diff --git a/beacon/types/beacon_block.go b/beacon/types/beacon_block.go
index 370152114a..e4cd1340e5 100644
--- a/beacon/types/beacon_block.go
+++ b/beacon/types/beacon_block.go
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ func BlockFromJSON(forkName string, data []byte) (*BeaconBlock, error) {
 	case "capella":
 		obj = new(capella.BeaconBlock)
 	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported fork: " + forkName)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported fork: %s", forkName)
 	}
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, obj); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
diff --git a/beacon/types/exec_header.go b/beacon/types/exec_header.go
index dce101ba20..b5f90bae25 100644
--- a/beacon/types/exec_header.go
+++ b/beacon/types/exec_header.go
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ func ExecutionHeaderFromJSON(forkName string, data []byte) (*ExecutionHeader, er
 	case "deneb":
 		obj = new(deneb.ExecutionPayloadHeader)
 	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported fork: " + forkName)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported fork: %s", forkName)
 	}
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, obj); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/rlpxcmd.go b/cmd/devp2p/rlpxcmd.go
index 77f09e6b85..118731fd6c 100644
--- a/cmd/devp2p/rlpxcmd.go
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/rlpxcmd.go
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func rlpxPing(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	n := getNodeArg(ctx)
 	tcpEndpoint, ok := n.TCPEndpoint()
 	if !ok {
-		return fmt.Errorf("node has no TCP endpoint")
+		return errors.New("node has no TCP endpoint")
 	}
 	fd, err := net.Dial("tcp", tcpEndpoint.String())
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/cmd/geth/dbcmd.go b/cmd/geth/dbcmd.go
index 4b683569a4..052ae0eab2 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/dbcmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/dbcmd.go
@@ -248,7 +248,8 @@ func removeDB(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	// Delete state data
 	statePaths := []string{
 		rootDir,
-		filepath.Join(ancientDir, rawdb.StateFreezerName),
+		filepath.Join(ancientDir, rawdb.MerkleStateFreezerName),
+		filepath.Join(ancientDir, rawdb.VerkleStateFreezerName),
 	}
 	confirmAndRemoveDB(statePaths, "state data", ctx, removeStateDataFlag.Name)
 
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 96a3cf55bb..b9fa3b8b4e 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/fdlimit"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/txpool/blobpool"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/txpool/legacypool"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
@@ -1550,6 +1551,18 @@ func setTxPool(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *legacypool.Config) {
 	}
 }
 
+func setBlobPool(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *blobpool.Config) {
+	if ctx.IsSet(BlobPoolDataDirFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.Datadir = ctx.String(BlobPoolDataDirFlag.Name)
+	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(BlobPoolDataCapFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.Datacap = ctx.Uint64(BlobPoolDataCapFlag.Name)
+	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(BlobPoolPriceBumpFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.PriceBump = ctx.Uint64(BlobPoolPriceBumpFlag.Name)
+	}
+}
+
 func setMiner(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *miner.Config) {
 	if ctx.Bool(MiningEnabledFlag.Name) {
 		log.Warn("The flag --mine is deprecated and will be removed")
@@ -1651,6 +1664,7 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	setEtherbase(ctx, cfg)
 	setGPO(ctx, &cfg.GPO)
 	setTxPool(ctx, &cfg.TxPool)
+	setBlobPool(ctx, &cfg.BlobPool)
 	setMiner(ctx, &cfg.Miner)
 	setRequiredBlocks(ctx, cfg)
 	setLes(ctx, cfg)
diff --git a/core/genesis_test.go b/core/genesis_test.go
index ab408327d4..002e58a961 100644
--- a/core/genesis_test.go
+++ b/core/genesis_test.go
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ func TestVerkleGenesisCommit(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{IsVerkle: true, PathDB: pathdb.Defaults})
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, triedb.VerkleDefaults)
 	block := genesis.MustCommit(db, triedb)
 	if !bytes.Equal(block.Root().Bytes(), expected) {
 		t.Fatalf("invalid genesis state root, expected %x, got %x", expected, block.Root())
@@ -321,8 +321,8 @@ func TestVerkleGenesisCommit(t *testing.T) {
 	if !triedb.IsVerkle() {
 		t.Fatalf("expected trie to be verkle")
 	}
-
-	if !rawdb.HasAccountTrieNode(db, nil) {
+	vdb := rawdb.NewTable(db, string(rawdb.VerklePrefix))
+	if !rawdb.HasAccountTrieNode(vdb, nil) {
 		t.Fatal("could not find node")
 	}
 }
diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_trie.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_trie.go
index 44eb715d04..0f856d1804 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_trie.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_trie.go
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ func DeleteTrieNode(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, owner common.Hash, path []byte, has
 
 // ReadStateScheme reads the state scheme of persistent state, or none
 // if the state is not present in database.
-func ReadStateScheme(db ethdb.Reader) string {
+func ReadStateScheme(db ethdb.Database) string {
 	// Check if state in path-based scheme is present.
 	if HasAccountTrieNode(db, nil) {
 		return PathScheme
@@ -255,6 +255,16 @@ func ReadStateScheme(db ethdb.Reader) string {
 	if id := ReadPersistentStateID(db); id != 0 {
 		return PathScheme
 	}
+	// Check if verkle state in path-based scheme is present.
+	vdb := NewTable(db, string(VerklePrefix))
+	if HasAccountTrieNode(vdb, nil) {
+		return PathScheme
+	}
+	// The root node of verkle might be deleted during the initial snap sync,
+	// check the persistent state id then.
+	if id := ReadPersistentStateID(vdb); id != 0 {
+		return PathScheme
+	}
 	// In a hash-based scheme, the genesis state is consistently stored
 	// on the disk. To assess the scheme of the persistent state, it
 	// suffices to inspect the scheme of the genesis state.
diff --git a/core/rawdb/ancient_scheme.go b/core/rawdb/ancient_scheme.go
index 44867ded04..371fd384ad 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/ancient_scheme.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/ancient_scheme.go
@@ -72,12 +72,13 @@ var stateFreezerNoSnappy = map[string]bool{
 
 // The list of identifiers of ancient stores.
 var (
-	ChainFreezerName = "chain" // the folder name of chain segment ancient store.
-	StateFreezerName = "state" // the folder name of reverse diff ancient store.
+	ChainFreezerName       = "chain"        // the folder name of chain segment ancient store.
+	MerkleStateFreezerName = "state"        // the folder name of state history ancient store.
+	VerkleStateFreezerName = "state_verkle" // the folder name of state history ancient store.
 )
 
