diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index 1f81eae78a..3c1748b445 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -2093,7 +2093,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) ProcessBlock(parentRoot common.Hash, block *types.Block, s
//
// Note: the main processor and prefetcher share the same reader with a local
// cache for mitigating the overhead of state access.
- prefetch, process, err := bc.statedb.ReadersWithCacheStats(parentRoot)
+ prefetch, process, err := bc.statedb.ReadersWithCache(parentRoot)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
diff --git a/core/state/database.go b/core/state/database.go
index 16f30dadf1..62888181eb 100644
--- a/core/state/database.go
+++ b/core/state/database.go
@@ -221,10 +221,10 @@ func (db *CachingDB) Reader(stateRoot common.Hash) (Reader, error) {
return newReader(newCachingCodeReader(db.disk, db.codeCache, db.codeSizeCache), sr), nil
}
-// ReadersWithCacheStats creates a pair of state readers that share the same
-// underlying state reader and internal state cache, while maintaining separate
-// statistics respectively.
-func (db *CachingDB) ReadersWithCacheStats(stateRoot common.Hash) (Reader, Reader, error) {
+// ReadersWithCache creates a pair of state readers that share the same
+// underlying state reader and internal state cache, while maintaining
+// separate statistics respectively.
+func (db *CachingDB) ReadersWithCache(stateRoot common.Hash) (Reader, Reader, error) {
r, err := db.StateReader(stateRoot)
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, err
@@ -235,6 +235,21 @@ func (db *CachingDB) ReadersWithCacheStats(stateRoot common.Hash) (Reader, Reade
return ra, rb, nil
}
+// ReaderEIP7928 creates a state reader with the manner of Block-level accessList.
+func (db *CachingDB) ReaderEIP7928(stateRoot common.Hash, accessList map[common.Address][]common.Hash, threads int) (Reader, error) {
+ base, err := db.StateReader(stateRoot)
+ if err != nil {
+ return nil, err
+ }
+ // Construct the state reader with native cache and associated statistics
+ r := newStateReaderWithStats(newStateReaderWithCache(base))
+
+ // Construct the state reader with background prefetching
+ pr := newPrefetchStateReader(r, accessList, threads)
+
+ return newReader(newCachingCodeReader(db.disk, db.codeCache, db.codeSizeCache), pr), nil
+}
+
// OpenTrie opens the main account trie at a specific root hash.
func (db *CachingDB) OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (Trie, error) {
if db.triedb.IsVerkle() {
diff --git a/core/state/reader_eip_7928.go b/core/state/reader_eip_7928.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..039342801f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/state/reader_eip_7928.go
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see .
+
+package state
+
+// The EIP27928 reader utilizes a hierarchical architecture to optimize state
+// access during block execution:
+//
+// - Base layer: The reader is initialized with the pre-transition state root,
+// providing the access of the state.
+//
+// - Prefetching Layer: This base reader is wrapped by newPrefetchStateReader.
+// Using an Access List hint, it asynchronously fetches required state data
+// in the background, minimizing I/O blocking during transaction processing.
+//
+// - Execution Layer: To support parallel transaction execution within the EIP
+// 7928 context, readers are wrapped in ReaderWithBlockLevelAccessList.
+// This layer provides a "unified view" by merging the pre-transition state
+// with mutated states from preceding transactions in the block.
+//
+// - Tracking Layer: Finally, the readerTracker wraps the execution reader to
+// capture all state accesses made during a specific transaction. These individual
+// access are subsequently merged to construct a comprehensive access list
+// for the entire block.
