trie, core/state: introduce trie Prefetch for optimizing preload (#32134)

This pull introduces a `Prefetch` operation in the trie to prefetch trie
nodes in parallel. It is used by the `triePrefetcher` to accelerate state 
loading and improve overall chain processing performance.

core/state/database.go

@@ -81,11 +81,19 @@ type Trie interface {
 	// be returned.
 	GetAccount(address common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error)
 
+	// PrefetchAccount attempts to resolve specific accounts from the database
+	// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+	PrefetchAccount([]common.Address) error
+
 	// GetStorage returns the value for key stored in the trie. The value bytes
 	// must not be modified by the caller. If a node was not found in the database,
 	// a trie.MissingNodeError is returned.
 	GetStorage(addr common.Address, key []byte) ([]byte, error)
 
+	// PrefetchStorage attempts to resolve specific storage slots from the database
+	// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+	PrefetchStorage(addr common.Address, keys [][]byte) error
+
 	// UpdateAccount abstracts an account write to the trie. It encodes the
 	// provided account object with associated algorithm and then updates it
 	// in the trie with provided address.

core/state/trie_prefetcher.go

@@ -388,6 +388,10 @@ func (sf *subfetcher) loop() {
 			sf.tasks = nil
 			sf.lock.Unlock()
 
+			var (
+				addresses []common.Address
+				slots     [][]byte
+			)
 			for _, task := range tasks {
 				if task.addr != nil {
 					key := *task.addr
@@ -400,6 +404,7 @@ func (sf *subfetcher) loop() {
 							sf.dupsCross++
 							continue
 						}
+						sf.seenReadAddr[key] = struct{}{}
 					} else {
 						if _, ok := sf.seenReadAddr[key]; ok {
 							sf.dupsCross++
@@ -409,7 +414,9 @@ func (sf *subfetcher) loop() {
 							sf.dupsWrite++
 							continue
 						}
+						sf.seenWriteAddr[key] = struct{}{}
 					}
+					addresses = append(addresses, *task.addr)
 				} else {
 					key := *task.slot
 					if task.read {
@@ -421,6 +428,7 @@ func (sf *subfetcher) loop() {
 							sf.dupsCross++
 							continue
 						}
+						sf.seenReadSlot[key] = struct{}{}
 					} else {
 						if _, ok := sf.seenReadSlot[key]; ok {
 							sf.dupsCross++
@@ -430,25 +438,19 @@ func (sf *subfetcher) loop() {
 							sf.dupsWrite++
 							continue
 						}
+						sf.seenWriteSlot[key] = struct{}{}
+					}
+					slots = append(slots, key.Bytes())
 				}
 			}
-				if task.addr != nil {
+			if len(addresses) != 0 {
-					sf.trie.GetAccount(*task.addr)
+				if err := sf.trie.PrefetchAccount(addresses); err != nil {
-				} else {
+					log.Error("Failed to prefetch accounts", "err", err)
-					sf.trie.GetStorage(sf.addr, (*task.slot)[:])
 				}
-				if task.read {
-					if task.addr != nil {
-						sf.seenReadAddr[*task.addr] = struct{}{}
-					} else {
-						sf.seenReadSlot[*task.slot] = struct{}{}
-					}
-				} else {
-					if task.addr != nil {
-						sf.seenWriteAddr[*task.addr] = struct{}{}
-					} else {
-						sf.seenWriteSlot[*task.slot] = struct{}{}
 			}
+			if len(slots) != 0 {
+				if err := sf.trie.PrefetchStorage(sf.addr, slots); err != nil {
+					log.Error("Failed to prefetch storage", "err", err)
 				}
 			}
 

core/state_prefetcher.go

@@ -111,12 +111,6 @@ func (p *statePrefetcher) Prefetch(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, c
 				fails.Add(1)
 				return nil // Ugh, something went horribly wrong, bail out
 			}
-			// Pre-load trie nodes for the intermediate root.
-			//
-			// This operation incurs significant memory allocations due to
-			// trie hashing and node decoding. TODO(rjl493456442): investigate
-			// ways to mitigate this overhead.
-			stateCpy.IntermediateRoot(true)
 			return nil
 		})
 	}

trie/secure_trie.go

@@ -105,19 +105,6 @@ func (t *StateTrie) MustGet(key []byte) []byte {
 	return t.trie.MustGet(crypto.Keccak256(key))
 }
 