 // freezers the collections of all builtin freezers.
-var freezers = []string{ChainFreezerName, StateFreezerName}
+var freezers = []string{ChainFreezerName, MerkleStateFreezerName, VerkleStateFreezerName}
 
 // NewStateFreezer initializes the ancient store for state history.
 //
@@ -85,9 +86,15 @@ var freezers = []string{ChainFreezerName, StateFreezerName}
 //     state freezer (e.g. dev mode).
 //   - if non-empty directory is given, initializes the regular file-based
 //     state freezer.
-func NewStateFreezer(ancientDir string, readOnly bool) (ethdb.ResettableAncientStore, error) {
+func NewStateFreezer(ancientDir string, verkle bool, readOnly bool) (ethdb.ResettableAncientStore, error) {
 	if ancientDir == "" {
 		return NewMemoryFreezer(readOnly, stateFreezerNoSnappy), nil
 	}
-	return newResettableFreezer(filepath.Join(ancientDir, StateFreezerName), "eth/db/state", readOnly, stateHistoryTableSize, stateFreezerNoSnappy)
+	var name string
+	if verkle {
+		name = filepath.Join(ancientDir, VerkleStateFreezerName)
+	} else {
+		name = filepath.Join(ancientDir, MerkleStateFreezerName)
+	}
+	return newResettableFreezer(name, "eth/db/state", readOnly, stateHistoryTableSize, stateFreezerNoSnappy)
 }
diff --git a/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go b/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go
index 1c69639c9d..6804d7a91a 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go
@@ -88,12 +88,12 @@ func inspectFreezers(db ethdb.Database) ([]freezerInfo, error) {
 			}
 			infos = append(infos, info)
 
-		case StateFreezerName:
+		case MerkleStateFreezerName, VerkleStateFreezerName:
 			datadir, err := db.AncientDatadir()
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
-			f, err := NewStateFreezer(datadir, true)
+			f, err := NewStateFreezer(datadir, freezer == VerkleStateFreezerName, true)
 			if err != nil {
 				continue // might be possible the state freezer is not existent
 			}
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ func InspectFreezerTable(ancient string, freezerName string, tableName string, s
 	switch freezerName {
 	case ChainFreezerName:
 		path, tables = resolveChainFreezerDir(ancient), chainFreezerNoSnappy
-	case StateFreezerName:
+	case MerkleStateFreezerName, VerkleStateFreezerName:
 		path, tables = filepath.Join(ancient, freezerName), stateFreezerNoSnappy
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf("unknown freezer, supported ones: %v", freezers)
diff --git a/core/rawdb/database.go b/core/rawdb/database.go
index 3436958de7..831016da15 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/database.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/database.go
@@ -481,6 +481,10 @@ func InspectDatabase(db ethdb.Database, keyPrefix, keyStart []byte) error {
 		beaconHeaders   stat
 		cliqueSnaps     stat
 
+		// Verkle statistics
+		verkleTries        stat
+		verkleStateLookups stat
+
 		// Les statistic
 		chtTrieNodes   stat
 		bloomTrieNodes stat
@@ -550,6 +554,24 @@ func InspectDatabase(db ethdb.Database, keyPrefix, keyStart []byte) error {
 			bytes.HasPrefix(key, BloomTrieIndexPrefix) ||
 			bytes.HasPrefix(key, BloomTriePrefix): // Bloomtrie sub
 			bloomTrieNodes.Add(size)
+
+		// Verkle trie data is detected, determine the sub-category
+		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, VerklePrefix):
+			remain := key[len(VerklePrefix):]
+			switch {
+			case IsAccountTrieNode(remain):
+				verkleTries.Add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(remain, stateIDPrefix) && len(remain) == len(stateIDPrefix)+common.HashLength:
+				verkleStateLookups.Add(size)
+			case bytes.Equal(remain, persistentStateIDKey):
+				metadata.Add(size)
+			case bytes.Equal(remain, trieJournalKey):
+				metadata.Add(size)
+			case bytes.Equal(remain, snapSyncStatusFlagKey):
+				metadata.Add(size)
+			default:
+				unaccounted.Add(size)
+			}
 		default:
 			var accounted bool
 			for _, meta := range [][]byte{
@@ -590,6 +612,8 @@ func InspectDatabase(db ethdb.Database, keyPrefix, keyStart []byte) error {
 		{"Key-Value store", "Path trie state lookups", stateLookups.Size(), stateLookups.Count()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Path trie account nodes", accountTries.Size(), accountTries.Count()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Path trie storage nodes", storageTries.Size(), storageTries.Count()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Verkle trie nodes", verkleTries.Size(), verkleTries.Count()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Verkle trie state lookups", verkleStateLookups.Size(), verkleStateLookups.Count()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Trie preimages", preimages.Size(), preimages.Count()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Account snapshot", accountSnaps.Size(), accountSnaps.Count()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Storage snapshot", storageSnaps.Size(), storageSnaps.Count()},
diff --git a/core/rawdb/schema.go b/core/rawdb/schema.go
index dbf010be0c..04b5d0d6d2 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/schema.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/schema.go
@@ -117,6 +117,13 @@ var (
 	TrieNodeStoragePrefix = []byte("O") // TrieNodeStoragePrefix + accountHash + hexPath -> trie node
 	stateIDPrefix         = []byte("L") // stateIDPrefix + state root -> state id
 
+	// VerklePrefix is the database prefix for Verkle trie data, which includes:
+	// (a) Trie nodes
+	// (b) In-memory trie node journal
+	// (c) Persistent state ID
+	// (d) State ID lookups, etc.
+	VerklePrefix = []byte("v")
+
 	PreimagePrefix = []byte("secure-key-")       // PreimagePrefix + hash -> preimage
 	configPrefix   = []byte("ethereum-config-")  // config prefix for the db
 	genesisPrefix  = []byte("ethereum-genesis-") // genesis state prefix for the db
diff --git a/core/rawdb/table.go b/core/rawdb/table.go
index 90849fe9d9..0a25c5bcdd 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/table.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/table.go
@@ -200,13 +200,6 @@ func (t *table) NewBatchWithSize(size int) ethdb.Batch {
 	return &tableBatch{t.db.NewBatchWithSize(size), t.prefix}
 }
 
