core: improve EIP-8037 implementations

cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/transaction.go

@@ -133,8 +133,7 @@ func Transaction(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		}
 		// Check intrinsic gas
 		rules := chainConfig.Rules(common.Big0, true, 0)
-		gasCostPerStateByte := core.CostPerStateByte(&types.Header{}, chainConfig)
+		cost, err := core.IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.AccessList(), tx.SetCodeAuthorizations(), tx.To() == nil, rules, params.CostPerStateByte)
-		cost, err := core.IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.AccessList(), tx.SetCodeAuthorizations(), tx.To() == nil, rules, gasCostPerStateByte)
 		if err != nil {
 			r.Error = err
 			results = append(results, r)

core/bench_test.go

@@ -89,8 +89,7 @@ func genValueTx(nbytes int) func(int, *BlockGen) {
 	data := make([]byte, nbytes)
 	return func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
 		toaddr := common.Address{}
-		gasCostPerStateByte := CostPerStateByte(gen.header, gen.cm.config)
+		cost, _ := IntrinsicGas(data, nil, nil, false, params.Rules{}, params.CostPerStateByte)
-		cost, _ := IntrinsicGas(data, nil, nil, false, params.Rules{}, gasCostPerStateByte)
 		signer := gen.Signer()
 		gasPrice := big.NewInt(0)
 		if gen.header.BaseFee != nil {

core/chain_makers.go

@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ func (b *BlockGen) AddTxWithChain(bc *BlockChain, tx *types.Transaction) {
 // been set, the block's coinbase is set to the zero address.
 // The evm interpreter can be customized with the provided vm config.
 func (b *BlockGen) AddTxWithVMConfig(tx *types.Transaction, config vm.Config) {
-	b.addTx(&BlockChain{chainConfig: b.cm.config}, config, tx)
+	b.addTx(nil, config, tx)
 }
 
 // GetBalance returns the balance of the given address at the generated block.

core/evm.go

@@ -80,19 +80,10 @@ func NewEVMBlockContext(header *types.Header, chain ChainContext, author *common
 		GasLimit:         header.GasLimit,
 		Random:           random,
 		SlotNum:          slotNum,
-		CostPerStateByte: CostPerStateByte(header, chain.Config()),
+		CostPerStateByte: params.CostPerStateByte,
 	}
 }
 
-// CostPerStateByte computes the cost per one byte of state creation
-// after EIP-8037.
-func CostPerStateByte(header *types.Header, config *params.ChainConfig) uint64 {
-	if !config.IsAmsterdam(header.Number, header.Time) {
-		return 0
-	}
-	return params.CostPerStateByte
-}
-
 // NewEVMTxContext creates a new transaction context for a single transaction.
 func NewEVMTxContext(msg *Message) vm.TxContext {
 	ctx := vm.TxContext{

core/gaspool.go

@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ func NewGasPool(amount uint64) *GasPool {
 	}
 }
 
-// SubGas deducts the given amount from the pool if enough gas is
+// CheckGasLegacy deducts the given amount from the pool if enough gas is
 // available and returns an error otherwise.
-func (gp *GasPool) SubGas(amount uint64) error {
+func (gp *GasPool) CheckGasLegacy(amount uint64) error {
 	if gp.remaining < amount {
 		return ErrGasLimitReached
 	}
@@ -65,31 +65,24 @@ func (gp *GasPool) CheckGasAmsterdam(regularReservation, stateReservation uint64
 	return nil
 }
 
-// ReturnGas adds the refunded gas back to the pool and updates
+// ChargeGasLegacy adds the refunded gas back to the pool and updates
 // the cumulative gas usage accordingly.
-func (gp *GasPool) ReturnGas(returned uint64, gasUsed uint64) error {
+func (gp *GasPool) ChargeGasLegacy(returned uint64, gasUsed uint64) error {
 	if gp.remaining > math.MaxUint64-returned {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: remaining: %d, returned: %d", ErrGasLimitOverflow, gp.remaining, returned)
 	}
-	// The returned gas calculation differs across forks.
+	// returned = purchased - remaining (refund included)
-	//
-	// - Pre-Amsterdam:
-	//   returned = purchased - remaining (refund included)
-	//
-	// - Post-Amsterdam:
-	//   returned = purchased - gasUsed (refund excluded)
 	gp.remaining += returned
 
 	// gasUsed = max(txGasUsed - gasRefund, calldataFloorGasCost)
-	// regardless of Amsterdam is activated or not.
 	gp.cumulativeUsed += gasUsed
 	return nil
 }
 
 // ChargeGasAmsterdam calculates the new remaining gas in the pool after the
 // execution of a message. Previously we subtracted and re-added gas to the
-// gaspool. After Amsterdam we only check if we can include the transaction and charge the
+// gaspool. After Amsterdam we only check if we can include the transaction
-// gaspool at the end.
+// and charge the gaspool at the end.
 func (gp *GasPool) ChargeGasAmsterdam(txRegular, txState, receiptGasUsed uint64) error {
 	gp.cumulativeRegular += txRegular
 	gp.cumulativeState += txState

core/state/statedb.go

@@ -683,34 +683,6 @@ func (s *StateDB) IsNewContract(addr common.Address) bool {
 	return obj.newContract
 }
 
-// SameTxSelfDestructs returns the addresses that were both created and
-// self-destructed in the current transaction (EIP-6780).
-func (s *StateDB) SameTxSelfDestructs() []common.Address {
-	var out []common.Address
-	for addr, obj := range s.stateObjects {
-		if obj.newContract && obj.selfDestructed {
-			out = append(out, addr)
-		}
-	}
-	return out
-}
-
-// NewStorageSlotCount returns the number of storage slots that were written
-// to a non-zero value in the current transaction on the given account.
-func (s *StateDB) NewStorageSlotCount(addr common.Address) int {
-	obj, ok := s.stateObjects[addr]
-	if !ok {
-		return 0
-	}
-	var count int
-	for _, v := range obj.dirtyStorage {
-		if v != (common.Hash{}) {
-			count++
-		}
-	}
-	return count
-}
-
 // Copy creates a deep, independent copy of the state.
 // Snapshots of the copied state cannot be applied to the copy.
 func (s *StateDB) Copy() *StateDB {

core/state/statedb_hooked.go

@@ -59,14 +59,6 @@ func (s *hookedStateDB) IsNewContract(addr common.Address) bool {
 	return s.inner.IsNewContract(addr)
 }
 
-func (s *hookedStateDB) SameTxSelfDestructs() []common.Address {
-	return s.inner.SameTxSelfDestructs()
-}
-
-func (s *hookedStateDB) NewStorageSlotCount(addr common.Address) int {
-	return s.inner.NewStorageSlotCount(addr)
-}
-
 func (s *hookedStateDB) GetBalance(addr common.Address) *uint256.Int {
 	return s.inner.GetBalance(addr)
 }

