Merge branch 'ethereum:master' into gethintegration

2026-07-27 07:06:42 +00:00 · 2025-04-08 20:12:32 +08:00 · 2025-04-08 20:12:32 +08:00 · 695fcf6f43
commit 695fcf6f43
parent 8bbdfd76de 21b035eb29
40 changed files with 1011 additions and 736 deletions
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@ -1,31 +1,25 @@
 # This file configures github.com/golangci/golangci-lint.
-
+version: '2'
 run:
-  timeout: 20m
  tests: true
-
 linters:
-  disable-all: true
+  default: none
  enable:
-    - goimports
-    - gosimple
-    - govet
-    - ineffassign
-    - misspell
-    - unconvert
-    - typecheck
-    - unused
-    - staticcheck
    - bidichk
-    - durationcheck
    - copyloopvar
-    - whitespace
-    - revive # only certain checks enabled
    - durationcheck
    - gocheckcompilerdirectives
-    - reassign
+    - govet
+    - ineffassign
    - mirror
+    - misspell
+    - reassign
+    - revive # only certain checks enabled
+    - staticcheck
+    - unconvert
+    - unused
    - usetesting
+    - whitespace
    ### linters we tried and will not be using:
    ###
    # - structcheck # lots of false positives
@ -36,44 +30,67 @@ linters:
    # - exhaustive # silly check
    # - makezero # false positives
    # - nilerr # several intentional
-
-linters-settings:
-  gofmt:
-    simplify: true
-  revive:
-    enable-all-rules: false
-    # here we enable specific useful rules
-    # see https://golangci-lint.run/usage/linters/#revive for supported rules
+  settings:
+    staticcheck:
+      checks:
+        # disable Quickfixes
+        - -QF1*
+    revive:
+      enable-all-rules: false
+      # here we enable specific useful rules
+      # see https://golangci-lint.run/usage/linters/#revive for supported rules
+      rules:
+        - name: receiver-naming
+          severity: warning
+          disabled: false
+          exclude:
+            - ''
+  exclusions:
+    generated: lax
+    presets:
+      - comments
+      - common-false-positives
+      - legacy
+      - std-error-handling
    rules:
-      - name: receiver-naming
-        severity: warning
-        disabled: false
-        exclude: [""]
-
-issues:
-  # default is true. Enables skipping of directories:
-  #   vendor$, third_party$, testdata$, examples$, Godeps$, builtin$
-  exclude-dirs-use-default: true
-  exclude-files:
-    - core/genesis_alloc.go
-  exclude-rules:
-    - path: crypto/bn256/cloudflare/optate.go
-      linters:
-        - deadcode
-        - staticcheck
-    - path: crypto/bn256/
-      linters:
-        - revive
-    - path: cmd/utils/flags.go
-      text: "SA1019: cfg.TxLookupLimit is deprecated: use 'TransactionHistory' instead."
-    - path: cmd/utils/flags.go
-      text: "SA1019: ethconfig.Defaults.TxLookupLimit is deprecated: use 'TransactionHistory' instead."
-    - path: internal/build/pgp.go
-      text: 'SA1019: "golang.org/x/crypto/openpgp" is deprecated: this package is unmaintained except for security fixes.'
-    - path: core/vm/contracts.go
-      text: 'SA1019: "golang.org/x/crypto/ripemd160" is deprecated: RIPEMD-160 is a legacy hash and should not be used for new applications.'
-  exclude:
-    - 'SA1019: event.TypeMux is deprecated: use Feed'
-    - 'SA1019: strings.Title is deprecated'
-    - 'SA1019: strings.Title has been deprecated since Go 1.18 and an alternative has been available since Go 1.0: The rule Title uses for word boundaries does not handle Unicode punctuation properly. Use golang.org/x/text/cases instead.'
-    - 'SA1029: should not use built-in type string as key for value'
+      - linters:
+          - deadcode
+          - staticcheck
+        path: crypto/bn256/cloudflare/optate.go
+      - linters:
+          - revive
+        path: crypto/bn256/
+      - path: cmd/utils/flags.go
+        text: "SA1019: cfg.TxLookupLimit is deprecated: use 'TransactionHistory' instead."
+      - path: cmd/utils/flags.go
+        text: "SA1019: ethconfig.Defaults.TxLookupLimit is deprecated: use 'TransactionHistory' instead."
+      - path: internal/build/pgp.go
+        text: 'SA1019: "golang.org/x/crypto/openpgp" is deprecated: this package is unmaintained except for security fixes.'
+      - path: core/vm/contracts.go
+        text: 'SA1019: "golang.org/x/crypto/ripemd160" is deprecated: RIPEMD-160 is a legacy hash and should not be used for new applications.'
+      - path: (.+)\.go$
+        text: 'SA1019: event.TypeMux is deprecated: use Feed'
+      - path: (.+)\.go$
+        text: 'SA1019: strings.Title is deprecated'
+      - path: (.+)\.go$
+        text: 'SA1019: strings.Title has been deprecated since Go 1.18 and an alternative has been available since Go 1.0: The rule Title uses for word boundaries does not handle Unicode punctuation properly. Use golang.org/x/text/cases instead.'
+      - path: (.+)\.go$
+        text: 'SA1029: should not use built-in type string as key for value'
+    paths:
+      - core/genesis_alloc.go
+      - third_party$
+      - builtin$
+      - examples$
+formatters:
+  enable:
+    - goimports
+  settings:
+    gofmt:
+      simplify: true
+  exclusions:
+    generated: lax
+    paths:
+      - core/genesis_alloc.go
+      - third_party$
+      - builtin$
+      - examples$
--- a/beacon/blsync/client.go
+++ b/beacon/blsync/client.go
@ -23,9 +23,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/beacon/light/sync"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/beacon/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/beacon/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/mclock"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb/memorydb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
 )

@ -46,7 +48,13 @@ func NewClient(config params.ClientConfig) *Client {
 	var (
 		db             = memorydb.New()
 		committeeChain = light.NewCommitteeChain(db, &config.ChainConfig, config.Threshold, !config.NoFilter)
-		headTracker    = light.NewHeadTracker(committeeChain, config.Threshold)
+		headTracker    = light.NewHeadTracker(committeeChain, config.Threshold, func(checkpoint common.Hash) {
+			if saved, err := config.SaveCheckpointToFile(checkpoint); saved {
+				log.Debug("Saved beacon checkpoint", "file", config.CheckpointFile, "checkpoint", checkpoint)
+			} else if err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to save beacon checkpoint", "file", config.CheckpointFile, "checkpoint", checkpoint, "error", err)
+			}
+		})
 	)
 	headSync := sync.NewHeadSync(headTracker, committeeChain)

--- a/beacon/light/head_tracker.go
+++ b/beacon/light/head_tracker.go
@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/beacon/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/beacon/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 )

@ -38,13 +40,15 @@ type HeadTracker struct {
 	hasFinalityUpdate   bool
 	prefetchHead        types.HeadInfo
 	changeCounter       uint64
+	saveCheckpoint      func(common.Hash)
 }

 // NewHeadTracker creates a new HeadTracker.
-func NewHeadTracker(committeeChain *CommitteeChain, minSignerCount int) *HeadTracker {
+func NewHeadTracker(committeeChain *CommitteeChain, minSignerCount int, saveCheckpoint func(common.Hash)) *HeadTracker {
 	return &HeadTracker{
 		committeeChain: committeeChain,
 		minSignerCount: minSignerCount,
+		saveCheckpoint: saveCheckpoint,
 	}
 }

@ -100,6 +104,9 @@ func (h *HeadTracker) ValidateFinality(update types.FinalityUpdate) (bool, error
 	if replace {
 		h.finalityUpdate, h.hasFinalityUpdate = update, true
 		h.changeCounter++
+		if h.saveCheckpoint != nil && update.Finalized.Slot%params.EpochLength == 0 {
+			h.saveCheckpoint(update.Finalized.Hash())
+		}
 	}
 	return replace, err
 }
--- a/beacon/params/config.go
+++ b/beacon/params/config.go
@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ type ChainConfig struct {
 	GenesisValidatorsRoot common.Hash // Root hash of the genesis validator set, used for signature domain calculation
 	Forks                 Forks
 	Checkpoint            common.Hash
+	CheckpointFile        string
 }

 // ForkAtEpoch returns the latest active fork at the given epoch.
@ -211,3 +212,36 @@ func (f Forks) Less(i, j int) bool {
 	}
 	return f[i].knownIndex < f[j].knownIndex
 }
+
+// SetCheckpointFile sets the checkpoint import/export file name and attempts to
+// read the checkpoint from the file if it already exists. It returns true if
+// a checkpoint has been loaded.
+func (c *ChainConfig) SetCheckpointFile(checkpointFile string) (bool, error) {
+	c.CheckpointFile = checkpointFile
+	file, err := os.ReadFile(checkpointFile)
+	if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return false, nil // did not load checkpoint
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to read beacon checkpoint file: %v", err)
+	}
+	cp, err := hexutil.Decode(string(file))
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode hex string in beacon checkpoint file: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(cp) != 32 {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("invalid hex string length in beacon checkpoint file: %d", len(cp))
+	}
+	copy(c.Checkpoint[:len(cp)], cp)
+	return true, nil
+}
+
+// SaveCheckpointToFile saves the given checkpoint to file if a checkpoint
+// import/export file has been specified.
+func (c *ChainConfig) SaveCheckpointToFile(checkpoint common.Hash) (bool, error) {
+	if c.CheckpointFile == "" {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	err := os.WriteFile(c.CheckpointFile, []byte(checkpoint.Hex()), 0600)
+	return err == nil, err
+}
--- a/build/checksums.txt
+++ b/build/checksums.txt
@ -54,60 +54,60 @@ db128981033ac82a64688a123f631e61297b6b8f52ca913145e57caa8ce94cc3  go1.24.1.windo
 e28c4e6d0b913955765b46157ab88ae59bb636acaa12d7bec959aa6900f1cebd  go1.24.1.windows-arm64.zip
 6d352c1f154a102a5b90c480cc64bab205ccf2681e34e78a3a4d3f1ddfbc81e4  go1.24.1.windows-arm64.msi

-# version:golangci 1.64.6
+# version:golangci 2.0.2
 # https://github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/releases/
-# https://github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/releases/download/v1.64.6/
-08f9459e7125fed2612abd71596e04d172695921aff82120d1c1e5e9b6fff2a3  golangci-lint-1.64.6-darwin-amd64.tar.gz
-8c10d0c7c3935b8c2269d628b6a06a8f48d8fb4cc31af02fe4ce0cd18b0704c1  golangci-lint-1.64.6-darwin-arm64.tar.gz
-c07fcabb55deb8d2c4d390025568e76162d7f91b1d14bd2311be45d8d440a624  golangci-lint-1.64.6-freebsd-386.tar.gz
-8ed1ef1102e1a42983ffcaae8e06de6a540334c3a69e205c610b8a7c92d469cd  golangci-lint-1.64.6-freebsd-amd64.tar.gz
-8f8dda66d1b4a85cc8a1daf1b69af6559c3eb0a41dd8033148a9ad85cfc0e1d9  golangci-lint-1.64.6-freebsd-armv6.tar.gz
-59e8ca1fa254661b2a55e96515b14a10cd02221d443054deac5b28c3c3e12d6b  golangci-lint-1.64.6-freebsd-armv7.tar.gz
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-135d5d998168683f46e4fab308cef5aa3c282025b7de6b258f976aadfb820db7  golangci-lint-1.64.6-source.tar.gz
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-2d88f282e08e1853c70bc7c914b5f58beaa6509903d56098aeb9bc3df30ea9d5  golangci-lint-1.64.6-windows-amd64.zip
-6a3c6e7afc6916392679d7d6b95ac239827644e3e50ec4e8ca6ab1e4e6db65fe  golangci-lint-1.64.6-windows-arm64.zip
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+# https://github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/releases/download/v2.0.2/
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 # This is the builder on PPA that will build Go itself (inception-y), don't modify!
 #
--- a/cmd/blsync/main.go
+++ b/cmd/blsync/main.go
@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ func main() {
 		utils.BeaconGenesisRootFlag,
 		utils.BeaconGenesisTimeFlag,
 		utils.BeaconCheckpointFlag,
+		utils.BeaconCheckpointFileFlag,
 		//TODO datadir for optional permanent database
 		utils.MainnetFlag,
 		utils.SepoliaFlag,
--- a/cmd/devp2p/internal/v5test/discv5tests.go
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/internal/v5test/discv5tests.go
@ -59,8 +59,9 @@ func (s *Suite) AllTests() []utesting.Test {
 	}
 }

-// TestPing sends PING and expects a PONG response.
 func (s *Suite) TestPing(t *utesting.T) {
+	t.Log(`This test is just a sanity check. It sends PING and expects a PONG response.`)
+
 	conn, l1 := s.listen1(t)
 	defer conn.close()

@ -85,9 +86,10 @@ func checkPong(t *utesting.T, pong *v5wire.Pong, ping *v5wire.Ping, c net.Packet
 	}
 }

-// TestPingLargeRequestID sends PING with a 9-byte request ID, which isn't allowed by the spec.
-// The remote node should not respond.
 func (s *Suite) TestPingLargeRequestID(t *utesting.T) {
+	t.Log(`This test sends PING with a 9-byte request ID, which isn't allowed by the spec.
+The remote node should not respond.`)
+
 	conn, l1 := s.listen1(t)
 	defer conn.close()

@ -104,10 +106,11 @@ func (s *Suite) TestPingLargeRequestID(t *utesting.T) {
 	}
 }

-// TestPingMultiIP establishes a session from one IP as usual. The session is then reused
-// on another IP, which shouldn't work. The remote node should respond with WHOAREYOU for
-// the attempt from a different IP.
 func (s *Suite) TestPingMultiIP(t *utesting.T) {
+	t.Log(`This test establishes a session from one IP as usual. The session is then reused
+on another IP, which shouldn't work. The remote node should respond with WHOAREYOU for
+the attempt from a different IP.`)
+
 	conn, l1, l2 := s.listen2(t)
 	defer conn.close()

@ -120,6 +123,7 @@ func (s *Suite) TestPingMultiIP(t *utesting.T) {
 	checkPong(t, resp.(*v5wire.Pong), ping, l1)

 	// Send on l2. This reuses the session because there is only one codec.
+	t.Log("sending ping from alternate IP", l2.LocalAddr())
 	ping2 := &v5wire.Ping{ReqID: conn.nextReqID()}
 	conn.write(l2, ping2, nil)
 	switch resp := conn.read(l2).(type) {
@ -158,6 +162,10 @@ func (s *Suite) TestPingMultiIP(t *utesting.T) {
 // packet instead of a handshake message packet. The remote node should respond with
 // another WHOAREYOU challenge for the second packet.
 func (s *Suite) TestPingHandshakeInterrupted(t *utesting.T) {
+	t.Log(`TestPingHandshakeInterrupted starts a handshake, but doesn't finish it and sends a second ordinary message
+packet instead of a handshake message packet. The remote node should respond with
+another WHOAREYOU challenge for the second packet.`)
+
 	conn, l1 := s.listen1(t)
 	defer conn.close()