-// NewSnapshot creates a database snapshot based on the current state.
-// The created snapshot will not be affected by all following mutations
-// happened on the database.
-func (t *table) NewSnapshot() (ethdb.Snapshot, error) {
-	return t.db.NewSnapshot()
-}
-
 // tableBatch is a wrapper around a database batch that prefixes each key access
 // with a pre-configured string.
 type tableBatch struct {
diff --git a/core/state/metrics.go b/core/state/metrics.go
index 7447e44dfd..e702ef3a81 100644
--- a/core/state/metrics.go
+++ b/core/state/metrics.go
@@ -27,10 +27,4 @@ var (
 	storageTriesUpdatedMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/update/storagenodes", nil)
 	accountTrieDeletedMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/delete/accountnodes", nil)
 	storageTriesDeletedMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/delete/storagenodes", nil)
-
-	slotDeletionMaxCount = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("state/delete/storage/max/slot", nil)
-	slotDeletionMaxSize  = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("state/delete/storage/max/size", nil)
-	slotDeletionTimer    = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("state/delete/storage/timer", nil)
-	slotDeletionCount    = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/delete/storage/slot", nil)
-	slotDeletionSize     = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("state/delete/storage/size", nil)
 )
diff --git a/core/state/state_object.go b/core/state/state_object.go
index f2de4ad783..880b715b4b 100644
--- a/core/state/state_object.go
+++ b/core/state/state_object.go
@@ -546,15 +546,6 @@ func (s *stateObject) deepCopy(db *StateDB) *stateObject {
 	return obj
 }
 
-// clearStorageCache clears the various storage caches
-// belonging to the state object.
-// It is only used for RPC.
-func (s *stateObject) clearStorageCache() {
-	s.dirtyStorage = make(Storage)
-	s.originStorage = make(Storage)
-	s.pendingStorage = make(Storage)
-}
-
 //
 // Attribute accessors
 //
diff --git a/core/state/statedb.go b/core/state/statedb.go
index 4d929240d8..80a53dbb17 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@@ -471,24 +471,28 @@ func (s *StateDB) SetState(addr common.Address, key, value common.Hash) {
 // storage. This function should only be used for debugging and the mutations
 // must be discarded afterwards.
 func (s *StateDB) SetStorage(addr common.Address, storage map[common.Hash]common.Hash) {
-	// SetStorage needs to wipe existing storage. We achieve this by pretending
-	// that the account self-destructed earlier in this block, by flagging
-	// it in stateObjectsDestruct. The effect of doing so is that storage lookups
-	// will not hit disk, since it is assumed that the disk-data is belonging
+	// SetStorage needs to wipe the existing storage. We achieve this by marking
+	// the account as self-destructed in this block. The effect is that storage
+	// lookups will not hit the disk, as it is assumed that the disk data belongs
 	// to a previous incarnation of the object.
 	//
-	// TODO(rjl493456442) this function should only be supported by 'unwritable'
-	// state and all mutations made should all be discarded afterwards.
-	if _, ok := s.stateObjectsDestruct[addr]; !ok {
-		s.stateObjectsDestruct[addr] = nil
+	// TODO (rjl493456442): This function should only be supported by 'unwritable'
+	// state, and all mutations made should be discarded afterward.
+	obj := s.getStateObject(addr)
+	if obj != nil {
+		if _, ok := s.stateObjectsDestruct[addr]; !ok {
+			s.stateObjectsDestruct[addr] = obj
+		}
 	}
-	stateObject := s.getOrNewStateObject(addr)
-	// If object was already in memory, it might have cached
-	// storage slots. These might not be
-	// overridden in the new storage set and should be cleared.
-	stateObject.clearStorageCache()
+	newObj := s.createObject(addr)
 	for k, v := range storage {
-		stateObject.SetState(k, v)
+		newObj.SetState(k, v)
+	}
+	// Inherit the metadata of original object if it was existent
+	if obj != nil {
+		newObj.SetCode(common.BytesToHash(obj.CodeHash()), obj.code)
+		newObj.SetNonce(obj.Nonce())
+		newObj.SetBalance(obj.Balance(), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -864,12 +868,16 @@ func (s *StateDB) IntermediateRoot(deleteEmptyObjects bool) common.Hash {
 		}
 		obj := s.stateObjects[addr] // closure for the task runner below
 		workers.Go(func() error {
-			obj.updateRoot()
+			if s.db.TrieDB().IsVerkle() {
+				obj.updateTrie()
+			} else {
+				obj.updateRoot()
 
-			// If witness building is enabled and the state object has a trie,
-			// gather the witnesses for its specific storage trie
-			if s.witness != nil && obj.trie != nil {
-				s.witness.AddState(obj.trie.Witness())
+				// If witness building is enabled and the state object has a trie,
+				// gather the witnesses for its specific storage trie
+				if s.witness != nil && obj.trie != nil {
+					s.witness.AddState(obj.trie.Witness())
+				}
 			}
 			return nil
 		})
@@ -992,76 +1000,70 @@ func (s *StateDB) clearJournalAndRefund() {
 // of a specific account. It leverages the associated state snapshot for fast
 // storage iteration and constructs trie node deletion markers by creating
 // stack trie with iterated slots.
-func (s *StateDB) fastDeleteStorage(addrHash common.Hash, root common.Hash) (common.StorageSize, map[common.Hash][]byte, *trienode.NodeSet, error) {
+func (s *StateDB) fastDeleteStorage(addrHash common.Hash, root common.Hash) (map[common.Hash][]byte, *trienode.NodeSet, error) {
 	iter, err := s.snaps.StorageIterator(s.originalRoot, addrHash, common.Hash{})
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, nil, nil, err
+		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 	defer iter.Release()
 
 	var (
-		size  common.StorageSize
 		nodes = trienode.NewNodeSet(addrHash)
 		slots = make(map[common.Hash][]byte)
 	)
 	stack := trie.NewStackTrie(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
 		nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeleted())
-		size += common.StorageSize(len(path))
 	})
 	for iter.Next() {
 		slot := common.CopyBytes(iter.Slot())
 		if err := iter.Error(); err != nil { // error might occur after Slot function
-			return 0, nil, nil, err
+			return nil, nil, err
 		}
-		size += common.StorageSize(common.HashLength + len(slot))
 		slots[iter.Hash()] = slot
 
 		if err := stack.Update(iter.Hash().Bytes(), slot); err != nil {
-			return 0, nil, nil, err
+			return nil, nil, err
 		}
 	}
 	if err := iter.Error(); err != nil { // error might occur during iteration
-		return 0, nil, nil, err
+		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 	if stack.Hash() != root {
-		return 0, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("snapshot is not matched, exp %x, got %x", root, stack.Hash())
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("snapshot is not matched, exp %x, got %x", root, stack.Hash())
 	}
-	return size, slots, nodes, nil
+	return slots, nodes, nil
 }
 