core/state_processor.go

@@ -277,9 +277,15 @@ func ProcessBeaconBlockRoot(beaconRoot common.Hash, evm *vm.EVM, blockAccessList
 			defer tracer.OnSystemCallEnd()
 		}
 	}
+	// SYSTEM_MAX_SSTORES_PER_CALL = 16 is the upper bound on the number of
+	// new storage slots a single system call is expected to write.
+	//
+	// This value matches MAX_WITHDRAWAL_REQUESTS_PER_BLOCK (EIP-7002), the
+	// largest per-block bound across the existing system contracts.
+	stateBudget := params.SystemMaxSStoresPerCall * evm.Context.CostPerStateByte * params.StorageCreationSize
 	msg := &Message{
 		From:      params.SystemAddress,
-		GasLimit:  30_000_000,
+		GasLimit:  30_000_000 + stateBudget,
 		GasPrice:  uint256.NewInt(0),
 		GasFeeCap: uint256.NewInt(0),
 		GasTipCap: uint256.NewInt(0),
@@ -290,7 +296,7 @@ func ProcessBeaconBlockRoot(beaconRoot common.Hash, evm *vm.EVM, blockAccessList
 	evm.StateDB.Prepare(evm.GetRules(), common.Address{}, common.Address{}, nil, nil, nil)
 	evm.StateDB.SetTxContext(common.Hash{}, 0, 0)
 	evm.StateDB.AddAddressToAccessList(params.BeaconRootsAddress)
-	_, _, _ = evm.Call(msg.From, *msg.To, msg.Data, vm.NewGasBudget(30_000_000, 0), common.U2560)
+	_, _, _ = evm.Call(msg.From, *msg.To, msg.Data, vm.NewGasBudget(30_000_000, stateBudget), common.U2560)
 	if evm.StateDB.AccessEvents() != nil {
 		evm.StateDB.AccessEvents().Merge(evm.AccessEvents)
 	}
@@ -306,9 +312,15 @@ func ProcessParentBlockHash(prevHash common.Hash, evm *vm.EVM, blockAccessList *
 			defer tracer.OnSystemCallEnd()
 		}
 	}
+	// SYSTEM_MAX_SSTORES_PER_CALL = 16 is the upper bound on the number of
+	// new storage slots a single system call is expected to write.
+	//
+	// This value matches MAX_WITHDRAWAL_REQUESTS_PER_BLOCK (EIP-7002), the
+	// largest per-block bound across the existing system contracts.
+	stateBudget := params.SystemMaxSStoresPerCall * evm.Context.CostPerStateByte * params.StorageCreationSize
 	msg := &Message{
 		From:      params.SystemAddress,
-		GasLimit:  30_000_000,
+		GasLimit:  30_000_000 + stateBudget,
 		GasPrice:  uint256.NewInt(0),
 		GasFeeCap: uint256.NewInt(0),
 		GasTipCap: uint256.NewInt(0),
@@ -319,7 +331,7 @@ func ProcessParentBlockHash(prevHash common.Hash, evm *vm.EVM, blockAccessList *
 	evm.StateDB.Prepare(evm.GetRules(), common.Address{}, common.Address{}, nil, nil, nil)
 	evm.StateDB.SetTxContext(common.Hash{}, 0, 0)
 	evm.StateDB.AddAddressToAccessList(params.HistoryStorageAddress)
-	_, _, err := evm.Call(msg.From, *msg.To, msg.Data, vm.NewGasBudget(30_000_000, 0), common.U2560)
+	_, _, err := evm.Call(msg.From, *msg.To, msg.Data, vm.NewGasBudget(30_000_000, stateBudget), common.U2560)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -348,9 +360,15 @@ func processRequestsSystemCall(requests *[][]byte, rules params.Rules, evm *vm.E
 			defer tracer.OnSystemCallEnd()
 		}
 	}
+	// SYSTEM_MAX_SSTORES_PER_CALL = 16 is the upper bound on the number of
+	// new storage slots a single system call is expected to write.
+	//
+	// This value matches MAX_WITHDRAWAL_REQUESTS_PER_BLOCK (EIP-7002), the
+	// largest per-block bound across the existing system contracts.
+	stateBudget := params.SystemMaxSStoresPerCall * evm.Context.CostPerStateByte * params.StorageCreationSize
 	msg := &Message{
 		From:      params.SystemAddress,
-		GasLimit:  30_000_000,
+		GasLimit:  30_000_000 + stateBudget,
 		GasPrice:  uint256.NewInt(0),
 		GasFeeCap: uint256.NewInt(0),
 		GasTipCap: uint256.NewInt(0),
@@ -360,7 +378,7 @@ func processRequestsSystemCall(requests *[][]byte, rules params.Rules, evm *vm.E
 	evm.StateDB.Prepare(rules, common.Address{}, common.Address{}, nil, nil, nil)
 	evm.StateDB.SetTxContext(common.Hash{}, 0, blockAccessIndex)
 	evm.StateDB.AddAddressToAccessList(addr)
-	ret, _, err := evm.Call(msg.From, *msg.To, msg.Data, vm.NewGasBudget(30_000_000, 0), common.U2560)
+	ret, _, err := evm.Call(msg.From, *msg.To, msg.Data, vm.NewGasBudget(30_000_000, stateBudget), common.U2560)
 	if evm.StateDB.AccessEvents() != nil {
 		evm.StateDB.AccessEvents().Merge(evm.AccessEvents)
 	}

core/state_transition.go

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/kzg4844"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
@@ -375,6 +376,24 @@ func (st *stateTransition) to() common.Address {
 	return *st.msg.To
 }
 
+// buyGas pre-pays gas from the sender's balance and initializes the
+// transaction's gas budget. It is invoked at the tail of preCheck.
+//
+// The balance requirement is the worst-case ETH the tx may need to lock
+// up: `msg.GasLimit × max(msg.GasPrice, msg.GasFeeCap) + msg.Value`,
+// plus `blobGas × msg.BlobGasFeeCap` under Cancun. Insufficient balance
+// returns ErrInsufficientFunds. After the check, the sender is actually
+// debited `msg.GasLimit × msg.GasPrice` (plus `blobGas × blobBaseFee`
+// under Cancun), the cap-vs-tip differential is settled at tx end.
+//
+// The gas budget is seeded into both `initialBudget` (frozen snapshot
+// for tx-end accounting) and `gasRemaining` (live running balance):
+//
+//   - Pre-Amsterdam: one-dimensional regular budget equal to
+//     `msg.GasLimit`; the state-gas reservoir is zero.
+//   - Amsterdam+ (EIP-8037): two-dimensional budget. Regular gas is
+//     capped at `MaxTxGas` (EIP-7825, 16_777_216); any excess from
+//     `msg.GasLimit` above that cap becomes the state-gas reservoir.
 func (st *stateTransition) buyGas() error {
 	mgval := new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(st.msg.GasLimit)
 	_, overflow := mgval.MulOverflow(mgval, st.msg.GasPrice)
@@ -428,7 +447,7 @@ func (st *stateTransition) buyGas() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v have %v want %v", ErrInsufficientFunds, st.msg.From.Hex(), have, want)
 	}
 
-	// After Amsterdam we limit the regular gas to 16k, the data gas to the transaction limit
+	// After Amsterdam we limit the regular gas to 16M, the data gas to the transaction limit
 	limit := st.msg.GasLimit
 	if st.evm.ChainConfig().IsAmsterdam(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber, st.evm.Context.Time) {
 		limit = min(st.msg.GasLimit, params.MaxTxGas)
@@ -437,13 +456,32 @@ func (st *stateTransition) buyGas() error {
 	st.gasRemaining = st.initialBudget.Copy()
 
 	if st.evm.Config.Tracer.HasGasHook() {
-		empty := vm.GasBudget{}
+		st.evm.Config.Tracer.EmitGasChange(tracing.Gas{}, st.gasRemaining.AsTracing(), tracing.GasChangeTxInitialBalance)
-		st.evm.Config.Tracer.EmitGasChange(empty.AsTracing(), st.gasRemaining.AsTracing(), tracing.GasChangeTxInitialBalance)
 	}
+	// Deduct the gas cost from the sender's balance
 	st.state.SubBalance(st.msg.From, mgval, tracing.BalanceDecreaseGasBuy)
 	return nil
 }
 