+//
+// The architecture can be illustrated by the diagram below:
+
+// [ Block Level Access List ] <────────────────┐
+// ▲ │ (Merge)
+// │ │
+// ┌───────┴───────┐ ┌───────┴───────┐
+// │ readerTracker │ │ readerTracker │ (Access Tracking)
+// └───────┬───────┘ └───────┬───────┘
+// │ │
+// ┌──────────────┴──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┴──────────────┐
+// │ ReaderWithBlockLevelAL │ │ ReaderWithBlockLevelAL │ (Unified View)
+// │ (Pre-state + Mutations) │ │ (Pre-state + Mutations) │
+// └──────────────┬──────────────┘ └──────────────┬──────────────┘
+// │ │
+// └────────────────┬─────────────────┘
+// │
+// ┌──────────────┴──────────────┐
+// │ newPrefetchStateReader │ (Async I/O)
+// │ (Access List Hint driven) │
+// └──────────────┬──────────────┘
+// │
+// ┌──────────────┴──────────────┐
+// │ Base Reader │ (State Root)
+// │ (State & Contract Code) │
+// └─────────────────────────────┘
+
+import (
+ "maps"
+ "sync"
+
+ "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+ "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+ "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types/bal"
+)
+
+type fetchTask struct {
+ addr common.Address
+ slots []common.Hash
+}
+
+func (t *fetchTask) weight() int { return 1 + len(t.slots) }
+
+type prefetchStateReader struct {
+ StateReader
+ tasks []*fetchTask
+ nThreads int
+ done chan struct{}
+ term chan struct{}
+ closeOnce sync.Once
+}
+
+func newPrefetchStateReader(reader StateReader, accessList map[common.Address][]common.Hash, nThreads int) *prefetchStateReader {
+ tasks := make([]*fetchTask, 0, len(accessList))
+ for addr, slots := range accessList {
+ tasks = append(tasks, &fetchTask{
+ addr: addr,
+ slots: slots,
+ })
+ }
+ return newPrefetchStateReaderInternal(reader, tasks, nThreads)
+}
+
+func newPrefetchStateReaderInternal(reader StateReader, tasks []*fetchTask, nThreads int) *prefetchStateReader {
+ r := &prefetchStateReader{
+ StateReader: reader,
+ tasks: tasks,
+ nThreads: nThreads,
+ done: make(chan struct{}),
+ term: make(chan struct{}),
+ }
+ go r.prefetch()
+ return r
+}
+
+func (r *prefetchStateReader) Close() {
+ r.closeOnce.Do(func() {
+ close(r.term)
+ <-r.done
+ })
+}
+
+func (r *prefetchStateReader) Wait() error {
+ select {
+ case <-r.term:
+ return nil
+ case <-r.done:
+ return nil
+ }
+}
+
+func (r *prefetchStateReader) prefetch() {
+ defer close(r.done)
+
+ if len(r.tasks) == 0 {
+ return
+ }
+ var total int
+ for _, t := range r.tasks {
+ total += t.weight()
+ }
+ var (
+ wg sync.WaitGroup
+ unit = (total + r.nThreads - 1) / r.nThreads // round-up the per worker unit
+ )
+ for i := 0; i < r.nThreads; i++ {
+ start := i * unit
+ if start >= total {
+ break
+ }
+ limit := (i + 1) * unit
+ if i == r.nThreads-1 {
+ limit = total
+ }
+ // Schedule the worker for prefetching, the items on the range [start, limit)
+ // is exclusively assigned for this worker.
+ wg.Add(1)
+ go func(workerID, startW, endW int) {
+ r.process(startW, endW)
+ wg.Done()
+ }(i, start, limit)
+ }
+ wg.Wait()
+}
+
+func (r *prefetchStateReader) process(start, limit int) {
+ var total = 0
+ for _, t := range r.tasks {
+ tw := t.weight()
+ if total+tw > start {
+ s := 0
+ if start > total {
+ s = start - total
+ }
+ l := tw
+ if limit < total+tw {
+ l = limit - total
+ }
+ for j := s; j < l; j++ {
+ select {
+ case <-r.term:
+ return
+ default:
+ if j == 0 {
+ r.StateReader.Account(t.addr)
+ } else {
+ r.StateReader.Storage(t.addr, t.slots[j-1])
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ total += tw
+ if total >= limit {
+ return
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+// ReaderWithBlockLevelAccessList provides state access that reflects the
+// pre-transition state combined with the mutations made by transactions
+// prior to TxIndex.
+type ReaderWithBlockLevelAccessList struct {
+ Reader
+ AccessList *bal.ConstructionBlockAccessList
+ TxIndex int
+}
+
+func NewReaderWithBlockLevelAccessList(base Reader, accessList *bal.ConstructionBlockAccessList, txIndex int) *ReaderWithBlockLevelAccessList {
+ return &ReaderWithBlockLevelAccessList{
+ Reader: base,
+ AccessList: accessList,
+ TxIndex: txIndex,
+ }
+}
+
+// Account implements Reader, returning the account with the specific address.