 // slowDeleteStorage serves as a less-efficient alternative to "fastDeleteStorage,"
 // employed when the associated state snapshot is not available. It iterates the
 // storage slots along with all internal trie nodes via trie directly.
-func (s *StateDB) slowDeleteStorage(addr common.Address, addrHash common.Hash, root common.Hash) (common.StorageSize, map[common.Hash][]byte, *trienode.NodeSet, error) {
+func (s *StateDB) slowDeleteStorage(addr common.Address, addrHash common.Hash, root common.Hash) (map[common.Hash][]byte, *trienode.NodeSet, error) {
 	tr, err := s.db.OpenStorageTrie(s.originalRoot, addr, root, s.trie)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open storage trie, err: %w", err)
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open storage trie, err: %w", err)
 	}
 	it, err := tr.NodeIterator(nil)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open storage iterator, err: %w", err)
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open storage iterator, err: %w", err)
 	}
 	var (
-		size  common.StorageSize
 		nodes = trienode.NewNodeSet(addrHash)
 		slots = make(map[common.Hash][]byte)
 	)
 	for it.Next(true) {
 		if it.Leaf() {
 			slots[common.BytesToHash(it.LeafKey())] = common.CopyBytes(it.LeafBlob())
-			size += common.StorageSize(common.HashLength + len(it.LeafBlob()))
 			continue
 		}
 		if it.Hash() == (common.Hash{}) {
 			continue
 		}
-		size += common.StorageSize(len(it.Path()))
 		nodes.AddNode(it.Path(), trienode.NewDeleted())
 	}
 	if err := it.Error(); err != nil {
-		return 0, nil, nil, err
+		return nil, nil, err
 	}
-	return size, slots, nodes, nil
+	return slots, nodes, nil
 }
 
 // deleteStorage is designed to delete the storage trie of a designated account.
@@ -1070,9 +1072,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) slowDeleteStorage(addr common.Address, addrHash common.Hash, r
 // efficient approach.
 func (s *StateDB) deleteStorage(addr common.Address, addrHash common.Hash, root common.Hash) (map[common.Hash][]byte, *trienode.NodeSet, error) {
 	var (
-		start = time.Now()
 		err   error
-		size  common.StorageSize
 		slots map[common.Hash][]byte
 		nodes *trienode.NodeSet
 	)
@@ -1080,24 +1080,14 @@ func (s *StateDB) deleteStorage(addr common.Address, addrHash common.Hash, root
 	// generated, or it's internally corrupted. Fallback to the slow
 	// one just in case.
 	if s.snap != nil {
-		size, slots, nodes, err = s.fastDeleteStorage(addrHash, root)
+		slots, nodes, err = s.fastDeleteStorage(addrHash, root)
 	}
 	if s.snap == nil || err != nil {
-		size, slots, nodes, err = s.slowDeleteStorage(addr, addrHash, root)
+		slots, nodes, err = s.slowDeleteStorage(addr, addrHash, root)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
-	// Report the metrics
-	n := int64(len(slots))
-
-	slotDeletionMaxCount.UpdateIfGt(int64(len(slots)))
-	slotDeletionMaxSize.UpdateIfGt(int64(size))
-
-	slotDeletionTimer.UpdateSince(start)
-	slotDeletionCount.Mark(n)
-	slotDeletionSize.Mark(int64(size))
-
 	return slots, nodes, nil
 }
 
@@ -1176,6 +1166,10 @@ func (s *StateDB) commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool) (*stateUpdate, error) {
 	// Finalize any pending changes and merge everything into the tries
 	s.IntermediateRoot(deleteEmptyObjects)
 
+	// Short circuit if any error occurs within the IntermediateRoot.
+	if s.dbErr != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("commit aborted due to database error: %v", s.dbErr)
+	}
 	// Commit objects to the trie, measuring the elapsed time
 	var (
 		accountTrieNodesUpdated int
diff --git a/core/tracing/CHANGELOG.md b/core/tracing/CHANGELOG.md
index 93b91cf479..cddc728fc0 100644
--- a/core/tracing/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/core/tracing/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 All notable changes to the tracing interface will be documented in this file.
 
-## [Unreleased]
+## [v1.14.3]
 
 There have been minor backwards-compatible changes to the tracing interface to explicitly mark the execution of **system** contracts. As of now the only system call updates the parent beacon block root as per [EIP-4788](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4788). Other system calls are being considered for the future hardfork.
 
@@ -76,4 +76,5 @@ The hooks `CaptureStart` and `CaptureEnd` have been removed. These hooks signale
 - `CaptureFault` -> `OnFault(pc uint64, op byte, gas, cost uint64, scope tracing.OpContext, depth int, err error)`. Similar to above.
 
 [unreleased]: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/compare/v1.14.0...master
-[v1.14.0]: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.14.0
\ No newline at end of file
+[v1.14.0]: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.14.0
+[v1.14.3]: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.14.3
diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
index 4e1d26acf4..5506ecc31f 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -1717,7 +1718,7 @@ func (a addressesByHeartbeat) Swap(i, j int)      { a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] }
 type accountSet struct {
 	accounts map[common.Address]struct{}
 	signer   types.Signer
-	cache    *[]common.Address
+	cache    []common.Address
 }
 
 // newAccountSet creates a new address set with an associated signer for sender
@@ -1765,20 +1766,14 @@ func (as *accountSet) addTx(tx *types.Transaction) {
 // reuse. The returned slice should not be changed!
 func (as *accountSet) flatten() []common.Address {
 	if as.cache == nil {
-		accounts := make([]common.Address, 0, len(as.accounts))
-		for account := range as.accounts {
-			accounts = append(accounts, account)
-		}
-		as.cache = &accounts
+		as.cache = maps.Keys(as.accounts)
 	}
-	return *as.cache
+	return as.cache
 }
 