+// preCheck performs all pre-execution validation that does not require
+// the EVM to run, then ends by calling buyGas to lock in the gas budget.
+// It returns a consensus error if any of the following fail:
+//
+//   - Sender nonce matches state and is not at 2^64-1 (EIP-2681).
+//   - EIP-7825 per-tx gas-limit cap on Osaka chains pre-Amsterdam
+//     (the cap also bounds the regular dimension after Amsterdam, but
+//     it is enforced there via the two-dimensional budget in buyGas).
+//   - EIP-3607 sender-is-EOA, allowing accounts whose only code is an
+//     EIP-7702 delegation designator.
+//   - EIP-1559 fee-cap, tip-cap and base-fee constraints (London+).
+//   - Blob-tx structural checks: non-nil `To`, non-empty hash list,
+//     valid KZG versioned hashes, count below `BlobTxMaxBlobs` (Osaka+).
+//   - Blob fee-cap not below the current blob base fee (Cancun+).
+//   - EIP-7702 set-code-tx shape: non-nil `To` and non-empty
+//     authorization list.
+//
+// The SkipNonceChecks / SkipTransactionChecks / NoBaseFee flags bypass
+// subsets of these checks for simulation paths (eth_call, eth_estimateGas).
 func (st *stateTransition) preCheck() error {
 	// Only check transactions that are not fake
 	msg := st.msg
@@ -461,8 +499,10 @@ func (st *stateTransition) preCheck() error {
 				msg.From.Hex(), stNonce)
 		}
 	}
-	isOsaka := st.evm.ChainConfig().IsOsaka(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber, st.evm.Context.Time)
+	var (
-	isAmsterdam := st.evm.ChainConfig().IsAmsterdam(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber, st.evm.Context.Time)
+		isOsaka     = st.evm.ChainConfig().IsOsaka(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber, st.evm.Context.Time)
+		isAmsterdam = st.evm.ChainConfig().IsAmsterdam(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber, st.evm.Context.Time)
+	)
 	if !msg.SkipTransactionChecks {
 		// Verify tx gas limit does not exceed EIP-7825 cap.
 		if !isAmsterdam && isOsaka && msg.GasLimit > params.MaxTxGas {
@@ -539,28 +579,72 @@ func (st *stateTransition) preCheck() error {
 	return st.buyGas()
 }
 
-// execute will transition the state by applying the current message and
+// reserveBlockGasBudget checks if the remaining gas budget in the block pool is
-// returning the evm execution result with following fields.
+// sufficient for including this transaction.
-//
+func (st *stateTransition) reserveBlockGasBudget(rules params.Rules, gasLimit uint64, intrinsicCost vm.GasCosts) error {
-//   - used gas: total gas used (including gas being refunded)
+	var err error
-//   - returndata: the returned data from evm
+	if rules.IsAmsterdam {
-//   - concrete execution error: various EVM errors which abort the execution, e.g.
+		// EIP-8037 per-tx 2D block-inclusion check. For each dimension,
-//     ErrOutOfGas, ErrExecutionReverted
+		// the worst-case contribution is tx.gas minus the other
-//
+		// dimension's intrinsic (capped at MaxTxGas for the regular
-// However if any consensus issue encountered, return the error directly with
+		// dimension).
-// nil evm execution result.
+		regularReservation := gasLimit
-func (st *stateTransition) execute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
+		if regularReservation > intrinsicCost.StateGas {
-	// First check this message satisfies all consensus rules before
+			regularReservation -= intrinsicCost.StateGas
-	// applying the message. The rules include these clauses
+		} else {
-	//
+			regularReservation = 0
-	// 1. the nonce of the message caller is correct
+		}
-	// 2. caller has enough balance to cover transaction fee(gaslimit * gasprice)
+		regularReservation = min(regularReservation, params.MaxTxGas)
-	// 3. the amount of gas required is available in the block
-	// 4. the purchased gas is enough to cover intrinsic usage
-	// 5. there is no overflow when calculating intrinsic gas
-	// 6. caller has enough balance to cover asset transfer for **topmost** call
 
-	// Check clauses 1-3, buy gas if everything is correct
+		stateReservation := gasLimit
+		if stateReservation > intrinsicCost.RegularGas {
+			stateReservation -= intrinsicCost.RegularGas
+		} else {
+			stateReservation = 0
+		}
+		err = st.gp.CheckGasAmsterdam(regularReservation, stateReservation)
+	} else {
+		err = st.gp.CheckGasLegacy(gasLimit)
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// execute transitions the state by applying the current message and
+// returns the EVM execution result with the following fields:
+//
+//   - used gas: total gas used, including gas refunded
+//   - peak used gas: maximum gas used before applying refunds
+//   - returndata: data returned by the EVM
+//   - execution error: EVM-level errors that abort execution, such as
+//     ErrOutOfGas or ErrExecutionReverted
+//
+// If a consensus error is encountered, it is returned directly with a
+// nil EVM execution result.
+func (st *stateTransition) execute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
+	// The state-transition pipeline below runs in stages. Each stage may
+	// abort with a consensus error before the EVM is invoked:
+	//
+	//   1. preCheck:   nonce, fee-cap, blob and EIP-7702 structural
+	//                  checks; ends by calling buyGas to debit the
+	//                  sender and seed the two-dimensional gas budget
+	//                  (EIP-8037).
+	//   2. Intrinsic:  charges the intrinsic regular + state cost from
+	//                  the running budget with overflow detection.
+	//   3. Block pool: per-dimension inclusion reservation against the
+	//                  block gas pool (two-dimensional after Amsterdam,
+	//                  EIP-8037).
+	//   4. Floor pre:  EIP-7623 calldata floor must fit in the gas allowance.
+	//   5. Top-call:   run the top-most call, ensuring sender can cover
+	//                  the value transfer of the top call frame; init-code
+	//                  size respects the cap.
+	//
+	// After the EVM has run, the result path applies EIP-8037 state-gas
+	// refunds, the EIP-3529 regular-refund cap, and the EIP-7623 scalar
+	// floor (`tx_gas_used = max(tx_gas_used_after_refund, floor)`),
+	// returns leftover gas to the sender, settles the block pool and
+	// pays the coinbase tip.
+
+	// Stage 1: validate the message and pre-pay gas.
 	if err := st.preCheck(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -572,7 +656,9 @@ func (st *stateTransition) execute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 		floorDataGas     uint64
 	)
 
-	// Check clauses 4-5, subtract intrinsic gas if everything is correct
+	// Stage 2: charge intrinsic gas (with overflow detection inside
+	// IntrinsicGas). Under Amsterdam the cost is two-dimensional and
+	// Charge debits both regular and state in one step.
 	cost, err := IntrinsicGas(msg.Data, msg.AccessList, msg.SetCodeAuthorizations, contractCreation, rules, st.evm.Context.CostPerStateByte)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -585,62 +671,33 @@ func (st *stateTransition) execute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 		st.evm.Config.Tracer.EmitGasChange(prior.AsTracing(), st.gasRemaining.AsTracing(), tracing.GasChangeTxIntrinsicGas)
 	}
 
-	// Check if we have enough gas in the block
+	// Stage 3: reserve this tx's share of the block gas pool. Under
-	if rules.IsAmsterdam {
+	// Amsterdam this is a two-dimensional per-tx inclusion check; before
-		// EIP-8037 per-tx 2D block-inclusion check. For each dimension,
+	// Amsterdam it is a single scalar subtraction.
-		// the worst-case contribution is tx.gas minus the other
+	if err := st.reserveBlockGasBudget(rules, msg.GasLimit, cost); err != nil {
-		// dimension's intrinsic (capped at MaxTxGas for the regular
+		return nil, err
-		// dimension).
-		regularReservation := msg.GasLimit
-		if regularReservation > cost.StateGas {
-			regularReservation -= cost.StateGas
-		} else {
-			regularReservation = 0
-		}
-		regularReservation = min(regularReservation, params.MaxTxGas)
-
-		stateReservation := msg.GasLimit
-		if stateReservation > cost.RegularGas {
-			stateReservation -= cost.RegularGas
-		} else {
-			stateReservation = 0
-		}
-		if err := st.gp.CheckGasAmsterdam(regularReservation, stateReservation); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	} else {
-		if err := st.gp.SubGas(msg.GasLimit); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
 	}
 