-// GetStorage attempts to retrieve a storage slot with provided account address
-// and slot key. The value bytes must not be modified by the caller.
-// If the specified storage slot is not in the trie, nil will be returned.
-// If a trie node is not found in the database, a MissingNodeError is returned.
-func (t *StateTrie) GetStorage(_ common.Address, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	enc, err := t.trie.Get(crypto.Keccak256(key))
-	if err != nil || len(enc) == 0 {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	_, content, _, err := rlp.Split(enc)
-	return content, err
-}
-
 // GetAccount attempts to retrieve an account with provided account address.
 // If the specified account is not in the trie, nil will be returned.
 // If a trie node is not found in the database, a MissingNodeError is returned.
@@ -144,6 +131,39 @@ func (t *StateTrie) GetAccountByHash(addrHash common.Hash) (*types.StateAccount,
 	return ret, err
 }
 
+// PrefetchAccount attempts to resolve specific accounts from the database
+// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+func (t *StateTrie) PrefetchAccount(addresses []common.Address) error {
+	var keys [][]byte
+	for _, addr := range addresses {
+		keys = append(keys, crypto.Keccak256(addr.Bytes()))
+	}
+	return t.trie.Prefetch(keys)
+}
+
+// GetStorage attempts to retrieve a storage slot with provided account address
+// and slot key. The value bytes must not be modified by the caller.
+// If the specified storage slot is not in the trie, nil will be returned.
+// If a trie node is not found in the database, a MissingNodeError is returned.
+func (t *StateTrie) GetStorage(_ common.Address, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	enc, err := t.trie.Get(crypto.Keccak256(key))
+	if err != nil || len(enc) == 0 {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	_, content, _, err := rlp.Split(enc)
+	return content, err
+}
+
+// PrefetchStorage attempts to resolve specific storage slots from the database
+// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+func (t *StateTrie) PrefetchStorage(_ common.Address, keys [][]byte) error {
+	var keylist [][]byte
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		keylist = append(keylist, crypto.Keccak256(key))
+	}
+	return t.trie.Prefetch(keylist)
+}
+
 // GetNode attempts to retrieve a trie node by compact-encoded path. It is not
 // possible to use keybyte-encoding as the path might contain odd nibbles.
 // If the specified trie node is not in the trie, nil will be returned.

trie/tracer.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package trie
 import (
 	"maps"
 	"slices"
+	"sync"
 )
 
 // opTracer tracks the changes of trie nodes. During the trie operations,
@@ -102,6 +103,7 @@ func (t *opTracer) deletedList() [][]byte {
 // handling the concurrency issues by themselves.
 type prevalueTracer struct {
 	data map[string][]byte
+	lock sync.RWMutex
 }
 
 // newPrevalueTracer initializes the tracer for capturing resolved trie nodes.
@@ -115,18 +117,27 @@ func newPrevalueTracer() *prevalueTracer {
 // blob internally. Do not modify the value outside this function,
 // as it is not deep-copied.
 func (t *prevalueTracer) put(path []byte, val []byte) {
+	t.lock.Lock()
+	defer t.lock.Unlock()
+
 	t.data[string(path)] = val
 }
 
 // get returns the cached trie node value. If the node is not found, nil will
 // be returned.
 func (t *prevalueTracer) get(path []byte) []byte {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
 	return t.data[string(path)]
 }
 
