386802ad59d31e782a06d5c5b0f9a260056cf0",
   "blobGasUsed": "0x0",
   "excessBlobGas": "0x0",
   "parentBeaconBlockRoot": "0xf5003fc8f92358e790a114bce93ce1d9c283c85e1787f8d7d56714d3489b49e6",
   "requestsHash": "0xe3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855",
-  "hash": "0xce8d86ba17a2ec303155f0e264c58a4b8f94ce3436274cf1924f91acdb7502d0"
+  "hash": "0x44e3809c9a3cda717f00aea3a9da336d149612c8d5657fbc0028176ef8d94d2a"
 }

cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/headfcu.json

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
   "method": "engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV3",
   "params": [
     {
-      "headBlockHash": "0xce8d86ba17a2ec303155f0e264c58a4b8f94ce3436274cf1924f91acdb7502d0",
+      "headBlockHash": "0x44e3809c9a3cda717f00aea3a9da336d149612c8d5657fbc0028176ef8d94d2a",
-      "safeBlockHash": "0xce8d86ba17a2ec303155f0e264c58a4b8f94ce3436274cf1924f91acdb7502d0",
+      "safeBlockHash": "0x44e3809c9a3cda717f00aea3a9da336d149612c8d5657fbc0028176ef8d94d2a",
-      "finalizedBlockHash": "0xce8d86ba17a2ec303155f0e264c58a4b8f94ce3436274cf1924f91acdb7502d0"
+      "finalizedBlockHash": "0x44e3809c9a3cda717f00aea3a9da336d149612c8d5657fbc0028176ef8d94d2a"
     },
     null
   ]

cmd/devp2p/internal/v5test/discv5tests.go

@@ -257,34 +257,50 @@ that they are returned by FINDNODE.`)
 
 	// Create bystanders.
 	nodes := make([]*bystander, 5)
-	added := make(chan enode.ID, len(nodes))
+	liveCh := make(chan enode.ID, len(nodes))
 	for i := range nodes {
-		nodes[i] = newBystander(t, s, added)
+		nodes[i] = newBystander(t, s, liveCh)
 		defer nodes[i].close()
 	}
 
-	// Get them added to the remote table.
+	// Prefill each bystander with the full bystander set so background FINDNODE
+	// lookups see useful routing data instead of empty responses.
+	known := make([]*enode.Node, 0, len(nodes))
+	for _, bn := range nodes {
+		known = append(known, bn.conn.localNode.Node())
+	}
+	for _, bn := range nodes {
+		bn.known = append([]*enode.Node(nil), known...)
+	}
+
+	// Wait until enough bystanders have actually become live, i.e. the remote node
+	// has revalidated them by sending PING and receiving our PONG.
+	requiredLiveNodes := len(nodes)
 	timeout := 60 * time.Second
 	timeoutCh := time.After(timeout)
-	for count := 0; count < len(nodes); {
+	liveSet := make(map[enode.ID]*enode.Node)
+	for len(liveSet) < requiredLiveNodes {
 		select {
-		case id := <-added:
+		case id := <-liveCh:
-			t.Logf("bystander node %v added to remote table", id)
+			for _, bn := range nodes {
-			count++
+				if bn.id() == id {
+					liveSet[id] = bn.conn.localNode.Node()
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			t.Logf("bystander node %v became live", id)
 		case <-timeoutCh:
-			t.Errorf("remote added %d bystander nodes in %v, need %d to continue", count, timeout, len(nodes))
+			t.Errorf("remote revalidated %d bystander nodes in %v, need %d to continue", len(liveSet), timeout, requiredLiveNodes)
-			t.Logf("this can happen if the node has a non-empty table from previous runs")
 			return
 		}
 	}
-	t.Logf("all %d bystander nodes were added", len(nodes))
+	t.Logf("continuing after all %d bystander nodes became live", len(liveSet))
 
-	// Collect our nodes by distance.
+	// Collect live nodes by distance.
 	var dists []uint
 	expect := make(map[enode.ID]*enode.Node)
-	for _, bn := range nodes {
+	for id, n := range liveSet {
-		n := bn.conn.localNode.Node()
+		expect[id] = n
-		expect[n.ID()] = n
 		d := uint(enode.LogDist(n.ID(), s.Dest.ID()))
 		if !slices.Contains(dists, d) {
 			dists = append(dists, d)
@@ -295,42 +311,63 @@ that they are returned by FINDNODE.`)
 	t.Log("requesting nodes")
 	conn, l1 := s.listen1(t)
 	defer conn.close()
-	foundNodes, err := conn.findnode(l1, dists)
+
-	if err != nil {
+	const maxAttempts = 5
-		t.Fatal(err)
+	const retryInterval = 2 * time.Second
-	}
+
-	t.Logf("remote returned %d nodes for distance list %v", len(foundNodes), dists)
+	for attempt := 1; attempt <= maxAttempts; attempt++ {
-	for _, n := range foundNodes {
+		foundNodes, err := conn.findnode(l1, dists)
-		delete(expect, n.ID())
+		if err != nil {
-	}
+			t.Fatal(err)
-	if len(expect) > 0 {
+		}
-		t.Errorf("missing %d nodes in FINDNODE result", len(expect))
+		missing := make(map[enode.ID]struct{})
-		t.Logf("this can happen if the test is run multiple times in quick succession")
+		for id := range expect {
-		t.Logf("and the remote node hasn't removed dead nodes from previous runs yet")
+			missing[id] = struct{}{}
-	} else {
+		}
-		t.Logf("all %d expected nodes were returned", len(nodes))
+		for _, n := range foundNodes {
+			delete(missing, n.ID())
+		}
+		t.Logf("attempt %d: remote returned %d nodes for distance list %v, missing %d", attempt, len(foundNodes), dists, len(missing))
+		if len(missing) == 0 {
+			t.Logf("all %d expected live nodes were returned", len(expect))
+			return
+		}
+		if attempt < maxAttempts {
+			time.Sleep(retryInterval)
+		}
 	}
+	t.Errorf("missing nodes in FINDNODE result after %d attempts", maxAttempts)
+	t.Logf("this can happen if the node has a non-empty table from previous runs")
 }
 
 // A bystander is a node whose only purpose is filling a spot in the remote table.
 type bystander struct {
-	dest *enode.Node
+	dest  *enode.Node
-	conn *conn
+	conn  *conn
-	l    net.PacketConn
+	l     net.PacketConn
+	known []*enode.Node
 
-	addedCh chan enode.ID
+	liveCh chan enode.ID
-	done    sync.WaitGroup
+	sent   map[v5wire.Nonce]v5wire.Packet
+	done   sync.WaitGroup
 }
 
-func newBystander(t *utesting.T, s *Suite, added chan enode.ID) *bystander {
+func newBystander(t *utesting.T, s *Suite, live chan enode.ID) *bystander {
 	conn, l := s.listen1(t)
 	conn.setEndpoint(l) // bystander nodes need IP/port to get pinged
 	bn := &bystander{
-		conn:    conn,
+		conn:   conn,
-		l:       l,
+		l:      l,
-		dest:    s.Dest,
+		dest:   s.Dest,
-		addedCh: added,
+		liveCh: live,
+		sent:   make(map[v5wire.Nonce]v5wire.Packet),
 	}
+	// Establish an initial session and let the remote learn this node before
+	// switching to the passive responder loop below.
+	conn.reqresp(l, &v5wire.Ping{
+		ReqID:  conn.nextReqID(),
+		ENRSeq: conn.localNode.Seq(),
+	})
 	bn.done.Add(1)
 	go bn.loop()
 	return bn
@@ -351,48 +388,57 @@ func (bn *bystander) close() {
 func (bn *bystander) loop() {
 	defer bn.done.Done()
 
-	var (
-		lastPing time.Time
-		wasAdded bool
-	)
 	for {
-		// Ping the remote node.
+		p, from := bn.conn.readFrom(bn.l)
-		if !wasAdded && time.Since(lastPing) > 10*time.Second {
+		switch p := p.(type) {
-			bn.conn.reqresp(bn.l, &v5wire.Ping{
+		case *v5wire.Whoareyou:
-				ReqID:  bn.conn.nextReqID(),
+			p.Node = bn.dest
-				ENRSeq: bn.dest.Seq(),
+			if resp, ok := bn.sent[p.Nonce]; ok {
-			})
+				nonce := bn.conn.writeTo(bn.l, resp, p, from)
-			lastPing = time.Now()
+				delete(bn.sent, p.Nonce)
-		}
+				bn.sent[nonce] = resp
-		// Answer packets.
+			} else {
-		switch p := bn.conn.read(bn.l).(type) {
+				bn.conn.writeTo(bn.l, &v5wire.Ping{
-		case *v5wire.Ping:
+					ReqID:  bn.conn.nextReqID(),
-			bn.conn.write(bn.l, &v5wire.Pong{
+					ENRSeq: bn.conn.localNode.Seq(),
-				ReqID:  p.ReqID,
+				}, p, from)
-				ENRSeq: bn.conn.localNode.Seq(),
-				ToIP:   bn.dest.IP(),
-				ToPort: uint16(bn.dest.UDP()),
-			}, nil)
-			wasAdded = true
-			bn.notifyAdded()
-		case *v5wire.Findnode:
-			bn.conn.write(bn.l, &v5wire.Nodes{ReqID: p.ReqID, RespCount: 1}, nil)
-			wasAdded = true
-			bn.notifyAdded()
-		case *v5wire.TalkRequest:
-			bn.conn.write(bn.l, &v5wire.TalkResponse{ReqID: p.ReqID}, nil)
-		case *readError:
-			if !netutil.IsTemporaryError(p.err) {
-				bn.conn.logf("shutting down: %v", p.err)
-				return
 			}
+		case *v5wire.Ping:
+			resp := &v5wire.Pong{
+				ReqID:  append([]byte(nil), p.ReqID...),
+				ENRSeq: bn.conn.localNode.Seq(),
+				ToIP:   from.IP,
+				ToPort: uint16(from.Port),
+			}
+			nonce := bn.conn.writeTo(bn.l, resp, nil, from)
+			bn.sent[nonce] = resp
+			bn.notifyLive()
+		case *v5wire.Findnode:
+			resp := &v5wire.Nodes{ReqID: append([]byte(nil), p.ReqID...), RespCount: 1}
+			for _, n := range bn.known {
+				if slices.Contains(p.Distances, uint(enode.LogDist(n.ID(), bn.id()))) {
+					resp.Nodes = append(resp.Nodes, n.Record())
+				}
+			}
+			nonce := bn.conn.writeTo(bn.l, resp, nil, from)
+			bn.sent[nonce] = resp
+		case *v5wire.TalkRequest:
+			resp := &v5wire.TalkResponse{ReqID: append([]byte(nil), p.ReqID...)}
+			nonce := bn.conn.writeTo(bn.l, resp, nil, from)
+			bn.sent[nonce] = resp
+		case *readError:
+			if netutil.IsTemporaryError(p.err) || v5wire.IsInvalidHeader(p.err) {
+				continue
+			}
+			bn.conn.logf("shutting down: %v", p.err)
+			return
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func (bn *bystander) notifyAdded() {
+func (bn *bystander) notifyLive() {
-	if bn.addedCh != nil {
+	if bn.liveCh != nil {
-		bn.addedCh <- bn.id()
+		bn.liveCh <- bn.id()
-		bn.addedCh = nil
+		bn.liveCh = nil
 	}
 }

cmd/devp2p/internal/v5test/framework.go

@@ -127,14 +127,16 @@ func (tc *conn) nextReqID() []byte {
 // The request is retried if a handshake is requested.
 func (tc *conn) reqresp(c net.PacketConn, req v5wire.Packet) v5wire.Packet {
 	reqnonce := tc.write(c, req, nil)
-	switch resp := tc.read(c).(type) {
+	resp, from := tc.readFrom(c)
+	switch resp := resp.(type) {
 	case *v5wire.Whoareyou:
 		if resp.Nonce != reqnonce {
 			return readErrorf("wrong nonce %x in WHOAREYOU (want %x)", resp.Nonce[:], reqnonce[:])
 		}
 		resp.Node = tc.remote
-		tc.write(c, req, resp)
+		tc.writeTo(c, req, resp, from)
-		return tc.read(c)
+		resp2, _ := tc.readFrom(c)
+		return resp2
 	default:
 		return resp
 	}
@@ -150,21 +152,24 @@ func (tc *conn) findnode(c net.PacketConn, dists []uint) ([]*enode.Node, error)
 		results  []*enode.Node
 	)
 	for n := 1; n > 0; {
-		switch resp := tc.read(c).(type) {
+		resp, from := tc.readFrom(c)
+		switch resp := resp.(type) {
 		case *v5wire.Whoareyou:
 			// Handle handshake.
 			if resp.Nonce == reqnonce {
 				resp.Node = tc.remote
-				tc.write(c, findnode, resp)
+				tc.writeTo(c, findnode, resp, from)
 			} else {
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected WHOAREYOU (nonce %x), waiting for NODES", resp.Nonce[:])
 			}
 		case *v5wire.Ping:
 			// Handle ping from remote.
-			tc.write(c, &v5wire.Pong{
+			tc.writeTo(c, &v5wire.Pong{
 				ReqID:  resp.ReqID,
 				ENRSeq: tc.localNode.Seq(),
-			}, nil)
+				ToIP:   from.IP,
+				ToPort: uint16(from.Port),
+			}, nil, from)
 		case *v5wire.Nodes:
 			// Got NODES! Check request ID.
 			if !bytes.Equal(resp.ReqID, findnode.ReqID) {
@@ -200,11 +205,16 @@ func (tc *conn) findnode(c net.PacketConn, dists []uint) ([]*enode.Node, error)
 
 // write sends a packet on the given connection.
 func (tc *conn) write(c net.PacketConn, p v5wire.Packet, challenge *v5wire.Whoareyou) v5wire.Nonce {
+	return tc.writeTo(c, p, challenge, tc.remoteAddr)
+}
+
+// writeTo sends a packet on the given connection to the given UDP address.
+func (tc *conn) writeTo(c net.PacketConn, p v5wire.Packet, challenge *v5wire.Whoareyou, to *net.UDPAddr) v5wire.Nonce {
 	packet, nonce, err := tc.codec.Encode(tc.remote.ID(), tc.remoteAddr.String(), p, challenge)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("can't encode %v packet: %v", p.Name(), err))
 	}
-	if _, err := c.WriteTo(packet, tc.remoteAddr); err != nil {
+	if _, err := c.WriteTo(packet, to); err != nil {
 		tc.logf("Can't send %s: %v", p.Name(), err)
 	} else {
 		tc.logf(">> %s", p.Name())
@@ -214,20 +224,30 @@ func (tc *conn) write(c net.PacketConn, p v5wire.Packet, challenge *v5wire.Whoar
 
 // read waits for an incoming packet on the given connection.
 func (tc *conn) read(c net.PacketConn) v5wire.Packet {
+	p, _ := tc.readFrom(c)
+	return p
+}
+
+// readFrom waits for an incoming packet and returns its source address.
+func (tc *conn) readFrom(c net.PacketConn) (v5wire.Packet, *net.UDPAddr) {
 	buf := make([]byte, 1280)
 	if err := c.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(waitTime)); err != nil {
-		return &readError{err}
+		return &readError{err}, nil
 	}
-	n, fromAddr, err := c.ReadFrom(buf)
+	n, from, err := c.ReadFrom(buf)
 	if err != nil {
-		return &readError{err}
+		return &readError{err}, nil
 	}
-	_, _, p, err := tc.codec.Decode(buf[:n], fromAddr.String())
+	udpFrom, _ := from.(*net.UDPAddr)
+	// Use tc.remoteAddr for codec/session lookup because the fixture keys sessions
+	// by the advertised endpoint, but return the actual UDP source so responses can
+	// comply with the spec and go back to the request envelope address.
+	_, _, p, err := tc.codec.Decode(buf[:n], tc.remoteAddr.String())
 	if err != nil {
-		return &readError{err}
+		return &readError{err}, udpFrom
 	}
 	tc.logf("<< %s", p.Name())
-	return p
+	return p, udpFrom
 }
 
 // logf prints to the test log.

cmd/devp2p/rlpxcmd.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
@@ -30,6 +31,31 @@ import (
 	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
 )
 
+// decodeRLPxDisconnect parses a disconnect message payload. Per the RLPx spec
+// the payload is a list containing a single reason, but some implementations
+// (including older geth) sent the reason as a bare byte. Accept both forms.
+func decodeRLPxDisconnect(data []byte) (p2p.DiscReason, error) {
+	s := rlp.NewStream(bytes.NewReader(data), uint64(len(data)))
+	k, _, err := s.Kind()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	var reason p2p.DiscReason
+	if k == rlp.List {
+		if _, err := s.List(); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		if err := s.Decode(&reason); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		return reason, nil
+	}
+	if err := s.Decode(&reason); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return reason, nil
+}
+
 var (
 	rlpxCommand = &cli.Command{
 		Name:  "rlpx",
@@ -103,11 +129,15 @@ func rlpxPing(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		}
 		fmt.Printf("%+v\n", h)
 	case 1:
-		var msg []p2p.DiscReason
+		// The disconnect message is specified as a list containing the reason,
-		if rlp.DecodeBytes(data, &msg); len(msg) == 0 {
+		// but some implementations (including older geth) send the reason as a
-			return errors.New("invalid disconnect message")
+		// single byte. Handle both forms, and on failure include the raw payload
+		// so the operator can see what was actually sent.
+		reason, decErr := decodeRLPxDisconnect(data)
+		if decErr != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid disconnect message: %v (raw=0x%x)", decErr, data)
 		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("received disconnect message: %v", msg[0])
+		return fmt.Errorf("received disconnect message: %v", reason)
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid message code %d, expected handshake (code zero) or disconnect (code one)", code)
 	}

cmd/devp2p/rlpxcmd_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of go-ethereum.
+//
+// go-ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// go-ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with go-ethereum. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p"
+)
+
+func TestDecodeRLPxDisconnect(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		payload []byte
+		want    p2p.DiscReason
+		wantErr bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "list form (spec-compliant)",
+			payload: []byte{0xc1, 0x04}, // [4] = TooManyPeers
+			want:    p2p.DiscTooManyPeers,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "list form with reason zero",
+			payload: []byte{0xc1, 0x80}, // [0] = Requested
+			want:    p2p.DiscRequested,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "bare byte form (legacy geth)",
+			payload: []byte{0x04}, // 4 = TooManyPeers
+			want:    p2p.DiscTooManyPeers,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "bare byte form zero",
+			payload: []byte{0x80}, // 0 = Requested
+			want:    p2p.DiscRequested,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "empty payload",
+			payload: []byte{},
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := decodeRLPxDisconnect(tc.payload)
+			if tc.wantErr {
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Fatalf("expected error, got reason=%v", got)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+			}
+			if got != tc.want {
+				t.Fatalf("got reason %v, want %v", got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

cmd/era/main.go

@@ -337,9 +337,6 @@ func checkAccumulator(e era.Era) error {
 	// accumulation across the entire set and are verified at the end.
 	for it.Next() {
 		// 1) next() walks the block index, so we're able to implicitly verify it.
-		if it.Error() != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error reading block %d: %w", it.Number(), it.Error())
-		}
 		block, receipts, err := it.BlockAndReceipts()
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error reading block %d: %w", it.Number(), err)

cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go

@@ -17,9 +17,12 @@
 package t8ntool
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	stdmath "math"
 	"math/big"
+	"os"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
@@ -47,6 +50,9 @@ type Prestate struct {
 	Env        stEnv                         `json:"env"`
 	Pre        types.GenesisAlloc            `json:"pre"`
 	TreeLeaves map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes `json:"vkt,omitempty"`
+	// AllocPath, when non-empty, causes Apply to stream the alloc from disk
+	// instead of reading Pre, so the full map never materializes in memory.
+	AllocPath string `json:"-"`
 }
 
 //go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type ExecutionResult -field-override executionResultMarshaling -out gen_execresult.go
@@ -146,8 +152,19 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 		return h
 	}
 	var (
-		isEIP4762   = chainConfig.IsVerkle(big.NewInt(int64(pre.Env.Number)), pre.Env.Timestamp)
+		isEIP4762 = chainConfig.IsUBT(big.NewInt(int64(pre.Env.Number)), pre.Env.Timestamp)
-		statedb     = MakePreState(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), pre.Pre, isEIP4762)
+		statedb   *state.StateDB
+	)
+	if pre.AllocPath != "" {
+		var err error
+		statedb, err = MakePreStateStreaming(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), pre.AllocPath, isEIP4762)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, nil, err
+		}
+	} else {
+		statedb = MakePreState(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), pre.Pre, isEIP4762)
+	}
+	var (
 		signer      = types.MakeSigner(chainConfig, new(big.Int).SetUint64(pre.Env.Number), pre.Env.Timestamp)
 		gaspool     = core.NewGasPool(pre.Env.GasLimit)
 		blockHash   = common.Hash{0x13, 0x37}
@@ -253,7 +270,7 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 				continue
 			}
 		}
-		statedb.SetTxContext(tx.Hash(), len(receipts))
+		statedb.SetTxContext(tx.Hash(), len(receipts), uint32(len(receipts)+1))
 		var (
 			snapshot = statedb.Snapshot()
 			gp       = gaspool.Snapshot()
@@ -315,27 +332,14 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 	}
 
 	// Gather the execution-layer triggered requests.
-	var requests [][]byte
+	var allLogs []*types.Log
-	if chainConfig.IsPrague(vmContext.BlockNumber, vmContext.Time) {
+	for _, receipt := range receipts {
-		requests = [][]byte{}
+		allLogs = append(allLogs, receipt.Logs...)
-		// EIP-6110
+	}
-		var allLogs []*types.Log
+	requests, err := core.PostExecution(context.Background(), chainConfig, vmContext.BlockNumber, vmContext.Time, allLogs, evm, uint32(len(receipts)+1))
-		for _, receipt := range receipts {
+	if err != nil {
-			allLogs = append(allLogs, receipt.Logs...)
+		return nil, nil, nil, NewError(ErrorEVM, fmt.Errorf("failed to process post-execution: %v", err))
-		}
-		if err := core.ParseDepositLogs(&requests, allLogs, chainConfig); err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, nil, NewError(ErrorEVM, fmt.Errorf("could not parse requests logs: %v", err))
-		}
-		// EIP-7002
-		if err := core.ProcessWithdrawalQueue(&requests, evm); err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, nil, NewError(ErrorEVM, fmt.Errorf("could not process withdrawal requests: %v", err))
-		}
-		// EIP-7251
-		if err := core.ProcessConsolidationQueue(&requests, evm); err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, nil, NewError(ErrorEVM, fmt.Errorf("could not process consolidation requests: %v", err))
-		}
 	}
-
 	// Commit block
 	root, err := statedb.Commit(vmContext.BlockNumber.Uint64(), chainConfig.IsEIP158(vmContext.BlockNumber), chainConfig.IsCancun(vmContext.BlockNumber, vmContext.Time))
 	if err != nil {
@@ -378,7 +382,7 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 }
 
 func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc, isBintrie bool) *state.StateDB {
-	tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true, IsVerkle: isBintrie})
+	tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true, IsUBT: isBintrie})
 	sdb := state.NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
 
 	root := types.EmptyRootHash
@@ -414,6 +418,76 @@ func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc, isBintrie bool
 	return statedb
 }
 