-	// Compute the floor data cost (EIP-7623), needed for both Prague and Amsterdam validation.
+	// Stage 4: validate the EIP-7623 calldata floor against the gas limit.
+	// The floor inflates the total gas usage at tx end, so the gas limit
+	// must be sufficient to cover that.
 	if rules.IsPrague {
 		floorDataGas, err = FloorDataGas(rules, msg.Data, msg.AccessList)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
+		// Make sure the transaction has sufficient gas allowance to
+		// pay the floor cost.
 		if msg.GasLimit < floorDataGas {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: have %d, want %d", ErrIntrinsicGas, msg.GasLimit, floorDataGas)
 		}
-	}
+		// In Amsterdam, the transaction gas limit is allowed to exceed
-
+		// params.MaxTxGas, but the calldata floor cost is capped by it.
-	if rules.IsAmsterdam {
+		if rules.IsAmsterdam {
-		if cost.Sum() > msg.GasLimit {
+			if max(cost.RegularGas, floorDataGas) > params.MaxTxGas {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: have %d, want %d", ErrIntrinsicGas, msg.GasLimit, cost.Sum())
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: regular intrisic cost %v, floor: %v", ErrFloorDataGas, cost.RegularGas, floorDataGas)
+			}
 		}
-		// RegularGas must by < 16M
-		maxRegularGas := max(cost.RegularGas, floorDataGas)
-		if maxRegularGas > params.MaxTxGas {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: max regular gas %d exceeds limit %d", ErrIntrinsicGas, maxRegularGas, params.MaxTxGas)
-		}
-	}
-	before, ok := st.gasRemaining.Charge(cost)
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: have %d, want %d", ErrIntrinsicGas, st.gasRemaining.RegularGas, cost.RegularGas)
-	}
-	if st.evm.Config.Tracer.HasGasHook() {
-		st.evm.Config.Tracer.EmitGasChange(before.AsTracing(), st.gasRemaining.AsTracing(), tracing.GasChangeTxIntrinsicGas)
 	}
 
 	if rules.IsEIP4762 {
@@ -651,7 +708,8 @@ func (st *stateTransition) execute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Check clause 6
+	// Stage 5: top-call affordability, the sender must still be able
+	// to cover the value transfer of the top frame after gas pre-pay.
 	value := msg.Value
 	if value == nil {
 		value = new(uint256.Int)
@@ -689,7 +747,7 @@ func (st *stateTransition) execute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 		if msg.SetCodeAuthorizations != nil {
 			for _, auth := range msg.SetCodeAuthorizations {
 				// Note errors are ignored, we simply skip invalid authorizations here.
-				_ = st.applyAuthorization(rules, &auth)
+				st.applyAuthorization(rules, &auth)
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -706,58 +764,44 @@ func (st *stateTransition) execute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 		ret, result, vmerr = st.evm.Call(msg.From, st.to(), msg.Data, st.gasRemaining.ForwardAll(), value)
 		st.gasRemaining.Absorb(result)
 	}
+	// If this was a failed contract creation, refund the account creation costs.
 	if rules.IsAmsterdam {
-		if vmerr != nil {
+		if vmerr != nil && contractCreation {
-			// If this was a contract creation, refund the account creation costs.
+			refund := params.AccountCreationSize * st.evm.Context.CostPerStateByte
-			if contractCreation {
+			st.gasRemaining.RefundState(refund)
-				refund := params.AccountCreationSize * st.evm.Context.CostPerStateByte
-				st.gasRemaining.RefundState(refund)
-			}
-		} else {
-			// Compute refunds for selfdestructed slots
-			cpsb := st.evm.Context.CostPerStateByte
-			var sdRefund uint64
-			for _, addr := range st.state.SameTxSelfDestructs() {
-				r := params.AccountCreationSize * cpsb
-				r += uint64(st.state.NewStorageSlotCount(addr)) * params.StorageCreationSize * cpsb
-				r += uint64(st.state.GetCodeSize(addr)) * cpsb
-				sdRefund += r
-			}
-			if sdRefund > 0 {
-				st.gasRemaining.RefundState(sdRefund)
-			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Record the gas used excluding gas refunds. This value represents the actual
 	// gas allowance required to complete execution.
 	peakGasUsed := st.gasUsed()
+	peakRegular := st.gasRemaining.UsedRegularGas
 
 	// Compute refund counter, capped to a refund quotient.
 	st.gasRemaining.RefundRegular(st.calcRefund())
 
 	if rules.IsPrague {
-		// After EIP-7623: Data-heavy transactions pay the floor gas.
+		// We can always guarantee that the initial regular gas allowance
+		// is sufficient to cover the floor cost.
+		//
+		// Pre-Amsterdam, there is a single dimension and gas limit is greater
+		// than the floor cost.
+		//
+		// Since Amsterdam:
+		// - If GasLimit <= 16M, the state reservoir is initialized to 0,
+		//   and regular_gas_budget >= floor_cost always holds.
+		// - If GasLimit > 16M, the state reservoir is non-zero, while
+		//   regular_gas_budget == 16M, which is still guaranteed to be
+		//   greater than the floor cost. The extra cost should be deducted
+		//   from the regular even the state reservoir is non-zero.
 		if used := st.gasUsed(); used < floorDataGas {
-			/*
+			prior, _ := st.gasRemaining.ChargeRegular(floorDataGas - used)
-				prior, _ := st.gasRemaining.Charge(vm.GasCosts{RegularGas: floorDataGas - used})
+			if st.evm.Config.Tracer.HasGasHook() {
-				if st.evm.Config.Tracer.HasGasHook() {
+				st.evm.Config.Tracer.EmitGasChange(prior.AsTracing(), st.gasRemaining.AsTracing(), tracing.GasChangeTxDataFloor)
-					st.evm.Config.Tracer.EmitGasChange(prior.AsTracing(), st.gasRemaining.AsTracing(), tracing.GasChangeTxDataFloor)
-				}
-			*/
-			prev := st.gasRemaining.RegularGas
-			// When the calldata floor exceeds actual gas used, any
-			// remaining state gas must also be consumed.
-			targetRemaining := (st.initialBudget.RegularGas + st.initialBudget.StateGas) - floorDataGas
-			st.gasRemaining.StateGas = 0
-			st.gasRemaining.RegularGas = targetRemaining
-			if t := st.evm.Config.Tracer; t != nil && t.OnGasChange != nil {
-				t.OnGasChange(prev, st.gasRemaining.RegularGas, tracing.GasChangeTxDataFloor)
 			}
 		}
-		if peakGasUsed < floorDataGas {
+		peakGasUsed = max(peakGasUsed, floorDataGas)
-			peakGasUsed = floorDataGas
+		peakRegular = max(peakRegular, floorDataGas)
-		}
 	}
 
 	returned := st.returnGas()
@@ -766,19 +810,21 @@ func (st *stateTransition) execute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 		// st.gasRemaining.UsedRegularGas / UsedStateGas already include both
 		// the intrinsic charge (from st.gasRemaining.Charge(cost) above) and
 		// the per-frame exec contributions absorbed from evm.Call / evm.Create.
-		// UsedStateGas may be negative when inline refunds (SSTORE 0→x→0,
+		//
-		// CREATE-failure refund, 7702 auth refund, same-tx-SD refund) exceed
+		// UsedStateGas should never become negative in the top-most frame, since
-		// intrinsic + exec state charges. Clamp at 0.
+		// state gas refunds only occur when state creation is reverted within the
+		// same transaction, while clearing pre-existing state is never refunded.
 		var txState uint64
-		if st.gasRemaining.UsedStateGas > 0 {
+		if st.gasRemaining.UsedStateGas >= 0 {
 			txState = uint64(st.gasRemaining.UsedStateGas)
+		} else {
+			log.Error("Negative top-most frame state gas usage", "amount", st.gasRemaining.UsedStateGas)
 		}
-		txRegular := max(st.gasRemaining.UsedRegularGas, floorDataGas)
+		if err := st.gp.ChargeGasAmsterdam(peakRegular, txState, st.gasUsed()); err != nil {
-		if err := st.gp.ChargeGasAmsterdam(txRegular, txState, st.gasUsed()); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	} else {
-		if err = st.gp.ReturnGas(returned, st.gasUsed()); err != nil {
+		if err = st.gp.ChargeGasLegacy(returned, st.gasUsed()); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
@@ -909,18 +955,15 @@ func (st *stateTransition) calcRefund() uint64 {
 	return refund
 }
 