 // hasList returns a list of flags indicating whether the corresponding trie nodes
 // specified by the path exist in the trie.
 func (t *prevalueTracer) hasList(list [][]byte) []bool {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
 	exists := make([]bool, 0, len(list))
 	for _, path := range list {
 		_, ok := t.data[string(path)]
@@ -137,16 +148,25 @@ func (t *prevalueTracer) hasList(list [][]byte) []bool {
 
 // values returns a list of values of the cached trie nodes.
 func (t *prevalueTracer) values() [][]byte {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
 	return slices.Collect(maps.Values(t.data))
 }
 
 // reset resets the cached content in the prevalueTracer.
 func (t *prevalueTracer) reset() {
+	t.lock.Lock()
+	defer t.lock.Unlock()
+
 	clear(t.data)
 }
 
 // copy returns a copied prevalueTracer instance.
 func (t *prevalueTracer) copy() *prevalueTracer {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
 	// Shadow clone is used, as the cached trie node values are immutable
 	return &prevalueTracer{
 		data: maps.Clone(t.data),

trie/tracer_test.go

@@ -70,7 +70,6 @@ func testTrieOpTracer(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 	}
 	insertSet := copySet(trie.opTracer.inserts) // copy before commit
 	deleteSet := copySet(trie.opTracer.deletes) // copy before commit
-
 	root, nodes := trie.Commit(false)
 	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 

trie/transition.go

@@ -78,6 +78,17 @@ func (t *TransitionTrie) GetStorage(addr common.Address, key []byte) ([]byte, er
 	return t.base.GetStorage(addr, key)
 }
 
+// PrefetchStorage attempts to resolve specific storage slots from the database
+// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) PrefetchStorage(addr common.Address, keys [][]byte) error {
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		if _, err := t.GetStorage(addr, key); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // GetAccount abstract an account read from the trie.
 func (t *TransitionTrie) GetAccount(address common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
 	data, err := t.overlay.GetAccount(address)
@@ -94,6 +105,17 @@ func (t *TransitionTrie) GetAccount(address common.Address) (*types.StateAccount
 	return t.base.GetAccount(address)
 }
 
+// PrefetchAccount attempts to resolve specific accounts from the database
+// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) PrefetchAccount(addresses []common.Address) error {
+	for _, addr := range addresses {
+		if _, err := t.GetAccount(addr); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // UpdateStorage associates key with value in the trie. If value has length zero, any
 // existing value is deleted from the trie. The value bytes must not be modified
 // by the caller while they are stored in the trie.
@@ -173,7 +195,7 @@ func (t *TransitionTrie) IsVerkle() bool {
 	return true
 }
 
-// UpdateStems updates a group of values, given the stem they are using. If
+// UpdateStem updates a group of values, given the stem they are using. If
 // a value already exists, it is overwritten.
 func (t *TransitionTrie) UpdateStem(key []byte, values [][]byte) error {
 	trie := t.overlay

trie/trie.go

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/database"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
 // Trie represents a Merkle Patricia Trie. Use New to create a trie that operates
@@ -194,6 +195,51 @@ func (t *Trie) get(origNode node, key []byte, pos int) (value []byte, newnode no
 	}
 }
 
+// Prefetch attempts to resolve the leaves and intermediate trie nodes
+// specified by the key list in parallel. The results are silently
+// discarded to simplify the function.
+func (t *Trie) Prefetch(keylist [][]byte) error {
+	// Short circuit if the trie is already committed and not usable.
+	if t.committed {
+		return ErrCommitted
+	}
+	// Resolve the trie nodes sequentially if there are not too many
+	// trie nodes in the trie.
+	fn, ok := t.root.(*fullNode)
+	if !ok || len(keylist) < 16 {
+		for _, key := range keylist {
+			_, err := t.Get(key)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	var (
+		keys = make(map[byte][][]byte)
+		eg   errgroup.Group
+	)
+	for _, key := range keylist {
+		hkey := keybytesToHex(key)
+		keys[hkey[0]] = append(keys[hkey[0]], hkey)
+	}
+	for pos, ks := range keys {
+		eg.Go(func() error {
+			for _, k := range ks {
+				_, newnode, didResolve, err := t.get(fn.Children[pos], k, 1)
+				if err == nil && didResolve {
+					fn.Children[pos] = newnode
+				}
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+	}
+	return eg.Wait()
+}
+
 // MustGetNode is a wrapper of GetNode and will omit any encountered error but
 // just print out an error message.
 func (t *Trie) MustGetNode(path []byte) ([]byte, int) {