@ -181,8 +189,10 @@ func (s *Suite) TestPingHandshakeInterrupted(t *utesting.T) {
 	}
 }

-// TestTalkRequest sends TALKREQ and expects an empty TALKRESP response.
 func (s *Suite) TestTalkRequest(t *utesting.T) {
+	t.Log(`This test sends some examples of TALKREQ with a protocol-id of "test-protocol"
+and expects an empty TALKRESP response.`)
+
 	conn, l1 := s.listen1(t)
 	defer conn.close()

@ -202,6 +212,7 @@ func (s *Suite) TestTalkRequest(t *utesting.T) {
 	}

 	// Empty request ID.
+	t.Log("sending TALKREQ with empty request-id")
 	resp = conn.reqresp(l1, &v5wire.TalkRequest{Protocol: "test-protocol"})
 	switch resp := resp.(type) {
 	case *v5wire.TalkResponse:
@ -216,8 +227,9 @@ func (s *Suite) TestTalkRequest(t *utesting.T) {
 	}
 }

-// TestFindnodeZeroDistance checks that the remote node returns itself for FINDNODE with distance zero.
 func (s *Suite) TestFindnodeZeroDistance(t *utesting.T) {
+	t.Log(`This test checks that the remote node returns itself for FINDNODE with distance zero.`)
+
 	conn, l1 := s.listen1(t)
 	defer conn.close()

@ -233,9 +245,11 @@ func (s *Suite) TestFindnodeZeroDistance(t *utesting.T) {
 	}
 }

-// TestFindnodeResults pings the node under test from multiple nodes. After waiting for them to be
-// accepted into the remote table, the test checks that they are returned by FINDNODE.
 func (s *Suite) TestFindnodeResults(t *utesting.T) {
+	t.Log(`This test pings the node under test from multiple other endpoints and node identities
+(the 'bystanders'). After waiting for them to be accepted into the remote table, the test checks
+that they are returned by FINDNODE.`)
+
 	// Create bystanders.
 	nodes := make([]*bystander, 5)
 	added := make(chan enode.ID, len(nodes))
@ -273,6 +287,7 @@ func (s *Suite) TestFindnodeResults(t *utesting.T) {
 	}

 	// Send FINDNODE for all distances.
+	t.Log("requesting nodes")
 	conn, l1 := s.listen1(t)
 	defer conn.close()
 	foundNodes, err := conn.findnode(l1, dists)
--- a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
@ -79,11 +79,15 @@ if one is set.  Otherwise it prints the genesis from the datadir.`,
 		Usage:     "Import a blockchain file",
 		ArgsUsage: "<filename> (<filename 2> ... <filename N>) ",
 		Flags: slices.Concat([]cli.Flag{
-			utils.CacheFlag,
 			utils.GCModeFlag,
 			utils.SnapshotFlag,
+			utils.CacheFlag,
 			utils.CacheDatabaseFlag,
+			utils.CacheTrieFlag,
 			utils.CacheGCFlag,
+			utils.CacheSnapshotFlag,
+			utils.CacheNoPrefetchFlag,
+			utils.CachePreimagesFlag,
 			utils.NoCompactionFlag,
 			utils.MetricsEnabledFlag,
 			utils.MetricsEnabledExpensiveFlag,
@ -457,7 +461,7 @@ func importHistory(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		network = networks[0]
 	}

-	if err := utils.ImportHistory(chain, db, dir, network); err != nil {
+	if err := utils.ImportHistory(chain, dir, network); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	fmt.Printf("Import done in %v\n", time.Since(start))
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@ -157,6 +157,7 @@ var (
 		utils.BeaconGenesisRootFlag,
 		utils.BeaconGenesisTimeFlag,
 		utils.BeaconCheckpointFlag,
+		utils.BeaconCheckpointFileFlag,
 	}, utils.NetworkFlags, utils.DatabaseFlags)

 	rpcFlags = []cli.Flag{
--- a/cmd/utils/cmd.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/cmd.go
@ -246,8 +246,9 @@ func readList(filename string) ([]string, error) {
 }

 // ImportHistory imports Era1 files containing historical block information,
-// starting from genesis.
-func ImportHistory(chain *core.BlockChain, db ethdb.Database, dir string, network string) error {
+// starting from genesis. The assumption is held that the provided chain
+// segment in Era1 file should all be canonical and verified.
+func ImportHistory(chain *core.BlockChain, dir string, network string) error {
 	if chain.CurrentSnapBlock().Number.BitLen() != 0 {
 		return errors.New("history import only supported when starting from genesis")
 	}
@ -308,11 +309,6 @@ func ImportHistory(chain *core.BlockChain, db ethdb.Database, dir string, networ
 				if err != nil {
 					return fmt.Errorf("error reading receipts %d: %w", it.Number(), err)
 				}
-				if status, err := chain.HeaderChain().InsertHeaderChain([]*types.Header{block.Header()}, start); err != nil {
-					return fmt.Errorf("error inserting header %d: %w", it.Number(), err)
-				} else if status != core.CanonStatTy {
-					return fmt.Errorf("error inserting header %d, not canon: %v", it.Number(), status)
-				}
 				if _, err := chain.InsertReceiptChain([]*types.Block{block}, []types.Receipts{receipts}, 2^64-1); err != nil {
 					return fmt.Errorf("error inserting body %d: %w", it.Number(), err)
 				}
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@ -342,6 +342,11 @@ var (
 		Usage:    "Beacon chain weak subjectivity checkpoint block hash",
 		Category: flags.BeaconCategory,
 	}
+	BeaconCheckpointFileFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:     "beacon.checkpoint.file",
+		Usage:    "Beacon chain weak subjectivity checkpoint import/export file",
+		Category: flags.BeaconCategory,
+	}
 	BlsyncApiFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
 		Name:     "blsync.engine.api",
 		Usage:    "Target EL engine API URL",
@ -1890,7 +1895,7 @@ func MakeBeaconLightConfig(ctx *cli.Context) bparams.ClientConfig {
 		if !ctx.IsSet(BeaconGenesisTimeFlag.Name) {
 			Fatalf("Custom beacon chain config is specified but genesis time is missing")
 		}
-		if !ctx.IsSet(BeaconCheckpointFlag.Name) {
+		if !ctx.IsSet(BeaconCheckpointFlag.Name) && !ctx.IsSet(BeaconCheckpointFileFlag.Name) {
 			Fatalf("Custom beacon chain config is specified but checkpoint is missing")
 		}
 		config.ChainConfig = bparams.ChainConfig{
@ -1915,13 +1920,28 @@ func MakeBeaconLightConfig(ctx *cli.Context) bparams.ClientConfig {
 		}
 	}
 	// Checkpoint is required with custom chain config and is optional with pre-defined config
-	if ctx.IsSet(BeaconCheckpointFlag.Name) {
-		if c, err := hexutil.Decode(ctx.String(BeaconCheckpointFlag.Name)); err == nil && len(c) <= 32 {
-			copy(config.Checkpoint[:len(c)], c)
-		} else {
-			Fatalf("Invalid hex string", "beacon.checkpoint", ctx.String(BeaconCheckpointFlag.Name), "error", err)
+	// If both checkpoint block hash and checkpoint file are specified then the
+	// client is initialized with the specified block hash and new checkpoints
+	// are saved to the specified file.
+	if ctx.IsSet(BeaconCheckpointFileFlag.Name) {
+		if _, err := config.SetCheckpointFile(ctx.String(BeaconCheckpointFileFlag.Name)); err != nil {
+			Fatalf("Could not load beacon checkpoint file", "beacon.checkpoint.file", ctx.String(BeaconCheckpointFileFlag.Name), "error", err)
 		}
 	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(BeaconCheckpointFlag.Name) {
+		hex := ctx.String(BeaconCheckpointFlag.Name)
+		c, err := hexutil.Decode(hex)
+		if err != nil {
+			Fatalf("Invalid hex string", "beacon.checkpoint", hex, "error", err)
+		}
+		if len(c) != 32 {
+			Fatalf("Invalid hex string length", "beacon.checkpoint", hex, "length", len(c))
+		}
+		copy(config.Checkpoint[:len(c)], c)
+	}
+	if config.Checkpoint == (common.Hash{}) {
+		Fatalf("Beacon checkpoint not specified")
+	}
 	config.Apis = ctx.StringSlice(BeaconApiFlag.Name)
 	if config.Apis == nil {
 		Fatalf("Beacon node light client API URL not specified")
--- a/cmd/utils/history_test.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/history_test.go
@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ func TestHistoryImportAndExport(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("unable to initialize chain: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := ImportHistory(imported, db2, dir, "mainnet"); err != nil {
+	if err := ImportHistory(imported, dir, "mainnet"); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to import chain: %v", err)
 	}
 	if have, want := imported.CurrentHeader(), chain.CurrentHeader(); have.Hash() != want.Hash() {
--- a/core/bench_test.go
+++ b/core/bench_test.go
@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ func benchInsertChain(b *testing.B, disk bool, gen func(int, *BlockGen)) {
 	if !disk {
 		db = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 	} else {
-		pdb, err := pebble.New(b.TempDir(), 128, 128, "", false)
+		pdb, err := pebble.New(b.TempDir(), 128, 128, "", false, true)
 		if err != nil {
 			b.Fatalf("cannot create temporary database: %v", err)
 		}
@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ func makeChainForBench(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis, full bool, count uin
 func benchWriteChain(b *testing.B, full bool, count uint64) {
 	genesis := &Genesis{Config: params.AllEthashProtocolChanges}
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		pdb, err := pebble.New(b.TempDir(), 1024, 128, "", false)
+		pdb, err := pebble.New(b.TempDir(), 1024, 128, "", false, true)
 		if err != nil {
 			b.Fatalf("error opening database: %v", err)
 		}
@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ func benchWriteChain(b *testing.B, full bool, count uint64) {
 func benchReadChain(b *testing.B, full bool, count uint64) {
 	dir := b.TempDir()

-	pdb, err := pebble.New(dir, 1024, 128, "", false)
+	pdb, err := pebble.New(dir, 1024, 128, "", false, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		b.Fatalf("error opening database: %v", err)
 	}
@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ func benchReadChain(b *testing.B, full bool, count uint64) {
 	b.ResetTimer()

 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		pdb, err = pebble.New(dir, 1024, 128, "", false)
+		pdb, err = pebble.New(dir, 1024, 128, "", false, true)
 		if err != nil {
 			b.Fatalf("error opening database: %v", err)
 		}
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 	"runtime"
 	"slices"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
@ -157,7 +158,8 @@ type CacheConfig struct {

 	// This defines the cutoff block for history expiry.
 	// Blocks before this number may be unavailable in the chain database.
-	HistoryPruningCutoff uint64
+	HistoryPruningCutoffNumber uint64
+	HistoryPruningCutoffHash   common.Hash
 }

 // triedbConfig derives the configures for trie database.
@ -262,7 +264,6 @@ type BlockChain struct {
 	txLookupLock  sync.RWMutex
 	txLookupCache *lru.Cache[common.Hash, txLookup]

-	wg            sync.WaitGroup
 	quit          chan struct{} // shutdown signal, closed in Stop.
 	stopping      atomic.Bool   // false if chain is running, true when stopped
 	procInterrupt atomic.Bool   // interrupt signaler for block processing
@ -333,10 +334,10 @@ func NewBlockChain(db ethdb.Database, cacheConfig *CacheConfig, genesis *Genesis
 	bc.processor = NewStateProcessor(chainConfig, bc.hc)

 	genesisHeader := bc.GetHeaderByNumber(0)
-	bc.genesisBlock = types.NewBlockWithHeader(genesisHeader)
-	if bc.genesisBlock == nil {
+	if genesisHeader == nil {
 		return nil, ErrNoGenesis
 	}
+	bc.genesisBlock = types.NewBlockWithHeader(genesisHeader)

 	bc.currentBlock.Store(nil)
 	bc.currentSnapBlock.Store(nil)
@ -1110,7 +1111,6 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) stopWithoutSaving() {
 	// the mutex should become available quickly. It cannot be taken again after Close has
 	// returned.
 	bc.chainmu.Close()
-	bc.wg.Wait()
 }

 // Stop stops the blockchain service. If any imports are currently in progress
@ -1197,79 +1197,64 @@ const (
 	SideStatTy
 )

-// InsertReceiptChain attempts to complete an already existing header chain with
-// transaction and receipt data.
+// InsertReceiptChain inserts a batch of blocks along with their receipts into
+// the database. Unlike InsertChain, this function does not verify the state root
+// in the blocks. It is used exclusively for snap sync. All the inserted blocks
+// will be regarded as canonical, chain reorg is not supported.
+//
+// The optional ancientLimit can also be specified and chain segment before that
+// will be directly stored in the ancient, getting rid of the chain migration.
 func (bc *BlockChain) InsertReceiptChain(blockChain types.Blocks, receiptChain []types.Receipts, ancientLimit uint64) (int, error) {
-	// We don't require the chainMu here since we want to maximize the
-	// concurrency of header insertion and receipt insertion.
-	bc.wg.Add(1)
-	defer bc.wg.Done()
+	// Verify the supplied headers before insertion without lock
+	var headers []*types.Header
+	for _, block := range blockChain {
+		headers = append(headers, block.Header())