-// returnGas returns ETH for remaining gas,
+// returnGas returns ETH for remaining gas, exchanged at the original rate.
-// exchanged at the original rate.
 func (st *stateTransition) returnGas() uint64 {
 	gas := st.gasRemaining.RegularGas + st.gasRemaining.StateGas
 	remaining := uint256.NewInt(st.gasRemaining.RegularGas)
 	remaining.Mul(remaining, st.msg.GasPrice)
 	st.state.AddBalance(st.msg.From, remaining, tracing.BalanceIncreaseGasReturn)
 
-	if st.gasRemaining.RegularGas > 0 && st.evm.Config.Tracer.HasGasHook() {
+	if !st.gasRemaining.IsZero() && st.evm.Config.Tracer.HasGasHook() {
-		after := st.gasRemaining
+		st.evm.Config.Tracer.EmitGasChange(st.gasRemaining.AsTracing(), tracing.Gas{}, tracing.GasChangeTxLeftOverReturned)
-		after.RegularGas = 0
-		st.evm.Config.Tracer.EmitGasChange(st.gasRemaining.AsTracing(), after.AsTracing(), tracing.GasChangeTxLeftOverReturned)
 	}
 	return gas
 }

core/tracing/hooks.go

@@ -472,6 +472,10 @@ const (
 	// transaction data. This change will always be a negative change.
 	GasChangeTxDataFloor GasChangeReason = 19
 
+	// GasChangeStateGasRefund represents the amount of pre-charged state gas
+	// refunded back to the state reservoir.
+	GasChangeStateGasRefund GasChangeReason = 20
+
 	// GasChangeIgnored is a special value that can be used to indicate that the gas change should be ignored as
 	// it will be "manually" tracked by a direct emit of the gas change event.
 	GasChangeIgnored GasChangeReason = 0xFF

core/txpool/validation.go

@@ -125,8 +125,7 @@ func ValidateTransaction(tx *types.Transaction, head *types.Header, signer types
 	}
 	// Ensure the transaction has more gas than the bare minimum needed to cover
 	// the transaction metadata
-	gasCostPerStateByte := core.CostPerStateByte(head, opts.Config)
+	intrGas, err := core.IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.AccessList(), tx.SetCodeAuthorizations(), tx.To() == nil, rules, params.CostPerStateByte)
-	intrGas, err := core.IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.AccessList(), tx.SetCodeAuthorizations(), tx.To() == nil, rules, gasCostPerStateByte)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -139,9 +138,18 @@ func ValidateTransaction(tx *types.Transaction, head *types.Header, signer types
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
+		// Make sure the transaction has sufficient gas allowance to
+		// pay the floor cost.
 		if tx.Gas() < floorDataGas {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w: gas %v, minimum needed %v", core.ErrFloorDataGas, tx.Gas(), floorDataGas)
 		}
+		// In Amsterdam, the transaction gas limit is allowed to exceed
+		// params.MaxTxGas, but the calldata floor cost is capped by it.
+		if rules.IsAmsterdam {
+			if max(intrGas.RegularGas, floorDataGas) > params.MaxTxGas {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%w: regular intrisic cost %v, floor: %v", core.ErrFloorDataGas, intrGas.RegularGas, floorDataGas)
+			}
+		}
 	}
 	// Ensure the gasprice is high enough to cover the requirement of the calling pool
 	if tx.GasTipCapIntCmp(opts.MinTip) < 0 {

core/vm/contract.go

@@ -152,9 +152,19 @@ func (c *Contract) chargeState(s uint64, logger *tracing.Hooks, reason tracing.G
 	return true
 }
 
-// RefundGas absorbs a sub-call's leftover GasBudget into this contract's gas
+// refundState refunds the pre-charged state gas back to state reservoir.
+func (c *Contract) refundState(s uint64, logger *tracing.Hooks, reason tracing.GasChangeReason) {
+	prior := c.Gas
+	c.Gas.RefundState(s)
+
+	if s != 0 && logger.HasGasHook() && reason != tracing.GasChangeIgnored {
+		logger.EmitGasChange(prior.AsTracing(), c.Gas.AsTracing(), reason)
+	}
+}
+
+// refundGas absorbs a sub-call's leftover GasBudget into this contract's gas
 // state. Thin wrapper around GasBudget.Absorb with tracer integration.
-func (c *Contract) RefundGas(child GasBudget, logger *tracing.Hooks, reason tracing.GasChangeReason) {
+func (c *Contract) refundGas(child GasBudget, logger *tracing.Hooks, reason tracing.GasChangeReason) {
 	prior := c.Gas
 	c.Gas.Absorb(child)
 	if logger.HasGasHook() && reason != tracing.GasChangeIgnored {

core/vm/contracts.go

@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ func ActivePrecompiles(rules params.Rules) []common.Address {
 // - any error that occurred
 func RunPrecompiledContract(stateDB StateDB, p PrecompiledContract, address common.Address, input []byte, gas GasBudget, logger *tracing.Hooks, rules params.Rules) (ret []byte, remaining GasBudget, err error) {
 	gasCost := p.RequiredGas(input)
-	prior, ok := gas.Charge(GasCosts{RegularGas: gasCost})
+	prior, ok := gas.ChargeRegular(gasCost)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, gas, ErrOutOfGas
 	}

core/vm/evm.go

@@ -299,11 +299,7 @@ func (evm *EVM) Call(caller common.Address, addr common.Address, input []byte, g
 	}
 
 	if isPrecompile {
-		var stateDB StateDB
+		ret, gas, err = RunPrecompiledContract(evm.StateDB, p, addr, input, gas, evm.Config.Tracer, evm.chainRules)
-		if evm.chainRules.IsAmsterdam {
-			stateDB = evm.StateDB
-		}
-		ret, gas, err = RunPrecompiledContract(stateDB, p, addr, input, gas, evm.Config.Tracer, evm.chainRules)
 	} else {
 		// Initialise a new contract and set the code that is to be used by the EVM.
 		code := evm.resolveCode(addr)
@@ -318,18 +314,20 @@ func (evm *EVM) Call(caller common.Address, addr common.Address, input []byte, g
 			gas = contract.Gas
 		}
 	}
-	// When an error was returned by the EVM or when setting the creation code
+
-	// above we revert to the snapshot. gasFromExec below handles the
+	// Calculate the remaining gas at the end of frame
-	// regular-gas burn on halt.
+	exitGas := gas.Exit(err, initialStateGas)
 	if err != nil {
 		evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
+
+		// Drain the leftover regular gas if unexceptional halt occurs
 		if err != ErrExecutionReverted {
 			if evm.Config.Tracer.HasGasHook() {
-				evm.Config.Tracer.EmitGasChange(gas.AsTracing(), tracing.Gas{}, tracing.GasChangeCallFailedExecution)
+				evm.Config.Tracer.EmitGasChange(gas.AsTracing(), exitGas.AsTracing(), tracing.GasChangeCallFailedExecution)
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	return ret, gas.ExitFromErr(err, initialStateGas), err
+	return ret, exitGas, err
 }
 
 // CallCode executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input
@@ -361,11 +359,7 @@ func (evm *EVM) CallCode(caller common.Address, addr common.Address, input []byt
 