 // merge adds all addresses from the 'other' set into 'as'.
 func (as *accountSet) merge(other *accountSet) {
-	for addr := range other.accounts {
-		as.accounts[addr] = struct{}{}
-	}
+	maps.Copy(as.accounts, other.accounts)
 	as.cache = nil
 }
 
diff --git a/core/txpool/validation.go b/core/txpool/validation.go
index 555b777505..7fd5f8bc79 100644
--- a/core/txpool/validation.go
+++ b/core/txpool/validation.go
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ type ValidationOptionsWithState struct {
 // rules without duplicating code and running the risk of missed updates.
 func ValidateTransactionWithState(tx *types.Transaction, signer types.Signer, opts *ValidationOptionsWithState) error {
 	// Ensure the transaction adheres to nonce ordering
-	from, err := signer.Sender(tx) // already validated (and cached), but cleaner to check
+	from, err := types.Sender(signer, tx) // already validated (and cached), but cleaner to check
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error("Transaction sender recovery failed", "err", err)
 		return err
diff --git a/crypto/signature_nocgo.go b/crypto/signature_nocgo.go
index 989057442b..5ac3765c71 100644
--- a/crypto/signature_nocgo.go
+++ b/crypto/signature_nocgo.go
@@ -88,10 +88,7 @@ func Sign(hash []byte, prv *ecdsa.PrivateKey) ([]byte, error) {
 		return nil, errors.New("invalid private key")
 	}
 	defer priv.Zero()
-	sig, err := btc_ecdsa.SignCompact(&priv, hash, false) // ref uncompressed pubkey
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+	sig := btc_ecdsa.SignCompact(&priv, hash, false) // ref uncompressed pubkey
 	// Convert to Ethereum signature format with 'recovery id' v at the end.
 	v := sig[0] - 27
 	copy(sig, sig[1:])
diff --git a/eth/backend.go b/eth/backend.go
index 91a07811f0..8679018dab 100644
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@@ -264,11 +264,7 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 	if eth.APIBackend.allowUnprotectedTxs {
 		log.Info("Unprotected transactions allowed")
 	}
-	gpoParams := config.GPO
-	if gpoParams.Default == nil {
-		gpoParams.Default = config.Miner.GasPrice
-	}
-	eth.APIBackend.gpo = gasprice.NewOracle(eth.APIBackend, gpoParams)
+	eth.APIBackend.gpo = gasprice.NewOracle(eth.APIBackend, config.GPO, config.Miner.GasPrice)
 
 	// Setup DNS discovery iterators.
 	dnsclient := dnsdisc.NewClient(dnsdisc.Config{})
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go b/eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go
index 2d6569e422..8bdf94b80e 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ func (c *SimulatedBeacon) AdjustTime(adjustment time.Duration) error {
 		return errors.New("parent not found")
 	}
 	withdrawals := c.withdrawals.gatherPending(10)
-	return c.sealBlock(withdrawals, parent.Time+uint64(adjustment))
+	return c.sealBlock(withdrawals, parent.Time+uint64(adjustment/time.Second))
 }
 
 func RegisterSimulatedBeaconAPIs(stack *node.Node, sim *SimulatedBeacon) {
diff --git a/eth/gasprice/feehistory_test.go b/eth/gasprice/feehistory_test.go
index 3d426db46f..241b91b810 100644
--- a/eth/gasprice/feehistory_test.go
+++ b/eth/gasprice/feehistory_test.go
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ func TestFeeHistory(t *testing.T) {
 			MaxBlockHistory:  c.maxBlock,
 		}
 		backend := newTestBackend(t, big.NewInt(16), big.NewInt(28), c.pending)
-		oracle := NewOracle(backend, config)
+		oracle := NewOracle(backend, config, nil)
 
 		first, reward, baseFee, ratio, blobBaseFee, blobRatio, err := oracle.FeeHistory(context.Background(), c.count, c.last, c.percent)
 		backend.teardown()
diff --git a/eth/gasprice/gasprice.go b/eth/gasprice/gasprice.go
index c90408e363..19a6c0010a 100644
--- a/eth/gasprice/gasprice.go
+++ b/eth/gasprice/gasprice.go
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ type Config struct {
 	Percentile       int
 	MaxHeaderHistory uint64
 	MaxBlockHistory  uint64
-	Default          *big.Int `toml:",omitempty"`
 	MaxPrice         *big.Int `toml:",omitempty"`
 	IgnorePrice      *big.Int `toml:",omitempty"`
 }
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ type Oracle struct {
 
 // NewOracle returns a new gasprice oracle which can recommend suitable
 // gasprice for newly created transaction.
-func NewOracle(backend OracleBackend, params Config) *Oracle {
+func NewOracle(backend OracleBackend, params Config, startPrice *big.Int) *Oracle {
 	blocks := params.Blocks
 	if blocks < 1 {
 		blocks = 1
@@ -115,6 +114,9 @@ func NewOracle(backend OracleBackend, params Config) *Oracle {
 		maxBlockHistory = 1
 		log.Warn("Sanitizing invalid gasprice oracle max block history", "provided", params.MaxBlockHistory, "updated", maxBlockHistory)
 	}
+	if startPrice == nil {
+		startPrice = new(big.Int)
+	}
 
 	cache := lru.NewCache[cacheKey, processedFees](2048)
 	headEvent := make(chan core.ChainHeadEvent, 1)
@@ -131,7 +133,7 @@ func NewOracle(backend OracleBackend, params Config) *Oracle {
 
 	return &Oracle{
 		backend:          backend,
-		lastPrice:        params.Default,
+		lastPrice:        startPrice,
 		maxPrice:         maxPrice,
 		ignorePrice:      ignorePrice,
 		checkBlocks:      blocks,
diff --git a/eth/gasprice/gasprice_test.go b/eth/gasprice/gasprice_test.go
index b22e75666f..39f3c79b98 100644
--- a/eth/gasprice/gasprice_test.go
+++ b/eth/gasprice/gasprice_test.go
@@ -235,7 +235,6 @@ func TestSuggestTipCap(t *testing.T) {
 	config := Config{
 		Blocks:     3,
 		Percentile: 60,
-		Default:    big.NewInt(params.GWei),
 	}
 	var cases = []struct {
 		fork   *big.Int // London fork number
@@ -249,7 +248,7 @@ func TestSuggestTipCap(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for _, c := range cases {
 		backend := newTestBackend(t, c.fork, nil, false)
-		oracle := NewOracle(backend, config)
+		oracle := NewOracle(backend, config, big.NewInt(params.GWei))
 