-	var (
-		ancientBlocks, liveBlocks     types.Blocks
-		ancientReceipts, liveReceipts []types.Receipts
-	)
-	// Do a sanity check that the provided chain is actually ordered and linked
-	for i, block := range blockChain {
-		if i != 0 {
-			prev := blockChain[i-1]
-			if block.NumberU64() != prev.NumberU64()+1 || block.ParentHash() != prev.Hash() {
-				log.Error("Non contiguous receipt insert",
-					"number", block.Number(), "hash", block.Hash(), "parent", block.ParentHash(),
-					"prevnumber", prev.Number(), "prevhash", prev.Hash())
-				return 0, fmt.Errorf("non contiguous insert: item %d is #%d [%x..], item %d is #%d [%x..] (parent [%x..])",
-					i-1, prev.NumberU64(), prev.Hash().Bytes()[:4],
-					i, block.NumberU64(), block.Hash().Bytes()[:4], block.ParentHash().Bytes()[:4])
-			}
-		}
-		if block.NumberU64() <= ancientLimit {
-			ancientBlocks, ancientReceipts = append(ancientBlocks, block), append(ancientReceipts, receiptChain[i])
-		} else {
-			liveBlocks, liveReceipts = append(liveBlocks, block), append(liveReceipts, receiptChain[i])
-		}
-
-		// Here we also validate that blob transactions in the block do not contain a sidecar.
-		// While the sidecar does not affect the block hash / tx hash, sending blobs within a block is not allowed.
+		// Here we also validate that blob transactions in the block do not
+		// contain a sidecar. While the sidecar does not affect the block hash
+		// or tx hash, sending blobs within a block is not allowed.
 		for txIndex, tx := range block.Transactions() {
 			if tx.Type() == types.BlobTxType && tx.BlobTxSidecar() != nil {
 				return 0, fmt.Errorf("block #%d contains unexpected blob sidecar in tx at index %d", block.NumberU64(), txIndex)
 			}
 		}
 	}
+	if n, err := bc.hc.ValidateHeaderChain(headers); err != nil {
+		return n, err
+	}
+	// Hold the mutation lock
+	if !bc.chainmu.TryLock() {
+		return 0, errChainStopped
+	}
+	defer bc.chainmu.Unlock()

 	var (
 		stats = struct{ processed, ignored int32 }{}
 		start = time.Now()
 		size  = int64(0)
 	)
-
-	// updateHead updates the head snap sync block if the inserted blocks are better
-	// and returns an indicator whether the inserted blocks are canonical.
-	updateHead := func(head *types.Block) bool {
-		if !bc.chainmu.TryLock() {
-			return false
+	// updateHead updates the head header and head snap block flags.
+	updateHead := func(header *types.Header) error {
+		batch := bc.db.NewBatch()
+		hash := header.Hash()
+		rawdb.WriteHeadHeaderHash(batch, hash)
+		rawdb.WriteHeadFastBlockHash(batch, hash)
+		if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
-		defer bc.chainmu.Unlock()
-
-		// Rewind may have occurred, skip in that case.
-		if bc.CurrentHeader().Number.Cmp(head.Number()) >= 0 {
-			rawdb.WriteHeadFastBlockHash(bc.db, head.Hash())
-			bc.currentSnapBlock.Store(head.Header())
-			headFastBlockGauge.Update(int64(head.NumberU64()))
-			return true
-		}
-		return false
+		bc.hc.currentHeader.Store(header)
+		bc.currentSnapBlock.Store(header)
+		headHeaderGauge.Update(header.Number.Int64())
+		headFastBlockGauge.Update(header.Number.Int64())
+		return nil
 	}
 	// writeAncient writes blockchain and corresponding receipt chain into ancient store.
 	//
 	// this function only accepts canonical chain data. All side chain will be reverted
 	// eventually.
 	writeAncient := func(blockChain types.Blocks, receiptChain []types.Receipts) (int, error) {
-		first := blockChain[0]
-		last := blockChain[len(blockChain)-1]
-
-		// Ensure genesis is in ancients.
-		if first.NumberU64() == 1 {
+		// Ensure genesis is in the ancient store
+		if blockChain[0].NumberU64() == 1 {
 			if frozen, _ := bc.db.Ancients(); frozen == 0 {
 				writeSize, err := rawdb.WriteAncientBlocks(bc.db, []*types.Block{bc.genesisBlock}, []types.Receipts{nil})
 				if err != nil {
@ -1280,12 +1265,6 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) InsertReceiptChain(blockChain types.Blocks, receiptChain [
 				log.Info("Wrote genesis to ancients")
 			}
 		}
-		// Before writing the blocks to the ancients, we need to ensure that
-		// they correspond to the what the headerchain 'expects'.
-		// We only check the last block/header, since it's a contiguous chain.
-		if !bc.HasHeader(last.Hash(), last.NumberU64()) {
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("containing header #%d [%x..] unknown", last.Number(), last.Hash().Bytes()[:4])
-		}
 		// Write all chain data to ancients.
 		writeSize, err := rawdb.WriteAncientBlocks(bc.db, blockChain, receiptChain)
 		if err != nil {
@ -1298,44 +1277,28 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) InsertReceiptChain(blockChain types.Blocks, receiptChain [
 		if err := bc.db.Sync(); err != nil {
 			return 0, err
 		}
-		// Update the current snap block because all block data is now present in DB.
-		previousSnapBlock := bc.CurrentSnapBlock().Number.Uint64()
-		if !updateHead(blockChain[len(blockChain)-1]) {
-			// We end up here if the header chain has reorg'ed, and the blocks/receipts
-			// don't match the canonical chain.
-			if _, err := bc.db.TruncateHead(previousSnapBlock + 1); err != nil {
-				log.Error("Can't truncate ancient store after failed insert", "err", err)
-			}
-			return 0, errSideChainReceipts
-		}
-
-		// Delete block data from the main database.
-		var (
-			batch       = bc.db.NewBatch()
-			canonHashes = make(map[common.Hash]struct{}, len(blockChain))
-		)
+		// Write hash to number mappings
+		batch := bc.db.NewBatch()
 		for _, block := range blockChain {
-			canonHashes[block.Hash()] = struct{}{}
-			if block.NumberU64() == 0 {
-				continue
-			}
-			rawdb.DeleteCanonicalHash(batch, block.NumberU64())
-			rawdb.DeleteBlockWithoutNumber(batch, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64())
-		}
-		// Delete side chain hash-to-number mappings.
-		for _, nh := range rawdb.ReadAllHashesInRange(bc.db, first.NumberU64(), last.NumberU64()) {
-			if _, canon := canonHashes[nh.Hash]; !canon {
-				rawdb.DeleteHeader(batch, nh.Hash, nh.Number)
-			}
+			rawdb.WriteHeaderNumber(batch, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64())
 		}
 		if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
 			return 0, err
 		}
+		// Update the current snap block because all block data is now present in DB.
+		if err := updateHead(blockChain[len(blockChain)-1].Header()); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
 		stats.processed += int32(len(blockChain))
 		return 0, nil
 	}

-	// writeLive writes blockchain and corresponding receipt chain into active store.
+	// writeLive writes the blockchain and corresponding receipt chain to the active store.
+	//
+	// Notably, in different snap sync cycles, the supplied chain may partially reorganize
+	// existing local chain segments (reorg around the chain tip). The reorganized part
+	// will be included in the provided chain segment, and stale canonical markers will be
+	// silently rewritten. Therefore, no explicit reorg logic is needed.
 	writeLive := func(blockChain types.Blocks, receiptChain []types.Receipts) (int, error) {
 		var (
 			skipPresenceCheck = false
@ -1346,10 +1309,6 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) InsertReceiptChain(blockChain types.Blocks, receiptChain [
 			if bc.insertStopped() {
 				return 0, errInsertionInterrupted
 			}
-			// Short circuit if the owner header is unknown
-			if !bc.HasHeader(block.Hash(), block.NumberU64()) {
-				return i, fmt.Errorf("containing header #%d [%x..] unknown", block.Number(), block.Hash().Bytes()[:4])
-			}
 			if !skipPresenceCheck {
 				// Ignore if the entire data is already known
 				if bc.HasBlock(block.Hash(), block.NumberU64()) {
@ -1363,7 +1322,8 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) InsertReceiptChain(blockChain types.Blocks, receiptChain [
 				}
 			}
 			// Write all the data out into the database
-			rawdb.WriteBody(batch, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), block.Body())
+			rawdb.WriteCanonicalHash(batch, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64())
+			rawdb.WriteBlock(batch, block)
 			rawdb.WriteReceipts(batch, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), receiptChain[i])

 			// Write everything belongs to the blocks into the database. So that
@ -1387,21 +1347,27 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) InsertReceiptChain(blockChain types.Blocks, receiptChain [
 				return 0, err
 			}
 		}
-		updateHead(blockChain[len(blockChain)-1])
+		if err := updateHead(blockChain[len(blockChain)-1].Header()); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
 		return 0, nil
 	}

-	// Write downloaded chain data and corresponding receipt chain data
-	if len(ancientBlocks) > 0 {
-		if n, err := writeAncient(ancientBlocks, ancientReceipts); err != nil {
+	// Split the supplied blocks into two groups, according to the
+	// given ancient limit.
+	index := sort.Search(len(blockChain), func(i int) bool {
+		return blockChain[i].NumberU64() >= ancientLimit
+	})
+	if index > 0 {
+		if n, err := writeAncient(blockChain[:index], receiptChain[:index]); err != nil {
 			if err == errInsertionInterrupted {
 				return 0, nil
 			}
 			return n, err
 		}
 	}
-	if len(liveBlocks) > 0 {
-		if n, err := writeLive(liveBlocks, liveReceipts); err != nil {
+	if index != len(blockChain) {
+		if n, err := writeLive(blockChain[index:], receiptChain[index:]); err != nil {
 			if err == errInsertionInterrupted {
 				return 0, nil
 			}
@ -1420,7 +1386,6 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) InsertReceiptChain(blockChain types.Blocks, receiptChain [
 		context = append(context, []interface{}{"ignored", stats.ignored}...)
 	}
 	log.Debug("Imported new block receipts", context...)
-
 	return 0, nil
 }

@ -2505,15 +2470,83 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) InsertHeaderChain(chain []*types.Header) (int, error) {
 	if i, err := bc.hc.ValidateHeaderChain(chain); err != nil {
 		return i, err
 	}
-
 	if !bc.chainmu.TryLock() {
 		return 0, errChainStopped
 	}
 	defer bc.chainmu.Unlock()
+
 	_, err := bc.hc.InsertHeaderChain(chain, start)
 	return 0, err
 }

+// InsertHeadersBeforeCutoff inserts the given headers into the ancient store
+// as they are claimed older than the configured chain cutoff point. All the
+// inserted headers are regarded as canonical and chain reorg is not supported.
+func (bc *BlockChain) InsertHeadersBeforeCutoff(headers []*types.Header) (int, error) {
+	if len(headers) == 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	// TODO(rjl493456442): Headers before the configured cutoff have already
+	// been verified by the hash of cutoff header. Theoretically, header validation
+	// could be skipped here.
+	if n, err := bc.hc.ValidateHeaderChain(headers); err != nil {
+		return n, err
+	}
+	if !bc.chainmu.TryLock() {
+		return 0, errChainStopped
+	}
+	defer bc.chainmu.Unlock()
+
+	// Initialize the ancient store with genesis block if it's empty.
+	var (
+		frozen, _ = bc.db.Ancients()
+		first     = headers[0].Number.Uint64()
+	)
+	if first == 1 && frozen == 0 {
+		_, err := rawdb.WriteAncientBlocks(bc.db, []*types.Block{bc.genesisBlock}, []types.Receipts{nil})
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Error writing genesis to ancients", "err", err)
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		log.Info("Wrote genesis to ancient store")
+	} else if frozen != first {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("headers are gapped with the ancient store, first: %d, ancient: %d", first, frozen)
+	}
+
+	// Write headers to the ancient store, with block bodies and receipts set to nil
+	// to ensure consistency across tables in the freezer.
+	_, err := rawdb.WriteAncientHeaderChain(bc.db, headers)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if err := bc.db.Sync(); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	// Write hash to number mappings
+	batch := bc.db.NewBatch()
+	for _, header := range headers {
+		rawdb.WriteHeaderNumber(batch, header.Hash(), header.Number.Uint64())
+	}
+	// Write head header and head snap block flags
+	last := headers[len(headers)-1]
+	rawdb.WriteHeadHeaderHash(batch, last.Hash())
+	rawdb.WriteHeadFastBlockHash(batch, last.Hash())
+	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	// Truncate the useless chain segment (zero bodies and receipts) in the
+	// ancient store.
+	if _, err := bc.db.TruncateTail(last.Number.Uint64() + 1); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	// Last step update all in-memory markers
+	bc.hc.currentHeader.Store(last)
+	bc.currentSnapBlock.Store(last)
+	headHeaderGauge.Update(last.Number.Int64())
+	headFastBlockGauge.Update(last.Number.Int64())
+	return 0, nil
+}
+
 // SetBlockValidatorAndProcessorForTesting sets the current validator and processor.
 // This method can be used to force an invalid blockchain to be verified for tests.
 // This method is unsafe and should only be used before block import starts.
@ -2533,9 +2566,3 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) SetTrieFlushInterval(interval time.Duration) {
 func (bc *BlockChain) GetTrieFlushInterval() time.Duration {
 	return time.Duration(bc.flushInterval.Load())
 }
-
-// HistoryPruningCutoff returns the configured history pruning point.
-// Blocks before this might not be available in the database.
-func (bc *BlockChain) HistoryPruningCutoff() uint64 {
-	return bc.cacheConfig.HistoryPruningCutoff
-}
--- a/core/blockchain_reader.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_reader.go
@ -407,6 +407,12 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) TxIndexProgress() (TxIndexProgress, error) {
 	return bc.txIndexer.txIndexProgress()
 }

+// HistoryPruningCutoff returns the configured history pruning point.
+// Blocks before this might not be available in the database.
+func (bc *BlockChain) HistoryPruningCutoff() (uint64, common.Hash) {
+	return bc.cacheConfig.HistoryPruningCutoffNumber, bc.cacheConfig.HistoryPruningCutoffHash
+}
+
 // TrieDB retrieves the low level trie database used for data storage.
 func (bc *BlockChain) TrieDB() *triedb.Database {
 	return bc.triedb
--- a/core/blockchain_repair_test.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_repair_test.go
@ -1765,7 +1765,7 @@ func testRepairWithScheme(t *testing.T, tt *rewindTest, snapshots bool, scheme s
 	datadir := t.TempDir()
 	ancient := filepath.Join(datadir, "ancient")

-	pdb, err := pebble.New(datadir, 0, 0, "", false)
+	pdb, err := pebble.New(datadir, 0, 0, "", false, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create persistent key-value database: %v", err)
 	}
@ -1850,7 +1850,7 @@ func testRepairWithScheme(t *testing.T, tt *rewindTest, snapshots bool, scheme s
 	chain.stopWithoutSaving()

 	// Start a new blockchain back up and see where the repair leads us
-	pdb, err = pebble.New(datadir, 0, 0, "", false)
+	pdb, err = pebble.New(datadir, 0, 0, "", false, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to reopen persistent key-value database: %v", err)
 	}
@ -1915,7 +1915,7 @@ func testIssue23496(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	datadir := t.TempDir()
 	ancient := filepath.Join(datadir, "ancient")

-	pdb, err := pebble.New(datadir, 0, 0, "", false)
+	pdb, err := pebble.New(datadir, 0, 0, "", false, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create persistent key-value database: %v", err)
 	}
@ -1973,7 +1973,7 @@ func testIssue23496(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	chain.stopWithoutSaving()

 	// Start a new blockchain back up and see where the repair leads us
-	pdb, err = pebble.New(datadir, 0, 0, "", false)
+	pdb, err = pebble.New(datadir, 0, 0, "", false, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to reopen persistent key-value database: %v", err)
 	}
--- a/core/blockchain_sethead_test.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_sethead_test.go
@ -1969,7 +1969,7 @@ func testSetHeadWithScheme(t *testing.T, tt *rewindTest, snapshots bool, scheme
 	datadir := t.TempDir()
 	ancient := filepath.Join(datadir, "ancient")

-	pdb, err := pebble.New(datadir, 0, 0, "", false)
+	pdb, err := pebble.New(datadir, 0, 0, "", false, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create persistent key-value database: %v", err)
 	}
--- a/core/blockchain_snapshot_test.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_snapshot_test.go
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func (basic *snapshotTestBasic) prepare(t *testing.T) (*BlockChain, []*types.Blo
 	datadir := t.TempDir()
 	ancient := filepath.Join(datadir, "ancient")