 	// It is allowed to call precompiles, even via delegatecall
 	if p, isPrecompile := evm.precompile(addr); isPrecompile {
-		var stateDB StateDB
+		ret, gas, err = RunPrecompiledContract(evm.StateDB, p, addr, input, gas, evm.Config.Tracer, evm.chainRules)
-		if evm.chainRules.IsAmsterdam {
-			stateDB = evm.StateDB
-		}
-		ret, gas, err = RunPrecompiledContract(stateDB, p, addr, input, gas, evm.Config.Tracer, evm.chainRules)
 	} else {
 		// Initialise a new contract and set the code that is to be used by the EVM.
 		// The contract is a scoped environment for this execution context only.
@@ -374,15 +368,20 @@ func (evm *EVM) CallCode(caller common.Address, addr common.Address, input []byt
 		ret, err = evm.Run(contract, input, false)
 		gas = contract.Gas
 	}
+
+	// Calculate the remaining gas at the end of frame
+	exitGas := gas.Exit(err, initialStateGas)
 	if err != nil {
 		evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
+
+		// Drain the leftover regular gas if unexceptional halt occurs
 		if err != ErrExecutionReverted {
 			if evm.Config.Tracer.HasGasHook() {
-				evm.Config.Tracer.EmitGasChange(gas.AsTracing(), tracing.Gas{}, tracing.GasChangeCallFailedExecution)
+				evm.Config.Tracer.EmitGasChange(gas.AsTracing(), exitGas.AsTracing(), tracing.GasChangeCallFailedExecution)
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	return ret, gas.ExitFromErr(err, initialStateGas), err
+	return ret, exitGas, err
 }
 
 // DelegateCall executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input
@@ -409,26 +408,27 @@ func (evm *EVM) DelegateCall(originCaller common.Address, caller common.Address,
 
 	// It is allowed to call precompiles, even via delegatecall
 	if p, isPrecompile := evm.precompile(addr); isPrecompile {
-		var stateDB StateDB
+		ret, gas, err = RunPrecompiledContract(evm.StateDB, p, addr, input, gas, evm.Config.Tracer, evm.chainRules)
-		if evm.chainRules.IsAmsterdam {
-			stateDB = evm.StateDB
-		}
-		ret, gas, err = RunPrecompiledContract(stateDB, p, addr, input, gas, evm.Config.Tracer, evm.chainRules)
 	} else {
 		contract := NewContract(originCaller, caller, value, gas, evm.jumpDests)
 		contract.SetCallCode(evm.resolveCodeHash(addr), evm.resolveCode(addr))
 		ret, err = evm.Run(contract, input, false)
 		gas = contract.Gas
 	}
+
+	// Calculate the remaining gas at the end of frame
+	exitGas := gas.Exit(err, initialStateGas)
 	if err != nil {
 		evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
+
+		// Drain the leftover regular gas if unexceptional halt occurs
 		if err != ErrExecutionReverted {
 			if evm.Config.Tracer.HasGasHook() {
-				evm.Config.Tracer.EmitGasChange(gas.AsTracing(), tracing.Gas{}, tracing.GasChangeCallFailedExecution)
+				evm.Config.Tracer.EmitGasChange(gas.AsTracing(), exitGas.AsTracing(), tracing.GasChangeCallFailedExecution)
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	return ret, gas.ExitFromErr(err, initialStateGas), err
+	return ret, exitGas, err
 }
 
 // StaticCall executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input
@@ -463,26 +463,25 @@ func (evm *EVM) StaticCall(caller common.Address, addr common.Address, input []b
 	evm.StateDB.AddBalance(addr, new(uint256.Int), tracing.BalanceChangeTouchAccount)
 
 	if p, isPrecompile := evm.precompile(addr); isPrecompile {
-		var stateDB StateDB
+		ret, gas, err = RunPrecompiledContract(evm.StateDB, p, addr, input, gas, evm.Config.Tracer, evm.chainRules)
-		if evm.chainRules.IsAmsterdam {
-			stateDB = evm.StateDB
-		}
-		ret, gas, err = RunPrecompiledContract(stateDB, p, addr, input, gas, evm.Config.Tracer, evm.chainRules)
 	} else {
 		contract := NewContract(caller, addr, new(uint256.Int), gas, evm.jumpDests)
 		contract.SetCallCode(evm.resolveCodeHash(addr), evm.resolveCode(addr))
 		ret, err = evm.Run(contract, input, true)
 		gas = contract.Gas
 	}
+
+	// Calculate the remaining gas at the end of frame
+	exitGas := gas.Exit(err, initialStateGas)
 	if err != nil {
 		evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
 		if err != ErrExecutionReverted {
 			if evm.Config.Tracer.HasGasHook() {
-				evm.Config.Tracer.EmitGasChange(gas.AsTracing(), tracing.Gas{}, tracing.GasChangeCallFailedExecution)
+				evm.Config.Tracer.EmitGasChange(gas.AsTracing(), exitGas.AsTracing(), tracing.GasChangeCallFailedExecution)
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	return ret, gas.ExitFromErr(err, initialStateGas), err
+	return ret, exitGas, err
 }
 
 // create creates a new contract using code as deployment code.
@@ -593,12 +592,14 @@ func (evm *EVM) create(caller common.Address, code []byte, gas GasBudget, value
 	// state and gas is preserved (i.e., treated as success).
 	if err != nil && (evm.chainRules.IsHomestead || err != ErrCodeStoreOutOfGas) {
 		evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
+
+		exit := contract.Gas.Exit(err, initialStateGas)
 		if err != ErrExecutionReverted {
-			if evm.Config.Tracer != nil && evm.Config.Tracer.OnGasChange != nil {
+			if evm.Config.Tracer.HasGasHook() {
-				evm.Config.Tracer.OnGasChange(contract.Gas.RegularGas, 0, tracing.GasChangeCallFailedExecution)
+				evm.Config.Tracer.EmitGasChange(contract.Gas.AsTracing(), exit.AsTracing(), tracing.GasChangeCallFailedExecution)
 			}
 		}
-		return ret, address, contract.Gas.ExitFromErr(err, initialStateGas), err
+		return ret, address, exit, err
 	}
 	// Either success, or pre-Homestead ErrCodeStoreOutOfGas (gas preserved).
 	// Both packaged as a success-form GasBudget.

core/vm/gas_table.go

@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ func gasCreate2Eip3860(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory,
 }
 
 func gasExpFrontier(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (GasCosts, error) {
-	expByteLen := uint64(((*stack.back(1)).BitLen() + 7) / 8)
+	expByteLen := uint64((stack.back(1).BitLen() + 7) / 8)
 
 	var (
 		gas      = expByteLen * params.ExpByteFrontier // no overflow check required. Max is 256 * ExpByte gas
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ func gasExpFrontier(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, mem
 }
 
 func gasExpEIP158(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (GasCosts, error) {
-	expByteLen := uint64(((*stack.back(1)).BitLen() + 7) / 8)
+	expByteLen := uint64((stack.back(1).BitLen() + 7) / 8)
 
 	var (
 		gas      = expByteLen * params.ExpByteEIP158 // no overflow check required. Max is 256 * ExpByte gas
@@ -460,10 +460,10 @@ func gasCallIntrinsic(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, m
 	return gas, nil
 }
 
-// gasCallIntrinsic8037 is the intrinsic gas calculator for CALL in Amsterdam.
+// regularGasCall8037 is the intrinsic gas calculator for CALL in Amsterdam.
 // It computes memory expansion + value transfer gas but excludes new account
 // creation, which is handled as state gas by the wrapper.
-func gasCallIntrinsic8037(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+func regularGasCall8037(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
 	var (
 		gas            uint64
 		transfersValue = !stack.back(2).IsZero()
@@ -571,7 +571,10 @@ func gasCreateEip8037(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, m
 	words := (size + 31) / 32
 	wordGas := params.InitCodeWordGas * words
 	stateGas := params.AccountCreationSize * evm.Context.CostPerStateByte
-	return GasCosts{RegularGas: gas + wordGas, StateGas: stateGas}, nil
+	return GasCosts{
+		RegularGas: gas + wordGas,
+		StateGas:   stateGas,
+	}, nil
 }
 
 func gasCreate2Eip8037(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (GasCosts, error) {
@@ -591,28 +594,35 @@ func gasCreate2Eip8037(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory,
 	}
 	// Since size <= MaxInitCodeSizeAmsterdam, these multiplications cannot overflow
 	words := (size + 31) / 32
-	// CREATE2 charges both InitCodeWordGas (EIP-3860) and Keccak256WordGas (for address hashing).
+
+	// CREATE2 charges both InitCodeWordGas (EIP-3860) and Keccak256WordGas
+	// (for address hashing).
 	wordGas := (params.InitCodeWordGas + params.Keccak256WordGas) * words
 	stateGas := params.AccountCreationSize * evm.Context.CostPerStateByte
-	return GasCosts{RegularGas: gas + wordGas, StateGas: stateGas}, nil
+	return GasCosts{
+		RegularGas: gas + wordGas,
+		StateGas:   stateGas,
+	}, nil
 }
 