+// MakePreStateStreaming is like MakePreState, but decodes the alloc from disk
+// one account at a time so the full map is never held in memory.
+func MakePreStateStreaming(db ethdb.Database, allocPath string, isBintrie bool) (*state.StateDB, error) {
+	tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true, IsUBT: isBintrie})
+	sdb := state.NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
+
+	root := types.EmptyRootHash
+	if isBintrie {
+		root = types.EmptyBinaryHash
+	}
+	statedb, err := state.New(root, sdb)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorEVM, fmt.Errorf("failed to create initial statedb: %v", err))
+	}
+
+	f, err := os.Open(allocPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorIO, fmt.Errorf("failed reading alloc file: %v", err))
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	dec := json.NewDecoder(f)
+	tok, err := dec.Token()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorJson, fmt.Errorf("failed reading alloc opening token: %v", err))
+	}
+	if d, ok := tok.(json.Delim); !ok || d != '{' {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorJson, fmt.Errorf("expected alloc object, got %v", tok))
+	}
+	for dec.More() {
+		keyTok, err := dec.Token()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, NewError(ErrorJson, fmt.Errorf("failed reading alloc key: %v", err))
+		}
+		keyStr, ok := keyTok.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, NewError(ErrorJson, fmt.Errorf("alloc key not a string: %v", keyTok))
+		}
+		addr := common.HexToAddress(keyStr)
+		var acct types.Account
+		if err := dec.Decode(&acct); err != nil {
+			return nil, NewError(ErrorJson, fmt.Errorf("failed decoding account %s: %v", keyStr, err))
+		}
+		statedb.SetCode(addr, acct.Code, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
+		statedb.SetNonce(addr, acct.Nonce, tracing.NonceChangeGenesis)
+		if acct.Balance != nil {
+			statedb.SetBalance(addr, uint256.MustFromBig(acct.Balance), tracing.BalanceIncreaseGenesisBalance)
+		}
+		for k, v := range acct.Storage {
+			statedb.SetState(addr, k, v)
+		}
+	}
+	if _, err := dec.Token(); err != nil {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorJson, fmt.Errorf("failed reading alloc closing token: %v", err))
+	}
+
+	root, err = statedb.Commit(0, false, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorEVM, fmt.Errorf("failed to commit initial state: %v", err))
+	}
+	if isBintrie {
+		return statedb, nil
+	}
+	statedb, err = state.New(root, sdb)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, NewError(ErrorEVM, fmt.Errorf("failed to reopen state after commit: %v", err))
+	}
+	return statedb, nil
+}
+
 func rlpHash(x any) (h common.Hash) {
 	hw := keccak.NewLegacyKeccak256()
 	rlp.Encode(hw, x)

cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/transaction.go

@@ -133,21 +133,21 @@ func Transaction(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		}
 		// Check intrinsic gas
 		rules := chainConfig.Rules(common.Big0, true, 0)
-		gas, err := core.IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.AccessList(), tx.SetCodeAuthorizations(), tx.To() == nil, rules.IsHomestead, rules.IsIstanbul, rules.IsShanghai)
+		cost, err := core.IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.AccessList(), tx.SetCodeAuthorizations(), tx.To() == nil, rules.IsHomestead, rules.IsIstanbul, rules.IsShanghai, rules.IsAmsterdam)
 		if err != nil {
 			r.Error = err
 			results = append(results, r)
 			continue
 		}
-		r.IntrinsicGas = gas
+		r.IntrinsicGas = cost.RegularGas
-		if tx.Gas() < gas {
+		if tx.Gas() < cost.RegularGas {
-			r.Error = fmt.Errorf("%w: have %d, want %d", core.ErrIntrinsicGas, tx.Gas(), gas)
+			r.Error = fmt.Errorf("%w: have %d, want %d", core.ErrIntrinsicGas, tx.Gas(), cost.RegularGas)
 			results = append(results, r)
 			continue
 		}
 		// For Prague txs, validate the floor data gas.
 		if rules.IsPrague {
-			floorDataGas, err := core.FloorDataGas(tx.Data())
+			floorDataGas, err := core.FloorDataGas(rules, tx.Data(), tx.AccessList())
 			if err != nil {
 				r.Error = err
 				results = append(results, r)
@@ -185,7 +185,9 @@ func Transaction(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			}
 		}
 
-		if chainConfig.IsOsaka(new(big.Int), 0) && tx.Gas() > params.MaxTxGas {
+		isOsaka := chainConfig.IsOsaka(new(big.Int), 0)
+		isAmsterdam := chainConfig.IsAmsterdam(new(big.Int), 0)
+		if isOsaka && !isAmsterdam && tx.Gas() > params.MaxTxGas {
 			r.Error = errors.New("gas limit exceeds maximum")
 		}
 		results = append(results, r)

cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/transition.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package t8ntool
 
 import (
+	"bufio"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -115,11 +116,10 @@ func Transition(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		}
 	}
 	if allocStr != stdinSelector {
-		if err := readFile(allocStr, "alloc", &inputData.Alloc); err != nil {
+		prestate.AllocPath = allocStr
-			return err
+	} else {
-		}
+		prestate.Pre = inputData.Alloc
 	}
-	prestate.Pre = inputData.Alloc
 
 	if btStr != stdinSelector && btStr != "" {
 		if err := readFile(btStr, "BT", &inputData.BT); err != nil {
@@ -223,22 +223,57 @@ func Transition(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	// Dump the execution result
+	// Dump the execution result.
 	var (
-		collector = make(Alloc)
+		collector Alloc
 		btleaves  map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes
 	)
-	isBinary := chainConfig.IsVerkle(big.NewInt(int64(prestate.Env.Number)), prestate.Env.Timestamp)
+	isBinary := chainConfig.IsUBT(big.NewInt(int64(prestate.Env.Number)), prestate.Env.Timestamp)
-	if !isBinary {
+	allocOutput := ctx.String(OutputAllocFlag.Name)
+	switch {
+	case !isBinary && allocOutput != "" && allocOutput != "stdout" && allocOutput != "stderr":
+		// Stream directly to the output file to avoid materializing the
+		// whole post-state in memory. dispatchOutput is told to skip alloc
+		// by clearing the output name.
+		if err := writeStreamedAlloc(filepath.Join(baseDir, allocOutput), s); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		allocOutput = ""
+	case !isBinary:
+		collector = make(Alloc)
 		s.DumpToCollector(collector, nil)
-	} else {
+	default:
 		btleaves = make(map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes)
 		if err := s.DumpBinTrieLeaves(btleaves); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
+	return dispatchOutput(ctx, baseDir, result, collector, allocOutput, body, btleaves)
+}
 
-	return dispatchOutput(ctx, baseDir, result, collector, body, btleaves)
+// writeStreamedAlloc writes the post-state alloc to path one account at a
+// time, producing the same JSON shape as saveFile on an Alloc map.
+func writeStreamedAlloc(path string, s *state.StateDB) error {
+	f, err := os.Create(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return NewError(ErrorIO, fmt.Errorf("failed creating alloc output file: %v", err))
+	}
+	bw := bufio.NewWriter(f)
+	sa := newStreamingAlloc(bw)
+	s.DumpToCollector(sa, nil)
+	if err := sa.Close(); err != nil {
+		f.Close()
+		return NewError(ErrorIO, fmt.Errorf("failed writing alloc output: %v", err))
+	}
+	if err := bw.Flush(); err != nil {
+		f.Close()
+		return NewError(ErrorIO, fmt.Errorf("failed flushing alloc output: %v", err))
+	}
+	if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
+		return NewError(ErrorIO, fmt.Errorf("failed closing alloc output file: %v", err))
+	}
+	log.Info("Wrote file", "file", path)
+	return nil
 }
 
 func applyLondonChecks(env *stEnv, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig) error {
@@ -327,6 +362,10 @@ func (g Alloc) OnAccount(addr *common.Address, dumpAccount state.DumpAccount) {
 	if addr == nil {
 		return
 	}
+	g[*addr] = dumpAccountToTypesAccount(dumpAccount)
+}
+
+func dumpAccountToTypesAccount(dumpAccount state.DumpAccount) types.Account {
 	balance, _ := new(big.Int).SetString(dumpAccount.Balance, 0)
 	var storage map[common.Hash]common.Hash
 	if dumpAccount.Storage != nil {
@@ -335,13 +374,64 @@ func (g Alloc) OnAccount(addr *common.Address, dumpAccount state.DumpAccount) {
 			storage[k] = common.HexToHash(v)
 		}
 	}
-	genesisAccount := types.Account{
+	return types.Account{
 		Code:    dumpAccount.Code,
 		Storage: storage,
 		Balance: balance,
 		Nonce:   dumpAccount.Nonce,
 	}
-	g[*addr] = genesisAccount
+}
+
+// streamingAlloc is a DumpCollector that writes each account to w as it is
+// visited, emitting a single JSON object keyed by address. Close must be
+// called to emit the closing brace.
+type streamingAlloc struct {
+	w        io.Writer
+	wroteOne bool
+	err      error
+}
+
+func newStreamingAlloc(w io.Writer) *streamingAlloc {
+	return &streamingAlloc{w: w}
+}
+
+func (s *streamingAlloc) write(b []byte) {
+	if s.err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	_, s.err = s.w.Write(b)
+}
+
+func (s *streamingAlloc) OnRoot(common.Hash) {
+	s.write([]byte{'{'})
+}
+
+func (s *streamingAlloc) OnAccount(addr *common.Address, dumpAccount state.DumpAccount) {
+	if s.err != nil || addr == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	keyJSON, err := json.Marshal(*addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		s.err = err
+		return
+	}
+	valueJSON, err := json.Marshal(dumpAccountToTypesAccount(dumpAccount))
+	if err != nil {
+		s.err = err
+		return
+	}
+	if s.wroteOne {
+		s.write([]byte{','})
+	}
+	s.write(keyJSON)
+	s.write([]byte{':'})
+	s.write(valueJSON)
+	s.wroteOne = true
+}
+
+func (s *streamingAlloc) Close() error {
+	s.write([]byte{'}'})
+	return s.err
 }
 
 // saveFile marshals the object to the given file
@@ -359,8 +449,9 @@ func saveFile(baseDir, filename string, data interface{}) error {
 }
 
 // dispatchOutput writes the output data to either stderr or stdout, or to the specified
-// files
+// files. An empty allocOutput skips the alloc dispatch, which is used when the
-func dispatchOutput(ctx *cli.Context, baseDir string, result *ExecutionResult, alloc Alloc, body hexutil.Bytes, bt map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes) error {
+// alloc has already been streamed to disk by the caller.
+func dispatchOutput(ctx *cli.Context, baseDir string, result *ExecutionResult, alloc Alloc, allocOutput string, body hexutil.Bytes, bt map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes) error {
 	stdOutObject := make(map[string]interface{})
 	stdErrObject := make(map[string]interface{})
 	dispatch := func(baseDir, fName, name string, obj interface{}) error {
@@ -378,7 +469,7 @@ func dispatchOutput(ctx *cli.Context, baseDir string, result *ExecutionResult, a
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
-	if err := dispatch(baseDir, ctx.String(OutputAllocFlag.Name), "alloc", alloc); err != nil {
+	if err := dispatch(baseDir, allocOutput, "alloc", alloc); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if err := dispatch(baseDir, ctx.String(OutputResultFlag.Name), "result", result); err != nil {
@@ -452,10 +543,10 @@ func BinKeys(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	db := triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), triedb.VerkleDefaults)
+	db := triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), triedb.UBTDefaults)
 	defer db.Close()
 
-	bt, err := genBinTrieFromAlloc(alloc, db)
+	bt, err := genBinTrieFromAlloc(alloc, db, triedb.UBTDefaults.BinTrieGroupDepth)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error generating bt: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -496,10 +587,10 @@ func BinTrieRoot(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	db := triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), triedb.VerkleDefaults)
+	db := triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), triedb.UBTDefaults)
 	defer db.Close()
 
-	bt, err := genBinTrieFromAlloc(alloc, db)
+	bt, err := genBinTrieFromAlloc(alloc, db, triedb.UBTDefaults.BinTrieGroupDepth)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error generating bt: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -509,8 +600,8 @@ func BinTrieRoot(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 }
 
 // TODO(@CPerezz): Should this go to `bintrie` module?
-func genBinTrieFromAlloc(alloc core.GenesisAlloc, db database.NodeDatabase) (*bintrie.BinaryTrie, error) {
+func genBinTrieFromAlloc(alloc core.GenesisAlloc, db database.NodeDatabase, groupDepth int) (*bintrie.BinaryTrie, error) {
-	bt, err := bintrie.NewBinaryTrie(types.EmptyBinaryHash, db)
+	bt, err := bintrie.NewBinaryTrie(types.EmptyBinaryHash, db, groupDepth)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

cmd/evm/main.go

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ var (
 		Name:     "trace.noreturndata",
 		Aliases:  []string{"noreturndata"},
 		Value:    true,
-		Usage:    "enable return data output",
+		Usage:    "disable return data output",
 		Category: traceCategory,
 	}
 

cmd/evm/runner.go

@@ -166,8 +166,11 @@ func timedExec(bench bool, execFunc func() ([]byte, uint64, error)) ([]byte, exe
 				if haveGasUsed != gasUsed {
 					panic(fmt.Sprintf("gas differs, have %v want %v", haveGasUsed, gasUsed))
 				}
-				if haveErr != err {
+				if (haveErr == nil) != (err == nil) {
-					panic(fmt.Sprintf("err differs, have %v want %v", haveErr, err))
+					panic(fmt.Sprintf("err differs in nil-ness, have %v want %v", haveErr, err))
+				}
+				if haveErr != nil && err != nil && haveErr.Error() != err.Error() {
+					panic(fmt.Sprintf("err differs, have %q want %q", haveErr.Error(), err.Error()))
 				}
 			}
 		})
@@ -318,7 +321,7 @@ func runCmd(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			// don't mutate the state!
 			runtimeConfig.State = prestate.Copy()
 			output, _, gasLeft, err := runtime.Create(input, &runtimeConfig)
-			return output, gasLeft, err
+			return output, initialGas - gasLeft, err
 		}
 	} else {
 		if len(code) > 0 {

cmd/geth/bintrie_convert.go

@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of go-ethereum.
+//
+// go-ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// go-ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with go-ethereum. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"runtime"
+	"runtime/debug"
+	"slices"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/cmd/utils"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/bintrie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+)
+
+var (
+	deleteSourceFlag = &cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:  "delete-source",
+		Usage: "Delete MPT trie nodes after conversion",
+	}
+	memoryLimitFlag = &cli.Uint64Flag{
+		Name:  "memory-limit",
+		Usage: "Max heap allocation in MB before forcing a commit cycle",
+		Value: 16384,
+	}
+
+	bintrieCommand = &cli.Command{
+		Name:        "bintrie",
+		Usage:       "A set of commands for binary trie operations",
+		Description: "",
+		Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
+			{
+				Name:      "convert",
+				Usage:     "Convert MPT state to binary trie",
+				ArgsUsage: "[state-root]",
+				Action:    convertToBinaryTrie,
+				Flags: slices.Concat([]cli.Flag{
+					deleteSourceFlag,
+					memoryLimitFlag,
+				}, utils.NetworkFlags, utils.DatabaseFlags),
+				Description: `
+geth bintrie convert [--delete-source] [--memory-limit MB] [state-root]
+
+Reads all state from the Merkle Patricia Trie and writes it into a Binary Trie,
+operating offline. Memory-safe via periodic commit-and-reload cycles.
+
+The optional state-root argument specifies which state root to convert.
+If omitted, the head block's state root is used.
+
+Flags:
+  --delete-source    Delete MPT trie nodes after successful conversion
+  --memory-limit     Max heap allocation in MB before forcing a commit (default: 16384)
+`,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+)
+
+type conversionStats struct {
+	accounts   uint64
+	slots      uint64
+	codes      uint64
+	commits    uint64
+	start      time.Time
+	lastReport time.Time
+	lastMemChk time.Time
+}
+
+func (s *conversionStats) report(force bool) {
+	if !force && time.Since(s.lastReport) < 8*time.Second {
+		return
+	}
+	elapsed := time.Since(s.start).Seconds()
+	acctRate := float64(0)
+	if elapsed > 0 {
+		acctRate = float64(s.accounts) / elapsed
+	}
+	log.Info("Conversion progress",
+		"accounts", s.accounts,
+		"slots", s.slots,
+		"codes", s.codes,
+		"commits", s.commits,
+		"accounts/sec", fmt.Sprintf("%.0f", acctRate),
+		"elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(s.start)),
+	)
+	s.lastReport = time.Now()
+}
+
+func convertToBinaryTrie(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	if ctx.NArg() > 1 {
+		return errors.New("too many arguments")
+	}
+	stack, _ := makeConfigNode(ctx)
+	defer stack.Close()
+
+	chaindb := utils.MakeChainDatabase(ctx, stack, false)
+	defer chaindb.Close()
+
+	headBlock := rawdb.ReadHeadBlock(chaindb)
+	if headBlock == nil {
+		return errors.New("no head block found")
+	}
+	var (
+		root common.Hash
+		err  error
+	)
+	if ctx.NArg() == 1 {
+		root, err = parseRoot(ctx.Args().First())
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid state root: %w", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		root = headBlock.Root()
+	}
+	log.Info("Starting MPT to binary trie conversion", "root", root, "block", headBlock.NumberU64())
+
+	srcTriedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, stack, chaindb, true, true, false)
+	defer srcTriedb.Close()
+
+	destTriedb := triedb.NewDatabase(chaindb, &triedb.Config{
+		IsUBT: true,
+		PathDB: &pathdb.Config{
+			JournalDirectory: stack.ResolvePath("triedb-bintrie"),
+		},
+	})
+	defer destTriedb.Close()
+
+	binTrie, err := bintrie.NewBinaryTrie(types.EmptyBinaryHash, destTriedb, ctx.Int(utils.BinTrieGroupDepthFlag.Name))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create binary trie: %w", err)
+	}
+	memLimit := ctx.Uint64(memoryLimitFlag.Name) * 1024 * 1024
+
+	currentRoot, err := runConversionLoop(chaindb, srcTriedb, destTriedb, binTrie, root, memLimit)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	log.Info("Conversion complete", "binaryRoot", currentRoot)
+
+	if ctx.Bool(deleteSourceFlag.Name) {
+		log.Info("Deleting source MPT data")
+		if err := deleteMPTData(chaindb, srcTriedb, root); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("MPT deletion failed: %w", err)
+		}
+		log.Info("Source MPT data deleted")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func runConversionLoop(chaindb ethdb.Database, srcTriedb *triedb.Database, destTriedb *triedb.Database, binTrie *bintrie.BinaryTrie, root common.Hash, memLimit uint64) (common.Hash, error) {
+	currentRoot := types.EmptyBinaryHash
+	stats := &conversionStats{
+		start:      time.Now(),
+		lastReport: time.Now(),
+		lastMemChk: time.Now(),
+	}
+
+	srcTrie, err := trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StateTrieID(root), srcTriedb)
+	if err != nil {
+		return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to open source trie: %w", err)
+	}
+	acctIt, err := srcTrie.NodeIterator(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to create account iterator: %w", err)
+	}
+	accIter := trie.NewIterator(acctIt)
+
+	for accIter.Next() {
+		var acc types.StateAccount
+		if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(accIter.Value, &acc); err != nil {
+			return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid account RLP: %w", err)
+		}
+		addrBytes := srcTrie.GetKey(accIter.Key)
+		if addrBytes == nil {
+			return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("missing preimage for account hash %x (run with --cache.preimages)", accIter.Key)
+		}
+		addr := common.BytesToAddress(addrBytes)
+
+		var code []byte
+		codeHash := common.BytesToHash(acc.CodeHash)
+		if codeHash != types.EmptyCodeHash {
+			code = rawdb.ReadCode(chaindb, codeHash)
+			if code == nil {
+				return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("missing code for hash %x (account %x)", codeHash, addr)
+			}
+			stats.codes++
+		}
+
+		if err := binTrie.UpdateAccount(addr, &acc, len(code)); err != nil {
+			return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to update account %x: %w", addr, err)
+		}
+		if len(code) > 0 {
+			if err := binTrie.UpdateContractCode(addr, codeHash, code); err != nil {
+				return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to update code for %x: %w", addr, err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if acc.Root != types.EmptyRootHash {
+			addrHash := common.BytesToHash(accIter.Key)
+			storageTrie, err := trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StorageTrieID(root, addrHash, acc.Root), srcTriedb)
+			if err != nil {
+				return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to open storage trie for %x: %w", addr, err)
+			}
+			storageNodeIt, err := storageTrie.NodeIterator(nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to create storage iterator for %x: %w", addr, err)
+			}
+			storageIter := trie.NewIterator(storageNodeIt)
+
+			slotCount := uint64(0)
+			for storageIter.Next() {
+				slotKey := storageTrie.GetKey(storageIter.Key)
+				if slotKey == nil {
+					return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("missing preimage for storage key %x (account %x)", storageIter.Key, addr)
+				}
+				_, content, _, err := rlp.Split(storageIter.Value)
+				if err != nil {
+					return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid storage RLP for key %x (account %x): %w", slotKey, addr, err)
+				}
+				if err := binTrie.UpdateStorage(addr, slotKey, content); err != nil {
+					return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to update storage %x/%x: %w", addr, slotKey, err)
+				}
+				stats.slots++
+				slotCount++
+
+				if slotCount%10000 == 0 {
+					binTrie, currentRoot, err = maybeCommit(binTrie, currentRoot, destTriedb, memLimit, stats)
+					if err != nil {
+						return common.Hash{}, err
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if storageIter.Err != nil {
+				return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("storage iteration error for %x: %w", addr, storageIter.Err)
+			}
+		}
+		stats.accounts++
+		stats.report(false)
+
+		if stats.accounts%1000 == 0 {
+			binTrie, currentRoot, err = maybeCommit(binTrie, currentRoot, destTriedb, memLimit, stats)
+			if err != nil {
+				return common.Hash{}, err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if accIter.Err != nil {
+		return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("account iteration error: %w", accIter.Err)
+	}
+
+	_, currentRoot, err = commitBinaryTrie(binTrie, currentRoot, destTriedb)
+	if err != nil {
+		return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("final commit failed: %w", err)
+	}
+	stats.commits++
+	stats.report(true)
+	return currentRoot, nil
+}
+
+func maybeCommit(bt *bintrie.BinaryTrie, currentRoot common.Hash, destDB *triedb.Database, memLimit uint64, stats *conversionStats) (*bintrie.BinaryTrie, common.Hash, error) {
+	if time.Since(stats.lastMemChk) < 5*time.Second {
+		return bt, currentRoot, nil
+	}
+	stats.lastMemChk = time.Now()
+
+	var m runtime.MemStats
+	runtime.ReadMemStats(&m)
+	if m.Alloc < memLimit {
+		return bt, currentRoot, nil
+	}
+	log.Info("Memory limit reached, committing", "alloc", common.StorageSize(m.Alloc), "limit", common.StorageSize(memLimit))
+
+	bt, currentRoot, err := commitBinaryTrie(bt, currentRoot, destDB)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+	stats.commits++
+	stats.report(true)
+	return bt, currentRoot, nil
+}
+
+func commitBinaryTrie(bt *bintrie.BinaryTrie, currentRoot common.Hash, destDB *triedb.Database) (*bintrie.BinaryTrie, common.Hash, error) {
+	newRoot, nodeSet := bt.Commit(false)
+	if nodeSet != nil {
+		merged := trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodeSet)
+		if err := destDB.Update(newRoot, currentRoot, 0, merged, triedb.NewStateSet()); err != nil {
+			return nil, common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("triedb update failed: %w", err)
+		}
+		if err := destDB.Commit(newRoot, false); err != nil {
+			return nil, common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("triedb commit failed: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	runtime.GC()
+	debug.FreeOSMemory()
+
+	bt, err := bintrie.NewBinaryTrie(newRoot, destDB, bt.GroupDepth())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to reload binary trie: %w", err)
+	}
+	return bt, newRoot, nil
+}
+
+func deleteMPTData(chaindb ethdb.Database, srcTriedb *triedb.Database, root common.Hash) error {
+	isPathDB := srcTriedb.Scheme() == rawdb.PathScheme
+
+	srcTrie, err := trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StateTrieID(root), srcTriedb)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to open source trie for deletion: %w", err)
+	}
+	acctIt, err := srcTrie.NodeIterator(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create account iterator for deletion: %w", err)
+	}
+	batch := chaindb.NewBatch()
+	deleted := 0
+
+	for acctIt.Next(true) {
+		if isPathDB {
+			rawdb.DeleteAccountTrieNode(batch, acctIt.Path())
+		} else {
+			node := acctIt.Hash()
+			if node != (common.Hash{}) {
+				rawdb.DeleteLegacyTrieNode(batch, node)
+			}
+		}
+		deleted++
+
+		if acctIt.Leaf() {
+			var acc types.StateAccount
+			if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(acctIt.LeafBlob(), &acc); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("invalid account during deletion: %w", err)
+			}
+			if acc.Root != types.EmptyRootHash {
+				addrHash := common.BytesToHash(acctIt.LeafKey())
+				storageTrie, err := trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StorageTrieID(root, addrHash, acc.Root), srcTriedb)
+				if err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("failed to open storage trie for deletion: %w", err)
+				}
+				storageIt, err := storageTrie.NodeIterator(nil)
+				if err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("failed to create storage iterator for deletion: %w", err)
+				}
+				for storageIt.Next(true) {
+					if isPathDB {
+						rawdb.DeleteStorageTrieNode(batch, addrHash, storageIt.Path())
+					} else {
+						node := storageIt.Hash()
+						if node != (common.Hash{}) {
+							rawdb.DeleteLegacyTrieNode(batch, node)
+						}
+					}
+					deleted++
+					if batch.ValueSize() >= ethdb.IdealBatchSize {
+						if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+							return fmt.Errorf("batch write failed: %w", err)
+						}
+						batch.Reset()
+					}
+				}
+				if storageIt.Error() != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("storage deletion iterator error: %w", storageIt.Error())
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if batch.ValueSize() >= ethdb.IdealBatchSize {
+			if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("batch write failed: %w", err)
+			}
+			batch.Reset()
+		}
+	}
+	if acctIt.Error() != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("account deletion iterator error: %w", acctIt.Error())
+	}
+	if batch.ValueSize() > 0 {
+		if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("final batch write failed: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	log.Info("MPT deletion complete", "nodesDeleted", deleted)
+	return nil
+}