 		// The gas price sampled is: 32G, 31G, 30G, 29G, 28G, 27G
 		got, err := oracle.SuggestTipCap(context.Background())
diff --git a/eth/tracers/api_test.go b/eth/tracers/api_test.go
index 6fbb50848d..e717f5352d 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/api_test.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/api_test.go
@@ -843,7 +843,7 @@ func TestTracingWithOverrides(t *testing.T) {
 							byte(vm.PUSH1), 00,
 							byte(vm.RETURN),
 						}),
-						StateDiff: &map[common.Hash]common.Hash{
+						StateDiff: map[common.Hash]common.Hash{
 							common.HexToHash("0x03"): common.HexToHash("0x11"),
 						},
 					},
@@ -898,9 +898,9 @@ func newAccounts(n int) (accounts []Account) {
 	return accounts
 }
 
-func newRPCBalance(balance *big.Int) **hexutil.Big {
+func newRPCBalance(balance *big.Int) *hexutil.Big {
 	rpcBalance := (*hexutil.Big)(balance)
-	return &rpcBalance
+	return rpcBalance
 }
 
 func newRPCBytes(bytes []byte) *hexutil.Bytes {
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ func newRPCBytes(bytes []byte) *hexutil.Bytes {
 	return &rpcBytes
 }
 
-func newStates(keys []common.Hash, vals []common.Hash) *map[common.Hash]common.Hash {
+func newStates(keys []common.Hash, vals []common.Hash) map[common.Hash]common.Hash {
 	if len(keys) != len(vals) {
 		panic("invalid input")
 	}
@@ -916,7 +916,7 @@ func newStates(keys []common.Hash, vals []common.Hash) *map[common.Hash]common.H
 	for i := 0; i < len(keys); i++ {
 		m[keys[i]] = vals[i]
 	}
-	return &m
+	return m
 }
 
 func TestTraceChain(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/ethclient/simulated/backend_test.go b/ethclient/simulated/backend_test.go
index a8fd7913c3..b70086b385 100644
--- a/ethclient/simulated/backend_test.go
+++ b/ethclient/simulated/backend_test.go
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ func TestAdjustTime(t *testing.T) {
 	block2, _ := client.BlockByNumber(context.Background(), nil)
 	prevTime := block1.Time()
 	newTime := block2.Time()
-	if newTime-prevTime != uint64(time.Minute) {
+	if newTime-prevTime != 60 {
 		t.Errorf("adjusted time not equal to 60 seconds. prev: %v, new: %v", prevTime, newTime)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/ethdb/database.go b/ethdb/database.go
index 9ef5942a13..89c793d0be 100644
--- a/ethdb/database.go
+++ b/ethdb/database.go
@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@ type KeyValueStore interface {
 	Batcher
 	Iteratee
 	Compacter
-	Snapshotter
 	io.Closer
 }
 
@@ -199,6 +198,5 @@ type Database interface {
 	Iteratee
 	Stater
 	Compacter
-	Snapshotter
 	io.Closer
 }
diff --git a/ethdb/dbtest/testsuite.go b/ethdb/dbtest/testsuite.go
index 29a773ced4..1af55a0e38 100644
--- a/ethdb/dbtest/testsuite.go
+++ b/ethdb/dbtest/testsuite.go
@@ -318,69 +318,6 @@ func TestDatabaseSuite(t *testing.T, New func() ethdb.KeyValueStore) {
 		}
 	})
 
-	t.Run("Snapshot", func(t *testing.T) {
-		db := New()
-		defer db.Close()
-
-		initial := map[string]string{
-			"k1": "v1", "k2": "v2", "k3": "", "k4": "",
-		}
-		for k, v := range initial {
-			db.Put([]byte(k), []byte(v))
-		}
-		snapshot, err := db.NewSnapshot()
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		for k, v := range initial {
-			got, err := snapshot.Get([]byte(k))
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-			if !bytes.Equal(got, []byte(v)) {
-				t.Fatalf("Unexpected value want: %v, got %v", v, got)
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Flush more modifications into the database, ensure the snapshot
-		// isn't affected.
-		var (
-			update = map[string]string{"k1": "v1-b", "k3": "v3-b"}
-			insert = map[string]string{"k5": "v5-b"}
-			delete = map[string]string{"k2": ""}
-		)
-		for k, v := range update {
-			db.Put([]byte(k), []byte(v))
-		}
-		for k, v := range insert {
-			db.Put([]byte(k), []byte(v))
-		}
-		for k := range delete {
-			db.Delete([]byte(k))
-		}
-		for k, v := range initial {
-			got, err := snapshot.Get([]byte(k))
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-			if !bytes.Equal(got, []byte(v)) {
-				t.Fatalf("Unexpected value want: %v, got %v", v, got)
-			}
-		}
-		for k := range insert {
-			got, err := snapshot.Get([]byte(k))
-			if err == nil || len(got) != 0 {
-				t.Fatal("Unexpected value")
-			}
-		}
-		for k := range delete {
-			got, err := snapshot.Get([]byte(k))
-			if err != nil || len(got) == 0 {
-				t.Fatal("Unexpected deletion")
-			}
-		}
-	})
-
 	t.Run("OperationsAfterClose", func(t *testing.T) {
 		db := New()
 		db.Put([]byte("key"), []byte("value"))
diff --git a/ethdb/leveldb/leveldb.go b/ethdb/leveldb/leveldb.go
index 92838ad7ab..24925a4f04 100644
--- a/ethdb/leveldb/leveldb.go
+++ b/ethdb/leveldb/leveldb.go
@@ -230,19 +230,6 @@ func (db *Database) NewIterator(prefix []byte, start []byte) ethdb.Iterator {
 	return db.db.NewIterator(bytesPrefixRange(prefix, start), nil)
 }
 
-// NewSnapshot creates a database snapshot based on the current state.
-// The created snapshot will not be affected by all following mutations
-// happened on the database.
-// Note don't forget to release the snapshot once it's used up, otherwise
-// the stale data will never be cleaned up by the underlying compactor.
-func (db *Database) NewSnapshot() (ethdb.Snapshot, error) {
-	snap, err := db.db.GetSnapshot()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return &snapshot{db: snap}, nil
-}
-
 // Stat returns the statistic data of the database.
 func (db *Database) Stat() (string, error) {
 	var stats leveldb.DBStats
@@ -498,26 +485,3 @@ func bytesPrefixRange(prefix, start []byte) *util.Range {
 	r.Start = append(r.Start, start...)
 	return r
 }
-
-// snapshot wraps a leveldb snapshot for implementing the Snapshot interface.
-type snapshot struct {
-	db *leveldb.Snapshot
-}
-
-// Has retrieves if a key is present in the snapshot backing by a key-value
-// data store.
-func (snap *snapshot) Has(key []byte) (bool, error) {
-	return snap.db.Has(key, nil)
-}
-
-// Get retrieves the given key if it's present in the snapshot backing by
-// key-value data store.
-func (snap *snapshot) Get(key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	return snap.db.Get(key, nil)
-}
-
-// Release releases associated resources. Release should always succeed and can
-// be called multiple times without causing error.
-func (snap *snapshot) Release() {
-	snap.db.Release()
-}
diff --git a/ethdb/memorydb/memorydb.go b/ethdb/memorydb/memorydb.go
index 9b0872f89a..532e0dfe3f 100644
--- a/ethdb/memorydb/memorydb.go
+++ b/ethdb/memorydb/memorydb.go
@@ -35,10 +35,6 @@ var (
 	// errMemorydbNotFound is returned if a key is requested that is not found in
 	// the provided memory database.
 	errMemorydbNotFound = errors.New("not found")
-
-	// errSnapshotReleased is returned if callers want to retrieve data from a
-	// released snapshot.
-	errSnapshotReleased = errors.New("snapshot released")
 )
 