-// gasCall8037 is the stateful gas calculator for CALL in Amsterdam (EIP-8037).
+// stateGasCall8037 is the stateful gas calculator for CALL in Amsterdam (EIP-8037).
 // It only returns the state-dependent gas (account creation as state gas).
 // Memory gas, transfer gas, and callGas are handled by gasCallStateless and
 // makeCallVariantGasCall.
-func gasCall8037(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (GasCosts, error) {
+func stateGasCall8037(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack) (uint64, error) {
 	var (
-		gas            GasCosts
+		gas            uint64
 		transfersValue = !stack.back(2).IsZero()
 		address        = common.Address(stack.back(1).Bytes20())
 	)
+	// TODO(rjl, marius), can EIP8037 implicitly means the EIP158 is also activated?
+	// It's technically possible to skip the EIP158 but very unlikely in practice.
 	if evm.chainRules.IsEIP158 {
 		if transfersValue && evm.StateDB.Empty(address) {
-			gas.StateGas += params.AccountCreationSize * evm.Context.CostPerStateByte
+			gas += params.AccountCreationSize * evm.Context.CostPerStateByte
 		}
 	} else if !evm.StateDB.Exist(address) {
-		gas.StateGas += params.AccountCreationSize * evm.Context.CostPerStateByte
+		gas += params.AccountCreationSize * evm.Context.CostPerStateByte
 	}
 	return gas, nil
 }
@@ -671,14 +681,9 @@ func gasSStore8037(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memo
 	}
 	if original == current {
 		if original == (common.Hash{}) { // create slot (2.1.1)
-			// EIP-8037: Return both regular and state gas. System calls do not charge state gas.
-			var stateGas uint64
-			if !contract.IsSystemCall {
-				stateGas = params.StorageCreationSize * evm.Context.CostPerStateByte
-			}
 			return GasCosts{
 				RegularGas: cost.RegularGas + params.SstoreResetGasEIP2200 - params.ColdSloadCostEIP2929,
-				StateGas:   stateGas,
+				StateGas:   params.StorageCreationSize * evm.Context.CostPerStateByte,
 			}, nil
 		}
 		if value == (common.Hash{}) { // delete slot (2.1.2b)

core/vm/gascosts.go

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func (g GasCosts) String() string {
 //     in lockstep.
 //
 //   - At frame exit: Preserved / ExitSuccess / ExitRevert / ExitHalt /
-//     ExitFromErr produce a new GasBudget in "leftover" form that packages
+//     Exit produce a new GasBudget in "leftover" form that packages
 //     the result for the caller.
 //
 //   - At absorption: the caller's Absorb method merges the child's leftover
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ func (g GasBudget) ExitHalt(initialStateGas uint64) GasBudget {
 	}
 }
 
-// ExitFromErr dispatches on err to the appropriate exit-form constructor
+// Exit dispatches on err to the appropriate exit-form constructor
 // for the post-evm.Run path:
 //
 //   - err == nil                  → ExitSuccess
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ func (g GasBudget) ExitHalt(initialStateGas uint64) GasBudget {
 //
 // Soft validation failures (occurring BEFORE evm.Run) should call Preserved
 // directly instead of going through this dispatcher.
-func (g GasBudget) ExitFromErr(err error, initialStateGas uint64) GasBudget {
+func (g GasBudget) Exit(err error, initialStateGas uint64) GasBudget {
 	switch {
 	case err == nil:
 		return g.ExitSuccess()

core/vm/instructions.go

@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ func opCreate(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 	}
 	scope.Stack.push(&stackvalue)
 
-	scope.Contract.RefundGas(result, evm.Config.Tracer, tracing.GasChangeCallLeftOverRefunded)
+	scope.Contract.refundGas(result, evm.Config.Tracer, tracing.GasChangeCallLeftOverRefunded)
 	if evm.chainRules.IsAmsterdam && suberr != nil {
 		scope.Contract.Gas.RefundState(params.AccountCreationSize * evm.Context.CostPerStateByte)
 	}
@@ -710,11 +710,13 @@ func opCreate2(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 		stackvalue.SetBytes(addr.Bytes())
 	}
 	scope.Stack.push(&stackvalue)
-	scope.Contract.RefundGas(result, evm.Config.Tracer, tracing.GasChangeCallLeftOverRefunded)
+	scope.Contract.refundGas(result, evm.Config.Tracer, tracing.GasChangeCallLeftOverRefunded)
-	if evm.chainRules.IsAmsterdam && suberr != nil {
-		scope.Contract.Gas.RefundState(params.AccountCreationSize * evm.Context.CostPerStateByte)
-	}
 
+	// If the creation frame reverts or halts exceptionally, the charged state-gas
+	// is refilled back to the state reservoir in Amsterdam.
+	if evm.chainRules.IsAmsterdam && suberr != nil {
+		scope.Contract.refundState(params.AccountCreationSize*evm.Context.CostPerStateByte, evm.Config.Tracer, tracing.GasChangeStateGasRefund)
+	}
 	if suberr == ErrExecutionReverted {
 		evm.returnData = res // set REVERT data to return data buffer
 		return res, nil
@@ -754,11 +756,24 @@ func opCall(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 		temp.SetOne()
 	}
 	stack.push(&temp)
+
 	if err == nil || err == ErrExecutionReverted {
 		scope.Memory.Set(retOffset.Uint64(), retSize.Uint64(), ret)
 	}
+	scope.Contract.refundGas(result, evm.Config.Tracer, tracing.GasChangeCallLeftOverRefunded)
 
-	scope.Contract.RefundGas(result, evm.Config.Tracer, tracing.GasChangeCallLeftOverRefunded)
+	// If the call frame reverts or halts exceptionally, the charged state-gas
+	// is refilled back to the state reservoir in Amsterdam.
+	//
+	// The state-gas should only be refunded if the state creation doesn't
+	// happens, such as ErrDepth, ErrInsufficientBalance.
+	//
+	// TODO(rjl) it's so ugly, please rework it.
+	if evm.chainRules.IsAmsterdam && err != nil {
+		if (err == ErrDepth || err == ErrInsufficientBalance) && !value.IsZero() && evm.StateDB.Empty(toAddr) {
+			scope.Contract.refundState(params.AccountCreationSize*evm.Context.CostPerStateByte, evm.Config.Tracer, tracing.GasChangeStateGasRefund)
+		}
+	}
 
 	evm.returnData = ret
 	return ret, nil
@@ -792,7 +807,7 @@ func opCallCode(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 		scope.Memory.Set(retOffset.Uint64(), retSize.Uint64(), ret)
 	}
 