cmd/geth/bintrie_convert_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of go-ethereum.
+//
+// go-ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// go-ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with go-ethereum. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/bintrie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+func TestBintrieConvert(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		addr1    = common.HexToAddress("0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+		addr2    = common.HexToAddress("0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222")
+		slotKey1 = common.HexToHash("0x01")
+		slotKey2 = common.HexToHash("0x02")
+		slotVal1 = common.HexToHash("0xdeadbeef")
+		slotVal2 = common.HexToHash("0xcafebabe")
+		code     = []byte{0x60, 0x42, 0x60, 0x00, 0x52, 0x60, 0x20, 0x60, 0x00, 0xf3}
+	)
+
+	chaindb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+
+	srcTriedb := triedb.NewDatabase(chaindb, &triedb.Config{
+		Preimages: true,
+		PathDB:    pathdb.Defaults,
+	})
+
+	gspec := &core.Genesis{
+		Config:  params.TestChainConfig,
+		BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
+		Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
+			addr1: {
+				Balance: big.NewInt(1000000),
+				Nonce:   5,
+			},
+			addr2: {
+				Balance: big.NewInt(2000000),
+				Nonce:   10,
+				Code:    code,
+				Storage: map[common.Hash]common.Hash{
+					slotKey1: slotVal1,
+					slotKey2: slotVal2,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	genesisBlock := gspec.MustCommit(chaindb, srcTriedb)
+	root := genesisBlock.Root()
+	t.Logf("Genesis root: %x", root)
+	srcTriedb.Close()
+
+	srcTriedb2 := triedb.NewDatabase(chaindb, &triedb.Config{
+		Preimages: true,
+		PathDB:    &pathdb.Config{ReadOnly: true},
+	})
+	defer srcTriedb2.Close()
+
+	destTriedb := triedb.NewDatabase(chaindb, &triedb.Config{
+		IsUBT:  true,
+		PathDB: pathdb.Defaults,
+	})
+	defer destTriedb.Close()
+
+	bt, err := bintrie.NewBinaryTrie(types.EmptyBinaryHash, destTriedb, 8)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create binary trie: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	currentRoot, err := runConversionLoop(chaindb, srcTriedb2, destTriedb, bt, root, math.MaxUint64)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("conversion failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Logf("Binary trie root: %x", currentRoot)
+
+	bt2, err := bintrie.NewBinaryTrie(currentRoot, destTriedb, 8)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to reload binary trie: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	acc1, err := bt2.GetAccount(addr1)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get account1: %v", err)
+	}
+	if acc1 == nil {
+		t.Fatal("account1 not found in binary trie")
+	}
+	if acc1.Nonce != 5 {
+		t.Errorf("account1 nonce: got %d, want 5", acc1.Nonce)
+	}
+	wantBal1 := uint256.NewInt(1000000)
+	if acc1.Balance.Cmp(wantBal1) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("account1 balance: got %s, want %s", acc1.Balance, wantBal1)
+	}
+
+	acc2, err := bt2.GetAccount(addr2)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get account2: %v", err)
+	}
+	if acc2 == nil {
+		t.Fatal("account2 not found in binary trie")
+	}
+	if acc2.Nonce != 10 {
+		t.Errorf("account2 nonce: got %d, want 10", acc2.Nonce)
+	}
+	wantBal2 := uint256.NewInt(2000000)
+	if acc2.Balance.Cmp(wantBal2) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("account2 balance: got %s, want %s", acc2.Balance, wantBal2)
+	}
+
+	treeKey1 := bintrie.GetBinaryTreeKeyStorageSlot(addr2, slotKey1[:])
+	val1, err := bt2.GetWithHashedKey(treeKey1)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get storage slot1: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(val1) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("storage slot1 not found")
+	}
+	got1 := common.BytesToHash(val1)
+	if got1 != slotVal1 {
+		t.Errorf("storage slot1: got %x, want %x", got1, slotVal1)
+	}
+
+	treeKey2 := bintrie.GetBinaryTreeKeyStorageSlot(addr2, slotKey2[:])
+	val2, err := bt2.GetWithHashedKey(treeKey2)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get storage slot2: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(val2) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("storage slot2 not found")
+	}
+	got2 := common.BytesToHash(val2)
+	if got2 != slotVal2 {
+		t.Errorf("storage slot2: got %x, want %x", got2, slotVal2)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBintrieConvertDeleteSource(t *testing.T) {
+	addr1 := common.HexToAddress("0x3333333333333333333333333333333333333333")
+
+	chaindb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+
+	srcTriedb := triedb.NewDatabase(chaindb, &triedb.Config{
+		Preimages: true,
+		PathDB:    pathdb.Defaults,
+	})
+
+	gspec := &core.Genesis{
+		Config:  params.TestChainConfig,
+		BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
+		Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
+			addr1: {
+				Balance: big.NewInt(1000000),
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	genesisBlock := gspec.MustCommit(chaindb, srcTriedb)
+	root := genesisBlock.Root()
+	srcTriedb.Close()
+
+	srcTriedb2 := triedb.NewDatabase(chaindb, &triedb.Config{
+		Preimages: true,
+		PathDB:    &pathdb.Config{ReadOnly: true},
+	})
+
+	destTriedb := triedb.NewDatabase(chaindb, &triedb.Config{
+		IsUBT:  true,
+		PathDB: pathdb.Defaults,
+	})
+
+	bt, err := bintrie.NewBinaryTrie(types.EmptyBinaryHash, destTriedb, 8)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create binary trie: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	newRoot, err := runConversionLoop(chaindb, srcTriedb2, destTriedb, bt, root, math.MaxUint64)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("conversion failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := deleteMPTData(chaindb, srcTriedb2, root); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("deletion failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	srcTriedb2.Close()
+
+	bt2, err := bintrie.NewBinaryTrie(newRoot, destTriedb, 8)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to reload binary trie after deletion: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	acc, err := bt2.GetAccount(addr1)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get account after deletion: %v", err)
+	}
+	if acc == nil {
+		t.Fatal("account not found after MPT deletion")
+	}
+	wantBal := uint256.NewInt(1000000)
+	if acc.Balance.Cmp(wantBal) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("balance after deletion: got %s, want %s", acc.Balance, wantBal)
+	}
+	destTriedb.Close()
+}

cmd/geth/chaincmd.go

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ var (
 			utils.OverrideOsaka,
 			utils.OverrideBPO1,
 			utils.OverrideBPO2,
-			utils.OverrideVerkle,
+			utils.OverrideUBT,
 		}, utils.DatabaseFlags),
 		Description: `
 The init command initializes a new genesis block and definition for the network.
@@ -297,15 +297,15 @@ func initGenesis(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideBPO2.Name)
 		overrides.OverrideBPO2 = &v
 	}
-	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverrideVerkle.Name) {
+	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverrideUBT.Name) {
-		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideVerkle.Name)
+		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideUBT.Name)
-		overrides.OverrideVerkle = &v
+		overrides.OverrideUBT = &v
 	}
 
 	chaindb := utils.MakeChainDatabase(ctx, stack, false)
 	defer chaindb.Close()
 
-	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, stack, chaindb, ctx.Bool(utils.CachePreimagesFlag.Name), false, genesis.IsVerkle())
+	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, stack, chaindb, ctx.Bool(utils.CachePreimagesFlag.Name), false, genesis.IsUBT())
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
 	_, hash, compatErr, err := core.SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(chaindb, triedb, genesis, &overrides, nil)
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ func dumpGenesis(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	var genesis *core.Genesis
 	if utils.IsNetworkPreset(ctx) {
 		genesis = utils.MakeGenesis(ctx)
-	} else if ctx.IsSet(utils.DeveloperFlag.Name) && !ctx.IsSet(utils.DataDirFlag.Name) {
+	} else if ctx.Bool(utils.DeveloperFlag.Name) && !ctx.IsSet(utils.DataDirFlag.Name) {
 		genesis = core.DeveloperGenesisBlock(11_500_000, nil)
 	}
 
@@ -731,13 +731,16 @@ func pruneHistory(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 
 	// Determine the prune point based on the history mode.
 	genesisHash := chain.Genesis().Hash()
-	prunePoint := history.GetPrunePoint(genesisHash, mode)
+	policy, err := history.NewPolicy(mode, genesisHash)
-	if prunePoint == nil {
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if policy.Target == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("prune point for %q not found for this network", mode.String())
 	}
 	var (
-		targetBlock     = prunePoint.BlockNumber
+		targetBlock     = policy.Target.BlockNumber
-		targetBlockHash = prunePoint.BlockHash
+		targetBlockHash = policy.Target.BlockHash
 	)
 
 	// Check the current freezer tail to see if pruning is needed/possible.

cmd/geth/config.go

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/catalyst"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/ethconfig"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/syncer"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/flags"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/telemetry/tracesetup"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/version"
@@ -235,9 +236,9 @@ func makeFullNode(ctx *cli.Context) *node.Node {
 		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideBPO2.Name)
 		cfg.Eth.OverrideBPO2 = &v
 	}
-	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverrideVerkle.Name) {
+	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverrideUBT.Name) {
-		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideVerkle.Name)
+		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideUBT.Name)
-		cfg.Eth.OverrideVerkle = &v
+		cfg.Eth.OverrideUBT = &v
 	}
 
 	// Start metrics export if enabled.
@@ -269,25 +270,28 @@ func makeFullNode(ctx *cli.Context) *node.Node {
 	filterSystem := utils.RegisterFilterAPI(stack, backend, &cfg.Eth)
 
 	// Configure GraphQL if requested.
-	if ctx.IsSet(utils.GraphQLEnabledFlag.Name) {
+	if ctx.Bool(utils.GraphQLEnabledFlag.Name) {
 		utils.RegisterGraphQLService(stack, backend, filterSystem, &cfg.Node)
 	}
 	// Add the Ethereum Stats daemon if requested.
 	if cfg.Ethstats.URL != "" {
 		utils.RegisterEthStatsService(stack, backend, cfg.Ethstats.URL)
 	}
+
 	// Configure synchronization override service
-	var synctarget common.Hash
+	syncConfig := syncer.Config{
+		ExitWhenSynced: ctx.Bool(utils.ExitWhenSyncedFlag.Name),
+	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(utils.SyncTargetFlag.Name) {
 		target := ctx.String(utils.SyncTargetFlag.Name)
 		if !common.IsHexHash(target) {
 			utils.Fatalf("sync target hash is not a valid hex hash: %s", target)
 		}
-		synctarget = common.HexToHash(target)
+		syncConfig.TargetBlock = common.HexToHash(target)
 	}
-	utils.RegisterSyncOverrideService(stack, eth, synctarget, ctx.Bool(utils.ExitWhenSyncedFlag.Name))
+	utils.RegisterSyncOverrideService(stack, eth, syncConfig)
 
-	if ctx.IsSet(utils.DeveloperFlag.Name) {
+	if ctx.Bool(utils.DeveloperFlag.Name) {
 		// Start dev mode.
 		simBeacon, err := catalyst.NewSimulatedBeacon(ctx.Uint64(utils.DeveloperPeriodFlag.Name), cfg.Eth.Miner.PendingFeeRecipient, eth)
 		if err != nil {

cmd/geth/dbcmd.go

@@ -806,6 +806,24 @@ func (iter *snapshotIterator) Release() {
 	iter.storage.Release()
 }
 
+type codeIterator struct {
+	iter ethdb.Iterator
+}
+
+func (iter *codeIterator) Next() (byte, []byte, []byte, bool) {
+	for iter.iter.Next() {
+		key := iter.iter.Key()
+		if bytes.HasPrefix(key, rawdb.CodePrefix) && len(key) == (len(rawdb.CodePrefix)+common.HashLength) {
+			return utils.OpBatchAdd, key, iter.iter.Value(), true
+		}
+	}
+	return 0, nil, nil, false
+}
+
+func (iter *codeIterator) Release() {
+	iter.iter.Release()
+}
+
 // chainExporters defines the export scheme for all exportable chain data.
 var chainExporters = map[string]func(db ethdb.Database) utils.ChainDataIterator{
 	"preimage": func(db ethdb.Database) utils.ChainDataIterator {
@@ -817,6 +835,10 @@ var chainExporters = map[string]func(db ethdb.Database) utils.ChainDataIterator{
 		storage := db.NewIterator(rawdb.SnapshotStoragePrefix, nil)
 		return &snapshotIterator{account: account, storage: storage}
 	},
+	"code": func(db ethdb.Database) utils.ChainDataIterator {
+		iter := db.NewIterator(rawdb.CodePrefix, nil)
+		return &codeIterator{iter: iter}
+	},
 }
 
 func exportChaindata(ctx *cli.Context) error {

cmd/geth/main.go

@@ -22,13 +22,10 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"slices"
 	"sort"
-	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/cmd/utils"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/console/prompt"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/downloader"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethclient"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/debug"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/flags"
@@ -64,7 +61,7 @@ var (
 		utils.OverrideOsaka,
 		utils.OverrideBPO1,
 		utils.OverrideBPO2,
-		utils.OverrideVerkle,
+		utils.OverrideUBT,
 		utils.OverrideGenesisFlag,
 		utils.EnablePersonal, // deprecated
 		utils.TxPoolLocalsFlag,
@@ -95,6 +92,7 @@ var (
 		utils.StateHistoryFlag,
 		utils.TrienodeHistoryFlag,
 		utils.TrienodeHistoryFullValueCheckpointFlag,
+		utils.BinTrieGroupDepthFlag,
 		utils.LightKDFFlag,
 		utils.EthRequiredBlocksFlag,
 		utils.LegacyWhitelistFlag, // deprecated
@@ -260,6 +258,8 @@ func init() {
 		utils.ShowDeprecated,
 		// See snapshot.go
 		snapshotCommand,
+		// See bintrie_convert.go
+		bintrieCommand,
 	}
 	if logTestCommand != nil {
 		app.Commands = append(app.Commands, logTestCommand)
@@ -384,28 +384,4 @@ func startNode(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, isConsole bool) {
 			}
 		}
 	}()
-
-	// Spawn a standalone goroutine for status synchronization monitoring,
-	// close the node when synchronization is complete if user required.
-	if ctx.Bool(utils.ExitWhenSyncedFlag.Name) {
-		go func() {
-			sub := stack.EventMux().Subscribe(downloader.DoneEvent{})
-			defer sub.Unsubscribe()
-			for {
-				event := <-sub.Chan()
-				if event == nil {
-					continue
-				}
-				done, ok := event.Data.(downloader.DoneEvent)
-				if !ok {
-					continue
-				}
-				if timestamp := time.Unix(int64(done.Latest.Time), 0); time.Since(timestamp) < 10*time.Minute {
-					log.Info("Synchronisation completed", "latestnum", done.Latest.Number, "latesthash", done.Latest.Hash(),
-						"age", common.PrettyAge(timestamp))
-					stack.Close()
-				}
-			}
-		}()
-	}
 }

cmd/geth/snapshot.go

@@ -18,15 +18,18 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"slices"
+	"sort"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/cmd/utils"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state/pruner"
@@ -36,6 +39,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
 )
 
@@ -105,7 +109,9 @@ information about the specified address.
 				Usage:     "Traverse the state with given root hash and perform quick verification",
 				ArgsUsage: "<root>",
 				Action:    traverseState,
-				Flags:     slices.Concat(utils.NetworkFlags, utils.DatabaseFlags),
+				Flags: slices.Concat([]cli.Flag{
+					utils.AccountFlag,
+				}, utils.NetworkFlags, utils.DatabaseFlags),
 				Description: `
 geth snapshot traverse-state <state-root>
 will traverse the whole state from the given state root and will abort if any
@@ -113,6 +119,8 @@ referenced trie node or contract code is missing. This command can be used for
 state integrity verification. The default checking target is the HEAD state.
 
 It's also usable without snapshot enabled.
+
+If --account is specified, only the storage trie of that account is traversed.
 `,
 			},
 			{
@@ -120,7 +128,9 @@ It's also usable without snapshot enabled.
 				Usage:     "Traverse the state with given root hash and perform detailed verification",
 				ArgsUsage: "<root>",
 				Action:    traverseRawState,
-				Flags:     slices.Concat(utils.NetworkFlags, utils.DatabaseFlags),
+				Flags: slices.Concat([]cli.Flag{
+					utils.AccountFlag,
+				}, utils.NetworkFlags, utils.DatabaseFlags),
 				Description: `
 geth snapshot traverse-rawstate <state-root>
 will traverse the whole state from the given root and will abort if any referenced
@@ -129,6 +139,8 @@ verification. The default checking target is the HEAD state. It's basically iden
 to traverse-state, but the check granularity is smaller.
 