-	pdb, err := pebble.New(datadir, 0, 0, "", false)
+	pdb, err := pebble.New(datadir, 0, 0, "", false, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create persistent key-value database: %v", err)
 	}
@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ func (snaptest *crashSnapshotTest) test(t *testing.T) {
 	chain.triedb.Close()

 	// Start a new blockchain back up and see where the repair leads us
-	pdb, err := pebble.New(snaptest.datadir, 0, 0, "", false)
+	pdb, err := pebble.New(snaptest.datadir, 0, 0, "", false, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create persistent key-value database: %v", err)
 	}
--- a/core/blockchain_test.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_test.go
@ -733,13 +733,6 @@ func testFastVsFullChains(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	fast, _ := NewBlockChain(fastDb, DefaultCacheConfigWithScheme(scheme), gspec, nil, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
 	defer fast.Stop()

-	headers := make([]*types.Header, len(blocks))
-	for i, block := range blocks {
-		headers[i] = block.Header()
-	}
-	if n, err := fast.InsertHeaderChain(headers); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to insert header %d: %v", n, err)
-	}
 	if n, err := fast.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts, 0); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
 	}
@ -753,9 +746,6 @@ func testFastVsFullChains(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	ancient, _ := NewBlockChain(ancientDb, DefaultCacheConfigWithScheme(scheme), gspec, nil, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
 	defer ancient.Stop()

-	if n, err := ancient.InsertHeaderChain(headers); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to insert header %d: %v", n, err)
-	}
 	if n, err := ancient.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts, uint64(len(blocks)/2)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
 	}
@ -880,13 +870,6 @@ func testLightVsFastVsFullChainHeads(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	fast, _ := NewBlockChain(fastDb, DefaultCacheConfigWithScheme(scheme), gspec, nil, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
 	defer fast.Stop()

-	headers := make([]*types.Header, len(blocks))
-	for i, block := range blocks {
-		headers[i] = block.Header()
-	}
-	if n, err := fast.InsertHeaderChain(headers); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to insert header %d: %v", n, err)
-	}
 	if n, err := fast.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts, 0); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
 	}
@ -900,9 +883,6 @@ func testLightVsFastVsFullChainHeads(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	ancient, _ := NewBlockChain(ancientDb, DefaultCacheConfigWithScheme(scheme), gspec, nil, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
 	defer ancient.Stop()

-	if n, err := ancient.InsertHeaderChain(headers); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to insert header %d: %v", n, err)
-	}
 	if n, err := ancient.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts, uint64(3*len(blocks)/4)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
 	}
@ -916,6 +896,11 @@ func testLightVsFastVsFullChainHeads(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	// Import the chain as a light node and ensure all pointers are updated
 	lightDb := makeDb()
 	defer lightDb.Close()
+
+	headers := make([]*types.Header, len(blocks))
+	for i, block := range blocks {
+		headers[i] = block.Header()
+	}
 	light, _ := NewBlockChain(lightDb, DefaultCacheConfigWithScheme(scheme), gspec, nil, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
 	if n, err := light.InsertHeaderChain(headers); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to insert header %d: %v", n, err)
@ -1710,13 +1695,6 @@ func testBlockchainRecovery(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	defer ancientDb.Close()
 	ancient, _ := NewBlockChain(ancientDb, DefaultCacheConfigWithScheme(scheme), gspec, nil, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)

-	headers := make([]*types.Header, len(blocks))
-	for i, block := range blocks {
-		headers[i] = block.Header()
-	}
-	if n, err := ancient.InsertHeaderChain(headers); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to insert header %d: %v", n, err)
-	}
 	if n, err := ancient.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts, uint64(3*len(blocks)/4)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
 	}
@ -1741,82 +1719,6 @@ func testBlockchainRecovery(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	}
 }

-// This test checks that InsertReceiptChain will roll back correctly when attempting to insert a side chain.
-func TestInsertReceiptChainRollback(t *testing.T) {
-	testInsertReceiptChainRollback(t, rawdb.HashScheme)
-	testInsertReceiptChainRollback(t, rawdb.PathScheme)
-}
-
-func testInsertReceiptChainRollback(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
-	// Generate forked chain. The returned BlockChain object is used to process the side chain blocks.
-	tmpChain, sideblocks, canonblocks, gspec, err := getLongAndShortChains(scheme)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	defer tmpChain.Stop()
-	// Get the side chain receipts.
-	if _, err := tmpChain.InsertChain(sideblocks); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal("processing side chain failed:", err)
-	}
-	t.Log("sidechain head:", tmpChain.CurrentBlock().Number, tmpChain.CurrentBlock().Hash())
-	sidechainReceipts := make([]types.Receipts, len(sideblocks))
-	for i, block := range sideblocks {
-		sidechainReceipts[i] = tmpChain.GetReceiptsByHash(block.Hash())
-	}
-	// Get the canon chain receipts.
-	if _, err := tmpChain.InsertChain(canonblocks); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal("processing canon chain failed:", err)
-	}
-	t.Log("canon head:", tmpChain.CurrentBlock().Number, tmpChain.CurrentBlock().Hash())
-	canonReceipts := make([]types.Receipts, len(canonblocks))
-	for i, block := range canonblocks {
-		canonReceipts[i] = tmpChain.GetReceiptsByHash(block.Hash())
-	}
-
-	// Set up a BlockChain that uses the ancient store.
-	ancientDb, err := rawdb.NewDatabaseWithFreezer(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), "", "", false)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to create temp freezer db: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer ancientDb.Close()
-
-	ancientChain, _ := NewBlockChain(ancientDb, DefaultCacheConfigWithScheme(scheme), gspec, nil, ethash.NewFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil)
-	defer ancientChain.Stop()
-
-	// Import the canonical header chain.
-	canonHeaders := make([]*types.Header, len(canonblocks))
-	for i, block := range canonblocks {
-		canonHeaders[i] = block.Header()
-	}
-	if _, err = ancientChain.InsertHeaderChain(canonHeaders); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal("can't import canon headers:", err)
-	}
-
-	// Try to insert blocks/receipts of the side chain.
-	_, err = ancientChain.InsertReceiptChain(sideblocks, sidechainReceipts, uint64(len(sideblocks)))
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected error from InsertReceiptChain.")
-	}
-	if ancientChain.CurrentSnapBlock().Number.Uint64() != 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to rollback ancient data, want %d, have %d", 0, ancientChain.CurrentSnapBlock().Number)
-	}
-	if frozen, err := ancientChain.db.Ancients(); err != nil || frozen != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to truncate ancient data, frozen index is %d", frozen)
-	}
-
-	// Insert blocks/receipts of the canonical chain.
-	_, err = ancientChain.InsertReceiptChain(canonblocks, canonReceipts, uint64(len(canonblocks)))
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("can't import canon chain receipts: %v", err)
-	}
-	if ancientChain.CurrentSnapBlock().Number.Uint64() != canonblocks[len(canonblocks)-1].NumberU64() {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to insert ancient recept chain after rollback")
-	}
-	if frozen, _ := ancientChain.db.Ancients(); frozen != uint64(len(canonblocks))+1 {
-		t.Fatalf("wrong ancients count %d", frozen)
-	}
-}
-
 // Tests that importing a very large side fork, which is larger than the canon chain,
 // but where the difficulty per block is kept low: this means that it will not
 // overtake the 'canon' chain until after it's passed canon by about 200 blocks.
@ -2088,14 +1990,6 @@ func testInsertKnownChainData(t *testing.T, typ string, scheme string) {
 		}
 	} else if typ == "receipts" {
 		inserter = func(blocks []*types.Block, receipts []types.Receipts) error {
-			headers := make([]*types.Header, 0, len(blocks))
-			for _, block := range blocks {
-				headers = append(headers, block.Header())
-			}
-			_, err := chain.InsertHeaderChain(headers)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
 			_, err = chain.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts, 0)
 			return err
 		}
@ -2262,14 +2156,6 @@ func testInsertKnownChainDataWithMerging(t *testing.T, typ string, mergeHeight i
 		}
 	} else if typ == "receipts" {
 		inserter = func(blocks []*types.Block, receipts []types.Receipts) error {
-			headers := make([]*types.Header, 0, len(blocks))
-			for _, block := range blocks {
-				headers = append(headers, block.Header())
-			}
-			i, err := chain.InsertHeaderChain(headers)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("index %d: %w", i, err)
-			}
 			_, err = chain.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts, 0)
 			return err
 		}
@ -2605,7 +2491,7 @@ func testSideImportPrunedBlocks(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	datadir := t.TempDir()
 	ancient := path.Join(datadir, "ancient")

-	pdb, err := pebble.New(datadir, 0, 0, "", false)
+	pdb, err := pebble.New(datadir, 0, 0, "", false, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create persistent key-value database: %v", err)
 	}
@ -4265,3 +4151,220 @@ func TestEIP7702(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("addr2 storage wrong: expected %d, got %d", fortyTwo, actual)
 	}
 }
+
+// Tests the scenario that the synchronization target in snap sync has been changed
+// with a chain reorg at the tip. In this case the reorg'd segment should be unmarked
+// with canonical flags.
+func TestChainReorgSnapSync(t *testing.T) {
+	testChainReorgSnapSync(t, 0)
+	testChainReorgSnapSync(t, 32)
+	testChainReorgSnapSync(t, gomath.MaxUint64)
+}
+
+func testChainReorgSnapSync(t *testing.T, ancientLimit uint64) {
+	// log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelDebug, true)))
+
+	// Configure and generate a sample block chain
+	var (
+		key, _  = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
+		address = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
+		funds   = big.NewInt(1000000000000000)
+		gspec   = &Genesis{
+			Config:  params.TestChainConfig,
+			Alloc:   types.GenesisAlloc{address: {Balance: funds}},
+			BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
+		}
+		signer = types.LatestSigner(gspec.Config)
+		engine = beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker())
+	)
+	genDb, blocks, receipts := GenerateChainWithGenesis(gspec, engine, 32, func(i int, block *BlockGen) {
+		block.SetCoinbase(common.Address{0x00})
+
+		// If the block number is multiple of 3, send a few bonus transactions to the miner
+		if i%3 == 2 {
+			for j := 0; j < i%4+1; j++ {
+				tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), common.Address{0x00}, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, block.header.BaseFee, nil), signer, key)
+				if err != nil {
+					panic(err)
+				}
+				block.AddTx(tx)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+	chainA, receiptsA := GenerateChain(gspec.Config, blocks[len(blocks)-1], engine, genDb, 16, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
+		gen.SetCoinbase(common.Address{0: byte(0xa), 19: byte(i)})
+	})
+	chainB, receiptsB := GenerateChain(gspec.Config, blocks[len(blocks)-1], engine, genDb, 20, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
+		gen.SetCoinbase(common.Address{0: byte(0xb), 19: byte(i)})
+	})
+
+	db, _ := rawdb.NewDatabaseWithFreezer(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), "", "", false)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	chain, _ := NewBlockChain(db, DefaultCacheConfigWithScheme(rawdb.PathScheme), gspec, nil, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), vm.Config{}, nil)
+	defer chain.Stop()
+
+	if n, err := chain.InsertReceiptChain(blocks, receipts, ancientLimit); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
+	}
+	if n, err := chain.InsertReceiptChain(chainA, receiptsA, ancientLimit); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
+	}
+	// If the common ancestor is below the ancient limit, rewind the chain head.
+	// It's aligned with the behavior in the snap sync
+	ancestor := blocks[len(blocks)-1].NumberU64()
+	if ancestor < ancientLimit {
+		rawdb.WriteLastPivotNumber(db, ancestor)
+		chain.SetHead(ancestor)
+	}
+	if n, err := chain.InsertReceiptChain(chainB, receiptsB, ancientLimit); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
+	}
+	head := chain.CurrentSnapBlock()
+	if head.Hash() != chainB[len(chainB)-1].Hash() {
+		t.Errorf("head snap block #%d: header mismatch: want: %v, got: %v", head.Number, chainB[len(chainB)-1].Hash(), head.Hash())
+	}
+
+	// Iterate over all chain data components, and cross reference
+	for i := 0; i < len(blocks); i++ {
+		num, hash := blocks[i].NumberU64(), blocks[i].Hash()
+		header := chain.GetHeaderByNumber(num)
+		if header.Hash() != hash {
+			t.Errorf("block #%d: header mismatch: want: %v, got: %v", num, hash, header.Hash())
+		}
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(chainA); i++ {
+		num, hash := chainA[i].NumberU64(), chainA[i].Hash()
+		header := chain.GetHeaderByNumber(num)
+		if header == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if header.Hash() == hash {
+			t.Errorf("block #%d: unexpected canonical header: %v", num, hash)
+		}
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(chainB); i++ {
+		num, hash := chainB[i].NumberU64(), chainB[i].Hash()
+		header := chain.GetHeaderByNumber(num)
+		if header.Hash() != hash {
+			t.Errorf("block #%d: header mismatch: want: %v, got: %v", num, hash, header.Hash())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Tests the scenario that all the inserted chain segment are with the configured
+// chain cutoff point. In this case the chain segment before the cutoff should
+// be persisted without the receipts and bodies; chain after should be persisted
+// normally.
+func TestInsertChainWithCutoff(t *testing.T) {
+	testInsertChainWithCutoff(t, 32, 32) // cutoff = 32, ancientLimit = 32
+	testInsertChainWithCutoff(t, 32, 64) // cutoff = 32, ancientLimit = 64 (entire chain in ancient)
+	testInsertChainWithCutoff(t, 32, 65) // cutoff = 32, ancientLimit = 65 (64 blocks in ancient, 1 block in live)
+}
+
+func testInsertChainWithCutoff(t *testing.T, cutoff uint64, ancientLimit uint64) {
+	// log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelDebug, true)))
+
+	// Configure and generate a sample block chain
+	var (
+		key, _  = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
+		address = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
+		funds   = big.NewInt(1000000000000000)
+		gspec   = &Genesis{
+			Config:  params.TestChainConfig,
+			Alloc:   types.GenesisAlloc{address: {Balance: funds}},
+			BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
+		}
+		signer = types.LatestSigner(gspec.Config)
+		engine = beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker())
+	)
+	_, blocks, receipts := GenerateChainWithGenesis(gspec, engine, int(2*cutoff), func(i int, block *BlockGen) {
+		block.SetCoinbase(common.Address{0x00})
+
+		tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), common.Address{0x00}, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, block.header.BaseFee, nil), signer, key)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		block.AddTx(tx)
+	})
+	db, _ := rawdb.NewDatabaseWithFreezer(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), "", "", false)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	cutoffBlock := blocks[cutoff-1]
+	config := DefaultCacheConfigWithScheme(rawdb.PathScheme)
+	config.HistoryPruningCutoffNumber = cutoffBlock.NumberU64()
+	config.HistoryPruningCutoffHash = cutoffBlock.Hash()
+
+	chain, _ := NewBlockChain(db, DefaultCacheConfigWithScheme(rawdb.PathScheme), gspec, nil, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), vm.Config{}, nil)
+	defer chain.Stop()
+
+	var (
+		headersBefore []*types.Header
+		blocksAfter   []*types.Block
+		receiptsAfter []types.Receipts
+	)
+	for i, b := range blocks {
+		if b.NumberU64() < cutoffBlock.NumberU64() {
+			headersBefore = append(headersBefore, b.Header())
+		} else {
+			blocksAfter = append(blocksAfter, b)
+			receiptsAfter = append(receiptsAfter, receipts[i])
+		}
+	}
+	if n, err := chain.InsertHeadersBeforeCutoff(headersBefore); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to insert headers before cutoff %d: %v", n, err)
+	}
+	if n, err := chain.InsertReceiptChain(blocksAfter, receiptsAfter, ancientLimit); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to insert receipt %d: %v", n, err)
+	}
+	headSnap := chain.CurrentSnapBlock()
+	if headSnap.Hash() != blocks[len(blocks)-1].Hash() {
+		t.Errorf("head snap block #%d: header mismatch: want: %v, got: %v", headSnap.Number, blocks[len(blocks)-1].Hash(), headSnap.Hash())
+	}
+	headHeader := chain.CurrentHeader()
+	if headHeader.Hash() != blocks[len(blocks)-1].Hash() {
+		t.Errorf("head header #%d: header mismatch: want: %v, got: %v", headHeader.Number, blocks[len(blocks)-1].Hash(), headHeader.Hash())
+	}
+	headBlock := chain.CurrentBlock()
+	if headBlock.Hash() != gspec.ToBlock().Hash() {
+		t.Errorf("head block #%d: header mismatch: want: %v, got: %v", headBlock.Number, gspec.ToBlock().Hash(), headBlock.Hash())
+	}
+
+	// Iterate over all chain data components, and cross reference
+	for i := 0; i < len(blocks); i++ {
+		num, hash := blocks[i].NumberU64(), blocks[i].Hash()
+
+		// Canonical headers should be visible regardless of cutoff
+		header := chain.GetHeaderByNumber(num)
+		if header.Hash() != hash {
+			t.Errorf("block #%d: header mismatch: want: %v, got: %v", num, hash, header.Hash())
+		}
+		tail, err := db.Tail()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to get chain tail, %v", err)
+		}
+		if tail != cutoffBlock.NumberU64() {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected chain tail, want: %d, got: %d", cutoffBlock.NumberU64(), tail)
+		}
+		// Block bodies and receipts before the cutoff should be non-existent
+		if num < cutoffBlock.NumberU64() {
+			body := chain.GetBody(hash)
+			if body != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Unexpected block body: %d, cutoff: %d", num, cutoffBlock.NumberU64())
+			}
+			receipts := chain.GetReceiptsByHash(hash)
+			if receipts != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Unexpected block receipts: %d, cutoff: %d", num, cutoffBlock.NumberU64())
+			}
+		} else {
+			body := chain.GetBody(hash)
+			if body == nil || len(body.Transactions) != 1 {
+				t.Fatalf("Missed block body: %d, cutoff: %d", num, cutoffBlock.NumberU64())
+			}
+			receipts := chain.GetReceiptsByHash(hash)
+			if receipts == nil || len(receipts) != 1 {
+				t.Fatalf("Missed block receipts: %d, cutoff: %d", num, cutoffBlock.NumberU64())
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/core/error.go
+++ b/core/error.go
@ -28,8 +28,6 @@ var (