+func (r *ReaderWithBlockLevelAccessList) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+ panic("implement me")
+}
+
+// Storage implements Reader, returning the storage slot with the specific
+// address and slot key.
+func (r *ReaderWithBlockLevelAccessList) Storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
+ panic("implement me")
+}
+
+// Has implements Reader, returning the flag indicating whether the contract
+// code with specified address and hash exists or not.
+func (r *ReaderWithBlockLevelAccessList) Has(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) bool {
+ panic("implement me")
+}
+
+// Code implements Reader, returning the contract code with specified address
+// and hash.
+func (r *ReaderWithBlockLevelAccessList) Code(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+ panic("implement me")
+}
+
+// CodeSize implements Reader, returning the contract code size with specified
+// address and hash.
+func (r *ReaderWithBlockLevelAccessList) CodeSize(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) (int, error) {
+ panic("implement me")
+}
+
+// StorageAccessList represents a set of storage slots accessed within an account.
+type StorageAccessList map[common.Hash]struct{}
+
+// StateAccessList maps account addresses to their respective accessed storage slots.
+type StateAccessList map[common.Address]StorageAccessList
+
+// Merge merges the entries from the other StateAccessList into the receiver.
+func (s StateAccessList) Merge(other StateAccessList) {
+ for addr, otherSlots := range other {
+ slots, exists := s[addr]
+ if !exists {
+ s[addr] = otherSlots
+ continue
+ }
+ maps.Copy(slots, otherSlots)
+ }
+}
+
+// StateReaderTracker defines the capability to retrieve the access footprint
+// recorded during state reading operations.
+type StateReaderTracker interface {
+ GetStateAccessList() StateAccessList
+}
+
+type readerTracker struct {
+ Reader
+ access StateAccessList
+ lock sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+func newReaderTracker(reader Reader) *readerTracker {
+ return &readerTracker{
+ Reader: reader,
+ access: make(StateAccessList),
+ }
+}
+
+// Account implements StateReader, tracking the accessed address locally.
+func (r *readerTracker) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+ r.lock.Lock()
+ defer r.lock.Unlock()
+
+ _, exists := r.access[addr]
+ if !exists {
+ r.access[addr] = make(StorageAccessList)
+ }
+ return r.Reader.Account(addr)
+}
+
+// Storage implements StateReader, tracking the accessed slot identifier locally.
+func (r *readerTracker) Storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
+ r.lock.Lock()
+ defer r.lock.Unlock()
+
+ list, exists := r.access[addr]
+ if !exists {
+ list = make(StorageAccessList)
+ r.access[addr] = list
+ }
+ list[slot] = struct{}{}
+
+ return r.Reader.Storage(addr, slot)
+}
+
+// GetStateAccessList implements StateReaderTracker, returning the access footprint.
+func (r *readerTracker) GetStateAccessList() StateAccessList {
+ r.lock.RLock()
+ defer r.lock.RUnlock()
+
+ return r.access
+}
diff --git a/core/state/reader_eip_7928_test.go b/core/state/reader_eip_7928_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d9d20f6d7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/state/reader_eip_7928_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see .