trie/trie_test.go

@@ -1499,3 +1499,83 @@ func testTrieCopyNewTrie(t *testing.T, entries []kv) {
 		t.Errorf("Hash mismatch: old %v, new %v", hash, tr.Hash())
 	}
 }
+
+// goos: darwin
+// goarch: arm64
+// pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie
+// cpu: Apple M1 Pro
+// BenchmarkTriePrefetch
+// BenchmarkTriePrefetch-8   	    9961	    100706 ns/op
+func BenchmarkTriePrefetch(b *testing.B) {
+	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
+	tr := NewEmpty(db)
+	vals := make(map[string]*kv)
+	for i := 0; i < 3000; i++ {
+		value := &kv{
+			k: randBytes(32),
+			v: randBytes(20),
+			t: false,
+		}
+		tr.MustUpdate(value.k, value.v)
+		vals[string(value.k)] = value
+	}
+	root, nodes := tr.Commit(false)
+	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		tr, err := New(TrieID(root), db)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatalf("Failed to open the trie")
+		}
+		var keys [][]byte
+		for k := range vals {
+			keys = append(keys, []byte(k))
+			if len(keys) > 64 {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		tr.Prefetch(keys)
+	}
+}
+
+// goos: darwin
+// goarch: arm64
+// pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie
+// cpu: Apple M1 Pro
+// BenchmarkTrieSeqPrefetch
+// BenchmarkTrieSeqPrefetch-8   	   12879	     96710 ns/op
+func BenchmarkTrieSeqPrefetch(b *testing.B) {
+	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
+	tr := NewEmpty(db)
+	vals := make(map[string]*kv)
+	for i := 0; i < 3000; i++ {
+		value := &kv{
+			k: randBytes(32),
+			v: randBytes(20),
+			t: false,
+		}
+		tr.MustUpdate(value.k, value.v)
+		vals[string(value.k)] = value
+	}
+	root, nodes := tr.Commit(false)
+	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		tr, err := New(TrieID(root), db)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatalf("Failed to open the trie")
+		}
+		var keys [][]byte
+		for k := range vals {
+			keys = append(keys, []byte(k))
+			if len(keys) > 64 {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		for _, k := range keys {
+			tr.Get(k)
+		}
+	}
+}

trie/verkle.go

@@ -108,6 +108,17 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) GetAccount(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error
 	return acc, nil
 }
 
+// PrefetchAccount attempts to resolve specific accounts from the database
+// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+func (t *VerkleTrie) PrefetchAccount(addresses []common.Address) error {
+	for _, addr := range addresses {
+		if _, err := t.GetAccount(addr); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // GetStorage implements state.Trie, retrieving the storage slot with the specified
 // account address and storage key. If the specified slot is not in the verkle tree,
 // nil will be returned. If the tree is corrupted, an error will be returned.
@@ -120,6 +131,17 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) GetStorage(addr common.Address, key []byte) ([]byte, error)
 	return common.TrimLeftZeroes(val), nil
 }
 
+// PrefetchStorage attempts to resolve specific storage slots from the database
+// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+func (t *VerkleTrie) PrefetchStorage(addr common.Address, keys [][]byte) error {
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		if _, err := t.GetStorage(addr, key); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // UpdateAccount implements state.Trie, writing the provided account into the tree.
 // If the tree is corrupted, an error will be returned.
 func (t *VerkleTrie) UpdateAccount(addr common.Address, acc *types.StateAccount, codeLen int) error {