 	// ErrNoGenesis is returned when there is no Genesis Block.
 	ErrNoGenesis = errors.New("genesis not found in chain")
-
-	errSideChainReceipts = errors.New("side blocks can't be accepted as ancient chain data")
 )

 // List of evm-call-message pre-checking errors. All state transition messages will
--- a/core/headerchain.go
+++ b/core/headerchain.go
@ -237,7 +237,8 @@ func (hc *HeaderChain) WriteHeaders(headers []*types.Header) (int, error) {
 }

 // writeHeadersAndSetHead writes a batch of block headers and applies the last
-// header as the chain head if the fork choicer says it's ok to update the chain.
+// header as the chain head.
+//
 // Note: This method is not concurrent-safe with inserting blocks simultaneously
 // into the chain, as side effects caused by reorganisations cannot be emulated
 // without the real blocks. Hence, writing headers directly should only be done
@ -272,12 +273,14 @@ func (hc *HeaderChain) writeHeadersAndSetHead(headers []*types.Header) (*headerW
 	return result, nil
 }

+// ValidateHeaderChain verifies that the supplied header chain is contiguous
+// and conforms to consensus rules.
 func (hc *HeaderChain) ValidateHeaderChain(chain []*types.Header) (int, error) {
 	// Do a sanity check that the provided chain is actually ordered and linked
 	for i := 1; i < len(chain); i++ {
 		if chain[i].Number.Uint64() != chain[i-1].Number.Uint64()+1 {
-			hash := chain[i].Hash()
-			parentHash := chain[i-1].Hash()
+			hash, parentHash := chain[i].Hash(), chain[i-1].Hash()
+
 			// Chain broke ancestry, log a message (programming error) and skip insertion
 			log.Error("Non contiguous header insert", "number", chain[i].Number, "hash", hash,
 				"parent", chain[i].ParentHash, "prevnumber", chain[i-1].Number, "prevhash", parentHash)
@ -302,7 +305,6 @@ func (hc *HeaderChain) ValidateHeaderChain(chain []*types.Header) (int, error) {
 			return i, err
 		}
 	}
-
 	return 0, nil
 }

--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
@ -737,6 +737,30 @@ func writeAncientBlock(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp, block *types.Block, header *type
 	return nil
 }

+// WriteAncientHeaderChain writes the supplied headers along with nil block
+// bodies and receipts into the ancient store. It's supposed to be used for
+// storing chain segment before the chain cutoff.
+func WriteAncientHeaderChain(db ethdb.AncientWriter, headers []*types.Header) (int64, error) {
+	return db.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
+		for _, header := range headers {
+			num := header.Number.Uint64()
+			if err := op.AppendRaw(ChainFreezerHashTable, num, header.Hash().Bytes()); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("can't add block %d hash: %v", num, err)
+			}
+			if err := op.Append(ChainFreezerHeaderTable, num, header); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("can't append block header %d: %v", num, err)
+			}
+			if err := op.AppendRaw(ChainFreezerBodiesTable, num, nil); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("can't append block body %d: %v", num, err)
+			}
+			if err := op.AppendRaw(ChainFreezerReceiptTable, num, nil); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("can't append block %d receipts: %v", num, err)
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
 // DeleteBlock removes all block data associated with a hash.
 func DeleteBlock(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
 	DeleteReceipts(db, hash, number)
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go
@ -464,6 +464,48 @@ func TestAncientStorage(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestWriteAncientHeaderChain(t *testing.T) {
+	db, err := NewDatabaseWithFreezer(NewMemoryDatabase(), t.TempDir(), "", false)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create database with ancient backend")
+	}
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	// Create a test block
+	var headers []*types.Header
+	headers = append(headers, &types.Header{
+		Number:      big.NewInt(0),
+		Extra:       []byte("test block"),
+		UncleHash:   types.EmptyUncleHash,
+		TxHash:      types.EmptyTxsHash,
+		ReceiptHash: types.EmptyReceiptsHash,
+	})
+	headers = append(headers, &types.Header{
+		Number:      big.NewInt(1),
+		Extra:       []byte("test block"),
+		UncleHash:   types.EmptyUncleHash,
+		TxHash:      types.EmptyTxsHash,
+		ReceiptHash: types.EmptyReceiptsHash,
+	})
+	// Write and verify the header in the database
+	WriteAncientHeaderChain(db, headers)
+
+	for _, header := range headers {
+		if blob := ReadHeaderRLP(db, header.Hash(), header.Number.Uint64()); len(blob) == 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("no header returned")
+		}
+		if h := ReadCanonicalHash(db, header.Number.Uint64()); h != header.Hash() {
+			t.Fatalf("no canonical hash returned")
+		}
+		if blob := ReadBodyRLP(db, header.Hash(), header.Number.Uint64()); len(blob) != 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected body returned")
+		}
+		if blob := ReadReceiptsRLP(db, header.Hash(), header.Number.Uint64()); len(blob) != 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected body returned")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestCanonicalHashIteration(t *testing.T) {
 	var cases = []struct {
 		from, to uint64
--- a/core/txindexer.go
+++ b/core/txindexer.go
@ -58,9 +58,10 @@ type txIndexer struct {

 // newTxIndexer initializes the transaction indexer.
 func newTxIndexer(limit uint64, chain *BlockChain) *txIndexer {
+	cutoff, _ := chain.HistoryPruningCutoff()
 	indexer := &txIndexer{
 		limit:    limit,
-		cutoff:   chain.HistoryPruningCutoff(),
+		cutoff:   cutoff,
 		db:       chain.db,
 		progress: make(chan chan TxIndexProgress),
 		term:     make(chan chan struct{}),
--- a/eth/api_backend.go
+++ b/eth/api_backend.go
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ func (b *EthAPIBackend) HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumb
 	}
 	var bn uint64
 	if number == rpc.EarliestBlockNumber {
-		bn = b.eth.blockchain.HistoryPruningCutoff()
+		bn = b.HistoryPruningCutoff()
 	} else {
 		bn = uint64(number)
 	}
@ -152,10 +152,10 @@ func (b *EthAPIBackend) BlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumbe
 	}
 	bn := uint64(number) // the resolved number
 	if number == rpc.EarliestBlockNumber {
-		bn = b.eth.blockchain.HistoryPruningCutoff()
+		bn = b.HistoryPruningCutoff()
 	}
 	block := b.eth.blockchain.GetBlockByNumber(bn)
-	if block == nil && bn < b.eth.blockchain.HistoryPruningCutoff() {
+	if block == nil && bn < b.HistoryPruningCutoff() {
 		return nil, &ethconfig.PrunedHistoryError{}
 	}
 	return block, nil
@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ func (b *EthAPIBackend) BlockByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*typ
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 	block := b.eth.blockchain.GetBlock(hash, *number)
-	if block == nil && *number < b.eth.blockchain.HistoryPruningCutoff() {
+	if block == nil && *number < b.HistoryPruningCutoff() {
 		return nil, &ethconfig.PrunedHistoryError{}
 	}
 	return block, nil
@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ func (b *EthAPIBackend) GetBody(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash, number rp
 	}
 	body := b.eth.blockchain.GetBody(hash)
 	if body == nil {
-		if uint64(number) < b.eth.blockchain.HistoryPruningCutoff() {
+		if uint64(number) < b.HistoryPruningCutoff() {
 			return nil, &ethconfig.PrunedHistoryError{}
 		}
 		return nil, errors.New("block body not found")
@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ func (b *EthAPIBackend) BlockByNumberOrHash(ctx context.Context, blockNrOrHash r
 		}
 		block := b.eth.blockchain.GetBlock(hash, header.Number.Uint64())
 		if block == nil {
-			if header.Number.Uint64() < b.eth.blockchain.HistoryPruningCutoff() {
+			if header.Number.Uint64() < b.HistoryPruningCutoff() {
 				return nil, &ethconfig.PrunedHistoryError{}
 			}
 			return nil, errors.New("header found, but block body is missing")
@ -265,7 +265,8 @@ func (b *EthAPIBackend) StateAndHeaderByNumberOrHash(ctx context.Context, blockN
 }

 func (b *EthAPIBackend) HistoryPruningCutoff() uint64 {
-	return b.eth.blockchain.HistoryPruningCutoff()
+	bn, _ := b.eth.blockchain.HistoryPruningCutoff()
+	return bn
 }

 func (b *EthAPIBackend) GetReceipts(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (types.Receipts, error) {
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@ -154,13 +154,18 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 	}

 	// Validate history pruning configuration.
-	var historyPruningCutoff uint64
+	var (
+		cutoffNumber uint64
+		cutoffHash   common.Hash
+	)
 	if config.HistoryMode == ethconfig.PostMergeHistory {
 		prunecfg, ok := ethconfig.HistoryPrunePoints[genesisHash]
 		if !ok {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("no history pruning point is defined for genesis %x", genesisHash)
 		}
-		historyPruningCutoff = prunecfg.BlockNumber
+		cutoffNumber = prunecfg.BlockNumber
+		cutoffHash = prunecfg.BlockHash
+		log.Info("Chain cutoff configured", "number", cutoffNumber, "hash", cutoffHash)
 	}

 	// Set networkID to chainID by default.
@ -204,16 +209,17 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 			EnablePreimageRecording: config.EnablePreimageRecording,
 		}
 		cacheConfig = &core.CacheConfig{
-			TrieCleanLimit:       config.TrieCleanCache,
-			TrieCleanNoPrefetch:  config.NoPrefetch,
-			TrieDirtyLimit:       config.TrieDirtyCache,
-			TrieDirtyDisabled:    config.NoPruning,
-			TrieTimeLimit:        config.TrieTimeout,
-			SnapshotLimit:        config.SnapshotCache,
-			Preimages:            config.Preimages,
-			StateHistory:         config.StateHistory,
-			StateScheme:          scheme,
-			HistoryPruningCutoff: historyPruningCutoff,
+			TrieCleanLimit:             config.TrieCleanCache,
+			TrieCleanNoPrefetch:        config.NoPrefetch,
+			TrieDirtyLimit:             config.TrieDirtyCache,
+			TrieDirtyDisabled:          config.NoPruning,
+			TrieTimeLimit:              config.TrieTimeout,
+			SnapshotLimit:              config.SnapshotCache,
+			Preimages:                  config.Preimages,
+			StateHistory:               config.StateHistory,
+			StateScheme:                scheme,
+			HistoryPruningCutoffNumber: cutoffNumber,
+			HistoryPruningCutoffHash:   cutoffHash,
 		}
 	)
 	if config.VMTrace != "" {
@ -246,7 +252,7 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 		HashScheme:     scheme == rawdb.HashScheme,
 	}
 	chainView := eth.newChainView(eth.blockchain.CurrentBlock())
-	historyCutoff := eth.blockchain.HistoryPruningCutoff()
+	historyCutoff, _ := eth.blockchain.HistoryPruningCutoff()
 	var finalBlock uint64
 	if fb := eth.blockchain.CurrentFinalBlock(); fb != nil {
 		finalBlock = fb.Number.Uint64()
@ -443,7 +449,7 @@ func (s *Ethereum) updateFilterMapsHeads() {
 		if head == nil || newHead.Hash() != head.Hash() {
 			head = newHead
 			chainView := s.newChainView(head)
-			historyCutoff := s.blockchain.HistoryPruningCutoff()
+			historyCutoff, _ := s.blockchain.HistoryPruningCutoff()
 			var finalBlock uint64
 			if fb := s.blockchain.CurrentFinalBlock(); fb != nil {
 				finalBlock = fb.Number.Uint64()
--- a/eth/downloader/beaconsync.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/beaconsync.go
@ -273,8 +273,7 @@ func (d *Downloader) findBeaconAncestor() (uint64, error) {
 // fetchHeaders feeds skeleton headers to the downloader queue for scheduling
 // until sync errors or is finished.
 func (d *Downloader) fetchHeaders(from uint64) error {
-	var head *types.Header
-	_, tail, _, err := d.skeleton.Bounds()
+	head, tail, _, err := d.skeleton.Bounds()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@ -294,6 +293,27 @@ func (d *Downloader) fetchHeaders(from uint64) error {
 	fsHeaderContCheckTimer := time.NewTimer(fsHeaderContCheck)
 	defer fsHeaderContCheckTimer.Stop()

+	// Verify the header at configured chain cutoff, ensuring it's matched with
+	// the configured hash. Skip the check if the configured cutoff is even higher
+	// than the sync target, which is definitely not a common case.
+	if d.chainCutoffNumber != 0 && d.chainCutoffNumber >= from && d.chainCutoffNumber <= head.Number.Uint64() {
+		h := d.skeleton.Header(d.chainCutoffNumber)
+		if h == nil {
+			if d.chainCutoffNumber < tail.Number.Uint64() {
+				dist := tail.Number.Uint64() - d.chainCutoffNumber
+				if len(localHeaders) >= int(dist) {
+					h = localHeaders[dist-1]
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if h == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("header at chain cutoff is not available, cutoff: %d", d.chainCutoffNumber)
+		}
+		if h.Hash() != d.chainCutoffHash {
+			return fmt.Errorf("header at chain cutoff mismatched, want: %v, got: %v", d.chainCutoffHash, h.Hash())
+		}
+	}
+
 	for {
 		// Some beacon headers might have appeared since the last cycle, make
 		// sure we're always syncing to all available ones
--- a/eth/downloader/downloader.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/downloader.go
@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ package downloader
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"sort"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
@ -120,6 +121,12 @@ type Downloader struct {
 	committed     atomic.Bool
 	ancientLimit  uint64 // The maximum block number which can be regarded as ancient data.