 // Database is an ephemeral key-value store. Apart from basic data storage
@@ -175,13 +171,6 @@ func (db *Database) NewIterator(prefix []byte, start []byte) ethdb.Iterator {
 	}
 }
 
-// NewSnapshot creates a database snapshot based on the current state.
-// The created snapshot will not be affected by all following mutations
-// happened on the database.
-func (db *Database) NewSnapshot() (ethdb.Snapshot, error) {
-	return newSnapshot(db), nil
-}
-
 // Stat returns the statistic data of the database.
 func (db *Database) Stat() (string, error) {
 	return "", nil
@@ -332,59 +321,3 @@ func (it *iterator) Value() []byte {
 func (it *iterator) Release() {
 	it.index, it.keys, it.values = -1, nil, nil
 }
-
-// snapshot wraps a batch of key-value entries deep copied from the in-memory
-// database for implementing the Snapshot interface.
-type snapshot struct {
-	db   map[string][]byte
-	lock sync.RWMutex
-}
-
-// newSnapshot initializes the snapshot with the given database instance.
-func newSnapshot(db *Database) *snapshot {
-	db.lock.RLock()
-	defer db.lock.RUnlock()
-
-	copied := make(map[string][]byte, len(db.db))
-	for key, val := range db.db {
-		copied[key] = common.CopyBytes(val)
-	}
-	return &snapshot{db: copied}
-}
-
-// Has retrieves if a key is present in the snapshot backing by a key-value
-// data store.
-func (snap *snapshot) Has(key []byte) (bool, error) {
-	snap.lock.RLock()
-	defer snap.lock.RUnlock()
-
-	if snap.db == nil {
-		return false, errSnapshotReleased
-	}
-	_, ok := snap.db[string(key)]
-	return ok, nil
-}
-
-// Get retrieves the given key if it's present in the snapshot backing by
-// key-value data store.
-func (snap *snapshot) Get(key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	snap.lock.RLock()
-	defer snap.lock.RUnlock()
-
-	if snap.db == nil {
-		return nil, errSnapshotReleased
-	}
-	if entry, ok := snap.db[string(key)]; ok {
-		return common.CopyBytes(entry), nil
-	}
-	return nil, errMemorydbNotFound
-}
-
-// Release releases associated resources. Release should always succeed and can
-// be called multiple times without causing error.
-func (snap *snapshot) Release() {
-	snap.lock.Lock()
-	defer snap.lock.Unlock()
-
-	snap.db = nil
-}
diff --git a/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go b/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
index 130d6617b5..8203dd136d 100644
--- a/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
+++ b/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
@@ -351,55 +351,6 @@ func (d *Database) NewBatchWithSize(size int) ethdb.Batch {
 	}
 }
 