 It's also usable without snapshot enabled.
+
+If --account is specified, only the storage trie of that account is traversed.
 `,
 			},
 			{
@@ -159,6 +171,22 @@ block is used.
 				Description: `
 The export-preimages command exports hash preimages to a flat file, in exactly
 the expected order for the overlay tree migration.
+`,
+			},
+			{
+				Name:    "list-eip-7610-accounts",
+				Aliases: []string{"eip7610"},
+				Usage:   "list EIP7610 eligible accounts",
+				Action:  listEIP7610EligibleAccounts,
+				Flags:   slices.Concat(utils.NetworkFlags, utils.DatabaseFlags),
+				Description: `
+geth snapshot list-eip-7610-accounts
+traverses the post–EIP-161 state and returns all accounts that are eligible
+under EIP-7610: accounts with zero nonce, empty runtime code, and non-empty
+storage. The traversal will be aborted immediately if the state is prior to
+EIP-161.
+
+The exported accounts are identified by their address.
 `,
 			},
 		},
@@ -272,6 +300,120 @@ func checkDanglingStorage(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	return snapshot.CheckDanglingStorage(db)
 }
 
+// parseAccount parses the account flag value as either an address (20 bytes)
+// or an account hash (32 bytes) and returns the hashed account key.
+func parseAccount(input string) (common.Hash, error) {
+	switch len(input) {
+	case 40, 42: // address
+		return crypto.Keccak256Hash(common.HexToAddress(input).Bytes()), nil
+	case 64, 66: // hash
+		return common.HexToHash(input), nil
+	default:
+		return common.Hash{}, errors.New("malformed account address or hash")
+	}
+}
+
+// lookupAccount resolves the account from the state trie using the given
+// account hash.
+func lookupAccount(accountHash common.Hash, tr *trie.Trie) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+	accData, err := tr.Get(accountHash.Bytes())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get account %s: %w", accountHash, err)
+	}
+	if accData == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("account not found: %s", accountHash)
+	}
+	var acc types.StateAccount
+	if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(accData, &acc); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid account data %s: %w", accountHash, err)
+	}
+	return &acc, nil
+}
+
+func traverseStorage(id *trie.ID, db *triedb.Database, report bool, detail bool) error {
+	tr, err := trie.NewStateTrie(id, db)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to open storage trie", "account", id.Owner, "root", id.Root, "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	var (
+		slots      int
+		nodes      int
+		lastReport time.Time
+		start      = time.Now()
+	)
+	it, err := tr.NodeIterator(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to open storage iterator", "account", id.Owner, "root", id.Root, "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	logger := log.Debug
+	if report {
+		logger = log.Info
+	}
+	logger("Start traversing storage trie", "account", id.Owner, "storageRoot", id.Root)
+
+	if !detail {
+		iter := trie.NewIterator(it)
+		for iter.Next() {
+			slots += 1
+			if time.Since(lastReport) > time.Second*8 {
+				logger("Traversing storage", "account", id.Owner, "slots", slots, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+				lastReport = time.Now()
+			}
+		}
+		if iter.Err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to traverse storage trie", "root", id.Root, "err", iter.Err)
+			return iter.Err
+		}
+		logger("Storage is complete", "account", id.Owner, "slots", slots, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	} else {
+		reader, err := db.NodeReader(id.StateRoot)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to open state reader", "err", err)
+			return err
+		}
+		var (
+			buffer = make([]byte, 32)
+			hasher = crypto.NewKeccakState()
+		)
+		for it.Next(true) {
+			nodes += 1
+			node := it.Hash()
+
+			// Check the presence for non-empty hash node(embedded node doesn't
+			// have their own hash).
+			if node != (common.Hash{}) {
+				blob, _ := reader.Node(id.Owner, it.Path(), node)
+				if len(blob) == 0 {
+					log.Error("Missing trie node(storage)", "hash", node)
+					return errors.New("missing storage")
+				}
+				hasher.Reset()
+				hasher.Write(blob)
+				hasher.Read(buffer)
+				if !bytes.Equal(buffer, node.Bytes()) {
+					log.Error("Invalid trie node(storage)", "hash", node.Hex(), "value", blob)
+					return errors.New("invalid storage node")
+				}
+			}
+			if it.Leaf() {
+				slots += 1
+			}
+			if time.Since(lastReport) > time.Second*8 {
+				logger("Traversing storage", "account", id.Owner, "nodes", nodes, "slots", slots, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+				lastReport = time.Now()
+			}
+		}
+		if err := it.Error(); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to traverse storage trie", "root", id.Root, "err", err)
+			return err
+		}
+		logger("Storage is complete", "account", id.Owner, "nodes", nodes, "slots", slots, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // traverseState is a helper function used for pruning verification.
 // Basically it just iterates the trie, ensure all nodes and associated
 // contract codes are present.
@@ -309,6 +451,30 @@ func traverseState(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		root = headBlock.Root()
 		log.Info("Start traversing the state", "root", root, "number", headBlock.NumberU64())
 	}
+	// If --account is specified, only traverse the storage trie of that account.
+	if accountStr := ctx.String(utils.AccountFlag.Name); accountStr != "" {
+		accountHash, err := parseAccount(accountStr)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to parse account", "err", err)
+			return err
+		}
+		// Use raw trie since the account key is already hashed.
+		t, err := trie.New(trie.StateTrieID(root), triedb)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to open state trie", "root", root, "err", err)
+			return err
+		}
+		acc, err := lookupAccount(accountHash, t)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to look up account", "hash", accountHash, "err", err)
+			return err
+		}
+		if acc.Root == types.EmptyRootHash {
+			log.Info("Account has no storage", "hash", accountHash)
+			return nil
+		}
+		return traverseStorage(trie.StorageTrieID(root, accountHash, acc.Root), triedb, true, false)
+	}
 	t, err := trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StateTrieID(root), triedb)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error("Failed to open trie", "root", root, "err", err)
@@ -335,30 +501,10 @@ func traverseState(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			return err
 		}
 		if acc.Root != types.EmptyRootHash {
-			id := trie.StorageTrieID(root, common.BytesToHash(accIter.Key), acc.Root)
+			err := traverseStorage(trie.StorageTrieID(root, common.BytesToHash(accIter.Key), acc.Root), triedb, false, false)
-			storageTrie, err := trie.NewStateTrie(id, triedb)
 			if err != nil {
-				log.Error("Failed to open storage trie", "root", acc.Root, "err", err)
 				return err
 			}
-			storageIt, err := storageTrie.NodeIterator(nil)
-			if err != nil {
-				log.Error("Failed to open storage iterator", "root", acc.Root, "err", err)
-				return err
-			}
-			storageIter := trie.NewIterator(storageIt)
-			for storageIter.Next() {
-				slots += 1
-
-				if time.Since(lastReport) > time.Second*8 {
-					log.Info("Traversing state", "accounts", accounts, "slots", slots, "codes", codes, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
-					lastReport = time.Now()
-				}
-			}
-			if storageIter.Err != nil {
-				log.Error("Failed to traverse storage trie", "root", acc.Root, "err", storageIter.Err)
-				return storageIter.Err
-			}
 		}
 		if !bytes.Equal(acc.CodeHash, types.EmptyCodeHash.Bytes()) {
 			if !rawdb.HasCode(chaindb, common.BytesToHash(acc.CodeHash)) {
@@ -418,6 +564,30 @@ func traverseRawState(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		root = headBlock.Root()
 		log.Info("Start traversing the state", "root", root, "number", headBlock.NumberU64())
 	}
+	// If --account is specified, only traverse the storage trie of that account.
+	if accountStr := ctx.String(utils.AccountFlag.Name); accountStr != "" {
+		accountHash, err := parseAccount(accountStr)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to parse account", "err", err)
+			return err
+		}
+		// Use raw trie since the account key is already hashed.
+		t, err := trie.New(trie.StateTrieID(root), triedb)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to open state trie", "root", root, "err", err)
+			return err
+		}
+		acc, err := lookupAccount(accountHash, t)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to look up account", "hash", accountHash, "err", err)
+			return err
+		}
+		if acc.Root == types.EmptyRootHash {
+			log.Info("Account has no storage", "hash", accountHash)
+			return nil
+		}
+		return traverseStorage(trie.StorageTrieID(root, accountHash, acc.Root), triedb, true, true)
+	}
 	t, err := trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StateTrieID(root), triedb)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error("Failed to open trie", "root", root, "err", err)
@@ -473,50 +643,10 @@ func traverseRawState(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 				return errors.New("invalid account")
 			}
 			if acc.Root != types.EmptyRootHash {
-				id := trie.StorageTrieID(root, common.BytesToHash(accIter.LeafKey()), acc.Root)
+				err := traverseStorage(trie.StorageTrieID(root, common.BytesToHash(accIter.LeafKey()), acc.Root), triedb, false, true)
-				storageTrie, err := trie.NewStateTrie(id, triedb)
 				if err != nil {
-					log.Error("Failed to open storage trie", "root", acc.Root, "err", err)
-					return errors.New("missing storage trie")
-				}
-				storageIter, err := storageTrie.NodeIterator(nil)
-				if err != nil {
-					log.Error("Failed to open storage iterator", "root", acc.Root, "err", err)
 					return err
 				}
-				for storageIter.Next(true) {
-					nodes += 1
-					node := storageIter.Hash()
-
-					// Check the presence for non-empty hash node(embedded node doesn't
-					// have their own hash).
-					if node != (common.Hash{}) {
-						blob, _ := reader.Node(common.BytesToHash(accIter.LeafKey()), storageIter.Path(), node)
-						if len(blob) == 0 {
-							log.Error("Missing trie node(storage)", "hash", node)
-							return errors.New("missing storage")
-						}
-						hasher.Reset()
-						hasher.Write(blob)
-						hasher.Read(got)
-						if !bytes.Equal(got, node.Bytes()) {
-							log.Error("Invalid trie node(storage)", "hash", node.Hex(), "value", blob)
-							return errors.New("invalid storage node")
-						}
-					}
-					// Bump the counter if it's leaf node.
-					if storageIter.Leaf() {
-						slots += 1
-					}
-					if time.Since(lastReport) > time.Second*8 {
-						log.Info("Traversing state", "nodes", nodes, "accounts", accounts, "slots", slots, "codes", codes, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
-						lastReport = time.Now()
-					}
-				}
-				if storageIter.Error() != nil {
-					log.Error("Failed to traverse storage trie", "root", acc.Root, "err", storageIter.Error())
-					return storageIter.Error()
-				}
 			}
 			if !bytes.Equal(acc.CodeHash, types.EmptyCodeHash.Bytes()) {
 				if !rawdb.HasCode(chaindb, common.BytesToHash(acc.CodeHash)) {
@@ -690,3 +820,92 @@ func checkAccount(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	log.Info("Checked the snapshot journalled storage", "time", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 	return nil
 }
+
+// listEIP7610EligibleAccounts traverses the post–EIP-161 state and returns all
+// accounts that are eligible under EIP-7610: accounts with zero nonce, empty
+// runtime code, and non-empty storage.
+//
+// Such accounts could only have been created before EIP-161, since after that
+// all newly created contracts are initialized with a nonce of one.
+//
+// This helper should be generally applicable to all networks, including the
+// Ethereum mainnet. For most networks where EIP-161 was enabled from genesis,
+// the resulting set is expected to be empty. Otherwise, network operators are
+// responsible for generating the eligible account set themselves.
+//
+// Notably, the exported accounts are identified by their address.
+func listEIP7610EligibleAccounts(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	stack, _ := makeConfigNode(ctx)
+	defer stack.Close()
+
+	chaindb := utils.MakeChainDatabase(ctx, stack, true)
+	defer chaindb.Close()
+
+	headBlock := rawdb.ReadHeadBlock(chaindb)
+	if headBlock == nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to load head block")
+		return nil
+	}
+	config, _, err := core.LoadChainConfig(chaindb, utils.MakeGenesis(ctx))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to load chain config", "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	if !config.IsEIP158(headBlock.Number()) {
+		log.Info("Local head is prior to EIP-161", "head", headBlock.Number(), "eip-161", *config.EIP158Block)
+		return nil
+	}
+	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, stack, chaindb, false, true, false)
+	defer triedb.Close()
+
+	if triedb.Scheme() != rawdb.PathScheme {
+		log.Error("Hash scheme is not supported")
+		return nil
+	}
+	iter, err := triedb.AccountIterator(headBlock.Root(), common.Hash{})
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to get account iterator", "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	var (
+		start    = time.Now()
+		accounts []common.Address
+	)
+	for iter.Next() {
+		blob := iter.Account()
+		if blob == nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to get account blob")
+			return nil
+		}
+		var account types.SlimAccount
+		if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(blob, &account); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to decode", "err", err)
+			return err
+		}
+		// EIP-7610 account eligibility:
+		// - account.nonce == 0
+		// - account.runtime_code == empty
+		// - account.storage != empty
+		if len(account.CodeHash) == 0 && account.Nonce == 0 && len(account.Root) != 0 {
+			preimage := rawdb.ReadPreimage(chaindb, iter.Hash())
+			if preimage == nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to read preimage", "hash", iter.Hash().Hex())
+				return nil
+			}
+			accounts = append(accounts, common.BytesToAddress(preimage))
+		}
+	}
+	if len(accounts) == 0 {
+		log.Info("Traversed state", "eligible", len(accounts), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	} else {
+		sort.Slice(accounts, func(i, j int) bool {
+			return accounts[i].Cmp(accounts[j]) < 0
+		})
+		buf := make([]byte, len(accounts)*common.AddressLength)
+		for i, h := range accounts {
+			copy(buf[i*common.AddressLength:], h[:])
+		}
+		log.Info("Traversed state", "eligible", len(accounts), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)), "output", hex.EncodeToString(buf))
+	}
+	return nil
+}

cmd/keeper/getpayload_example.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 //go:build example
+// +build example
 
 package main
 

cmd/keeper/getpayload_wasm.go

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-//go:build wasm
+//go:build wasm && !womir
-// +build wasm
+// +build wasm,!womir
 
 package main
 

cmd/keeper/getpayload_womir.go

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build womir
+
+package main
+
+import "unsafe"
+
+// These match the WOMIR guest-io imports (env module).
+// Protocol: __hint_input prepares next item, __hint_buffer reads words.
+// Each item has format: [byte_len_u32_le, ...data_words_padded_to_4bytes]
+//
+//go:wasmimport env __hint_input
+func hintInput()
+
+//go:wasmimport env __hint_buffer
+func hintBuffer(ptr unsafe.Pointer, numWords uint32)
+func readWord() uint32 {
+	var buf [4]byte
+	hintBuffer(unsafe.Pointer(&buf[0]), 1)
+	return uint32(buf[0]) | uint32(buf[1])<<8 | uint32(buf[2])<<16 | uint32(buf[3])<<24
+}
+func readBytes() []byte {
+	hintInput()
+	byteLen := readWord()
+	numWords := (byteLen + 3) / 4
+	data := make([]byte, numWords*4)
+	hintBuffer(unsafe.Pointer(&data[0]), numWords)
+	return data[:byteLen]
+}
+
+// getInput reads the RLP-encoded Payload from the WOMIR hint stream.
+func getInput() []byte {
+	return readBytes()
+}

cmd/keeper/go.mod

@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ require (
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.40.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.40.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.40.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.44.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.47.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.19.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.40.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
 )

cmd/keeper/go.sum

@@ -127,20 +127,20 @@ go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.40.0 h1:KHW/jUzgo6wsPh9At46+h4upjtccTmuZCFAc9OJ7
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.40.0/go.mod h1:Ph7EFdYvxq72Y8Li9q8KebuYUr2KoeyHx0DRMKrYBUE=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.40.0 h1:WA4etStDttCSYuhwvEa8OP8I5EWu24lkOzp+ZYblVjw=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.40.0/go.mod h1:zeAhriXecNGP/s2SEG3+Y8X9ujcJOTqQ5RgdEJcawiA=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.44.0 h1:A97SsFvM3AIwEEmTBiaxPPTYpDC47w720rdiiUvgoAU=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.47.0 h1:V6e3FRj+n4dbpw86FJ8Fv7XVOql7TEwpHapKoMJ/GO8=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.44.0/go.mod h1:013i+Nw79BMiQiMsOPcVCB5ZIJbYkerPrGnOa00tvmc=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.47.0/go.mod h1:ff3Y9VzzKbwSSEzWqJsJVBnWmRwRSHt/6Op5n9bQc4A=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230626212559-97b1e661b5df h1:UA2aFVmmsIlefxMk29Dp2juaUSth8Pyn3Tq5Y5mJGME=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230626212559-97b1e661b5df/go.mod h1:FXUEEKJgO7OQYeo8N01OfiKP8RXMtf6e8aTskBGqWdc=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0 h1:kr88TuHDroi+UVf+0hZnirlk8o8T+4MrK6mr60WkH/I=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.19.0 h1:vV+1eWNmZ5geRlYjzm2adRgW2/mcpevXNg50YZtPCE4=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0/go.mod h1:9KTHXmSnoGruLpwFjVSX0lNNA75CykiMECbovNTZqGI=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.19.0/go.mod h1:9KTHXmSnoGruLpwFjVSX0lNNA75CykiMECbovNTZqGI=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190916202348-b4ddaad3f8a3/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.1.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.11.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.40.0 h1:DBZZqJ2Rkml6QMQsZywtnjnnGvHza6BTfYFWY9kjEWQ=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.40.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
-golang.org/x/text v0.31.0 h1:aC8ghyu4JhP8VojJ2lEHBnochRno1sgL6nEi9WGFGMM=
+golang.org/x/text v0.33.0 h1:B3njUFyqtHDUI5jMn1YIr5B0IE2U0qck04r6d4KPAxE=
-golang.org/x/text v0.31.0/go.mod h1:tKRAlv61yKIjGGHX/4tP1LTbc13YSec1pxVEWXzfoeM=
+golang.org/x/text v0.33.0/go.mod h1:LuMebE6+rBincTi9+xWTY8TztLzKHc/9C1uBCG27+q8=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11 h1:fV6ZwhNocDyBLK0dj+fg8ektcVegBBuEolpbTQyBNVE=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.11/go.mod h1:HTf+CrKn2C3g5S8VImy6tdcUvCska2kB7j23XfzDpco=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=

cmd/keeper/stubs.go

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-//go:build !example && !ziren && !wasm
+//go:build !example && !ziren && !wasm && !womir
-// +build !example,!ziren,!wasm
+// +build !example,!ziren,!wasm,!womir
 
 package main
 

cmd/utils/cmd.go

@@ -274,40 +274,66 @@ func ImportHistory(chain *core.BlockChain, dir string, network string, from func
 		reported = time.Now()
 		imported = 0
 		h        = sha256.New()
-		scratch  = bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+		buf      = bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
 	)
 
 	for i, file := range entries {
 		err := func() error {
 			path := filepath.Join(dir, file)
 
-			// validate against checksum file in directory
+			// Validate against checksum file in directory.
 			f, err := os.Open(path)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("open %s: %w", path, err)
 			}
 			defer f.Close()
+
 			if _, err := io.Copy(h, f); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("checksum %s: %w", path, err)
 			}
-			got := common.BytesToHash(h.Sum(scratch.Bytes()[:])).Hex()
+			got := common.BytesToHash(h.Sum(buf.Bytes()[:])).Hex()
-			want := checksums[i]
 			h.Reset()
-			scratch.Reset()
+			buf.Reset()
-
+			if got != checksums[i] {
-			if got != want {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%s checksum mismatch: have %s want %s", file, got, checksums[i])
-				return fmt.Errorf("%s checksum mismatch: have %s want %s", file, got, want)
 			}
 			// Import all block data from Era1.
 			e, err := from(f)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("error opening era: %w", err)
 			}
+			defer e.Close()
+
 			it, err := e.Iterator()
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("error creating iterator: %w", err)
 			}
 
+			var (
+				blocks       = make([]*types.Block, 0, importBatchSize)
+				receiptsList = make([]types.Receipts, 0, importBatchSize)
+				flush        = func() error {
+					if len(blocks) == 0 {
+						return nil
+					}
+					enc := types.EncodeBlockReceiptLists(receiptsList)
+					if _, err := chain.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, enc, math.MaxUint64); err != nil {
+						return fmt.Errorf("error inserting blocks %d-%d: %w",
+							blocks[0].NumberU64(), blocks[len(blocks)-1].NumberU64(), err)
+					}
+					imported += len(blocks)
+					if time.Since(reported) >= 8*time.Second {
+						head := blocks[len(blocks)-1].NumberU64()
+						log.Info("Importing Era files", "head", head, "imported", imported,
+							"elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+						imported = 0
+						reported = time.Now()
+					}
+					blocks = blocks[:0]
+					receiptsList = receiptsList[:0]
+					return nil
+				}
+			)
 			for it.Next() {
 				block, err := it.Block()
 				if err != nil {
@@ -320,23 +346,18 @@ func ImportHistory(chain *core.BlockChain, dir string, network string, from func
 				if err != nil {
 					return fmt.Errorf("error reading receipts %d: %w", it.Number(), err)
 				}
-				enc := types.EncodeBlockReceiptLists([]types.Receipts{receipts})
+				blocks = append(blocks, block)
-				if _, err := chain.InsertReceiptChain([]*types.Block{block}, enc, math.MaxUint64); err != nil {
+				receiptsList = append(receiptsList, receipts)
-					return fmt.Errorf("error inserting body %d: %w", it.Number(), err)
+				if len(blocks) == importBatchSize {
-				}
+					if err := flush(); err != nil {
-				imported++
+						return err
-
+					}
-				if time.Since(reported) >= 8*time.Second {
-					log.Info("Importing Era files", "head", it.Number(), "imported", imported,
-						"elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
-					imported = 0
-					reported = time.Now()
 				}
 			}
 			if err := it.Error(); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			return nil
+			return flush()
 		}()
 		if err != nil {
 			return err

cmd/utils/flags.go

@@ -218,6 +218,10 @@ var (
 		Usage: "Max number of elements (0 = no limit)",
 		Value: 0,
 	}
+	AccountFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:  "account",
+		Usage: "Specifies the account address or hash to traverse a single storage trie",
+	}
 	OutputFileFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
 		Name:  "output",
 		Usage: "Writes the result in json to the output",
@@ -260,9 +264,9 @@ var (
 		Usage:    "Manually specify the bpo2 fork timestamp, overriding the bundled setting",
 		Category: flags.EthCategory,
 	}
-	OverrideVerkle = &cli.Uint64Flag{
+	OverrideUBT = &cli.Uint64Flag{
-		Name:     "override.verkle",
+		Name:     "override.ubt",
-		Usage:    "Manually specify the Verkle fork timestamp, overriding the bundled setting",
+		Usage:    "Manually specify the UBT fork timestamp, overriding the bundled setting",
 		Category: flags.EthCategory,
 	}
 	OverrideGenesisFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
@@ -293,6 +297,12 @@ var (
 		Value:    ethconfig.Defaults.EnableStateSizeTracking,
 		Category: flags.StateCategory,
 	}
+	BinTrieGroupDepthFlag = &cli.IntFlag{
+		Name:     "bintrie.groupdepth",
+		Usage:    "Number of levels per serialized group in binary trie (1-8, default 5). Lower values create smaller groups with more nodes.",
+		Value:    5,
+		Category: flags.StateCategory,
+	}
 	StateHistoryFlag = &cli.Uint64Flag{
 		Name:     "history.state",
 		Usage:    "Number of recent blocks to retain state history for, only relevant in state.scheme=path (default = 90,000 blocks, 0 = entire chain)",
@@ -1063,19 +1073,19 @@ Please note that --` + MetricsHTTPFlag.Name + ` must be set to start the server.
 
 	RPCTelemetryEndpointFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
 		Name:     "rpc.telemetry.endpoint",
-		Usage:    "Defines where RPC telemetry is sent (e.g., http://localhost:4318)",
+		Usage:    "Defines where RPC telemetry is sent (e.g., http://localhost:4318 or grpc://localhost:4317)",
 		Category: flags.APICategory,
 	}
 
 	RPCTelemetryUserFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
 		Name:     "rpc.telemetry.username",
-		Usage:    "HTTP Basic Auth username for OpenTelemetry",
+		Usage:    "Basic Auth username for OpenTelemetry",
 		Category: flags.APICategory,
 	}
 
 	RPCTelemetryPasswordFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
 		Name:     "rpc.telemetry.password",
-		Usage:    "HTTP Basic Auth password for OpenTelemetry",
+		Usage:    "Basic Auth password for OpenTelemetry",
 		Category: flags.APICategory,
 	}
 
@@ -1094,7 +1104,7 @@ Please note that --` + MetricsHTTPFlag.Name + ` must be set to start the server.
 	RPCTelemetrySampleRatioFlag = &cli.Float64Flag{
 		Name:     "rpc.telemetry.sample-ratio",
 		Usage:    "Defines the sampling ratio for RPC telemetry (0.0 to 1.0)",
-		Value:    1.0,
+		Value:    node.DefaultConfig.OpenTelemetry.SampleRatio,
 		Category: flags.APICategory,
 	}
 	// Era flags are a group of flags related to the era archive format.
@@ -1580,7 +1590,9 @@ func setOpenTelemetry(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *node.Config) {
 	if ctx.IsSet(RPCTelemetryTagsFlag.Name) {
 		tcfg.Tags = ctx.String(RPCTelemetryTagsFlag.Name)
 	}
-	tcfg.SampleRatio = ctx.Float64(RPCTelemetrySampleRatioFlag.Name)
+	if ctx.IsSet(RPCTelemetrySampleRatioFlag.Name) {
+		tcfg.SampleRatio = ctx.Float64(RPCTelemetrySampleRatioFlag.Name)
+	}
 
 	if tcfg.Endpoint != "" && !tcfg.Enabled {
 		log.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("OpenTelemetry endpoint configured but telemetry is not enabled, use --%s to enable.", RPCTelemetryFlag.Name))
@@ -1811,6 +1823,9 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	if ctx.IsSet(TrienodeHistoryFullValueCheckpointFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.NodeFullValueCheckpoint = uint32(ctx.Uint(TrienodeHistoryFullValueCheckpointFlag.Name))
 	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(BinTrieGroupDepthFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.BinTrieGroupDepth = ctx.Int(BinTrieGroupDepthFlag.Name)
+	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(StateSchemeFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.StateScheme = ctx.String(StateSchemeFlag.Name)
 	}
@@ -1893,7 +1908,7 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 		cfg.StatelessSelfValidation = ctx.Bool(VMStatelessSelfValidationFlag.Name)
 	}
 	// Auto-enable StatelessSelfValidation when witness stats are enabled
-	if ctx.Bool(VMWitnessStatsFlag.Name) {
+	if cfg.EnableWitnessStats {
 		cfg.StatelessSelfValidation = true
 	}
 
@@ -2222,13 +2237,13 @@ func RegisterFilterAPI(stack *node.Node, backend ethapi.Backend, ethcfg *ethconf
 }
 
 // RegisterSyncOverrideService adds the synchronization override service into node.
-func RegisterSyncOverrideService(stack *node.Node, eth *eth.Ethereum, target common.Hash, exitWhenSynced bool) {
+func RegisterSyncOverrideService(stack *node.Node, eth *eth.Ethereum, config syncer.Config) {
-	if target != (common.Hash{}) {
+	if config.TargetBlock != (common.Hash{}) {
-		log.Info("Registered sync override service", "hash", target, "exitWhenSynced", exitWhenSynced)
+		log.Info("Registered sync override service", "hash", config.TargetBlock, "exitWhenSynced", config.ExitWhenSynced)
 	} else {
 		log.Info("Registered sync override service")
 	}
-	syncer.Register(stack, eth, target, exitWhenSynced)
+	syncer.Register(stack, eth, config)
 }
 
 // SetupMetrics configures the metrics system.
@@ -2427,6 +2442,7 @@ func MakeChain(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, readonly bool) (*core.BlockCh
 		StateHistory:            ctx.Uint64(StateHistoryFlag.Name),
 		TrienodeHistory:         ctx.Int64(TrienodeHistoryFlag.Name),
 		NodeFullValueCheckpoint: uint32(ctx.Uint(TrienodeHistoryFullValueCheckpointFlag.Name)),
+		BinTrieGroupDepth:       ctx.Int(BinTrieGroupDepthFlag.Name),
 
 		// Disable transaction indexing/unindexing.
 		TxLookupLimit: -1,
@@ -2510,10 +2526,10 @@ func MakeConsolePreloads(ctx *cli.Context) []string {
 }
 
 // MakeTrieDatabase constructs a trie database based on the configured scheme.
-func MakeTrieDatabase(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, disk ethdb.Database, preimage bool, readOnly bool, isVerkle bool) *triedb.Database {
+func MakeTrieDatabase(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, disk ethdb.Database, preimage bool, readOnly bool, isUBT bool) *triedb.Database {
 	config := &triedb.Config{
 		Preimages: preimage,
-		IsVerkle:  isVerkle,
+		IsUBT:     isUBT,
 	}
 	scheme, err := rawdb.ParseStateScheme(ctx.String(StateSchemeFlag.Name), disk)
 	if err != nil {

cmd/workload/testsuite.go

@@ -155,7 +155,9 @@ func testConfigFromCLI(ctx *cli.Context) (cfg testConfig) {
 		}
 
 		cfg.historyPruneBlock = new(uint64)
-		*cfg.historyPruneBlock = history.PrunePoints[params.MainnetGenesisHash].BlockNumber
+		if p, err := history.NewPolicy(history.KeepPostMerge, params.MainnetGenesisHash); err == nil {
+			*cfg.historyPruneBlock = p.Target.BlockNumber
+		}
 	case ctx.Bool(testSepoliaFlag.Name):
 		cfg.fsys = builtinTestFiles
 		if ctx.IsSet(filterQueryFileFlag.Name) {
@@ -180,7 +182,9 @@ func testConfigFromCLI(ctx *cli.Context) (cfg testConfig) {
 		}
 
 		cfg.historyPruneBlock = new(uint64)
-		*cfg.historyPruneBlock = history.PrunePoints[params.SepoliaGenesisHash].BlockNumber
+		if p, err := history.NewPolicy(history.KeepPostMerge, params.SepoliaGenesisHash); err == nil {
+			*cfg.historyPruneBlock = p.Target.BlockNumber
+		}
 	default:
 		cfg.fsys = os.DirFS(".")
 		cfg.filterQueryFile = ctx.String(filterQueryFileFlag.Name)

common/hexutil/json.go

@@ -204,6 +204,10 @@ func (b *Big) ToInt() *big.Int {
 	return (*big.Int)(b)
 }
 
+func (b *Big) ToUint256() (*uint256.Int, bool) {
+	return uint256.FromBig((*big.Int)(b))
+}
+
 // String returns the hex encoding of b.
 func (b *Big) String() string {
 	return EncodeBig(b.ToInt())

consensus/beacon/consensus.go

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 package beacon
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
@@ -26,13 +25,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip1559"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip4844"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/telemetry"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
@@ -275,12 +271,22 @@ func (beacon *Beacon) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header, pa
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Verify the existence / non-existence of Amsterdam-specific header fields
 	amsterdam := chain.Config().IsAmsterdam(header.Number, header.Time)
-	if amsterdam && header.SlotNumber == nil {
+	if amsterdam {
-		return errors.New("header is missing slotNumber")
+		if header.BlockAccessListHash == nil {
-	}
+			return errors.New("header is missing block access list hash")
-	if !amsterdam && header.SlotNumber != nil {
+		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid slotNumber: have %d, expected nil", *header.SlotNumber)
+		if header.SlotNumber == nil {
+			return errors.New("header is missing slotNumber")
+		}
+	} else {
+		if header.BlockAccessListHash != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid block access list hash: have %x, expected nil", *header.BlockAccessListHash)
+		}
+		if header.SlotNumber != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid slotNumber: have %d, expected nil", *header.SlotNumber)
+		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -351,48 +357,6 @@ func (beacon *Beacon) Finalize(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.
 	// No block reward which is issued by consensus layer instead.
 }
 
-// FinalizeAndAssemble implements consensus.Engine, setting the final state and
-// assembling the block.
-func (beacon *Beacon) FinalizeAndAssemble(ctx context.Context, chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, state *state.StateDB, body *types.Body, receipts []*types.Receipt) (result *types.Block, err error) {
-	ctx, _, spanEnd := telemetry.StartSpan(ctx, "consensus.beacon.FinalizeAndAssemble",
-		telemetry.Int64Attribute("block.number", int64(header.Number.Uint64())),
-		telemetry.Int64Attribute("txs.count", int64(len(body.Transactions))),
-		telemetry.Int64Attribute("withdrawals.count", int64(len(body.Withdrawals))),
-	)
-	defer spanEnd(&err)
-
-	if !beacon.IsPoSHeader(header) {
-		block, delegateErr := beacon.ethone.FinalizeAndAssemble(ctx, chain, header, state, body, receipts)
-		return block, delegateErr
-	}
-	shanghai := chain.Config().IsShanghai(header.Number, header.Time)
-	if shanghai {
-		// All blocks after Shanghai must include a withdrawals root.
-		if body.Withdrawals == nil {
-			body.Withdrawals = make([]*types.Withdrawal, 0)
-		}
-	} else {
-		if len(body.Withdrawals) > 0 {
-			return nil, errors.New("withdrawals set before Shanghai activation")
-		}
-	}
-	// Finalize and assemble the block.
-	_, _, finalizeSpanEnd := telemetry.StartSpan(ctx, "consensus.beacon.Finalize")
-	beacon.Finalize(chain, header, state, body)
-	finalizeSpanEnd(nil)
-
-	// Assign the final state root to header.
-	_, _, rootSpanEnd := telemetry.StartSpan(ctx, "consensus.beacon.IntermediateRoot")
-	header.Root = state.IntermediateRoot(true)
-	rootSpanEnd(nil)
-
-	// Assemble the final block.
-	_, _, blockSpanEnd := telemetry.StartSpan(ctx, "consensus.beacon.NewBlock")
-	block := types.NewBlock(header, body, receipts, trie.NewStackTrie(nil))
-	blockSpanEnd(nil)
-	return block, nil
-}
-
 // Seal generates a new sealing request for the given input block and pushes
 // the result into the given channel.
 //

consensus/clique/clique.go

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ package clique
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@@ -34,7 +33,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip1559"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
@@ -43,7 +41,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -580,22 +577,6 @@ func (c *Clique) Finalize(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Heade
 	// No block rewards in PoA, so the state remains as is
 }
 
-// FinalizeAndAssemble implements consensus.Engine, ensuring no uncles are set,
-// nor block rewards given, and returns the final block.
-func (c *Clique) FinalizeAndAssemble(ctx context.Context, chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, state *state.StateDB, body *types.Body, receipts []*types.Receipt) (*types.Block, error) {
-	if len(body.Withdrawals) > 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("clique does not support withdrawals")
-	}
-	// Finalize block
-	c.Finalize(chain, header, state, body)
-
-	// Assign the final state root to header.
-	header.Root = state.IntermediateRoot(chain.Config().IsEIP158(header.Number))
-
-	// Assemble and return the final block for sealing.
-	return types.NewBlock(header, &types.Body{Transactions: body.Transactions}, receipts, trie.NewStackTrie(nil)), nil
-}
-
 // Authorize injects a private key into the consensus engine to mint new blocks
 // with.
 func (c *Clique) Authorize(signer common.Address) {

consensus/consensus.go

@@ -18,11 +18,9 @@
 package consensus
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
@@ -88,13 +86,6 @@ type Engine interface {
 	// that happen at finalization (e.g. block rewards).
 	Finalize(chain ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, state vm.StateDB, body *types.Body)
 
-	// FinalizeAndAssemble runs any post-transaction state modifications (e.g. block
-	// rewards or process withdrawals) and assembles the final block.
-	//
-	// Note: The block header and state database might be updated to reflect any
-	// consensus rules that happen at finalization (e.g. block rewards).
-	FinalizeAndAssemble(ctx context.Context, chain ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, state *state.StateDB, body *types.Body, receipts []*types.Receipt) (*types.Block, error)
-
 	// Seal generates a new sealing request for the given input block and pushes
 	// the result into the given channel.
 	//

consensus/ethash/consensus.go

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 package ethash
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
@@ -28,14 +27,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip1559"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/keccak"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
@@ -512,22 +509,6 @@ func (ethash *Ethash) Finalize(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.
 	accumulateRewards(chain.Config(), state, header, body.Uncles)
 }
 
-// FinalizeAndAssemble implements consensus.Engine, accumulating the block and
-// uncle rewards, setting the final state and assembling the block.
-func (ethash *Ethash) FinalizeAndAssemble(ctx context.Context, chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, state *state.StateDB, body *types.Body, receipts []*types.Receipt) (*types.Block, error) {
-	if len(body.Withdrawals) > 0 {
-		return nil, errors.New("ethash does not support withdrawals")
-	}
-	// Finalize block
-	ethash.Finalize(chain, header, state, body)
-
-	// Assign the final state root to header.
-	header.Root = state.IntermediateRoot(chain.Config().IsEIP158(header.Number))
-
-	// Header seems complete, assemble into a block and return
-	return types.NewBlock(header, &types.Body{Transactions: body.Transactions, Uncles: body.Uncles}, receipts, trie.NewStackTrie(nil)), nil
-}
-
 // SealHash returns the hash of a block prior to it being sealed.
 func (ethash *Ethash) SealHash(header *types.Header) (hash common.Hash) {
 	hasher := keccak.NewLegacyKeccak256()

core/bench_test.go

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ func genValueTx(nbytes int) func(int, *BlockGen) {
 	data := make([]byte, nbytes)
 	return func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
 		toaddr := common.Address{}
-		gas, _ := IntrinsicGas(data, nil, nil, false, false, false, false)
+		cost, _ := IntrinsicGas(data, nil, nil, false, false, false, false, false)
 		signer := gen.Signer()
 		gasPrice := big.NewInt(0)
 		if gen.header.BaseFee != nil {
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ func genValueTx(nbytes int) func(int, *BlockGen) {
 			Nonce:    gen.TxNonce(benchRootAddr),
 			To:       &toaddr,
 			Value:    big.NewInt(1),
-			Gas:      gas,
+			Gas:      cost.RegularGas,
 			Data:     data,
 			GasPrice: gasPrice,
 		})

core/bintrie_witness_test.go

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	testVerkleChainConfig = &params.ChainConfig{
+	testUBTChainConfig = &params.ChainConfig{
 		ChainID:                 big.NewInt(1),
 		HomesteadBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
 		EIP150Block:             big.NewInt(0),
@@ -51,30 +51,30 @@ var (
 		LondonBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
 		Ethash:                  new(params.EthashConfig),
 		ShanghaiTime:            u64(0),
-		VerkleTime:              u64(0),
+		UBTTime:                 u64(0),
 		TerminalTotalDifficulty: common.Big0,
-		EnableVerkleAtGenesis:   true,
+		EnableUBTAtGenesis:      true,
 		BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
-			Verkle: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+			UBT: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
 		},
 	}
 )
 
-func TestProcessVerkle(t *testing.T) {
+func TestProcessUBT(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		code                            = common.FromHex(`6060604052600a8060106000396000f360606040526008565b00`)
-		intrinsicContractCreationGas, _ = IntrinsicGas(code, nil, nil, true, true, true, true)
+		intrinsicContractCreationGas, _ = IntrinsicGas(code, nil, nil, true, true, true, true, false)
 		// A contract creation that calls EXTCODECOPY in the constructor. Used to ensure that the witness
 		// will not contain that copied data.
 		// Source: https://gist.github.com/gballet/a23db1e1cb4ed105616b5920feb75985
 		codeWithExtCodeCopy                = common.FromHex(`0x60806040526040516100109061017b565b604051809103906000f08015801561002c573d6000803e3d6000fd5b506000806101000a81548173ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff021916908373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16021790555034801561007857600080fd5b5060008067ffffffffffffffff8111156100955761009461024a565b5b6040519080825280601f01601f1916602001820160405280156100c75781602001600182028036833780820191505090505b50905060008060009054906101000a900473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1690506020600083833c81610101906101e3565b60405161010d90610187565b61011791906101a3565b604051809103906000f080158015610133573d6000803e3d6000fd5b50600160006101000a81548173ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff021916908373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff160217905550505061029b565b60d58061046783390190565b6102068061053c83390190565b61019d816101d9565b82525050565b60006020820190506101b86000830184610194565b92915050565b6000819050602082019050919050565b600081519050919050565b6000819050919050565b60006101ee826101ce565b826101f8846101be565b905061020381610279565b925060208210156102435761023e7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff8360200360080261028e565b831692505b5050919050565b7f4e487b7100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000600052604160045260246000fd5b600061028582516101d9565b80915050919050565b600082821b905092915050565b6101bd806102aa6000396000f3fe608060405234801561001057600080fd5b506004361061002b5760003560e01c8063f566852414610030575b600080fd5b61003861004e565b6040516100459190610146565b60405180910390f35b6000600160009054906101000a900473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff166381ca91d36040518163ffffffff1660e01b815260040160206040518083038186803b1580156100b857600080fd5b505afa1580156100cc573d6000803e3d6000fd5b505050506040513d601f19601f820116820180604052508101906100f0919061010a565b905090565b60008151905061010481610170565b92915050565b6000602082840312156101205761011f61016b565b5b600061012e848285016100f5565b91505092915050565b61014081610161565b82525050565b600060208201905061015b6000830184610137565b92915050565b6000819050919050565b600080fd5b61017981610161565b811461018457600080fd5b5056fea2646970667358221220a6a0e11af79f176f9c421b7b12f441356b25f6489b83d38cc828a701720b41f164736f6c63430008070033608060405234801561001057600080fd5b5060b68061001f6000396000f3fe6080604052348015600f57600080fd5b506004361060285760003560e01c8063ab5ed15014602d575b600080fd5b60336047565b604051603e9190605d565b60405180910390f35b60006001905090565b6057816076565b82525050565b6000602082019050607060008301846050565b92915050565b600081905091905056fea26469706673582212203a14eb0d5cd07c277d3e24912f110ddda3e553245a99afc4eeefb2fbae5327aa64736f6c63430008070033608060405234801561001057600080fd5b5060405161020638038061020683398181016040528101906100329190610063565b60018160001c6100429190610090565b60008190555050610145565b60008151905061005d8161012e565b92915050565b60006020828403121561007957610078610129565b5b60006100878482850161004e565b91505092915050565b600061009b826100f0565b91506100a6836100f0565b9250827fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff038211156100db576100da6100fa565b5b828201905092915050565b6000819050919050565b6000819050919050565b7f4e487b7100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000600052601160045260246000fd5b600080fd5b610137816100e6565b811461014257600080fd5b50565b60b3806101536000396000f3fe6080604052348015600f57600080fd5b506004361060285760003560e01c806381ca91d314602d575b600080fd5b60336047565b604051603e9190605a565b60405180910390f35b60005481565b6054816073565b82525050565b6000602082019050606d6000830184604d565b92915050565b600081905091905056fea26469706673582212209bff7098a2f526de1ad499866f27d6d0d6f17b74a413036d6063ca6a0998ca4264736f6c63430008070033`)
-		intrinsicCodeWithExtCodeCopyGas, _ = IntrinsicGas(codeWithExtCodeCopy, nil, nil, true, true, true, true)
+		intrinsicCodeWithExtCodeCopyGas, _ = IntrinsicGas(codeWithExtCodeCopy, nil, nil, true, true, true, true, false)
-		signer                             = types.LatestSigner(testVerkleChainConfig)
+		signer                             = types.LatestSigner(testUBTChainConfig)
 		testKey, _                         = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
 		bcdb                               = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase() // Database for the blockchain
 		coinbase                           = common.HexToAddress("0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7")
 		gspec                              = &Genesis{
-			Config: testVerkleChainConfig,
+			Config: testUBTChainConfig,
 			Alloc: GenesisAlloc{
 				coinbase: {
 					Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000000), // 1 ether
@@ -87,21 +87,22 @@ func TestProcessVerkle(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		}
 	)
-	// Verkle trees use the snapshot, which must be enabled before the
+	// UBTs use the snapshot, which must be enabled before the
 	// data is saved into the tree+database.
 	// genesis := gspec.MustCommit(bcdb, triedb)
 	options := DefaultConfig().WithStateScheme(rawdb.PathScheme)
 	options.SnapshotLimit = 0
+	options.BinTrieGroupDepth = triedb.DefaultBinTrieGroupDepth
 	blockchain, _ := NewBlockChain(bcdb, gspec, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), options)
 	defer blockchain.Stop()
 
 	txCost1 := params.TxGas
 	txCost2 := params.TxGas
-	contractCreationCost := intrinsicContractCreationGas +
+	contractCreationCost := intrinsicContractCreationGas.RegularGas +
 		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + params.WitnessBranchReadCost + params.WitnessBranchWriteCost + /* creation */
 		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* creation with value */
 		739 /* execution costs */
-	codeWithExtCodeCopyGas := intrinsicCodeWithExtCodeCopyGas +
+	codeWithExtCodeCopyGas := intrinsicCodeWithExtCodeCopyGas.RegularGas +
 		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + params.WitnessBranchReadCost + params.WitnessBranchWriteCost + /* creation (tx) */
 		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + params.WitnessBranchReadCost + params.WitnessBranchWriteCost + /* creation (CREATE at pc=0x20) */
 		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* write code hash */
@@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ func TestProcessParentBlockHash(t *testing.T) {
 	// block 1 parent hash is 0x0100....
 	// block 2 parent hash is 0x0200....
 	// etc
-	checkBlockHashes := func(statedb *state.StateDB, isVerkle bool) {
+	checkBlockHashes := func(statedb *state.StateDB, isUBT bool) {
 		statedb.SetNonce(params.HistoryStorageAddress, 1, tracing.NonceChangeUnspecified)
 		statedb.SetCode(params.HistoryStorageAddress, params.HistoryStorageCode, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 		// Process n blocks, from 1 .. num
@@ -196,8 +197,8 @@ func TestProcessParentBlockHash(t *testing.T) {
 		for i := 1; i <= num; i++ {
 			header := &types.Header{ParentHash: common.Hash{byte(i)}, Number: big.NewInt(int64(i)), Difficulty: new(big.Int)}
 			chainConfig := params.MergedTestChainConfig
-			if isVerkle {
+			if isUBT {
-				chainConfig = testVerkleChainConfig
+				chainConfig = testUBTChainConfig
 			}
 			vmContext := NewEVMBlockContext(header, nil, new(common.Address))
 			evm := vm.NewEVM(vmContext, statedb, chainConfig, vm.Config{})
@@ -205,9 +206,9 @@ func TestProcessParentBlockHash(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		// Read block hashes for block 0 .. num-1
 		for i := 0; i < num; i++ {
-			have, want := getContractStoredBlockHash(statedb, uint64(i), isVerkle), common.Hash{byte(i + 1)}
+			have, want := getContractStoredBlockHash(statedb, uint64(i), isUBT), common.Hash{byte(i + 1)}
 			if have != want {
-				t.Errorf("block %d, verkle=%v, have parent hash %v, want %v", i, isVerkle, have, want)
+				t.Errorf("block %d, verkle=%v, have parent hash %v, want %v", i, isUBT, have, want)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -215,22 +216,23 @@ func TestProcessParentBlockHash(t *testing.T) {
 		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		checkBlockHashes(statedb, false)
 	})
-	t.Run("Verkle", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("UBT", func(t *testing.T) {
 		db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		cacheConfig := DefaultConfig().WithStateScheme(rawdb.PathScheme)
+		cacheConfig.BinTrieGroupDepth = triedb.DefaultBinTrieGroupDepth
 		cacheConfig.SnapshotLimit = 0
 		triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, cacheConfig.triedbConfig(true))
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyVerkleHash, state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil))
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyBinaryHash, state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil))
 		checkBlockHashes(statedb, true)
 	})
 }
 
 // getContractStoredBlockHash is a utility method which reads the stored parent blockhash for block 'number'
-func getContractStoredBlockHash(statedb *state.StateDB, number uint64, isVerkle bool) common.Hash {
+func getContractStoredBlockHash(statedb *state.StateDB, number uint64, isUBT bool) common.Hash {
 	ringIndex := number % params.HistoryServeWindow
 	var key common.Hash
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[24:], ringIndex)
-	if isVerkle {
+	if isUBT {
 		return statedb.GetState(params.HistoryStorageAddress, key)
 	}
 	return statedb.GetState(params.HistoryStorageAddress, key)

core/blockchain.go

@@ -170,9 +170,10 @@ type BlockChainConfig struct {
 	TrieNoAsyncFlush     bool          // Whether the asynchronous buffer flushing is disallowed
 	TrieJournalDirectory string        // Directory path to the journal used for persisting trie data across node restarts
 
-	Preimages   bool   // Whether to store preimage of trie key to the disk
+	Preimages         bool   // Whether to store preimage of trie key to the disk
-	StateScheme string // Scheme used to store ethereum states and merkle tree nodes on top
+	StateScheme       string // Scheme used to store ethereum states and merkle tree nodes on top
-	ArchiveMode bool   // Whether to enable the archive mode
+	ArchiveMode       bool   // Whether to enable the archive mode
+	BinTrieGroupDepth int    // Number of levels per serialized group in binary trie (1-8)
 