+	// The cutoff block number and hash before which chain segments (bodies
+	// and receipts) are skipped during synchronization. 0 means the entire
+	// chain segment is aimed for synchronization.
+	chainCutoffNumber uint64
+	chainCutoffHash   common.Hash
+
 	// Channels
 	headerProcCh chan *headerTask // Channel to feed the header processor new tasks

@ -163,9 +170,6 @@ type BlockChain interface {
 	// CurrentHeader retrieves the head header from the local chain.
 	CurrentHeader() *types.Header

-	// InsertHeaderChain inserts a batch of headers into the local chain.
-	InsertHeaderChain([]*types.Header) (int, error)
-
 	// SetHead rewinds the local chain to a new head.
 	SetHead(uint64) error

@ -187,10 +191,17 @@ type BlockChain interface {
 	// SnapSyncCommitHead directly commits the head block to a certain entity.
 	SnapSyncCommitHead(common.Hash) error

+	// InsertHeadersBeforeCutoff inserts a batch of headers before the configured
+	// chain cutoff into the ancient store.
+	InsertHeadersBeforeCutoff([]*types.Header) (int, error)
+
 	// InsertChain inserts a batch of blocks into the local chain.
 	InsertChain(types.Blocks) (int, error)

-	// InsertReceiptChain inserts a batch of receipts into the local chain.
+	// InsertReceiptChain inserts a batch of blocks along with their receipts
+	// into the local chain. Blocks older than the specified `ancientLimit`
+	// are stored directly in the ancient store, while newer blocks are stored
+	// in the live key-value store.
 	InsertReceiptChain(types.Blocks, []types.Receipts, uint64) (int, error)

 	// Snapshots returns the blockchain snapshot tree to paused it during sync.
@ -199,22 +210,29 @@ type BlockChain interface {
 	// TrieDB retrieves the low level trie database used for interacting
 	// with trie nodes.
 	TrieDB() *triedb.Database
+
+	// HistoryPruningCutoff returns the configured history pruning point.
+	// Block bodies along with the receipts will be skipped for synchronization.
+	HistoryPruningCutoff() (uint64, common.Hash)
 }

 // New creates a new downloader to fetch hashes and blocks from remote peers.
 func New(stateDb ethdb.Database, mux *event.TypeMux, chain BlockChain, dropPeer peerDropFn, success func()) *Downloader {
+	cutoffNumber, cutoffHash := chain.HistoryPruningCutoff()
 	dl := &Downloader{
-		stateDB:        stateDb,
-		mux:            mux,
-		queue:          newQueue(blockCacheMaxItems, blockCacheInitialItems),
-		peers:          newPeerSet(),
-		blockchain:     chain,
-		dropPeer:       dropPeer,
-		headerProcCh:   make(chan *headerTask, 1),
-		quitCh:         make(chan struct{}),
-		SnapSyncer:     snap.NewSyncer(stateDb, chain.TrieDB().Scheme()),
-		stateSyncStart: make(chan *stateSync),
-		syncStartBlock: chain.CurrentSnapBlock().Number.Uint64(),
+		stateDB:           stateDb,
+		mux:               mux,
+		queue:             newQueue(blockCacheMaxItems, blockCacheInitialItems),
+		peers:             newPeerSet(),
+		blockchain:        chain,
+		chainCutoffNumber: cutoffNumber,
+		chainCutoffHash:   cutoffHash,
+		dropPeer:          dropPeer,
+		headerProcCh:      make(chan *headerTask, 1),
+		quitCh:            make(chan struct{}),
+		SnapSyncer:        snap.NewSyncer(stateDb, chain.TrieDB().Scheme()),
+		stateSyncStart:    make(chan *stateSync),
+		syncStartBlock:    chain.CurrentSnapBlock().Number.Uint64(),
 	}
 	// Create the post-merge skeleton syncer and start the process
 	dl.skeleton = newSkeleton(stateDb, dl.peers, dropPeer, newBeaconBackfiller(dl, success))
@ -503,6 +521,12 @@ func (d *Downloader) syncToHead() (err error) {
 		} else {
 			d.ancientLimit = 0
 		}
+		// Extend the ancient chain segment range if the ancient limit is even
+		// below the pre-configured chain cutoff.
+		if d.chainCutoffNumber != 0 && d.chainCutoffNumber > d.ancientLimit {
+			d.ancientLimit = d.chainCutoffNumber
+			log.Info("Extend the ancient range with configured cutoff", "cutoff", d.chainCutoffNumber)
+		}
 		frozen, _ := d.stateDB.Ancients() // Ignore the error here since light client can also hit here.

 		// If a part of blockchain data has already been written into active store,
@ -521,14 +545,23 @@ func (d *Downloader) syncToHead() (err error) {
 			log.Info("Truncated excess ancient chain segment", "oldhead", frozen-1, "newhead", origin)
 		}
 	}
+	// Skip ancient chain segments if Geth is running with a configured chain cutoff.
+	// These segments are not guaranteed to be available in the network.
+	chainOffset := origin + 1
+	if mode == ethconfig.SnapSync && d.chainCutoffNumber != 0 {
+		if chainOffset < d.chainCutoffNumber {
+			chainOffset = d.chainCutoffNumber
+			log.Info("Skip chain segment before cutoff", "origin", origin, "cutoff", d.chainCutoffNumber)
+		}
+	}
 	// Initiate the sync using a concurrent header and content retrieval algorithm
-	d.queue.Prepare(origin+1, mode)
+	d.queue.Prepare(chainOffset, mode)

 	// In beacon mode, headers are served by the skeleton syncer
 	fetchers := []func() error{
-		func() error { return d.fetchHeaders(origin + 1) },  // Headers are always retrieved
-		func() error { return d.fetchBodies(origin + 1) },   // Bodies are retrieved during normal and snap sync
-		func() error { return d.fetchReceipts(origin + 1) }, // Receipts are retrieved during snap sync
+		func() error { return d.fetchHeaders(origin + 1) },   // Headers are always retrieved
+		func() error { return d.fetchBodies(chainOffset) },   // Bodies are retrieved during normal and snap sync
+		func() error { return d.fetchReceipts(chainOffset) }, // Receipts are retrieved during snap sync
 		func() error { return d.processHeaders(origin + 1) },
 	}
 	if mode == ethconfig.SnapSync {
@ -666,7 +699,7 @@ func (d *Downloader) processHeaders(origin uint64) error {
 				return nil
 			}
 			// Otherwise split the chunk of headers into batches and process them
-			headers, hashes := task.headers, task.hashes
+			headers, hashes, scheduled := task.headers, task.hashes, false

 			for len(headers) > 0 {
 				// Terminate if something failed in between processing chunks
@ -683,17 +716,21 @@ func (d *Downloader) processHeaders(origin uint64) error {
 				chunkHeaders := headers[:limit]
 				chunkHashes := hashes[:limit]

-				// In case of header only syncing, validate the chunk immediately
-				if mode == ethconfig.SnapSync {
-					// Although the received headers might be all valid, a legacy
-					// PoW/PoA sync must not accept post-merge headers. Make sure
-					// that any transition is rejected at this point.
-					if len(chunkHeaders) > 0 {
-						if n, err := d.blockchain.InsertHeaderChain(chunkHeaders); err != nil {
-							log.Warn("Invalid header encountered", "number", chunkHeaders[n].Number, "hash", chunkHashes[n], "parent", chunkHeaders[n].ParentHash, "err", err)
-							return fmt.Errorf("%w: %v", errInvalidChain, err)
-						}
+				// Split the headers around the chain cutoff
+				var cutoff int
+				if mode == ethconfig.SnapSync && d.chainCutoffNumber != 0 {
+					cutoff = sort.Search(len(chunkHeaders), func(i int) bool {
+						return chunkHeaders[i].Number.Uint64() >= d.chainCutoffNumber
+					})
+				}
+				// Insert the header chain into the ancient store (with block bodies and
+				// receipts set to nil) if they fall before the cutoff.
+				if mode == ethconfig.SnapSync && cutoff != 0 {
+					if n, err := d.blockchain.InsertHeadersBeforeCutoff(chunkHeaders[:cutoff]); err != nil {
+						log.Warn("Failed to insert ancient header chain", "number", chunkHeaders[n].Number, "hash", chunkHashes[n], "parent", chunkHeaders[n].ParentHash, "err", err)
+						return fmt.Errorf("%w: %v", errInvalidChain, err)
 					}
+					log.Debug("Inserted headers before cutoff", "number", chunkHeaders[cutoff-1].Number, "hash", chunkHashes[cutoff-1])
 				}
 				// If we've reached the allowed number of pending headers, stall a bit
 				for d.queue.PendingBodies() >= maxQueuedHeaders || d.queue.PendingReceipts() >= maxQueuedHeaders {
@ -704,12 +741,21 @@ func (d *Downloader) processHeaders(origin uint64) error {
 					case <-timer.C:
 					}
 				}
-				// Otherwise insert the headers for content retrieval
-				inserts := d.queue.Schedule(chunkHeaders, chunkHashes, origin)
-				if len(inserts) != len(chunkHeaders) {
-					return fmt.Errorf("%w: stale headers", errBadPeer)
+				// Otherwise, schedule the headers for content retrieval (block bodies and
+				// potentially receipts in snap sync).
+				//
+				// Skip the bodies/receipts retrieval scheduling before the cutoff in snap
+				// sync if chain pruning is configured.
+				if mode == ethconfig.SnapSync && cutoff != 0 {
+					chunkHeaders = chunkHeaders[cutoff:]
+					chunkHashes = chunkHashes[cutoff:]
+				}
+				if len(chunkHeaders) > 0 {
+					scheduled = true
+					if d.queue.Schedule(chunkHeaders, chunkHashes, origin+uint64(cutoff)) != len(chunkHeaders) {
+						return fmt.Errorf("%w: stale headers", errBadPeer)
+					}
 				}
-
 				headers = headers[limit:]
 				hashes = hashes[limit:]
 				origin += uint64(limit)
@ -721,11 +767,13 @@ func (d *Downloader) processHeaders(origin uint64) error {
 			}
 			d.syncStatsLock.Unlock()

-			// Signal the content downloaders of the availability of new tasks
-			for _, ch := range []chan bool{d.queue.blockWakeCh, d.queue.receiptWakeCh} {
-				select {
-				case ch <- true:
-				default:
+			// Signal the downloader of the availability of new tasks
+			if scheduled {
+				for _, ch := range []chan bool{d.queue.blockWakeCh, d.queue.receiptWakeCh} {
+					select {
+					case ch <- true:
+					default:
+					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
@ -1085,10 +1133,20 @@ func (d *Downloader) reportSnapSyncProgress(force bool) {
 		header = d.blockchain.CurrentHeader()
 		block  = d.blockchain.CurrentSnapBlock()
 	)
-	syncedBlocks := block.Number.Uint64() - d.syncStartBlock
-	if syncedBlocks == 0 {
+	// Prevent reporting if nothing has been synchronized yet
+	if block.Number.Uint64() <= d.syncStartBlock {
 		return
 	}
+	// Prevent reporting noise if the actual chain synchronization (headers
+	// and bodies) hasn't started yet. Inserting the ancient header chain is
+	// fast enough and would introduce significant bias if included in the count.
+	if d.chainCutoffNumber != 0 && block.Number.Uint64() <= d.chainCutoffNumber {
+		return
+	}
+	fetchedBlocks := block.Number.Uint64() - d.syncStartBlock
+	if d.chainCutoffNumber != 0 && d.chainCutoffNumber > d.syncStartBlock {
+		fetchedBlocks = block.Number.Uint64() - d.chainCutoffNumber
+	}
 	// Retrieve the current chain head and calculate the ETA
 	latest, _, _, err := d.skeleton.Bounds()
 	if err != nil {
@ -1103,7 +1161,7 @@ func (d *Downloader) reportSnapSyncProgress(force bool) {
 	}
 	var (
 		left = latest.Number.Uint64() - block.Number.Uint64()
-		eta  = time.Since(d.syncStartTime) / time.Duration(syncedBlocks) * time.Duration(left)
+		eta  = time.Since(d.syncStartTime) / time.Duration(fetchedBlocks) * time.Duration(left)

 		progress = fmt.Sprintf("%.2f%%", float64(block.Number.Uint64())*100/float64(latest.Number.Uint64()))
 		headers  = fmt.Sprintf("%v@%v", log.FormatLogfmtUint64(header.Number.Uint64()), common.StorageSize(headerBytes).TerminalString())
--- a/eth/downloader/metrics.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/metrics.go
@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import (
 var (
 	headerInMeter      = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/downloader/headers/in", nil)
 	headerReqTimer     = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("eth/downloader/headers/req", nil)
-	headerDropMeter    = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/downloader/headers/drop", nil)
 	headerTimeoutMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/downloader/headers/timeout", nil)

 	bodyInMeter      = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/downloader/bodies/in", nil)
--- a/eth/downloader/queue.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/queue.go
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ type fetchResult struct {
 	Withdrawals  types.Withdrawals
 }