-	scope.Contract.RefundGas(result, evm.Config.Tracer, tracing.GasChangeCallLeftOverRefunded)
+	scope.Contract.refundGas(result, evm.Config.Tracer, tracing.GasChangeCallLeftOverRefunded)
 
 	evm.returnData = ret
 	return ret, nil
@@ -821,7 +836,7 @@ func opDelegateCall(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 	if err == nil || err == ErrExecutionReverted {
 		scope.Memory.Set(retOffset.Uint64(), retSize.Uint64(), ret)
 	}
-	scope.Contract.RefundGas(result, evm.Config.Tracer, tracing.GasChangeCallLeftOverRefunded)
+	scope.Contract.refundGas(result, evm.Config.Tracer, tracing.GasChangeCallLeftOverRefunded)
 
 	evm.returnData = ret
 	return ret, nil
@@ -851,7 +866,7 @@ func opStaticCall(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 		scope.Memory.Set(retOffset.Uint64(), retSize.Uint64(), ret)
 	}
 
-	scope.Contract.RefundGas(result, evm.Config.Tracer, tracing.GasChangeCallLeftOverRefunded)
+	scope.Contract.refundGas(result, evm.Config.Tracer, tracing.GasChangeCallLeftOverRefunded)
 
 	evm.returnData = ret
 	return ret, nil

core/vm/interface.go

@@ -71,14 +71,6 @@ type StateDB interface {
 	// during the current transaction.
 	IsNewContract(addr common.Address) bool
 
-	// SameTxSelfDestructs returns addresses that were created and then
-	// self-destructed in the current transaction.
-	SameTxSelfDestructs() []common.Address
-
-	// NewStorageSlotCount returns the number of storage slots written to a
-	// non-zero value in the current transaction on the given address.
-	NewStorageSlotCount(addr common.Address) int
-
 	// Empty returns whether the given account is empty. Empty
 	// is defined according to EIP161 (balance = nonce = code = 0).
 	Empty(common.Address) bool

core/vm/jump_table.go

@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ type (
 	intrinsicGasFunc func(*EVM, *Contract, *Stack, *Memory, uint64) (uint64, error)   // last parameter is the requested memory size as a uint64
 	// memorySizeFunc returns the required size, and whether the operation overflowed a uint64
 	memorySizeFunc func(*Stack) (size uint64, overflow bool)
+
+	regularGasFunc func(*EVM, *Contract, *Stack, *Memory, uint64) (uint64, error)
+	stateGasFunc   func(*EVM, *Contract, *Stack) (uint64, error)
 )
 
 type operation struct {

core/vm/operations_acl.go

@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ var (
 	gasStaticCallEIP7702   = makeCallVariantGasCallEIP7702(gasStaticCallIntrinsic)
 	gasCallCodeEIP7702     = makeCallVariantGasCallEIP7702(gasCallCodeIntrinsic)
 
-	innerGasCallEIP8037 = makeCallVariantGasCallEIP8037(gasCallIntrinsic8037, gasCall8037)
+	innerGasCallEIP8037 = makeCallVariantGasCallEIP8037(regularGasCall8037, stateGasCall8037)
 )
 
 func gasCallEIP7702(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (GasCosts, error) {
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ func makeCallVariantGasCallEIP7702(intrinsicFunc intrinsicGasFunc) gasFunc {
 // It extends the EIP-7702 pattern with state gas handling and GasUsed tracking.
 // intrinsicFunc computes the regular gas (memory + transfer, no new account creation).
 // stateGasFunc computes the state gas (new account creation as state gas).
-func makeCallVariantGasCallEIP8037(intrinsicFunc intrinsicGasFunc, stateGasFunc gasFunc) gasFunc {
+func makeCallVariantGasCallEIP8037(regularFunc regularGasFunc, stateGasFunc stateGasFunc) gasFunc {
 	return func(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (GasCosts, error) {
 		var (
 			eip2929Cost uint64
@@ -397,8 +397,8 @@ func makeCallVariantGasCallEIP8037(intrinsicFunc intrinsicGasFunc, stateGasFunc
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Compute intrinsic cost (memory + transfer, no new account creation).
+		// Compute regular cost (memory + transfer, no new account creation).
-		intrinsicCost, err := intrinsicFunc(evm, contract, stack, mem, memorySize)
+		regularCost, err := regularFunc(evm, contract, stack, mem, memorySize)
 		if err != nil {
 			return GasCosts{}, err
 		}
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ func makeCallVariantGasCallEIP8037(intrinsicFunc intrinsicGasFunc, stateGasFunc
 		// Charge intrinsic cost directly (regular gas). This must happen
 		// BEFORE state gas to prevent reservoir inflation, and also serves
 		// as the OOG guard before stateful operations.
-		if !contract.chargeRegular(intrinsicCost, evm.Config.Tracer, tracing.GasChangeCallOpCode) {
+		if !contract.chargeRegular(regularCost, evm.Config.Tracer, tracing.GasChangeCallOpCode) {
 			return GasCosts{}, ErrOutOfGas
 		}
 
@@ -424,13 +424,12 @@ func makeCallVariantGasCallEIP8037(intrinsicFunc intrinsicGasFunc, stateGasFunc
 		}
 
 		// Compute and charge state gas (new account creation) AFTER regular gas.
-		stateGas, err := stateGasFunc(evm, contract, stack, mem, memorySize)
+		stateGas, err := stateGasFunc(evm, contract, stack)
 		if err != nil {
 			return GasCosts{}, err
 		}
-		if stateGas.StateGas > 0 {
+		if stateGas > 0 {
-			// Charge updates contract.Gas.UsedStateGas in lockstep.
+			if _, ok := contract.Gas.ChargeState(stateGas); !ok {
-			if _, ok := contract.Gas.Charge(GasCosts{StateGas: stateGas.StateGas}); !ok {
 				return GasCosts{}, ErrOutOfGas
 			}
 		}
@@ -443,8 +442,8 @@ func makeCallVariantGasCallEIP8037(intrinsicFunc intrinsicGasFunc, stateGasFunc
 
 		// Temporarily undo direct regular charges for tracer reporting.
 		// The interpreter will charge the returned totalCost.
-		contract.Gas.RegularGas += eip2929Cost + eip7702Cost + intrinsicCost
+		contract.Gas.RegularGas += eip2929Cost + eip7702Cost + regularCost
-		contract.Gas.UsedRegularGas -= eip2929Cost + eip7702Cost + intrinsicCost
+		contract.Gas.UsedRegularGas -= eip2929Cost + eip7702Cost + regularCost
 
 		// Aggregate total cost.
 		var (
@@ -454,7 +453,7 @@ func makeCallVariantGasCallEIP8037(intrinsicFunc intrinsicGasFunc, stateGasFunc
 		if totalCost, overflow = math.SafeAdd(eip2929Cost, eip7702Cost); overflow {
 			return GasCosts{}, ErrGasUintOverflow
 		}
-		if totalCost, overflow = math.SafeAdd(totalCost, intrinsicCost); overflow {
+		if totalCost, overflow = math.SafeAdd(totalCost, regularCost); overflow {
 			return GasCosts{}, ErrGasUintOverflow
 		}
 		if totalCost, overflow = math.SafeAdd(totalCost, evm.callGasTemp); overflow {

params/protocol_params.go

@@ -199,10 +199,11 @@ const (
 	// don't consume block gas.
 	BALItemCost uint64 = 2000
 
-	AccountCreationSize       = 112
+	AccountCreationSize       = 120
-	StorageCreationSize       = 32
+	StorageCreationSize       = 64
 	AuthorizationCreationSize = 23
-	CostPerStateByte          = 1174
+	CostPerStateByte          = 1530
+	SystemMaxSStoresPerCall   = 16
 )
 
 // Bls12381G1MultiExpDiscountTable is the gas discount table for BLS12-381 G1 multi exponentiation operation

tests/transaction_test_util.go

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func (tt *TransactionTest) Run() error {
 			return
 		}
 		// Intrinsic cost
-		cost, err := core.IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.AccessList(), tx.SetCodeAuthorizations(), tx.To() == nil, rules, 0)
+		cost, err := core.IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.AccessList(), tx.SetCodeAuthorizations(), tx.To() == nil, rules, params.CostPerStateByte)
 		if err != nil {
 			return
 		}