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core/state: add binary trie e2e benchmarks for approve and balanceOf workloads
Add end-to-end benchmarks that simulate ERC-20 approve (write-heavy: 2250 cold SSTOREs) and balanceOf (read-heavy: 24000 cold SLOADs) workloads against a PebbleDB-backed binary trie StateDB pre-populated with 500K storage entries. These benchmarks report Mgas/s throughput and cover the full block lifecycle: state operations, IntermediateRoot (trie hashing), and Commit (trie flush).
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CPerezz
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1 changed files with 296 additions and 0 deletions
296
core/state/statedb_bintrie_bench_test.go
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296
core/state/statedb_bintrie_bench_test.go
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// Copyright 2025 go-ethereum Authors
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// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
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//
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// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
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// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
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// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
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// (at your option) any later version.
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//
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// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
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//
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// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
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// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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package state
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import (
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"encoding/binary"
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"math/rand"
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"testing"
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"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
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"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
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"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
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"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
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"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb/pebble"
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"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
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"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
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"github.com/holiman/uint256"
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)
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const (
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benchContracts = 500 // number of pre-populated contracts
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benchSlotsPerAcc = 1000 // storage slots per contract
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benchTotalSlots = benchContracts * benchSlotsPerAcc // 500K entries
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approveOpsPerBlock = 2250 // cold SSTOREs per approve block
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approveGasPerOp = 22100 // gas per cold SSTORE
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balanceOfOpsPerBlock = 24000 // cold SLOADs per balanceOf block
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balanceOfGasPerOp = 2100 // gas per cold SLOAD
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)
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// setupPebbleStateDB creates a PebbleDB-backed StateDB pre-populated with
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// 500K storage entries (500 contracts x 1000 slots). Returns the state database,
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// current root, the pre-populated addresses, and a cleanup function.
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func setupPebbleStateDB(b *testing.B) (*CachingDB, common.Hash, []common.Address, func()) {
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b.Helper()
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// Create PebbleDB in temp directory
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pdb, err := pebble.New(b.TempDir(), 128, 128, "", false)
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if err != nil {
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b.Fatalf("pebble.New: %v", err)
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}
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diskDB := rawdb.NewDatabase(pdb)
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tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(diskDB, &triedb.Config{
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IsVerkle: true,
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PathDB: &pathdb.Config{
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TrieCleanSize: 0, // cold reads, no fastcache
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StateCleanSize: 0,
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WriteBufferSize: 64 << 20,
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NoAsyncFlush: true,
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},
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})
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cachingDB := NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
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// Generate deterministic addresses
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rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(42))
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addresses := make([]common.Address, benchContracts)
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for i := range addresses {
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binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(addresses[i][12:], uint64(i))
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rng.Read(addresses[i][:12])
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}
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// Pre-populate in batches of 50 contracts to avoid excessive memory use
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root := types.EmptyBinaryHash
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batchSize := 50
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for batch := 0; batch < benchContracts; batch += batchSize {
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end := batch + batchSize
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if end > benchContracts {
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end = benchContracts
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}
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stateDB, err := New(root, cachingDB)
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if err != nil {
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b.Fatalf("New: %v", err)
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}
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for i := batch; i < end; i++ {
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addr := addresses[i]
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stateDB.SetNonce(addr, 1, tracing.NonceChangeUnspecified)
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stateDB.AddBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
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for slot := 0; slot < benchSlotsPerAcc; slot++ {
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var key common.Hash
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binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[24:], uint64(slot+64))
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val := common.Hash{}
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binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(val[24:], uint64(i*benchSlotsPerAcc+slot+1))
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stateDB.SetState(addr, key, val)
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}
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}
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root = stateDB.IntermediateRoot(false)
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if _, err := stateDB.Commit(uint64(batch/batchSize+1), false, true); err != nil {
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b.Fatalf("Commit: %v", err)
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}
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if err := tdb.Commit(root, false); err != nil {
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b.Fatalf("tdb.Commit: %v", err)
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}
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}
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cleanup := func() {
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tdb.Close()
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diskDB.Close()
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}
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return cachingDB, root, addresses, cleanup
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}
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// BenchmarkBintrieApprove simulates an ERC-20 approve-heavy block:
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// 2250 cold SSTOREs to unique addresses (not in pre-populated set).
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// Each SetState internally does a GetCommittedState (cold SLOAD).
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// Reports Mgas/s based on 2250 x 22100 = 49.725M gas per block.