-func newFetchResult(header *types.Header, fastSync bool) *fetchResult {
+func newFetchResult(header *types.Header, snapSync bool) *fetchResult {
 	item := &fetchResult{
 		Header: header,
 	}
@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ func newFetchResult(header *types.Header, fastSync bool) *fetchResult {
 	} else if header.WithdrawalsHash != nil {
 		item.Withdrawals = make(types.Withdrawals, 0)
 	}
-	if fastSync && !header.EmptyReceipts() {
+	if snapSync && !header.EmptyReceipts() {
 		item.pending.Store(item.pending.Load() | (1 << receiptType))
 	}
 	return item
@ -124,19 +124,8 @@ func (f *fetchResult) Done(kind uint) bool {

 // queue represents hashes that are either need fetching or are being fetched
 type queue struct {
-	mode SyncMode // Synchronisation mode to decide on the block parts to schedule for fetching
-
-	// Headers are "special", they download in batches, supported by a skeleton chain
-	headerHead      common.Hash                    // Hash of the last queued header to verify order
-	headerTaskPool  map[uint64]*types.Header       // Pending header retrieval tasks, mapping starting indexes to skeleton headers
-	headerTaskQueue *prque.Prque[int64, uint64]    // Priority queue of the skeleton indexes to fetch the filling headers for
-	headerPeerMiss  map[string]map[uint64]struct{} // Set of per-peer header batches known to be unavailable
-	headerPendPool  map[string]*fetchRequest       // Currently pending header retrieval operations
-	headerResults   []*types.Header                // Result cache accumulating the completed headers
-	headerHashes    []common.Hash                  // Result cache accumulating the completed header hashes
-	headerProced    int                            // Number of headers already processed from the results
-	headerOffset    uint64                         // Number of the first header in the result cache
-	headerContCh    chan bool                      // Channel to notify when header download finishes
+	mode       SyncMode    // Synchronisation mode to decide on the block parts to schedule for fetching
+	headerHead common.Hash // Hash of the last queued header to verify order

 	// All data retrievals below are based on an already assembles header chain
 	blockTaskPool  map[common.Hash]*types.Header      // Pending block (body) retrieval tasks, mapping hashes to headers
@ -163,7 +152,6 @@ type queue struct {
 func newQueue(blockCacheLimit int, thresholdInitialSize int) *queue {
 	lock := new(sync.RWMutex)
 	q := &queue{
-		headerContCh:     make(chan bool, 1),
 		blockTaskQueue:   prque.New[int64, *types.Header](nil),
 		blockWakeCh:      make(chan bool, 1),
 		receiptTaskQueue: prque.New[int64, *types.Header](nil),
@ -182,9 +170,7 @@ func (q *queue) Reset(blockCacheLimit int, thresholdInitialSize int) {

 	q.closed = false
 	q.mode = ethconfig.FullSync
-
 	q.headerHead = common.Hash{}
-	q.headerPendPool = make(map[string]*fetchRequest)

 	q.blockTaskPool = make(map[common.Hash]*types.Header)
 	q.blockTaskQueue.Reset()
@ -207,14 +193,6 @@ func (q *queue) Close() {
 	q.lock.Unlock()
 }

-// PendingHeaders retrieves the number of header requests pending for retrieval.
-func (q *queue) PendingHeaders() int {
-	q.lock.Lock()
-	defer q.lock.Unlock()
-
-	return q.headerTaskQueue.Size()
-}
-
 // PendingBodies retrieves the number of block body requests pending for retrieval.
 func (q *queue) PendingBodies() int {
 	q.lock.Lock()
@ -260,54 +238,14 @@ func (q *queue) Idle() bool {
 	return (queued + pending) == 0
 }

-// ScheduleSkeleton adds a batch of header retrieval tasks to the queue to fill
-// up an already retrieved header skeleton.
-func (q *queue) ScheduleSkeleton(from uint64, skeleton []*types.Header) {
-	q.lock.Lock()
-	defer q.lock.Unlock()
-
-	// No skeleton retrieval can be in progress, fail hard if so (huge implementation bug)
-	if q.headerResults != nil {
-		panic("skeleton assembly already in progress")
-	}
-	// Schedule all the header retrieval tasks for the skeleton assembly
-	q.headerTaskPool = make(map[uint64]*types.Header)
-	q.headerTaskQueue = prque.New[int64, uint64](nil)
-	q.headerPeerMiss = make(map[string]map[uint64]struct{}) // Reset availability to correct invalid chains
-	q.headerResults = make([]*types.Header, len(skeleton)*MaxHeaderFetch)
-	q.headerHashes = make([]common.Hash, len(skeleton)*MaxHeaderFetch)
-	q.headerProced = 0
-	q.headerOffset = from
-	q.headerContCh = make(chan bool, 1)
-
-	for i, header := range skeleton {
-		index := from + uint64(i*MaxHeaderFetch)
-
-		q.headerTaskPool[index] = header
-		q.headerTaskQueue.Push(index, -int64(index))
-	}
-}
-
-// RetrieveHeaders retrieves the header chain assemble based on the scheduled
-// skeleton.
-func (q *queue) RetrieveHeaders() ([]*types.Header, []common.Hash, int) {
-	q.lock.Lock()
-	defer q.lock.Unlock()
-
-	headers, hashes, proced := q.headerResults, q.headerHashes, q.headerProced
-	q.headerResults, q.headerHashes, q.headerProced = nil, nil, 0
-
-	return headers, hashes, proced
-}
-
 // Schedule adds a set of headers for the download queue for scheduling, returning
 // the new headers encountered.
-func (q *queue) Schedule(headers []*types.Header, hashes []common.Hash, from uint64) []*types.Header {
+func (q *queue) Schedule(headers []*types.Header, hashes []common.Hash, from uint64) int {
 	q.lock.Lock()
 	defer q.lock.Unlock()

 	// Insert all the headers prioritised by the contained block number
-	inserts := make([]*types.Header, 0, len(headers))
+	var inserts int
 	for i, header := range headers {
 		// Make sure chain order is honoured and preserved throughout
 		hash := hashes[i]
@ -337,7 +275,7 @@ func (q *queue) Schedule(headers []*types.Header, hashes []common.Hash, from uin
 				q.receiptTaskQueue.Push(header, -int64(header.Number.Uint64()))
 			}
 		}
-		inserts = append(inserts, header)
+		inserts++
 		q.headerHead = hash
 		from++
 	}
@ -390,7 +328,7 @@ func (q *queue) Results(block bool) []*fetchResult {
 		q.resultSize = common.StorageSize(blockCacheSizeWeight)*size +
 			(1-common.StorageSize(blockCacheSizeWeight))*q.resultSize
 	}
-	// Using the newly calibrated resultsize, figure out the new throttle limit
+	// Using the newly calibrated result size, figure out the new throttle limit
 	// on the result cache
 	throttleThreshold := uint64((common.StorageSize(blockCacheMemory) + q.resultSize - 1) / q.resultSize)
 	throttleThreshold = q.resultCache.SetThrottleThreshold(throttleThreshold)
@ -428,46 +366,6 @@ func (q *queue) stats() []interface{} {
 	}
 }

-// ReserveHeaders reserves a set of headers for the given peer, skipping any
-// previously failed batches.
-func (q *queue) ReserveHeaders(p *peerConnection, count int) *fetchRequest {
-	q.lock.Lock()
-	defer q.lock.Unlock()
-
-	// Short circuit if the peer's already downloading something (sanity check to
-	// not corrupt state)
-	if _, ok := q.headerPendPool[p.id]; ok {
-		return nil
-	}
-	// Retrieve a batch of hashes, skipping previously failed ones
-	send, skip := uint64(0), []uint64{}
-	for send == 0 && !q.headerTaskQueue.Empty() {
-		from, _ := q.headerTaskQueue.Pop()
-		if q.headerPeerMiss[p.id] != nil {
-			if _, ok := q.headerPeerMiss[p.id][from]; ok {
-				skip = append(skip, from)
-				continue
-			}
-		}
-		send = from
-	}
-	// Merge all the skipped batches back
-	for _, from := range skip {
-		q.headerTaskQueue.Push(from, -int64(from))
-	}
-	// Assemble and return the block download request
-	if send == 0 {
-		return nil
-	}
-	request := &fetchRequest{
-		Peer: p,
-		From: send,
-		Time: time.Now(),
-	}
-	q.headerPendPool[p.id] = request
-	return request
-}
-
 // ReserveBodies reserves a set of body fetches for the given peer, skipping any
 // previously failed downloads. Beside the next batch of needed fetches, it also
 // returns a flag whether empty blocks were queued requiring processing.
@ -594,10 +492,6 @@ func (q *queue) Revoke(peerID string) {
 	q.lock.Lock()
 	defer q.lock.Unlock()

-	if request, ok := q.headerPendPool[peerID]; ok {
-		q.headerTaskQueue.Push(request.From, -int64(request.From))
-		delete(q.headerPendPool, peerID)
-	}
 	if request, ok := q.blockPendPool[peerID]; ok {
 		for _, header := range request.Headers {
 			q.blockTaskQueue.Push(header, -int64(header.Number.Uint64()))
@ -612,16 +506,6 @@ func (q *queue) Revoke(peerID string) {
 	}
 }

-// ExpireHeaders cancels a request that timed out and moves the pending fetch
-// task back into the queue for rescheduling.
-func (q *queue) ExpireHeaders(peer string) int {
-	q.lock.Lock()
-	defer q.lock.Unlock()
-
-	headerTimeoutMeter.Mark(1)
-	return q.expire(peer, q.headerPendPool, q.headerTaskQueue)
-}
-
 // ExpireBodies checks for in flight block body requests that exceeded a timeout
 // allowance, canceling them and returning the responsible peers for penalisation.
 func (q *queue) ExpireBodies(peer string) int {
@ -670,116 +554,6 @@ func (q *queue) expire(peer string, pendPool map[string]*fetchRequest, taskQueue
 	return len(req.Headers)
 }

-// DeliverHeaders injects a header retrieval response into the header results
-// cache. This method either accepts all headers it received, or none of them
-// if they do not map correctly to the skeleton.
-//
-// If the headers are accepted, the method makes an attempt to deliver the set
-// of ready headers to the processor to keep the pipeline full. However, it will
-// not block to prevent stalling other pending deliveries.
-func (q *queue) DeliverHeaders(id string, headers []*types.Header, hashes []common.Hash, headerProcCh chan *headerTask) (int, error) {
-	q.lock.Lock()
-	defer q.lock.Unlock()
-
-	var logger log.Logger
-	if len(id) < 16 {
-		// Tests use short IDs, don't choke on them
-		logger = log.New("peer", id)
-	} else {
-		logger = log.New("peer", id[:16])
-	}
-	// Short circuit if the data was never requested
-	request := q.headerPendPool[id]
-	if request == nil {
-		headerDropMeter.Mark(int64(len(headers)))
-		return 0, errNoFetchesPending
-	}
-	delete(q.headerPendPool, id)
-
-	headerReqTimer.UpdateSince(request.Time)
-	headerInMeter.Mark(int64(len(headers)))
-
-	// Ensure headers can be mapped onto the skeleton chain
-	target := q.headerTaskPool[request.From].Hash()
-
-	accepted := len(headers) == MaxHeaderFetch
-	if accepted {
-		if headers[0].Number.Uint64() != request.From {
-			logger.Trace("First header broke chain ordering", "number", headers[0].Number, "hash", hashes[0], "expected", request.From)
-			accepted = false
-		} else if hashes[len(headers)-1] != target {
-			logger.Trace("Last header broke skeleton structure ", "number", headers[len(headers)-1].Number, "hash", hashes[len(headers)-1], "expected", target)
-			accepted = false
-		}
-	}
-	if accepted {
-		parentHash := hashes[0]
-		for i, header := range headers[1:] {
-			hash := hashes[i+1]
-			if want := request.From + 1 + uint64(i); header.Number.Uint64() != want {
-				logger.Warn("Header broke chain ordering", "number", header.Number, "hash", hash, "expected", want)
-				accepted = false
-				break
-			}
-			if parentHash != header.ParentHash {
-				logger.Warn("Header broke chain ancestry", "number", header.Number, "hash", hash)
-				accepted = false
-				break
-			}
-			// Set-up parent hash for next round
-			parentHash = hash
-		}
-	}
-	// If the batch of headers wasn't accepted, mark as unavailable
-	if !accepted {
-		logger.Trace("Skeleton filling not accepted", "from", request.From)
-		headerDropMeter.Mark(int64(len(headers)))
-
-		miss := q.headerPeerMiss[id]
-		if miss == nil {
-			q.headerPeerMiss[id] = make(map[uint64]struct{})
-			miss = q.headerPeerMiss[id]
-		}
-		miss[request.From] = struct{}{}
-
-		q.headerTaskQueue.Push(request.From, -int64(request.From))
-		return 0, errors.New("delivery not accepted")
-	}
-	// Clean up a successful fetch and try to deliver any sub-results
-	copy(q.headerResults[request.From-q.headerOffset:], headers)
-	copy(q.headerHashes[request.From-q.headerOffset:], hashes)
-
-	delete(q.headerTaskPool, request.From)
-
-	ready := 0
-	for q.headerProced+ready < len(q.headerResults) && q.headerResults[q.headerProced+ready] != nil {
-		ready += MaxHeaderFetch
-	}
-	if ready > 0 {
-		// Headers are ready for delivery, gather them and push forward (non blocking)
-		processHeaders := make([]*types.Header, ready)
-		copy(processHeaders, q.headerResults[q.headerProced:q.headerProced+ready])
-
-		processHashes := make([]common.Hash, ready)
-		copy(processHashes, q.headerHashes[q.headerProced:q.headerProced+ready])
-
-		select {
-		case headerProcCh <- &headerTask{
-			headers: processHeaders,
-			hashes:  processHashes,
-		}:
-			logger.Trace("Pre-scheduled new headers", "count", len(processHeaders), "from", processHeaders[0].Number)
-			q.headerProced += len(processHeaders)
-		default:
-		}
-	}
-	// Check for termination and return
-	if len(q.headerTaskPool) == 0 {
-		q.headerContCh <- false
-	}
-	return len(headers), nil
-}
-
 // DeliverBodies injects a block body retrieval response into the results queue.
 // The method returns the number of blocks bodies accepted from the delivery and
 // also wakes any threads waiting for data delivery.
--- a/eth/downloader/resultstore.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/resultstore.go
@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func (r *resultStore) SetThrottleThreshold(threshold uint64) uint64 {
 //	throttled - if true, the store is at capacity, this particular header is not prio now
 //	item      - the result to store data into
 //	err       - any error that occurred
-func (r *resultStore) AddFetch(header *types.Header, fastSync bool) (stale, throttled bool, item *fetchResult, err error) {
+func (r *resultStore) AddFetch(header *types.Header, snapSync bool) (stale, throttled bool, item *fetchResult, err error) {
 	r.lock.Lock()
 	defer r.lock.Unlock()