 	// Number of blocks from the chain head for which state histories are retained.
 	// If set to 0, all state histories across the entire chain will be retained;
@@ -194,9 +195,8 @@ type BlockChainConfig struct {
 	SnapshotNoBuild bool // Whether the background generation is allowed
 	SnapshotWait    bool // Wait for snapshot construction on startup. TODO(karalabe): This is a dirty hack for testing, nuke it
 
-	// This defines the cutoff block for history expiry.
+	// HistoryPolicy defines the chain history pruning intent.
-	// Blocks before this number may be unavailable in the chain database.
+	HistoryPolicy history.HistoryPolicy
-	ChainHistoryMode history.HistoryMode
 
 	// Misc options
 	NoPrefetch bool            // Whether to disable heuristic state prefetching when processing blocks
@@ -227,13 +227,13 @@ type BlockChainConfig struct {
 // Note the returned object is safe to modify!
 func DefaultConfig() *BlockChainConfig {
 	return &BlockChainConfig{
-		TrieCleanLimit:   256,
+		TrieCleanLimit: 256,
-		TrieDirtyLimit:   256,
+		TrieDirtyLimit: 256,
-		TrieTimeLimit:    5 * time.Minute,
+		TrieTimeLimit:  5 * time.Minute,
-		StateScheme:      rawdb.HashScheme,
+		StateScheme:    rawdb.HashScheme,
-		SnapshotLimit:    256,
+		SnapshotLimit:  256,
-		SnapshotWait:     true,
+		SnapshotWait:   true,
-		ChainHistoryMode: history.KeepAll,
+		HistoryPolicy:  history.HistoryPolicy{Mode: history.KeepAll},
 		// Transaction indexing is disabled by default.
 		// This is appropriate for most unit tests.
 		TxLookupLimit: -1,
@@ -259,10 +259,11 @@ func (cfg BlockChainConfig) WithNoAsyncFlush(on bool) *BlockChainConfig {
 }
 
 // triedbConfig derives the configures for trie database.
-func (cfg *BlockChainConfig) triedbConfig(isVerkle bool) *triedb.Config {
+func (cfg *BlockChainConfig) triedbConfig(isUBT bool) *triedb.Config {
 	config := &triedb.Config{
-		Preimages: cfg.Preimages,
+		Preimages:         cfg.Preimages,
-		IsVerkle:  isVerkle,
+		IsUBT:             isUBT,
+		BinTrieGroupDepth: cfg.BinTrieGroupDepth,
 	}
 	if cfg.StateScheme == rawdb.HashScheme {
 		config.HashDB = &hashdb.Config{
@@ -379,7 +380,7 @@ func NewBlockChain(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis, engine consensus.Engine,
 	}
 
 	// Open trie database with provided config
-	enableVerkle, err := EnableVerkleAtGenesis(db, genesis)
+	enableVerkle, err := EnableUBTAtGenesis(db, genesis)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -715,82 +716,44 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) loadLastState() error {
 
 // initializeHistoryPruning sets bc.historyPrunePoint.
 func (bc *BlockChain) initializeHistoryPruning(latest uint64) error {
-	var (
+	freezerTail, _ := bc.db.Tail()
-		freezerTail, _ = bc.db.Tail()
+	policy := bc.cfg.HistoryPolicy
-		genesisHash    = bc.genesisBlock.Hash()
-		mergePoint     = history.MergePrunePoints[genesisHash]
-		praguePoint    = history.PraguePrunePoints[genesisHash]
-	)
-	switch bc.cfg.ChainHistoryMode {
-	case history.KeepAll:
-		if freezerTail == 0 {
-			return nil
-		}
-		// The database was pruned somehow, so we need to figure out if it's a known
-		// configuration or an error.
-		if mergePoint != nil && freezerTail == mergePoint.BlockNumber {
-			bc.historyPrunePoint.Store(mergePoint)
-			return nil
-		}
-		if praguePoint != nil && freezerTail == praguePoint.BlockNumber {
-			bc.historyPrunePoint.Store(praguePoint)
-			return nil
-		}
-		log.Error("Chain history database is pruned with unknown configuration", "tail", freezerTail)
-		return errors.New("unexpected database tail")
 
-	case history.KeepPostMerge:
+	switch policy.Mode {
-		if mergePoint == nil {
+	case history.KeepAll:
-			return errors.New("history pruning requested for unknown network")
+		if freezerTail > 0 {
+			// Database was pruned externally. Record the actual state.
+			log.Warn("Chain history database is pruned", "tail", freezerTail, "mode", policy.Mode)
+			bc.historyPrunePoint.Store(&history.PrunePoint{
+				BlockNumber: freezerTail,
+				BlockHash:   bc.GetCanonicalHash(freezerTail),
+			})
 		}
-		if freezerTail == 0 && latest != 0 {
-			log.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Chain history mode is configured as %q, but database is not pruned.", bc.cfg.ChainHistoryMode.String()))
-			log.Error("Run 'geth prune-history --history.chain postmerge' to prune pre-merge history.")
-			return errors.New("history pruning requested via configuration")
-		}
-		// Check if DB is pruned further than requested (to Prague).
-		if praguePoint != nil && freezerTail == praguePoint.BlockNumber {
-			log.Error("Chain history database is pruned to Prague block, but postmerge mode was requested.")
-			log.Error("History cannot be unpruned. To restore history, use 'geth import-history'.")
-			log.Error("If you intended to keep post-Prague history, use '--history.chain postprague' instead.")
-			return errors.New("database pruned beyond requested history mode")
-		}
-		if freezerTail > 0 && freezerTail != mergePoint.BlockNumber {
-			return errors.New("chain history database pruned to unknown block")
-		}
-		bc.historyPrunePoint.Store(mergePoint)
 		return nil
 
-	case history.KeepPostPrague:
+	case history.KeepPostMerge, history.KeepPostPrague:
-		if praguePoint == nil {
+		target := policy.Target
-			return errors.New("history pruning requested for unknown network")
+		// Already at the target.
-		}
+		if freezerTail == target.BlockNumber {
-		// Check if already at the prague prune point.
+			bc.historyPrunePoint.Store(target)
-		if freezerTail == praguePoint.BlockNumber {
-			bc.historyPrunePoint.Store(praguePoint)
 			return nil
 		}
-		// Check if database needs pruning.
+		// Database is pruned beyond the target.
-		if latest != 0 {
+		if freezerTail > target.BlockNumber {
-			if freezerTail == 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("database pruned beyond requested history (tail=%d, target=%d)", freezerTail, target.BlockNumber)
-				log.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Chain history mode is configured as %q, but database is not pruned.", bc.cfg.ChainHistoryMode.String()))
-				log.Error("Run 'geth prune-history --history.chain postprague' to prune pre-Prague history.")
-				return errors.New("history pruning requested via configuration")
-			}
-			if mergePoint != nil && freezerTail == mergePoint.BlockNumber {
-				log.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Chain history mode is configured as %q, but database is only pruned to merge block.", bc.cfg.ChainHistoryMode.String()))
-				log.Error("Run 'geth prune-history --history.chain postprague' to prune pre-Prague history.")
-				return errors.New("history pruning requested via configuration")
-			}
-			log.Error("Chain history database is pruned to unknown block", "tail", freezerTail)
-			return errors.New("unexpected database tail")
 		}
-		// Fresh database (latest == 0), will sync from prague point.
+		// Database needs pruning (freezerTail < target).
-		bc.historyPrunePoint.Store(praguePoint)
+		if latest != 0 {
+			log.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Chain history mode is configured as %q, but database is not pruned to the target block.", policy.Mode.String()))
+			log.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Run 'geth prune-history --history.chain %s' to prune history.", policy.Mode.String()))
+			return errors.New("history pruning required")
+		}
+		// Fresh database (latest == 0), will sync from target point.
+		bc.historyPrunePoint.Store(target)
 		return nil
 
 	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid history mode: %d", bc.cfg.ChainHistoryMode)
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid history mode: %d", policy.Mode)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1223,6 +1186,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) SnapSyncComplete(hash common.Hash) error {
 	}
 
 	// If all checks out, manually set the head block.
+	rawdb.WriteHeadBlockHash(bc.db, hash)
 	bc.currentBlock.Store(block.Header())
 	headBlockGauge.Update(int64(block.NumberU64()))
 
@@ -2155,11 +2119,29 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) ProcessBlock(ctx context.Context, parentRoot common.Hash,
 		startTime = time.Now()
 		statedb   *state.StateDB
 		interrupt atomic.Bool
-		sdb       = state.NewDatabase(bc.triedb, bc.codedb).WithSnapshot(bc.snaps)
+		sdb       state.Database
 	)
 	defer interrupt.Store(true) // terminate the prefetch at the end
 
-	if bc.cfg.NoPrefetch {
+	if bc.chainConfig.IsUBT(block.Number(), block.Time()) {
+		sdb = state.NewUBTDatabase(bc.triedb, bc.codedb)
+	} else {
+		sdb = state.NewMPTDatabase(bc.triedb, bc.codedb).WithSnapshot(bc.snaps)
+	}
+	// If prefetching is enabled, run that against the current state to pre-cache
+	// transactions and probabilistically some of the account/storage trie nodes.
+	//
+	// Note: the main processor and prefetcher share the same reader with a local
+	// cache for mitigating the overhead of state access.
+	type prewarmReader interface {
+		// ReadersWithCacheStats creates a pair of state readers that share the
+		// same underlying state reader and internal state cache, while maintaining
+		// separate statistics respectively.
+		ReadersWithCacheStats(stateRoot common.Hash) (state.Reader, state.Reader, error)
+	}
+	warmer, ok := sdb.(prewarmReader)
+
+	if bc.cfg.NoPrefetch || !ok {
 		statedb, err = state.New(parentRoot, sdb)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
@@ -2170,7 +2152,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) ProcessBlock(ctx context.Context, parentRoot common.Hash,
 		//
 		// Note: the main processor and prefetcher share the same reader with a local
 		// cache for mitigating the overhead of state access.
-		prefetch, process, err := sdb.ReadersWithCacheStats(parentRoot)
+		prefetch, process, err := warmer.ReadersWithCacheStats(parentRoot)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -2209,24 +2191,18 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) ProcessBlock(ctx context.Context, parentRoot common.Hash,
 	// If we are past Byzantium, enable prefetching to pull in trie node paths
 	// while processing transactions. Before Byzantium the prefetcher is mostly
 	// useless due to the intermediate root hashing after each transaction.
-	var (
+	var witness *stateless.Witness
-		witness      *stateless.Witness
-		witnessStats *stateless.WitnessStats
-	)
 	if bc.chainConfig.IsByzantium(block.Number()) {
 		// Generate witnesses either if we're self-testing, or if it's the
 		// only block being inserted. A bit crude, but witnesses are huge,
 		// so we refuse to make an entire chain of them.
 		if config.StatelessSelfValidation || config.MakeWitness {
-			witness, err = stateless.NewWitness(block.Header(), bc)
+			witness, err = stateless.NewWitness(block.Header(), bc, config.EnableWitnessStats)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
-			if config.EnableWitnessStats {
-				witnessStats = stateless.NewWitnessStats()
-			}
 		}
-		statedb.StartPrefetcher("chain", witness, witnessStats)
+		statedb.StartPrefetcher("chain", witness)
 		defer statedb.StopPrefetcher()
 	}
 
@@ -2345,8 +2321,8 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) ProcessBlock(ctx context.Context, parentRoot common.Hash,
 		stats.BlockWrite = time.Since(wstart) - max(statedb.AccountCommits, statedb.StorageCommits) /* concurrent */ - statedb.DatabaseCommits
 	}
 	// Report the collected witness statistics
-	if witnessStats != nil {
+	if witness != nil {
-		witnessStats.ReportMetrics(block.NumberU64())
+		witness.ReportMetrics(block.NumberU64())
 	}
 	elapsed := time.Since(startTime) + 1 // prevent zero division
 	stats.TotalTime = elapsed
@@ -2621,13 +2597,19 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) reorg(oldHead *types.Header, newHead *types.Header) error
 		blockReorgAddMeter.Mark(int64(len(newChain)))
 	} else {
 		// len(newChain) == 0 && len(oldChain) > 0
-		// rewind the canonical chain to a lower point.
+		// Rewind the canonical chain to a lower point. In EPBs we can reorg to
-		log.Error("Impossible reorg, please file an issue", "oldnum", oldHead.Number, "oldhash", oldHead.Hash(), "oldblocks", len(oldChain), "newnum", newHead.Number, "newhash", newHead.Hash(), "newblocks", len(newChain))
+		// a parent of the head within 32 blocks.
+		if len(oldChain) > 32 {
+			log.Error("Impossible reorg, please file an issue", "oldnum", oldHead.Number, "oldhash", oldHead.Hash(), "oldblocks", len(oldChain))
+		} else {
+			log.Info("Shorten chain", "del", len(oldChain), "number", oldHead.Number, "hash", oldHead.Hash())
+		}
 	}
 	// Acquire the tx-lookup lock before mutation. This step is essential
 	// as the txlookups should be changed atomically, and all subsequent
 	// reads should be blocked until the mutation is complete.
 	bc.txLookupLock.Lock()
+	defer bc.txLookupLock.Unlock()
 
 	// Reorg can be executed, start reducing the chain's old blocks and appending
 	// the new blocks
@@ -2730,9 +2712,6 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) reorg(oldHead *types.Header, newHead *types.Header) error
 	// Reset the tx lookup cache to clear stale txlookup cache.
 	bc.txLookupCache.Purge()
 
-	// Release the tx-lookup lock after mutation.
-	bc.txLookupLock.Unlock()
-
 	return nil
 }
 

core/blockchain_reader.go

@@ -296,6 +296,14 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) GetReceiptsRLP(hash common.Hash) rlp.RawValue {
 	return rawdb.ReadReceiptsRLP(bc.db, hash, number)
 }
 
+func (bc *BlockChain) GetAccessListRLP(hash common.Hash) rlp.RawValue {
+	number, ok := rawdb.ReadHeaderNumber(bc.db, hash)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return rawdb.ReadAccessListRLP(bc.db, hash, number)
+}
+
 // GetUnclesInChain retrieves all the uncles from a given block backwards until
 // a specific distance is reached.
 func (bc *BlockChain) GetUnclesInChain(block *types.Block, length int) []*types.Header {
@@ -408,19 +416,42 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) ContractCodeWithPrefix(hash common.Hash) []byte {
 
 // State returns a new mutable state based on the current HEAD block.
 func (bc *BlockChain) State() (*state.StateDB, error) {
-	return bc.StateAt(bc.CurrentBlock().Root)
+	return bc.StateAt(bc.CurrentBlock())
 }
 
 // StateAt returns a new mutable state based on a particular point in time.
-func (bc *BlockChain) StateAt(root common.Hash) (*state.StateDB, error) {
+func (bc *BlockChain) StateAt(header *types.Header) (*state.StateDB, error) {
-	return state.New(root, state.NewDatabase(bc.triedb, bc.codedb).WithSnapshot(bc.snaps))
+	if bc.chainConfig.IsUBT(header.Number, header.Time) {
+		return state.New(header.Root, state.NewUBTDatabase(bc.triedb, bc.codedb))
+	}
+	return state.New(header.Root, state.NewMPTDatabase(bc.triedb, bc.codedb).WithSnapshot(bc.snaps))
 }
 
-// HistoricState returns a historic state specified by the given root.
+// StateAtForkBoundary returns a new mutable state based on the parent state
+// and the given header, handling the transition across the UBT fork.
+func (bc *BlockChain) StateAtForkBoundary(parent *types.Header, header *types.Header) (*state.StateDB, error) {
+	// The parent is already in the UBT fork.
+	if bc.chainConfig.IsUBT(parent.Number, parent.Time) {
+		return state.New(parent.Root, state.NewUBTDatabase(bc.triedb, bc.codedb))
+	}
+	// The current block is the first block in the UBT fork
+	// (i.e., the parent is the last MPT block).
+	if bc.chainConfig.IsUBT(header.Number, header.Time) {
+		// TODO(gballet): register chain context if needed
+		return state.New(parent.Root, state.NewUBTDatabase(bc.triedb, bc.codedb))
+	}
+	// Both the parent and current block are in the MPT fork.
+	return state.New(parent.Root, state.NewMPTDatabase(bc.triedb, bc.codedb).WithSnapshot(bc.snaps))
+}
+
+// HistoricState returns a historic state specified by the given header.
 // Live states are not available and won't be served, please use `State`
 // or `StateAt` instead.
-func (bc *BlockChain) HistoricState(root common.Hash) (*state.StateDB, error) {
+func (bc *BlockChain) HistoricState(header *types.Header) (*state.StateDB, error) {
-	return state.New(root, state.NewHistoricDatabase(bc.triedb, bc.codedb))
+	if bc.chainConfig.IsUBT(header.Number, header.Time) {
+		return nil, errors.New("historical state over ubt is not yet supported")
+	}
+	return state.New(header.Root, state.NewHistoricDatabase(bc.triedb, bc.codedb))
 }
 
 // Config retrieves the chain's fork configuration.
@@ -468,7 +499,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) TxIndexProgress() (TxIndexProgress, error) {
 }
 
 // StateIndexProgress returns the historical state indexing progress.
-func (bc *BlockChain) StateIndexProgress() (uint64, error) {
+func (bc *BlockChain) StateIndexProgress() (uint64, uint64, error) {
 	return bc.triedb.IndexProgress()
 }
 

core/blockchain_test.go

@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/beacon"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/ethash"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/history"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
@@ -3891,7 +3890,7 @@ func TestTransientStorageReset(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to insert into chain: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Check the storage
-	state, err := chain.StateAt(chain.CurrentHeader().Root)
+	state, err := chain.StateAt(chain.CurrentHeader())
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to load state %v", err)
 	}
@@ -4337,26 +4336,13 @@ func TestInsertChainWithCutoff(t *testing.T) {
 func testInsertChainWithCutoff(t *testing.T, cutoff uint64, ancientLimit uint64, genesis *Genesis, blocks []*types.Block, receipts []types.Receipts) {
 	// log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelDebug, true)))
 
-	// Add a known pruning point for the duration of the test.
 	ghash := genesis.ToBlock().Hash()
 	cutoffBlock := blocks[cutoff-1]
-	history.PrunePoints[ghash] = &history.PrunePoint{
-		BlockNumber: cutoffBlock.NumberU64(),
-		BlockHash:   cutoffBlock.Hash(),
-	}
-	defer func() {
-		delete(history.PrunePoints, ghash)
-	}()
-
-	// Enable pruning in cache config.
-	config := DefaultConfig().WithStateScheme(rawdb.PathScheme)
-	config.ChainHistoryMode = history.KeepPostMerge
 
 	db, _ := rawdb.Open(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.OpenOptions{})
 	defer db.Close()
 
-	options := DefaultConfig().WithStateScheme(rawdb.PathScheme)
+	chain, _ := NewBlockChain(db, genesis, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), DefaultConfig().WithStateScheme(rawdb.PathScheme))
-	chain, _ := NewBlockChain(db, genesis, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), options)
 	defer chain.Stop()
 
 	var (

core/chain_makers.go

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ func (b *BlockGen) addTx(bc *BlockChain, vmConfig vm.Config, tx *types.Transacti
 		blockContext = NewEVMBlockContext(b.header, bc, &b.header.Coinbase)
 		evm          = vm.NewEVM(blockContext, b.statedb, b.cm.config, vmConfig)
 	)
-	b.statedb.SetTxContext(tx.Hash(), len(b.txs))
+	b.statedb.SetTxContext(tx.Hash(), len(b.txs), uint32(len(b.txs)+1))
 	receipt, err := ApplyTransaction(evm, b.gasPool, b.statedb, b.header, tx)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ func (b *BlockGen) addTx(bc *BlockChain, vmConfig vm.Config, tx *types.Transacti
 
 	// Merge the tx-local access event into the "block-local" one, in order to collect
 	// all values, so that the witness can be built.
-	if b.statedb.Database().TrieDB().IsVerkle() {
+	if b.statedb.Database().Type().Is(state.TypeUBT) {
 		b.statedb.AccessEvents().Merge(evm.AccessEvents)
 	}
 	b.txs = append(b.txs, tx)
@@ -315,28 +315,17 @@ func (b *BlockGen) collectRequests(readonly bool) (requests [][]byte) {
 		// off the statedb before executing the system calls.
 		statedb = statedb.Copy()
 	}
+	var blockLogs []*types.Log
+	for _, r := range b.receipts {
+		blockLogs = append(blockLogs, r.Logs...)
+	}
+	// TODO use the shared EVM throughout the entire generation cycle
+	blockContext := NewEVMBlockContext(b.header, b.cm, &b.header.Coinbase)
+	evm := vm.NewEVM(blockContext, statedb, b.cm.config, vm.Config{})
 
-	if b.cm.config.IsPrague(b.header.Number, b.header.Time) {
+	requests, err := PostExecution(context.Background(), b.cm.config, b.header.Number, b.header.Time, blockLogs, evm, uint32(len(b.txs)+1))
-		requests = [][]byte{}
+	if err != nil {
-		// EIP-6110 deposits
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("failed to run post-execution: %v", err))
-		var blockLogs []*types.Log
-		for _, r := range b.receipts {
-			blockLogs = append(blockLogs, r.Logs...)
-		}
-		if err := ParseDepositLogs(&requests, blockLogs, b.cm.config); err != nil {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("failed to parse deposit log: %v", err))
-		}
-		// create EVM for system calls
-		blockContext := NewEVMBlockContext(b.header, b.cm, &b.header.Coinbase)
-		evm := vm.NewEVM(blockContext, statedb, b.cm.config, vm.Config{})
-		// EIP-7002
-		if err := ProcessWithdrawalQueue(&requests, evm); err != nil {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("could not process withdrawal requests: %v", err))
-		}
-		// EIP-7251
-		if err := ProcessConsolidationQueue(&requests, evm); err != nil {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("could not process consolidation requests: %v", err))
-		}
 	}
 	return requests
 }
@@ -392,7 +381,7 @@ func GenerateChain(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Block, engine conse
 			misc.ApplyDAOHardFork(statedb)
 		}
 
-		if config.IsPrague(b.header.Number, b.header.Time) || config.IsVerkle(b.header.Number, b.header.Time) {
+		if config.IsPrague(b.header.Number, b.header.Time) || config.IsUBT(b.header.Number, b.header.Time) {
 			// EIP-2935
 			blockContext := NewEVMBlockContext(b.header, cm, &b.header.Coinbase)
 			blockContext.Random = &common.Hash{} // enable post-merge instruction set
@@ -411,11 +400,22 @@ func GenerateChain(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Block, engine conse
 			b.header.RequestsHash = &reqHash
 		}
 
-		body := types.Body{Transactions: b.txs, Uncles: b.uncles, Withdrawals: b.withdrawals}
+		body := types.Body{
-		block, err := b.engine.FinalizeAndAssemble(context.Background(), cm, b.header, statedb, &body, b.receipts)
+			Transactions: b.txs,
-		if err != nil {
+			Uncles:       b.uncles,
-			panic(err)
+			Withdrawals:  b.withdrawals,
 		}
+		if !config.IsShanghai(b.header.Number, b.header.Time) {
+			if body.Withdrawals != nil {
+				panic("unexpected withdrawal before shanghai")
+			}
+		} else {
+			if body.Withdrawals == nil {
+				body.Withdrawals = make([]*types.Withdrawal, 0)
+			}
+		}
+		// Assemble the block for delivery.
+		block := AssembleBlock(b.engine, cm, b.header, statedb, &body, b.receipts)
 