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func BenchmarkBintrieApprove(b *testing.B) {
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cachingDB, root, _, cleanup := setupPebbleStateDB(b)
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defer cleanup()
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totalGas := float64(approveOpsPerBlock) * float64(approveGasPerOp)
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currentRoot := root
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b.Run("full", func(b *testing.B) {
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r := currentRoot
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b.ResetTimer()
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b.ReportAllocs()
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for iter := 0; iter < b.N; iter++ {
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stateDB, err := New(r, cachingDB)
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if err != nil {
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b.Fatalf("New: %v", err)
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}
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rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(int64(iter)*12345 + 1))
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for j := 0; j < approveOpsPerBlock; j++ {
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var addr common.Address
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rng.Read(addr[:])
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var key common.Hash
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binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[24:], uint64(j+64))
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var val common.Hash
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binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(val[24:], uint64(iter*approveOpsPerBlock+j+1))
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stateDB.SetState(addr, key, val)
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}
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r = stateDB.IntermediateRoot(false)
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if _, err := stateDB.Commit(uint64(iter+100), false, true); err != nil {
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b.Fatalf("Commit: %v", err)
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}
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}
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b.ReportMetric(totalGas/1e6/(b.Elapsed().Seconds()/float64(b.N)), "Mgas/s")
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})
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b.Run("state_ops", func(b *testing.B) {
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r := currentRoot
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b.ResetTimer()
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b.ReportAllocs()
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for iter := 0; iter < b.N; iter++ {
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stateDB, err := New(r, cachingDB)
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if err != nil {
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b.Fatalf("New: %v", err)
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}
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rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(int64(iter)*12345 + 1))
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for j := 0; j < approveOpsPerBlock; j++ {
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var addr common.Address
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rng.Read(addr[:])
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var key common.Hash
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binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[24:], uint64(j+64))
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var val common.Hash
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binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(val[24:], uint64(iter*approveOpsPerBlock+j+1))
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stateDB.SetState(addr, key, val)
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}
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b.StopTimer()
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r = stateDB.IntermediateRoot(false)
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stateDB.Commit(uint64(iter+100), false, true)
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b.StartTimer()
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}
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})
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b.Run("intermediate_root", func(b *testing.B) {
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r := currentRoot
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b.ResetTimer()
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b.ReportAllocs()
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for iter := 0; iter < b.N; iter++ {
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b.StopTimer()
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stateDB, err := New(r, cachingDB)
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if err != nil {
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b.Fatalf("New: %v", err)
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}
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rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(int64(iter)*12345 + 1))
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for j := 0; j < approveOpsPerBlock; j++ {
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var addr common.Address
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rng.Read(addr[:])
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var key common.Hash
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binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[24:], uint64(j+64))
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var val common.Hash
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binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(val[24:], uint64(iter*approveOpsPerBlock+j+1))
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stateDB.SetState(addr, key, val)
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}
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b.StartTimer()
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r = stateDB.IntermediateRoot(false)
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b.StopTimer()
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stateDB.Commit(uint64(iter+100), false, true)
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b.StartTimer()
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}
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})
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b.Run("commit", func(b *testing.B) {
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r := currentRoot
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b.ResetTimer()
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b.ReportAllocs()
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for iter := 0; iter < b.N; iter++ {
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stateDB, err := New(r, cachingDB)
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if err != nil {
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b.Fatalf("New: %v", err)
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}
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rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(int64(iter)*12345 + 1))
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for j := 0; j < approveOpsPerBlock; j++ {
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var addr common.Address
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rng.Read(addr[:])
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var key common.Hash
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binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[24:], uint64(j+64))
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var val common.Hash
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binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(val[24:], uint64(iter*approveOpsPerBlock+j+1))
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stateDB.SetState(addr, key, val)
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}
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b.StopTimer()
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r = stateDB.IntermediateRoot(false)
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b.StartTimer()
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if _, err := stateDB.Commit(uint64(iter+100), false, true); err != nil {
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b.Fatalf("Commit: %v", err)
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}
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}
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})
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}
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// BenchmarkBintrieBalanceOf simulates an ERC-20 balanceOf-heavy block:
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// 24000 cold SLOADs to unique addresses (non-existent slots).
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// Reports Mgas/s based on 24000 x 2100 = 50.4M gas per block.
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func BenchmarkBintrieBalanceOf(b *testing.B) {
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cachingDB, root, _, cleanup := setupPebbleStateDB(b)
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defer cleanup()
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totalGas := float64(balanceOfOpsPerBlock) * float64(balanceOfGasPerOp)
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currentRoot := root
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b.Run("full", func(b *testing.B) {
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r := currentRoot
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b.ResetTimer()
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b.ReportAllocs()
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for iter := 0; iter < b.N; iter++ {
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stateDB, err := New(r, cachingDB)
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if err != nil {
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b.Fatalf("New: %v", err)
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}
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rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(int64(iter)*54321 + 1))
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for j := 0; j < balanceOfOpsPerBlock; j++ {
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var addr common.Address
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rng.Read(addr[:])
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var key common.Hash
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binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[24:], uint64(j+64))
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stateDB.GetState(addr, key)
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}
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r = stateDB.IntermediateRoot(false)
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if _, err := stateDB.Commit(uint64(iter+100), false, true); err != nil {
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b.Fatalf("Commit: %v", err)
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}
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}
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b.ReportMetric(totalGas/1e6/(b.Elapsed().Seconds()/float64(b.N)), "Mgas/s")
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})
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b.Run("state_ops", func(b *testing.B) {
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r := currentRoot
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b.ResetTimer()
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b.ReportAllocs()
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for iter := 0; iter < b.N; iter++ {
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stateDB, err := New(r, cachingDB)
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if err != nil {
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b.Fatalf("New: %v", err)
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}
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rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(int64(iter)*54321 + 1))
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for j := 0; j < balanceOfOpsPerBlock; j++ {
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var addr common.Address
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rng.Read(addr[:])
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var key common.Hash
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binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[24:], uint64(j+64))
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stateDB.GetState(addr, key)
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}
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b.StopTimer()
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r = stateDB.IntermediateRoot(false)
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stateDB.Commit(uint64(iter+100), false, true)
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b.StartTimer()
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}
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})
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}
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