@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ func (r *resultStore) AddFetch(header *types.Header, fastSync bool) (stale, thro
 		return stale, throttled, item, err
 	}
 	if item == nil {
-		item = newFetchResult(header, fastSync)
+		item = newFetchResult(header, snapSync)
 		r.items[index] = item
 	}
 	return stale, throttled, item, err
--- a/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
+++ b/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ func (l panicLogger) Fatalf(format string, args ...interface{}) {

 // New returns a wrapped pebble DB object. The namespace is the prefix that the
 // metrics reporting should use for surfacing internal stats.
-func New(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool) (*Database, error) {
+func New(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool, ephemeral bool) (*Database, error) {
 	// Ensure we have some minimal caching and file guarantees
 	if cache < minCache {
 		cache = minCache
@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ func New(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool) (
 		fn:           file,
 		log:          logger,
 		quitChan:     make(chan chan error),
-		writeOptions: &pebble.WriteOptions{Sync: false},
+		writeOptions: &pebble.WriteOptions{Sync: !ephemeral},
 	}
 	opt := &pebble.Options{
 		// Pebble has a single combined cache area and the write
--- a/internal/era/e2store/e2store.go
+++ b/internal/era/e2store/e2store.go
@ -219,3 +219,15 @@ func (r *Reader) FindAll(want uint16) ([]*Entry, error) {
 		off += int64(headerSize + length)
 	}
 }
+
+// SkipN skips `n` entries starting from `offset` and returns the new offset.
+func (r *Reader) SkipN(offset int64, n uint64) (int64, error) {
+	for i := uint64(0); i < n; i++ {
+		length, err := r.LengthAt(offset)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		offset += length
+	}
+	return offset, nil
+}
--- a/internal/era/era.go
+++ b/internal/era/era.go
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func ReadDir(dir, network string) ([]string, error) {
 		}
 		parts := strings.Split(entry.Name(), "-")
 		if len(parts) != 3 || parts[0] != network {
-			// invalid era1 filename, skip
+			// Invalid era1 filename, skip.
 			continue
 		}
 		if epoch, err := strconv.ParseUint(parts[1], 10, 64); err != nil {
@ -126,6 +126,29 @@ func (e *Era) Close() error {
 	return e.f.Close()
 }

+// GetHeaderByNumber returns the header for the given block number.
+func (e *Era) GetHeaderByNumber(num uint64) (*types.Header, error) {
+	if e.m.start > num || e.m.start+e.m.count <= num {
+		return nil, errors.New("out-of-bounds")
+	}
+	off, err := e.readOffset(num)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Read and decompress header.
+	r, _, err := newSnappyReader(e.s, TypeCompressedHeader, off)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var header types.Header
+	if err := rlp.Decode(r, &header); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &header, nil
+}
+
+// GetBlockByNumber returns the block for the given block number.
 func (e *Era) GetBlockByNumber(num uint64) (*types.Block, error) {
 	if e.m.start > num || e.m.start+e.m.count <= num {
 		return nil, errors.New("out-of-bounds")
@ -154,6 +177,34 @@ func (e *Era) GetBlockByNumber(num uint64) (*types.Block, error) {
 	return types.NewBlockWithHeader(&header).WithBody(body), nil
 }

+// GetReceiptsByNumber returns the receipts for the given block number.
+func (e *Era) GetReceiptsByNumber(num uint64) (types.Receipts, error) {
+	if e.m.start > num || e.m.start+e.m.count <= num {
+		return nil, errors.New("out-of-bounds")
+	}
+	off, err := e.readOffset(num)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Skip over header and body.
+	off, err = e.s.SkipN(off, 2)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Read and decompress receipts.
+	r, _, err := newSnappyReader(e.s, TypeCompressedReceipts, off)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var receipts types.Receipts
+	if err := rlp.Decode(r, &receipts); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return receipts, nil
+}
+
 // Accumulator reads the accumulator entry in the Era1 file.
 func (e *Era) Accumulator() (common.Hash, error) {
 	entry, err := e.s.Find(TypeAccumulator)
@ -187,13 +238,10 @@ func (e *Era) InitialTD() (*big.Int, error) {
 	}
 	off += n

-	// Skip over next two records.
-	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
-		length, err := e.s.LengthAt(off)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		off += length
+	// Skip over header and body.
+	off, err = e.s.SkipN(off, 2)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}

 	// Read total difficulty after first block.
--- a/internal/era/era_test.go
+++ b/internal/era/era_test.go
@ -18,12 +18,15 @@ package era

 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math/big"
 	"os"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 )

 type testchain struct {
@ -48,9 +51,9 @@ func TestEra1Builder(t *testing.T) {
 		chain   = testchain{}
 	)
 	for i := 0; i < 128; i++ {
-		chain.headers = append(chain.headers, []byte{byte('h'), byte(i)})
-		chain.bodies = append(chain.bodies, []byte{byte('b'), byte(i)})
-		chain.receipts = append(chain.receipts, []byte{byte('r'), byte(i)})
+		chain.headers = append(chain.headers, mustEncode(&types.Header{Number: big.NewInt(int64(i))}))
+		chain.bodies = append(chain.bodies, mustEncode(&types.Body{Transactions: []*types.Transaction{types.NewTransaction(0, common.Address{byte(i)}, nil, 0, nil, nil)}}))
+		chain.receipts = append(chain.receipts, mustEncode(&types.Receipts{{CumulativeGasUsed: uint64(i)}}))
 		chain.tds = append(chain.tds, big.NewInt(int64(i)))
 	}

@ -91,13 +94,25 @@ func TestEra1Builder(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatalf("unexpected error %v", it.Error())
 		}
 		// Check headers.
-		header, err := io.ReadAll(it.Header)
+		rawHeader, err := io.ReadAll(it.Header)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("error reading header from iterator: %v", err)
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(rawHeader, chain.headers[i]) {
+			t.Fatalf("mismatched header: want %s, got %s", chain.headers[i], rawHeader)
+		}
+		header, err := e.GetHeaderByNumber(i)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("error reading header: %v", err)
 		}
-		if !bytes.Equal(header, chain.headers[i]) {
-			t.Fatalf("mismatched header: want %s, got %s", chain.headers[i], header)
+		encHeader, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(header)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("error encoding header: %v", err)
 		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(encHeader, chain.headers[i]) {
+			t.Fatalf("mismatched header: want %s, got %s", chain.headers[i], encHeader)
+		}
+
 		// Check bodies.
 		body, err := io.ReadAll(it.Body)
 		if err != nil {
@ -106,13 +121,25 @@ func TestEra1Builder(t *testing.T) {
 		if !bytes.Equal(body, chain.bodies[i]) {
 			t.Fatalf("mismatched body: want %s, got %s", chain.bodies[i], body)
 		}
+
 		// Check receipts.
-		receipts, err := io.ReadAll(it.Receipts)
+		rawReceipts, err := io.ReadAll(it.Receipts)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("error reading receipts from iterator: %v", err)
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(rawReceipts, chain.receipts[i]) {
+			t.Fatalf("mismatched receipts: want %s, got %s", chain.receipts[i], rawReceipts)
+		}
+		receipts, err := e.GetReceiptsByNumber(i)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("error reading receipts: %v", err)
 		}
-		if !bytes.Equal(receipts, chain.receipts[i]) {
-			t.Fatalf("mismatched receipts: want %s, got %s", chain.receipts[i], receipts)
+		encReceipts, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(receipts)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("error encoding receipts: %v", err)
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(encReceipts, chain.receipts[i]) {
+			t.Fatalf("mismatched receipts: want %s, got %s", chain.receipts[i], encReceipts)
 		}

 		// Check total difficulty.
@ -144,3 +171,11 @@ func TestEraFilename(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func mustEncode(obj any) []byte {
+	b, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(obj)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("failed in encode obj: %v", err))
+	}
+	return b
+}
--- a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
@ -623,7 +623,10 @@ func (b testBackend) NewMatcherBackend() filtermaps.MatcherBackend {
 	panic("implement me")
 }

-func (b testBackend) HistoryPruningCutoff() uint64 { return b.chain.HistoryPruningCutoff() }
+func (b testBackend) HistoryPruningCutoff() uint64 {
+	bn, _ := b.chain.HistoryPruningCutoff()
+	return bn
+}

 func TestEstimateGas(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
--- a/node/database.go
+++ b/node/database.go
@ -36,6 +36,11 @@ type openOptions struct {
 	Cache             int    // the capacity(in megabytes) of the data caching
 	Handles           int    // number of files to be open simultaneously
 	ReadOnly          bool
+
+	// Ephemeral means that filesystem sync operations should be avoided:
+	// data integrity in the face of a crash is not important. This option
+	// should typically be used in tests.
+	Ephemeral bool
 }

 // openDatabase opens both a disk-based key-value database such as leveldb or pebble, but also
@ -78,7 +83,7 @@ func openKeyValueDatabase(o openOptions) (ethdb.Database, error) {
 	}
 	if o.Type == rawdb.DBPebble || existingDb == rawdb.DBPebble {
 		log.Info("Using pebble as the backing database")
-		return newPebbleDBDatabase(o.Directory, o.Cache, o.Handles, o.Namespace, o.ReadOnly)
+		return newPebbleDBDatabase(o.Directory, o.Cache, o.Handles, o.Namespace, o.ReadOnly, o.Ephemeral)
 	}
 	if o.Type == rawdb.DBLeveldb || existingDb == rawdb.DBLeveldb {
 		log.Info("Using leveldb as the backing database")
@ -86,7 +91,7 @@ func openKeyValueDatabase(o openOptions) (ethdb.Database, error) {
 	}
 	// No pre-existing database, no user-requested one either. Default to Pebble.
 	log.Info("Defaulting to pebble as the backing database")
-	return newPebbleDBDatabase(o.Directory, o.Cache, o.Handles, o.Namespace, o.ReadOnly)
+	return newPebbleDBDatabase(o.Directory, o.Cache, o.Handles, o.Namespace, o.ReadOnly, o.Ephemeral)
 }

 // newLevelDBDatabase creates a persistent key-value database without a freezer
@ -102,8 +107,8 @@ func newLevelDBDatabase(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, r

 // newPebbleDBDatabase creates a persistent key-value database without a freezer
 // moving immutable chain segments into cold storage.
-func newPebbleDBDatabase(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool) (ethdb.Database, error) {
-	db, err := pebble.New(file, cache, handles, namespace, readonly)
+func newPebbleDBDatabase(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool, ephemeral bool) (ethdb.Database, error) {
+	db, err := pebble.New(file, cache, handles, namespace, readonly, ephemeral)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
--- a/p2p/nat/natpmp.go
+++ b/p2p/nat/natpmp.go
@ -49,6 +49,9 @@ func (n *pmp) AddMapping(protocol string, extport, intport int, name string, lif
 	if lifetime <= 0 {
 		return 0, errors.New("lifetime must not be <= 0")
 	}
+	if extport == 0 {
+		extport = intport
+	}
 	// Note order of port arguments is switched between our
 	// AddMapping and the client's AddPortMapping.
 	res, err := n.c.AddPortMapping(strings.ToLower(protocol), intport, extport, int(lifetime/time.Second))
--- a/p2p/nat/natupnp.go
+++ b/p2p/nat/natupnp.go
@ -86,15 +86,15 @@ func (n *upnp) AddMapping(protocol string, extport, intport int, desc string, li
 	}
 	protocol = strings.ToUpper(protocol)
 	lifetimeS := uint32(lifetime / time.Second)
-	n.DeleteMapping(protocol, extport, intport)

-	err = n.withRateLimit(func() error {
-		return n.client.AddPortMapping("", uint16(extport), protocol, uint16(intport), ip.String(), true, desc, lifetimeS)
-	})
-	if err == nil {
-		return uint16(extport), nil
+	if extport == 0 {
+		extport = intport
+	} else {
+		// Only delete port mapping if the external port was already used by geth.
+		n.DeleteMapping(protocol, extport, intport)
 	}
-	// Try addAnyPortMapping if mapping specified port didn't work.
+
+	// Try to add port mapping, preferring the specified external port.
 	err = n.withRateLimit(func() error {
 		p, err := n.addAnyPortMapping(protocol, extport, intport, ip, desc, lifetimeS)
 		if err == nil {
@ -105,18 +105,28 @@ func (n *upnp) AddMapping(protocol string, extport, intport int, desc string, li
 	return uint16(extport), err
 }

+// addAnyPortMapping tries to add a port mapping with the specified external port.
+// If the external port is already in use, it will try to assign another port.
 func (n *upnp) addAnyPortMapping(protocol string, extport, intport int, ip net.IP, desc string, lifetimeS uint32) (uint16, error) {
 	if client, ok := n.client.(*internetgateway2.WANIPConnection2); ok {
 		return client.AddAnyPortMapping("", uint16(extport), protocol, uint16(intport), ip.String(), true, desc, lifetimeS)
 	}
-	// It will retry with a random port number if the client does
-	// not support AddAnyPortMapping.
-	extport = n.randomPort()
+	// For IGDv1 and v1 services we should first try to add with extport.
 	err := n.client.AddPortMapping("", uint16(extport), protocol, uint16(intport), ip.String(), true, desc, lifetimeS)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
+	if err == nil {
+		return uint16(extport), nil
 	}
-	return uint16(extport), nil
+
+	// If above fails, we retry with a random port.
+	// We retry several times because of possible port conflicts.
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		extport = n.randomPort()
+		err := n.client.AddPortMapping("", uint16(extport), protocol, uint16(intport), ip.String(), true, desc, lifetimeS)
+		if err == nil {
+			return uint16(extport), nil
+		}
+	}
+	return 0, err
 }

 func (n *upnp) randomPort() int {
--- a/p2p/server_nat.go
+++ b/p2p/server_nat.go
@ -150,14 +150,9 @@ func (srv *Server) portMappingLoop() {
 					continue
 				}

-				external := m.port
-				if m.extPort != 0 {
-					external = m.extPort
-				}
-				log := newLogger(m.protocol, external, m.port)
-
+				log := newLogger(m.protocol, m.extPort, m.port)
 				log.Trace("Attempting port mapping")
-				p, err := srv.NAT.AddMapping(m.protocol, external, m.port, m.name, portMapDuration)
+				p, err := srv.NAT.AddMapping(m.protocol, m.extPort, m.port, m.name, portMapDuration)
 				if err != nil {
 					log.Debug("Couldn't add port mapping", "err", err)
 					m.extPort = 0
@ -167,8 +162,8 @@ func (srv *Server) portMappingLoop() {
 				// It was mapped!
 				m.extPort = int(p)
 				m.nextTime = srv.clock.Now().Add(portMapRefreshInterval)
-				if external != m.extPort {
-					log = newLogger(m.protocol, m.extPort, m.port)
+				log = newLogger(m.protocol, m.extPort, m.port)
+				if m.port != m.extPort {
 					log.Info("NAT mapped alternative port")
 				} else {
 					log.Info("NAT mapped port")