 		// Write state changes to db
 		root, err := statedb.Commit(b.header.Number.Uint64(), config.IsEIP158(b.header.Number), config.IsCancun(b.header.Number, b.header.Time))
@@ -430,8 +430,8 @@ func GenerateChain(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Block, engine conse
 
 	// Forcibly use hash-based state scheme for retaining all nodes in disk.
 	var triedbConfig *triedb.Config = triedb.HashDefaults
-	if config.IsVerkle(config.ChainID, 0) {
+	if config.IsUBT(config.ChainID, 0) {
-		triedbConfig = triedb.VerkleDefaults
+		triedbConfig = triedb.UBTDefaults
 	}
 	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, triedbConfig)
 	defer triedb.Close()
@@ -479,8 +479,8 @@ func GenerateChain(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Block, engine conse
 func GenerateChainWithGenesis(genesis *Genesis, engine consensus.Engine, n int, gen func(int, *BlockGen)) (ethdb.Database, []*types.Block, []types.Receipts) {
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 	var triedbConfig *triedb.Config = triedb.HashDefaults
-	if genesis.Config != nil && genesis.Config.IsVerkle(genesis.Config.ChainID, 0) {
+	if genesis.Config != nil && genesis.Config.IsUBT(genesis.Config.ChainID, 0) {
-		triedbConfig = triedb.VerkleDefaults
+		triedbConfig = triedb.UBTDefaults
 	}
 	genesisTriedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, triedbConfig)
 	block, err := genesis.Commit(db, genesisTriedb, nil)

core/error.go

@@ -66,10 +66,6 @@ var (
 	// have enough funds for transfer(topmost call only).
 	ErrInsufficientFundsForTransfer = errors.New("insufficient funds for transfer")
 
-	// ErrMaxInitCodeSizeExceeded is returned if creation transaction provides the init code bigger
-	// than init code size limit.
-	ErrMaxInitCodeSizeExceeded = errors.New("max initcode size exceeded")
-
 	// ErrInsufficientBalanceWitness is returned if the transaction sender has enough
 	// funds to cover the transfer, but not enough to pay for witness access/modification
 	// costs for the transaction

core/eth_transfer_logs_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package core
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/beacon"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/ethash"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+)
+
+var ethTransferTestCode = common.FromHex("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")
+
+/*
+pragma solidity >=0.4.22 <0.6.0;
+
+contract TestLogs {
+
+  address public constant target_contract = 0x00000000000000000000000000000000DeaDBeef;
+  address payable constant selfdestruct_addr = 0x0000000000000000000000000000000012345678;
+
+  event Response(bool success, bytes data);
+    event TestEvent();
+    event TestEvent2();
+
+    function test() public payable {
+       emit TestEvent();
+        target_contract.call.value(msg.value/2)(abi.encodeWithSignature("test2()"));
+    }
+    function test2() public payable {
+       emit TestEvent2();
+       selfdestruct(selfdestruct_addr);
+    }
+}
+*/
+
+// TestEthTransferLogs tests EIP-7708 ETH transfer log output by simulating a
+// scenario including transaction, CALL and SELFDESTRUCT value transfers, and
+// also "ordinary" logs emitted. The same scenario is also tested with no value
+// transferred.
+func TestEthTransferLogs(t *testing.T) {
+	testEthTransferLogs(t, 1_000_000_000)
+	testEthTransferLogs(t, 0)
+}
+
+func testEthTransferLogs(t *testing.T, value uint64) {
+	var (
+		key1, _    = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
+		addr1      = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
+		addr2      = common.HexToAddress("cafebabe") // caller
+		addr3      = common.HexToAddress("deadbeef") // callee
+		addr4      = common.HexToAddress("12345678") // selfdestruct target
+		testEvent  = crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("TestEvent()"))
+		testEvent2 = crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("TestEvent2()"))
+		config     = *params.MergedTestChainConfig
+		signer     = types.LatestSigner(&config)
+		engine     = beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker())
+	)
+
+	//TODO remove this hacky config initialization when final Amsterdam config is available
+	config.AmsterdamTime = new(uint64)
+	blobConfig := *config.BlobScheduleConfig
+	blobConfig.Amsterdam = blobConfig.Osaka
+	config.BlobScheduleConfig = &blobConfig
+
+	gspec := &Genesis{
+		Config: &config,
+		Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
+			addr1: {Balance: newGwei(1000000000)},
+			addr2: {Code: ethTransferTestCode},
+			addr3: {Code: ethTransferTestCode},
+		},
+	}
+	_, blocks, receipts := GenerateChainWithGenesis(gspec, engine, 1, func(i int, b *BlockGen) {
+		tx := types.MustSignNewTx(key1, signer, &types.DynamicFeeTx{
+			ChainID:   gspec.Config.ChainID,
+			Nonce:     0,
+			To:        &addr2,
+			Gas:       500_000,
+			GasFeeCap: newGwei(5),
+			GasTipCap: newGwei(5),
+			Value:     big.NewInt(int64(value)),
+			Data:      common.FromHex("f8a8fd6d"),
+		})
+		b.AddTx(tx)
+	})
+
+	blockHash := blocks[0].Hash()
+	txHash := blocks[0].Transactions()[0].Hash()
+	addr2hash := func(addr common.Address) (hash common.Hash) {
+		copy(hash[12:], addr[:])
+		return
+	}
+	u256 := func(amount uint64) []byte {
+		data := make([]byte, 32)
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(data[24:], amount)
+		return data
+	}
+
+	var expLogs = []*types.Log{
+		{
+			Address: params.SystemAddress,
+			Topics:  []common.Hash{params.EthTransferLogEvent, addr2hash(addr1), addr2hash(addr2)},
+			Data:    u256(value),
+		},
+		{
+			Address: addr2,
+			Topics:  []common.Hash{testEvent},
+			Data:    nil,
+		},
+		{
+			Address: params.SystemAddress,
+			Topics:  []common.Hash{params.EthTransferLogEvent, addr2hash(addr2), addr2hash(addr3)},
+			Data:    u256(value / 2),
+		},
+		{
+			Address: addr3,
+			Topics:  []common.Hash{testEvent2},
+			Data:    nil,
+		},
+		{
+			Address: params.SystemAddress,
+			Topics:  []common.Hash{params.EthTransferLogEvent, addr2hash(addr3), addr2hash(addr4)},
+			Data:    u256(value / 2),
+		},
+	}
+	if value == 0 {
+		// no ETH transfer logs expected with zero value
+		expLogs = []*types.Log{expLogs[1], expLogs[3]}
+	}
+	for i, log := range expLogs {
+		log.BlockNumber = 1
+		log.BlockHash = blockHash
+		log.BlockTimestamp = 10
+		log.TxIndex = 0
+		log.TxHash = txHash
+		log.Index = uint(i)
+	}
+
+	if len(expLogs) != len(receipts[0][0].Logs) {
+		t.Fatalf("Incorrect number of logs (expected: %d, got: %d)", len(expLogs), len(receipts[0][0].Logs))
+	}
+	for i, log := range receipts[0][0].Logs {
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(expLogs[i], log) {
+			t.Fatalf("Incorrect log at index %d (expected: %v, got: %v)", i, expLogs[i], log)
+		}
+	}
+}

core/evm.go

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ func NewEVMBlockContext(header *types.Header, chain ChainContext, author *common
 func NewEVMTxContext(msg *Message) vm.TxContext {
 	ctx := vm.TxContext{
 		Origin:     msg.From,
-		GasPrice:   uint256.MustFromBig(msg.GasPrice),
+		GasPrice:   msg.GasPrice,
 		BlobHashes: msg.BlobHashes,
 	}
 	return ctx
@@ -138,7 +139,10 @@ func CanTransfer(db vm.StateDB, addr common.Address, amount *uint256.Int) bool {
 }
 
 // Transfer subtracts amount from sender and adds amount to recipient using the given Db
-func Transfer(db vm.StateDB, sender, recipient common.Address, amount *uint256.Int) {
+func Transfer(db vm.StateDB, sender, recipient common.Address, amount *uint256.Int, rules *params.Rules) {
 	db.SubBalance(sender, amount, tracing.BalanceChangeTransfer)
 	db.AddBalance(recipient, amount, tracing.BalanceChangeTransfer)
+	if rules.IsAmsterdam && !amount.IsZero() && sender != recipient {
+		db.AddLog(types.EthTransferLog(sender, recipient, amount))
+	}
 }

core/filtermaps/math_test.go

@@ -41,9 +41,7 @@ func TestSingleMatch(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatalf("Invalid length of matches (got %d, expected 1)", len(matches))
 		}
 		if matches[0] != lvIndex {
-			if len(matches) != 1 {
+			t.Fatalf("Incorrect match returned (got %d, expected %d)", matches[0], lvIndex)
-				t.Fatalf("Incorrect match returned (got %d, expected %d)", matches[0], lvIndex)
-			}
 		}
 	}
 }

core/genesis.go

@@ -129,22 +129,23 @@ func ReadGenesis(db ethdb.Database) (*Genesis, error) {
 }
 
 // hashAlloc computes the state root according to the genesis specification.
-func hashAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, isVerkle bool) (common.Hash, error) {
+func hashAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, isUBT bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 	// If a genesis-time verkle trie is requested, create a trie config
 	// with the verkle trie enabled so that the tree can be initialized
 	// as such.
 	var config *triedb.Config
-	if isVerkle {
+	if isUBT {
 		config = &triedb.Config{
-			PathDB:   pathdb.Defaults,
+			PathDB:            pathdb.Defaults,
-			IsVerkle: true,
+			IsUBT:             true,
+			BinTrieGroupDepth: triedb.UBTDefaults.BinTrieGroupDepth,
 		}
 	}
 	// Create an ephemeral in-memory database for computing hash,
 	// all the derived states will be discarded to not pollute disk.
 	emptyRoot := types.EmptyRootHash
-	if isVerkle {
+	if isUBT {
-		emptyRoot = types.EmptyVerkleHash
+		emptyRoot = types.EmptyBinaryHash
 	}
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 	statedb, err := state.New(emptyRoot, state.NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(db, config), nil))
@@ -168,8 +169,8 @@ func hashAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, isVerkle bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 // generated states will be persisted into the given database.
 func flushAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, triedb *triedb.Database, tracer *tracing.Hooks) (common.Hash, error) {
 	emptyRoot := types.EmptyRootHash
-	if triedb.IsVerkle() {
+	if triedb.IsUBT() {
-		emptyRoot = types.EmptyVerkleHash
+		emptyRoot = types.EmptyBinaryHash
 	}
 	statedb, err := state.New(emptyRoot, state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil))
 	if err != nil {
@@ -276,10 +277,10 @@ func (e *GenesisMismatchError) Error() string {
 
 // ChainOverrides contains the changes to chain config.
 type ChainOverrides struct {
-	OverrideOsaka  *uint64
+	OverrideOsaka *uint64
-	OverrideBPO1   *uint64
+	OverrideBPO1  *uint64
-	OverrideBPO2   *uint64
+	OverrideBPO2  *uint64
-	OverrideVerkle *uint64
+	OverrideUBT   *uint64
 }
 
 // apply applies the chain overrides on the supplied chain config.
@@ -296,8 +297,8 @@ func (o *ChainOverrides) apply(cfg *params.ChainConfig) error {
 	if o.OverrideBPO2 != nil {
 		cfg.BPO2Time = o.OverrideBPO2
 	}
-	if o.OverrideVerkle != nil {
+	if o.OverrideUBT != nil {
-		cfg.VerkleTime = o.OverrideVerkle
+		cfg.UBTTime = o.OverrideUBT
 	}
 	return cfg.CheckConfigForkOrder()
 }
@@ -469,15 +470,15 @@ func (g *Genesis) chainConfigOrDefault(ghash common.Hash, stored *params.ChainCo
 	}
 }
 
-// IsVerkle indicates whether the state is already stored in a verkle
+// IsUBT indicates whether the state is already stored in a verkle
 // tree at genesis time.
-func (g *Genesis) IsVerkle() bool {
+func (g *Genesis) IsUBT() bool {
-	return g.Config.IsVerkleGenesis()
+	return g.Config.IsUBTGenesis()
 }
 
 // ToBlock returns the genesis block according to genesis specification.
 func (g *Genesis) ToBlock() *types.Block {
-	root, err := hashAlloc(&g.Alloc, g.IsVerkle())
+	root, err := hashAlloc(&g.Alloc, g.IsUBT())
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -609,24 +610,24 @@ func (g *Genesis) MustCommit(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database) *types.
 	return block
 }
 
-// EnableVerkleAtGenesis indicates whether the verkle fork should be activated
+// EnableUBTAtGenesis indicates whether the verkle fork should be activated
 // at genesis. This is a temporary solution only for verkle devnet testing, where
 // verkle fork is activated at genesis, and the configured activation date has
 // already passed.
 //
 // In production networks (mainnet and public testnets), verkle activation always
 // occurs after the genesis block, making this function irrelevant in those cases.
-func EnableVerkleAtGenesis(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis) (bool, error) {
+func EnableUBTAtGenesis(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis) (bool, error) {
 	if genesis != nil {
 		if genesis.Config == nil {
 			return false, errGenesisNoConfig
 		}
-		return genesis.Config.EnableVerkleAtGenesis, nil
+		return genesis.Config.EnableUBTAtGenesis, nil
 	}
 	if ghash := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(db, 0); ghash != (common.Hash{}) {
 		chainCfg := rawdb.ReadChainConfig(db, ghash)
 		if chainCfg != nil {
-			return chainCfg.EnableVerkleAtGenesis, nil
+			return chainCfg.EnableUBTAtGenesis, nil
 		}
 	}
 	return false, nil

core/genesis_test.go

@@ -261,9 +261,9 @@ func newDbConfig(scheme string) *triedb.Config {
 	return &triedb.Config{PathDB: &config}
 }
 
-func TestVerkleGenesisCommit(t *testing.T) {
+func TestBinaryGenesisCommit(t *testing.T) {
-	var verkleTime uint64 = 0
+	var ubtTime uint64 = 0
-	verkleConfig := &params.ChainConfig{
+	ubtConfig := &params.ChainConfig{
 		ChainID:                 big.NewInt(1),
 		HomesteadBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
 		DAOForkBlock:            nil,
@@ -281,34 +281,34 @@ func TestVerkleGenesisCommit(t *testing.T) {
 		ArrowGlacierBlock:       big.NewInt(0),
 		GrayGlacierBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
 		MergeNetsplitBlock:      nil,
-		ShanghaiTime:            &verkleTime,
+		ShanghaiTime:            &ubtTime,
-		CancunTime:              &verkleTime,
+		CancunTime:              &ubtTime,
-		PragueTime:              &verkleTime,
+		PragueTime:              &ubtTime,
-		OsakaTime:               &verkleTime,
+		OsakaTime:               &ubtTime,
-		VerkleTime:              &verkleTime,
+		UBTTime:                 &ubtTime,
 		TerminalTotalDifficulty: big.NewInt(0),
-		EnableVerkleAtGenesis:   true,
+		EnableUBTAtGenesis:      true,
 		Ethash:                  nil,
 		Clique:                  nil,
 		BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
 			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
 			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
-			Verkle: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+			UBT:    params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
 		},
 	}
 
 	genesis := &Genesis{
 		BaseFee:    big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
-		Config:     verkleConfig,
+		Config:     ubtConfig,
-		Timestamp:  verkleTime,
+		Timestamp:  ubtTime,
 		Difficulty: big.NewInt(0),
 		Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
 			{1}: {Balance: big.NewInt(1), Storage: map[common.Hash]common.Hash{{1}: {1}}},
 		},
 	}
 
-	expected := common.FromHex("1fd154971d9a386c4ec75fe7138c17efb569bfc2962e46e94a376ba997e3fadc")
+	expected := common.FromHex("0870fd587c41dc778019de8c5cb3193fe4ef1f417976461952d3712ba39163f5")
 	got := genesis.ToBlock().Root().Bytes()
 	if !bytes.Equal(got, expected) {
 		t.Fatalf("invalid genesis state root, expected %x, got %x", expected, got)
@@ -320,17 +320,18 @@ func TestVerkleGenesisCommit(t *testing.T) {
 	config.NoAsyncFlush = true
 
 	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{
-		IsVerkle: true,
+		IsUBT:             true,
-		PathDB:   &config,
+		PathDB:            &config,
+		BinTrieGroupDepth: triedb.DefaultBinTrieGroupDepth,
 	})
 	block := genesis.MustCommit(db, triedb)
 	if !bytes.Equal(block.Root().Bytes(), expected) {
 		t.Fatalf("invalid genesis state root, expected %x, got %x", expected, block.Root())
 	}
 
-	// Test that the trie is verkle
+	// Test that the trie is a unified binary trie
-	if !triedb.IsVerkle() {
+	if !triedb.IsUBT() {
-		t.Fatalf("expected trie to be verkle")
+		t.Fatalf("expected trie to be a unified binary trie")
 	}
 	vdb := rawdb.NewTable(db, string(rawdb.VerklePrefix))
 	if !rawdb.HasAccountTrieNode(vdb, nil) {

core/history/historymode.go

@@ -77,57 +77,66 @@ func (m *HistoryMode) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// PrunePoint identifies a specific block for history pruning.
 type PrunePoint struct {
 	BlockNumber uint64
 	BlockHash   common.Hash
 }
 
-// MergePrunePoints contains the pre-defined history pruning cutoff blocks for known networks.
+// staticPrunePoints contains the pre-defined history pruning cutoff blocks for
-// They point to the first post-merge block. Any pruning should truncate *up to* but excluding
+// known networks, keyed by history mode and genesis hash. They point to the first
-// the given block.
+// block after the respective fork. Any pruning should truncate *up to* but
-var MergePrunePoints = map[common.Hash]*PrunePoint{
+// excluding the given block.
-	// mainnet
+var staticPrunePoints = map[HistoryMode]map[common.Hash]*PrunePoint{
-	params.MainnetGenesisHash: {
+	KeepPostMerge: {
-		BlockNumber: 15537393,
+		params.MainnetGenesisHash: {
-		BlockHash:   common.HexToHash("0x55b11b918355b1ef9c5db810302ebad0bf2544255b530cdce90674d5887bb286"),
+			BlockNumber: 15537393,
+			BlockHash:   common.HexToHash("0x55b11b918355b1ef9c5db810302ebad0bf2544255b530cdce90674d5887bb286"),
+		},
+		params.SepoliaGenesisHash: {
+			BlockNumber: 1450409,
+			BlockHash:   common.HexToHash("0x229f6b18ca1552f1d5146deceb5387333f40dc6275aebee3f2c5c4ece07d02db"),
+		},
 	},
-	// sepolia
+	KeepPostPrague: {
-	params.SepoliaGenesisHash: {
+		params.MainnetGenesisHash: {
-		BlockNumber: 1450409,
+			BlockNumber: 22431084,
-		BlockHash:   common.HexToHash("0x229f6b18ca1552f1d5146deceb5387333f40dc6275aebee3f2c5c4ece07d02db"),
+			BlockHash:   common.HexToHash("0x50c8cab760b2948349c590461b166773c45d8f4858cccf5a43025ab2960152e8"),
+		},
+		params.SepoliaGenesisHash: {
+			BlockNumber: 7836331,
+			BlockHash:   common.HexToHash("0xe6571beb68bf24dbd8a6ba354518996920c55a3f8d8fdca423e391b8ad071f22"),
+		},
+		params.HoodiGenesisHash: {
+			BlockNumber: 60412,
+			BlockHash:   common.HexToHash("0x1562792812ef418eaafc8f1f093d84d9634971e9dd6b0771302eb5b9fd4d2c46"),
+		},
 	},
 }
 
-// PraguePrunePoints contains the pre-defined history pruning cutoff blocks for the Prague
+// HistoryPolicy describes the configured history pruning strategy. It captures
-// (Pectra) upgrade. They point to the first post-Prague block. Any pruning should truncate
+// user intent as opposed to the actual DB state.
-// *up to* but excluding the given block.
+type HistoryPolicy struct {
-var PraguePrunePoints = map[common.Hash]*PrunePoint{
+	Mode HistoryMode
-	// mainnet - first Prague block (May 7, 2025)
+	// Static prune point for PostMerge/PostPrague, nil otherwise.
-	params.MainnetGenesisHash: {
+	Target *PrunePoint
-		BlockNumber: 22431084,
-		BlockHash:   common.HexToHash("0x50c8cab760b2948349c590461b166773c45d8f4858cccf5a43025ab2960152e8"),
-	},
-	// sepolia - first Prague block (March 5, 2025)
-	params.SepoliaGenesisHash: {
-		BlockNumber: 7836331,
-		BlockHash:   common.HexToHash("0xe6571beb68bf24dbd8a6ba354518996920c55a3f8d8fdca423e391b8ad071f22"),
-	},
 }
 
-// PrunePoints is an alias for MergePrunePoints for backward compatibility.
+// NewPolicy constructs a HistoryPolicy from the given mode and genesis hash.
-// Deprecated: Use GetPrunePoint or MergePrunePoints directly.
+func NewPolicy(mode HistoryMode, genesisHash common.Hash) (HistoryPolicy, error) {
-var PrunePoints = MergePrunePoints
-
-// GetPrunePoint returns the prune point for the given genesis hash and history mode.
-// Returns nil if no prune point is defined for the given combination.
-func GetPrunePoint(genesisHash common.Hash, mode HistoryMode) *PrunePoint {
 	switch mode {
-	case KeepPostMerge:
+	case KeepAll:
-		return MergePrunePoints[genesisHash]
+		return HistoryPolicy{Mode: KeepAll}, nil
-	case KeepPostPrague:
+
-		return PraguePrunePoints[genesisHash]
+	case KeepPostMerge, KeepPostPrague:
+		point := staticPrunePoints[mode][genesisHash]
+		if point == nil {
+			return HistoryPolicy{}, fmt.Errorf("%s history pruning not available for network %s", mode, genesisHash.Hex())
+		}
+		return HistoryPolicy{Mode: mode, Target: point}, nil
+
 	default:
-		return nil
+		return HistoryPolicy{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid history mode: %d", mode)
 	}
 }
 

core/history/historymode_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package history
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+)
+
+func TestNewPolicy(t *testing.T) {
+	// KeepAll: no target.
+	p, err := NewPolicy(KeepAll, params.MainnetGenesisHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("KeepAll: %v", err)
+	}
+	if p.Mode != KeepAll || p.Target != nil {
+		t.Errorf("KeepAll: unexpected policy %+v", p)
+	}
+
+	// PostMerge: resolves known mainnet prune point.
+	p, err = NewPolicy(KeepPostMerge, params.MainnetGenesisHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("PostMerge: %v", err)
+	}
+	if p.Target == nil || p.Target.BlockNumber != 15537393 {
+		t.Errorf("PostMerge: unexpected target %+v", p.Target)
+	}
+
+	// PostPrague: resolves known mainnet prune point.
+	p, err = NewPolicy(KeepPostPrague, params.MainnetGenesisHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("PostPrague: %v", err)
+	}
+	if p.Target == nil || p.Target.BlockNumber != 22431084 {
+		t.Errorf("PostPrague: unexpected target %+v", p.Target)
+	}
+
+	// PostMerge on unknown network: error.
+	if _, err = NewPolicy(KeepPostMerge, common.HexToHash("0xdeadbeef")); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("PostMerge unknown network: expected error")
+	}
+}

core/overlay/state_transition.go

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func (ts *TransitionState) Copy() *TransitionState {
 