+
+package state
+
+import (
+ "fmt"
+ "maps"
+ "math/rand"
+ "sync"
+ "testing"
+
+ "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+ "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+ "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/testrand"
+)
+
+type countingStateReader struct {
+ accounts map[common.Address]int
+ storages map[common.Address]map[common.Hash]int
+ lock sync.Mutex
+}
+
+func newRefStateReader() *countingStateReader {
+ return &countingStateReader{
+ accounts: make(map[common.Address]int),
+ storages: make(map[common.Address]map[common.Hash]int),
+ }
+}
+
+func (r *countingStateReader) validate(total int) error {
+ var sum int
+ for addr, n := range r.accounts {
+ if n != 1 {
+ return fmt.Errorf("duplicated account access: %x-%d", addr, n)
+ }
+ sum += 1
+
+ slots, exists := r.storages[addr]
+ if !exists {
+ continue
+ }
+ for key, n := range slots {
+ if n != 1 {
+ return fmt.Errorf("duplicated storage access: %x-%x-%d", addr, key, n)
+ }
+ sum += 1
+ }
+ }
+ for addr := range r.storages {
+ _, exists := r.accounts[addr]
+ if !exists {
+ return fmt.Errorf("dangling storage access: %x", addr)
+ }
+ }
+ if sum != total {
+ return fmt.Errorf("unexpected number of access, want: %d, got: %d", total, sum)
+ }
+ return nil
+}
+
+func (r *countingStateReader) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+ r.lock.Lock()
+ defer r.lock.Unlock()
+
+ r.accounts[addr] += 1
+ return nil, nil
+}
+func (r *countingStateReader) Storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
+ r.lock.Lock()
+ defer r.lock.Unlock()
+
+ slots, exists := r.storages[addr]
+ if !exists {
+ slots = make(map[common.Hash]int)
+ r.storages[addr] = slots
+ }
+ slots[slot] += 1
+ return common.Hash{}, nil
+}
+
+func makeFetchTasks(n int) ([]*fetchTask, int) {
+ var (
+ total int
+ tasks []*fetchTask
+ )
+ for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+ var slots []common.Hash
+ if rand.Intn(3) != 0 {
+ for j := 0; j < rand.Intn(100); j++ {
+ slots = append(slots, testrand.Hash())
+ }
+ }
+ tasks = append(tasks, &fetchTask{
+ addr: testrand.Address(),
+ slots: slots,
+ })
+ total += len(slots) + 1
+ }
+ return tasks, total
+}
+
+func TestPrefetchReader(t *testing.T) {
+ type suite struct {
+ tasks []*fetchTask
+ threads int
+ total int
+ }
+ var suites []suite
+ for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+ tasks, total := makeFetchTasks(100)
+ suites = append(suites, suite{
+ tasks: tasks,
+ threads: rand.Intn(30) + 1,
+ total: total,
+ })
+ }
+ // num(tasks) < num(threads)
+ tasks, total := makeFetchTasks(1)
+ suites = append(suites, suite{
+ tasks: tasks,
+ threads: 100,
+ total: total,
+ })
+ for _, s := range suites {
+ r := newRefStateReader()
+ pr := newPrefetchStateReaderInternal(r, s.tasks, s.threads)
+ pr.Wait()
+ if err := r.validate(s.total); err != nil {
+ t.Fatal(err)
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+func makeFakeSlots(n int) map[common.Hash]struct{} {
+ slots := make(map[common.Hash]struct{})
+ for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+ slots[testrand.Hash()] = struct{}{}
+ }
+ return slots
+}
+
+type noopStateReader struct{}
+
+func (r *noopStateReader) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) { return nil, nil }
+func (r *noopStateReader) Storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
+ return common.Hash{}, nil
+}
+
+type noopCodeReader struct{}
+
+func (r *noopCodeReader) Has(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) bool { return false }
+
+func (r *noopCodeReader) Code(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+ return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (r *noopCodeReader) CodeSize(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) (int, error) {
+ return 0, nil
+}
+
+func TestReaderWithTracker(t *testing.T) {
+ var r Reader = newReaderTracker(newReader(&noopCodeReader{}, &noopStateReader{}))
+
+ accesses := map[common.Address]map[common.Hash]struct{}{
+ testrand.Address(): makeFakeSlots(10),
+ testrand.Address(): makeFakeSlots(0),
+ }
+ for addr, slots := range accesses {
+ r.Account(addr)
+ for slot := range slots {
+ r.Storage(addr, slot)
+ }
+ }
+ got := r.(StateReaderTracker).GetStateAccessList()
+ if len(got) != len(accesses) {
+ t.Fatalf("Unexpected access list, want: %d, got: %d", len(accesses), len(got))
+ }
+ for addr, slots := range got {
+ entry, ok := accesses[addr]
+ if !ok {
+ t.Fatal("Unexpected access list")
+ }
+ if !maps.Equal(slots, entry) {
+ t.Fatal("Unexpected slots")
+ }
+ }
+}