 // LoadTransitionState retrieves the Verkle transition state associated with
 // the given state root hash from the database.
-func LoadTransitionState(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, root common.Hash, isVerkle bool) *TransitionState {
+func LoadTransitionState(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, root common.Hash, isUBT bool) *TransitionState {
 	var ts *TransitionState
 
 	data, _ := rawdb.ReadVerkleTransitionState(db, root)
@@ -97,10 +97,10 @@ func LoadTransitionState(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, root common.Hash, isVerkle boo
 		// Initialize the first transition state, with the "ended"
 		// field set to true if the database was created
 		// as a verkle database.
-		log.Debug("no transition state found, starting fresh", "verkle", isVerkle)
+		log.Debug("no transition state found, starting fresh", "verkle", isUBT)
 
 		// Start with a fresh state
-		ts = &TransitionState{Ended: isVerkle}
+		ts = &TransitionState{Ended: isUBT}
 	}
 	return ts
 }

core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types/bal"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
@@ -174,7 +175,9 @@ func WriteFinalizedBlockHash(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash) {
 }
 
 // ReadLastPivotNumber retrieves the number of the last pivot block. If the node
-// full synced, the last pivot will always be nil.
+// has never attempted snap sync, the last pivot will always be nil. The marker
+// is written during snap sync and never cleared, so that a rollback past the
+// pivot can re-enable snap sync.
 func ReadLastPivotNumber(db ethdb.KeyValueReader) *uint64 {
 	data, _ := db.Get(lastPivotKey)
 	if len(data) == 0 {
@@ -605,6 +608,55 @@ func DeleteReceipts(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
 	}
 }
 
+// HasAccessList verifies the existence of a block access list for a block.
+func HasAccessList(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) bool {
+	has, _ := db.Has(accessListKey(number, hash))
+	return has
+}
+
+// ReadAccessListRLP retrieves the RLP-encoded block access list for a block from KV.
+func ReadAccessListRLP(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) rlp.RawValue {
+	data, _ := db.Get(accessListKey(number, hash))
+	return data
+}
+
+// ReadAccessList retrieves and decodes the block access list for a block.
+func ReadAccessList(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) *bal.BlockAccessList {
+	data := ReadAccessListRLP(db, hash, number)
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	b := new(bal.BlockAccessList)
+	if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(data, b); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Invalid BAL RLP", "hash", hash, "err", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return b
+}
+
+// WriteAccessList RLP-encodes and stores a block access list in the active KV store.
+func WriteAccessList(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64, b *bal.BlockAccessList) {
+	bytes, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to encode BAL", "err", err)
+	}
+	WriteAccessListRLP(db, hash, number, bytes)
+}
+
+// WriteAccessListRLP stores a pre-encoded block access list in the active KV store.
+func WriteAccessListRLP(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64, encoded rlp.RawValue) {
+	if err := db.Put(accessListKey(number, hash), encoded); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to store BAL", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// DeleteAccessList removes a block access list from the active KV store.
+func DeleteAccessList(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
+	if err := db.Delete(accessListKey(number, hash)); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to delete BAL", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
 // ReceiptLogs is a barebone version of ReceiptForStorage which only keeps
 // the list of logs. When decoding a stored receipt into this object we
 // avoid creating the bloom filter.
@@ -659,13 +711,25 @@ func ReadBlock(db ethdb.Reader, hash common.Hash, number uint64) *types.Block {
 	if body == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return types.NewBlockWithHeader(header).WithBody(*body)
+	block := types.NewBlockWithHeader(header).WithBody(*body)
+
+	// Best-effort assembly of the block access list from the database.
+	if header.BlockAccessListHash != nil {
+		al := ReadAccessList(db, hash, number)
+		block = block.WithAccessListUnsafe(al)
+	}
+	return block
 }
 
 // WriteBlock serializes a block into the database, header and body separately.
 func WriteBlock(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, block *types.Block) {
-	WriteBody(db, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), block.Body())
+	hash, number := block.Hash(), block.NumberU64()
+	WriteBody(db, hash, number, block.Body())
 	WriteHeader(db, block.Header())
+
+	if accessList := block.AccessList(); accessList != nil {
+		WriteAccessList(db, hash, number, accessList)
+	}
 }
 
 // WriteAncientBlocks writes entire block data into ancient store and returns the total written size.

core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go

@@ -27,10 +27,12 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types/bal"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/keccak"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
 // Tests block header storage and retrieval operations.
@@ -899,3 +901,78 @@ func TestHeadersRLPStorage(t *testing.T) {
 	checkSequence(1, 1)    // Only block 1
 	checkSequence(1, 2)    // Genesis + block 1
 }
+
+func makeTestBAL(t *testing.T) (rlp.RawValue, *bal.BlockAccessList) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	cb := bal.NewConstructionBlockAccessList()
+	addr := common.HexToAddress("0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+	cb.AccountRead(addr)
+	cb.StorageRead(addr, common.BytesToHash([]byte{0x01}))
+	cb.StorageWrite(0, addr, common.BytesToHash([]byte{0x02}), common.BytesToHash([]byte{0xaa}))
+	cb.BalanceChange(0, addr, uint256.NewInt(100))
+	cb.NonceChange(addr, 0, 1)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	if err := cb.EncodeRLP(&buf); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to encode BAL: %v", err)
+	}
+	encoded := buf.Bytes()
+
+	var decoded bal.BlockAccessList
+	if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(encoded, &decoded); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to decode BAL: %v", err)
+	}
+	return encoded, &decoded
+}
+
+// TestBALStorage tests write/read/delete of BALs in the KV store.
+func TestBALStorage(t *testing.T) {
+	db := NewMemoryDatabase()
+
+	hash := common.BytesToHash([]byte{0x03, 0x14})
+	number := uint64(42)
+
+	// Check that no BAL exists in a new database.
+	if HasAccessList(db, hash, number) {
+		t.Fatal("BAL found in new database")
+	}
+	if b := ReadAccessList(db, hash, number); b != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("non existent BAL returned: %v", b)
+	}
+
+	// Write a BAL and verify it can be read back.
+	encoded, testBAL := makeTestBAL(t)
+	WriteAccessList(db, hash, number, testBAL)
+
+	if !HasAccessList(db, hash, number) {
+		t.Fatal("HasAccessList returned false after write")
+	}
+	if blob := ReadAccessListRLP(db, hash, number); len(blob) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("ReadAccessListRLP returned empty after write")
+	}
+	if b := ReadAccessList(db, hash, number); b == nil {
+		t.Fatal("ReadAccessList returned nil after write")
+	} else if b.Hash() != testBAL.Hash() {
+		t.Fatalf("BAL hash mismatch: got %x, want %x", b.Hash(), testBAL.Hash())
+	}
+
+	// Also test WriteAccessListRLP with pre-encoded data.
+	hash2 := common.BytesToHash([]byte{0x03, 0x15})
+	WriteAccessListRLP(db, hash2, number, encoded)
+	if b := ReadAccessList(db, hash2, number); b == nil {
+		t.Fatal("ReadAccessList returned nil after WriteAccessListRLP")
+	} else if b.Hash() != testBAL.Hash() {
+		t.Fatalf("BAL hash mismatch after WriteAccessListRLP: got %x, want %x", b.Hash(), testBAL.Hash())
+	}
+
+	// Delete the BAL and verify it's gone.
+	DeleteAccessList(db, hash, number)
+
+	if HasAccessList(db, hash, number) {
+		t.Fatal("HasAccessList returned true after delete")
+	}
+	if b := ReadAccessList(db, hash, number); b != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("deleted BAL returned: %v", b)
+	}
+}

core/rawdb/database.go

@@ -413,6 +413,7 @@ func InspectDatabase(db ethdb.Database, keyPrefix, keyStart []byte) error {
 		tds                stat
 		numHashPairings    stat
 		hashNumPairings    stat
+		blockAccessList    stat
 		legacyTries        stat
 		stateLookups       stat
 		accountTries       stat
@@ -480,10 +481,13 @@ func InspectDatabase(db ethdb.Database, keyPrefix, keyStart []byte) error {
 				receipts.add(size)
 			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, headerPrefix) && bytes.HasSuffix(key, headerTDSuffix) && len(key) == (len(headerPrefix)+8+common.HashLength+len(headerTDSuffix)):
 				tds.add(size)
-			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, headerPrefix) && bytes.HasSuffix(key, headerHashSuffix) && len(key) == (len(headerPrefix)+8+common.HashLength+len(headerHashSuffix)):
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, headerPrefix) && bytes.HasSuffix(key, headerHashSuffix) && len(key) == (len(headerPrefix)+8+len(headerHashSuffix)):
 				numHashPairings.add(size)
 			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, headerNumberPrefix) && len(key) == (len(headerNumberPrefix)+common.HashLength):
 				hashNumPairings.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, accessListPrefix) && len(key) == len(accessListPrefix)+8+common.HashLength:
+				blockAccessList.add(size)
+
 			case IsLegacyTrieNode(key, it.Value()):
 				legacyTries.add(size)
 			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, stateIDPrefix) && len(key) == len(stateIDPrefix)+common.HashLength:
@@ -625,6 +629,7 @@ func InspectDatabase(db ethdb.Database, keyPrefix, keyStart []byte) error {
 		{"Key-Value store", "Difficulties (deprecated)", tds.sizeString(), tds.countString()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Block number->hash", numHashPairings.sizeString(), numHashPairings.countString()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Block hash->number", hashNumPairings.sizeString(), hashNumPairings.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Block accessList", blockAccessList.sizeString(), blockAccessList.countString()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Transaction index", txLookups.sizeString(), txLookups.countString()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Log index filter-map rows", filterMapRows.sizeString(), filterMapRows.countString()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Log index last-block-of-map", filterMapLastBlock.sizeString(), filterMapLastBlock.countString()},

core/rawdb/freezer_table.go

@@ -157,6 +157,7 @@ func newTable(path string, name string, readMeter, writeMeter *metrics.Meter, si
 		}
 		meta, err = openFreezerFileForReadOnly(filepath.Join(path, fmt.Sprintf("%s.meta", name)))
 		if err != nil {
+			index.Close()
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	} else {
@@ -166,6 +167,7 @@ func newTable(path string, name string, readMeter, writeMeter *metrics.Meter, si
 		}
 		meta, err = openFreezerFileForAppend(filepath.Join(path, fmt.Sprintf("%s.meta", name)))
 		if err != nil {
+			index.Close()
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
@@ -173,6 +175,8 @@ func newTable(path string, name string, readMeter, writeMeter *metrics.Meter, si
 	// is detected.
 	metadata, err := newMetadata(meta)
 	if err != nil {
+		meta.Close()
+		index.Close()
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	// Create the table and repair any past inconsistency

core/rawdb/freezer_utils.go

@@ -26,13 +26,7 @@ func atomicRename(src, dest string) error {
 	if err := os.Rename(src, dest); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	dir, err := os.Open(filepath.Dir(src))
+	return syncDir(filepath.Dir(src))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer dir.Close()
-
-	return dir.Sync()
 }
 
 // copyFrom copies data from 'srcPath' at offset 'offset' into 'destPath'.
@@ -82,6 +76,11 @@ func copyFrom(srcPath, destPath string, offset uint64, before func(f *os.File) e
 	// we do the final move.
 	src.Close()
 
+	// Permanently persist the content into disk
+	if err := f.Sync(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -135,6 +134,7 @@ func openFreezerFileForAppend(filename string) (*os.File, error) {
 	}
 	// Seek to end for append
 	if _, err = file.Seek(0, io.SeekEnd); err != nil {
+		file.Close()
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return file, nil

core/rawdb/freezer_utils_unix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build !windows
+// +build !windows
+
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"os"
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+// syncDir ensures that the directory metadata (e.g. newly renamed files)
+// is flushed to durable storage.
+func syncDir(name string) error {
+	f, err := os.Open(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	// Some file systems do not support fsyncing directories (e.g. some FUSE
+	// mounts). Ignore EINVAL in those cases.
+	if err := f.Sync(); err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrInvalid) {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if patherr, ok := err.(*os.PathError); ok && patherr.Err == syscall.EINVAL {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}

core/rawdb/freezer_utils_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build windows
+// +build windows
+
+package rawdb
+
+// syncDir is a no-op on Windows. Fsyncing a directory handle is not
+// supported and returns "Access is denied".
+func syncDir(name string) error {
+	return nil
+}

core/rawdb/schema.go

@@ -112,6 +112,7 @@ var (
 
 	blockBodyPrefix     = []byte("b") // blockBodyPrefix + num (uint64 big endian) + hash -> block body
 	blockReceiptsPrefix = []byte("r") // blockReceiptsPrefix + num (uint64 big endian) + hash -> block receipts
+	accessListPrefix    = []byte("j") // accessListPrefix + num (uint64 big endian) + hash -> block access list
 
 	txLookupPrefix        = []byte("l") // txLookupPrefix + hash -> transaction/receipt lookup metadata
 	bloomBitsPrefix       = []byte("B") // bloomBitsPrefix + bit (uint16 big endian) + section (uint64 big endian) + hash -> bloom bits
@@ -214,6 +215,11 @@ func blockReceiptsKey(number uint64, hash common.Hash) []byte {
 	return append(append(blockReceiptsPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)
 }
 
+// accessListKey = accessListPrefix + num (uint64 big endian) + hash
+func accessListKey(number uint64, hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(append(accessListPrefix, encodeBlockNumber(number)...), hash.Bytes()...)
+}
+
 // txLookupKey = txLookupPrefix + hash
 func txLookupKey(hash common.Hash) []byte {
 	return append(txLookupPrefix, hash.Bytes()...)

core/state/database.go

@@ -20,13 +20,9 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/overlay"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state/snapshot"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/bintrie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/transitiontrie"
@@ -34,11 +30,34 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
+// DatabaseType represents the type of trie backing the state database.
+type DatabaseType int
+
+const (
+	// TypeMPT indicates a Merkle Patricia Trie (MPT) backed database.
+	TypeMPT DatabaseType = iota
+
+	// TypeUBT indicates a Unified Binary Trie (UBT) backed database.
+	TypeUBT
+)
+
+// Is returns the flag indicating the database type equals to the given one.
+func (typ DatabaseType) Is(t DatabaseType) bool {
+	return typ == t
+}
+
 // Database wraps access to tries and contract code.
 type Database interface {
+	// Type returns the trie type backing this database (MPT or UBT).
+	Type() DatabaseType
+
 	// Reader returns a state reader associated with the specified state root.
 	Reader(root common.Hash) (Reader, error)
 
+	// Iteratee returns a state iteratee associated with the specified state root,
+	// through which the account iterator and storage iterator can be created.
+	Iteratee(root common.Hash) (Iteratee, error)
+
 	// OpenTrie opens the main account trie.
 	OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (Trie, error)
 
@@ -48,13 +67,10 @@ type Database interface {
 	// TrieDB returns the underlying trie database for managing trie nodes.
 	TrieDB() *triedb.Database
 
-	// Snapshot returns the underlying state snapshot.
-	Snapshot() *snapshot.Tree
-
 	// Commit flushes all pending writes and finalizes the state transition,
 	// committing the changes to the underlying storage. It returns an error
 	// if the commit fails.
-	Commit(update *stateUpdate) error
+	Commit(update *StateUpdate) error
 }
 
 // Trie is a Ethereum Merkle Patricia trie.
@@ -138,178 +154,27 @@ type Trie interface {
 	// with the node that proves the absence of the key.
 	Prove(key []byte, proofDb ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error
 
-	// IsVerkle returns true if the trie is verkle-tree based
+	// IsUBT returns true if the trie is unified binary trie based.
-	IsVerkle() bool
+	IsUBT() bool
-}
-
-// CachingDB is an implementation of Database interface. It leverages both trie and
-// state snapshot to provide functionalities for state access. It's meant to be a
-// long-live object and has a few caches inside for sharing between blocks.
-type CachingDB struct {
-	triedb *triedb.Database
-	codedb *CodeDB
-	snap   *snapshot.Tree
 }
 
 // NewDatabase creates a state database with the provided data sources.
-func NewDatabase(triedb *triedb.Database, codedb *CodeDB) *CachingDB {
+//
-	if codedb == nil {
+// Deprecated, please use NewMPTDatabase or NewUBTDatabase directly.
-		codedb = NewCodeDB(triedb.Disk())
+func NewDatabase(tdb *triedb.Database, codedb *CodeDB) Database {
-	}
+	if tdb.IsUBT() {
-	return &CachingDB{
+		return NewUBTDatabase(tdb, codedb)
-		triedb: triedb,
-		codedb: codedb,
 	}
+	return NewMPTDatabase(tdb, codedb)
 }
 
 // NewDatabaseForTesting is similar to NewDatabase, but it initializes the caching
 // db by using an ephemeral memory db with default config for testing.
-func NewDatabaseForTesting() *CachingDB {
+func NewDatabaseForTesting() Database {
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 	return NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil), NewCodeDB(db))
 }
 
-// WithSnapshot configures the provided contract code cache. Note that this
-// registration must be performed before the cachingDB is used.
-func (db *CachingDB) WithSnapshot(snapshot *snapshot.Tree) *CachingDB {
-	db.snap = snapshot
-	return db
-}
-
-// StateReader returns a state reader associated with the specified state root.
-func (db *CachingDB) StateReader(stateRoot common.Hash) (StateReader, error) {
-	var readers []StateReader
-
-	// Configure the state reader using the standalone snapshot in hash mode.
-	// This reader offers improved performance but is optional and only
-	// partially useful if the snapshot is not fully generated.
-	if db.TrieDB().Scheme() == rawdb.HashScheme && db.snap != nil {
-		snap := db.snap.Snapshot(stateRoot)
-		if snap != nil {
-			readers = append(readers, newFlatReader(snap))
-		}
-	}
-	// Configure the state reader using the path database in path mode.
-	// This reader offers improved performance but is optional and only
-	// partially useful if the snapshot data in path database is not
-	// fully generated.
-	if db.TrieDB().Scheme() == rawdb.PathScheme {
-		reader, err := db.triedb.StateReader(stateRoot)
-		if err == nil {
-			readers = append(readers, newFlatReader(reader))
-		}
-	}
-	// Configure the trie reader, which is expected to be available as the
-	// gatekeeper unless the state is corrupted.
-	tr, err := newTrieReader(stateRoot, db.triedb)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	readers = append(readers, tr)
-
-	return newMultiStateReader(readers...)
-}
-
-// Reader implements Database, returning a reader associated with the specified
-// state root.
-func (db *CachingDB) Reader(stateRoot common.Hash) (Reader, error) {
-	sr, err := db.StateReader(stateRoot)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return newReader(db.codedb.Reader(), sr), nil
-}
-
-// ReadersWithCacheStats creates a pair of state readers that share the same
-// underlying state reader and internal state cache, while maintaining separate
-// statistics respectively.
-func (db *CachingDB) ReadersWithCacheStats(stateRoot common.Hash) (Reader, Reader, error) {
-	r, err := db.StateReader(stateRoot)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-	sr := newStateReaderWithCache(r)
-	ra := newReader(db.codedb.Reader(), newStateReaderWithStats(sr))
-	rb := newReader(db.codedb.Reader(), newStateReaderWithStats(sr))
-	return ra, rb, nil
-}
-
-// OpenTrie opens the main account trie at a specific root hash.
-func (db *CachingDB) OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (Trie, error) {
-	if db.triedb.IsVerkle() {
-		ts := overlay.LoadTransitionState(db.TrieDB().Disk(), root, db.triedb.IsVerkle())
-		if ts.InTransition() {
-			panic("state tree transition isn't supported yet")
-		}
-		if ts.Transitioned() {
-			// Use BinaryTrie instead of VerkleTrie when IsVerkle is set
-			// (IsVerkle actually means Binary Trie mode in this codebase)
-			return bintrie.NewBinaryTrie(root, db.triedb)
-		}
-	}
-	tr, err := trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StateTrieID(root), db.triedb)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return tr, nil
-}
-
-// OpenStorageTrie opens the storage trie of an account.
-func (db *CachingDB) OpenStorageTrie(stateRoot common.Hash, address common.Address, root common.Hash, self Trie) (Trie, error) {
-	if db.triedb.IsVerkle() {
-		return self, nil
-	}
-	tr, err := trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StorageTrieID(stateRoot, crypto.Keccak256Hash(address.Bytes()), root), db.triedb)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return tr, nil
-}
-
-// TrieDB retrieves any intermediate trie-node caching layer.
-func (db *CachingDB) TrieDB() *triedb.Database {
-	return db.triedb
-}
-
-// Snapshot returns the underlying state snapshot.
-func (db *CachingDB) Snapshot() *snapshot.Tree {
-	return db.snap
-}
-
-// Commit flushes all pending writes and finalizes the state transition,
-// committing the changes to the underlying storage. It returns an error
-// if the commit fails.
-func (db *CachingDB) Commit(update *stateUpdate) error {
-	// Short circuit if nothing to commit
-	if update.empty() {
-		return nil
-	}
-	// Commit dirty contract code if any exists
-	if len(update.codes) > 0 {
-		batch := db.codedb.NewBatchWithSize(len(update.codes))
-		for _, code := range update.codes {
-			batch.Put(code.hash, code.blob)
-		}
-		if err := batch.Commit(); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	// If snapshotting is enabled, update the snapshot tree with this new version
-	if db.snap != nil && db.snap.Snapshot(update.originRoot) != nil {
-		if err := db.snap.Update(update.root, update.originRoot, update.accounts, update.storages); err != nil {
-			log.Warn("Failed to update snapshot tree", "from", update.originRoot, "to", update.root, "err", err)
-		}
-		// Keep 128 diff layers in the memory, persistent layer is 129th.
-		// - head layer is paired with HEAD state
-		// - head-1 layer is paired with HEAD-1 state
-		// - head-127 layer(bottom-most diff layer) is paired with HEAD-127 state
-		if err := db.snap.Cap(update.root, TriesInMemory); err != nil {
-			log.Warn("Failed to cap snapshot tree", "root", update.root, "layers", TriesInMemory, "err", err)
-		}
-	}
-	return db.triedb.Update(update.root, update.originRoot, update.blockNumber, update.nodes, update.stateSet())
-}
-
 // mustCopyTrie returns a deep-copied trie.
 func mustCopyTrie(t Trie) Trie {
 	switch t := t.(type) {
@@ -317,6 +182,8 @@ func mustCopyTrie(t Trie) Trie {
 		return t.Copy()
 	case *transitiontrie.TransitionTrie:
 		return t.Copy()
+	case *bintrie.BinaryTrie:
+		return t.Copy()
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown trie type %T", t))
 	}