-// snapshot wraps a pebble snapshot for implementing the Snapshot interface.
-type snapshot struct {
-	db *pebble.Snapshot
-}
-
-// NewSnapshot creates a database snapshot based on the current state.
-// The created snapshot will not be affected by all following mutations
-// happened on the database.
-// Note don't forget to release the snapshot once it's used up, otherwise
-// the stale data will never be cleaned up by the underlying compactor.
-func (d *Database) NewSnapshot() (ethdb.Snapshot, error) {
-	snap := d.db.NewSnapshot()
-	return &snapshot{db: snap}, nil
-}
-
-// Has retrieves if a key is present in the snapshot backing by a key-value
-// data store.
-func (snap *snapshot) Has(key []byte) (bool, error) {
-	_, closer, err := snap.db.Get(key)
-	if err != nil {
-		if err != pebble.ErrNotFound {
-			return false, err
-		} else {
-			return false, nil
-		}
-	}
-	closer.Close()
-	return true, nil
-}
-
-// Get retrieves the given key if it's present in the snapshot backing by
-// key-value data store.
-func (snap *snapshot) Get(key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	dat, closer, err := snap.db.Get(key)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	ret := make([]byte, len(dat))
-	copy(ret, dat)
-	closer.Close()
-	return ret, nil
-}
-
-// Release releases associated resources. Release should always succeed and can
-// be called multiple times without causing error.
-func (snap *snapshot) Release() {
-	snap.db.Close()
-}
-
 // upperBound returns the upper bound for the given prefix
 func upperBound(prefix []byte) (limit []byte) {
 	for i := len(prefix) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
diff --git a/ethdb/remotedb/remotedb.go b/ethdb/remotedb/remotedb.go
index bfecde4a32..c8b76eab4a 100644
--- a/ethdb/remotedb/remotedb.go
+++ b/ethdb/remotedb/remotedb.go
@@ -138,10 +138,6 @@ func (db *Database) Compact(start []byte, limit []byte) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (db *Database) NewSnapshot() (ethdb.Snapshot, error) {
-	panic("not supported")
-}
-
 func (db *Database) Close() error {
 	db.remote.Close()
 	return nil
diff --git a/ethdb/snapshot.go b/ethdb/snapshot.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 03b7794a77..0000000000
--- a/ethdb/snapshot.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2022 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package ethdb
-
-type Snapshot interface {
-	// Has retrieves if a key is present in the snapshot backing by a key-value
-	// data store.
-	Has(key []byte) (bool, error)
-
-	// Get retrieves the given key if it's present in the snapshot backing by
-	// key-value data store.
-	Get(key []byte) ([]byte, error)
-
-	// Release releases associated resources. Release should always succeed and can
-	// be called multiple times without causing error.
-	Release()
-}
-
-// Snapshotter wraps the Snapshot method of a backing data store.
-type Snapshotter interface {
-	// NewSnapshot creates a database snapshot based on the current state.
-	// The created snapshot will not be affected by all following mutations
-	// happened on the database.
-	// Note don't forget to release the snapshot once it's used up, otherwise
-	// the stale data will never be cleaned up by the underlying compactor.
-	NewSnapshot() (Snapshot, error)
-}
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index a757b6705d..db5c713498 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.18.45
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.13.43
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/route53 v1.30.2
-	github.com/btcsuite/btcd/btcec/v2 v2.2.0
+	github.com/btcsuite/btcd/btcec/v2 v2.3.4
 	github.com/cespare/cp v0.1.0
 	github.com/cloudflare/cloudflare-go v0.79.0
 	github.com/cockroachdb/pebble v1.1.1
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 826f0f674f..e3cf5f3d63 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
 github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.10.0 h1:ePXTeiPEazB5+opbv5fr8umg2R/1NlzgDsyepwsSr88=
 github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.10.0/go.mod h1:7hO7Gc7Pp1vODcmWvKMRA9BNmbv6a/7QIWpPxHddWR8=
-github.com/btcsuite/btcd/btcec/v2 v2.2.0 h1:fzn1qaOt32TuLjFlkzYSsBC35Q3KUjT1SwPxiMSCF5k=
-github.com/btcsuite/btcd/btcec/v2 v2.2.0/go.mod h1:U7MHm051Al6XmscBQ0BoNydpOTsFAn707034b5nY8zU=
+github.com/btcsuite/btcd/btcec/v2 v2.3.4 h1:3EJjcN70HCu/mwqlUsGK8GcNVyLVxFDlWurTXGPFfiQ=
+github.com/btcsuite/btcd/btcec/v2 v2.3.4/go.mod h1:zYzJ8etWJQIv1Ogk7OzpWjowwOdXY1W/17j2MW85J04=
 github.com/btcsuite/btcd/chaincfg/chainhash v1.0.1 h1:q0rUy8C/TYNBQS1+CGKw68tLOFYSNEs0TFnxxnS9+4U=
 github.com/btcsuite/btcd/chaincfg/chainhash v1.0.1/go.mod h1:7SFka0XMvUgj3hfZtydOrQY2mwhPclbT2snogU7SQQc=
 github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto v0.2.1/go.mod h1:f6KPmirojxKA12rnyqOA5BBL4O983OfeGPqjHWSTneU=
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index 458f054f23..3a465d35cd 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -968,12 +968,12 @@ func (api *BlockChainAPI) GetBlockReceipts(ctx context.Context, blockNrOrHash rp
 // if stateDiff is set, all diff will be applied first and then execute the call
 // message.
 type OverrideAccount struct {
-	Nonce            *hexutil.Uint64              `json:"nonce"`
-	Code             *hexutil.Bytes               `json:"code"`
-	Balance          **hexutil.Big                `json:"balance"`
-	State            *map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"state"`
-	StateDiff        *map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"stateDiff"`
-	MovePrecompileTo *common.Address              `json:"movePrecompileToAddress"`
+	Nonce            *hexutil.Uint64             `json:"nonce"`
+	Code             *hexutil.Bytes              `json:"code"`
+	Balance          *hexutil.Big                `json:"balance"`
+	State            map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"state"`
+	StateDiff        map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"stateDiff"`
+	MovePrecompileTo *common.Address             `json:"movePrecompileToAddress"`
 }
 
 // StateOverride is the collection of overridden accounts.
@@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ func (diff *StateOverride) Apply(statedb *state.StateDB, precompiles vm.Precompi
 		}
 		// Override account balance.
 		if account.Balance != nil {
-			u256Balance, _ := uint256.FromBig((*big.Int)(*account.Balance))
+			u256Balance, _ := uint256.FromBig((*big.Int)(account.Balance))
 			statedb.SetBalance(addr, u256Balance, tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 		}
 		if account.State != nil && account.StateDiff != nil {
@@ -1017,11 +1017,11 @@ func (diff *StateOverride) Apply(statedb *state.StateDB, precompiles vm.Precompi
 		}
 		// Replace entire state if caller requires.
 		if account.State != nil {
-			statedb.SetStorage(addr, *account.State)
+			statedb.SetStorage(addr, account.State)
 		}
 		// Apply state diff into specified accounts.
 		if account.StateDiff != nil {
-			for key, value := range *account.StateDiff {
+			for key, value := range account.StateDiff {
 				statedb.SetState(addr, key, value)
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
index b3f99a3ef1..7ce8c29795 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
@@ -783,6 +783,7 @@ func TestEstimateGas(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCall(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
+
 	// Initialize test accounts
 	var (
 		accounts = newAccounts(3)
@@ -922,7 +923,7 @@ func TestCall(t *testing.T) {
 			overrides: StateOverride{
 				randomAccounts[2].addr: OverrideAccount{
 					Code:      hex2Bytes("6080604052348015600f57600080fd5b506004361060285760003560e01c80638381f58a14602d575b600080fd5b60336049565b6040518082815260200191505060405180910390f35b6000548156fea2646970667358221220eab35ffa6ab2adfe380772a48b8ba78e82a1b820a18fcb6f59aa4efb20a5f60064736f6c63430007040033"),
-					StateDiff: &map[common.Hash]common.Hash{{}: common.BigToHash(big.NewInt(123))},
+					StateDiff: map[common.Hash]common.Hash{{}: common.BigToHash(big.NewInt(123))},
 				},
 			},
 			want: "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007b",
@@ -964,7 +965,7 @@ func TestCall(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			overrides: StateOverride{
 				dad: OverrideAccount{
-					State: &map[common.Hash]common.Hash{},
+					State: map[common.Hash]common.Hash{},
 				},
 			},
 			want: "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
@@ -997,6 +998,32 @@ func TestCall(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			want: "0x0122000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
 		},
+		// Clear the entire storage set
+		{
+			blockNumber: rpc.LatestBlockNumber,
+			call: TransactionArgs{
+				From: &accounts[1].addr,
+				// Yul:
+				// object "Test" {
+				//    code {
+				//        let dad := 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000dad
+				//        if eq(balance(dad), 0) {
+				//            revert(0, 0)
+				//        }
+				//        let slot := sload(0)
+				//        mstore(0, slot)
+				//        return(0, 32)
+				//    }
+				// }
+				Input: hex2Bytes("610dad6000813103600f57600080fd5b6000548060005260206000f3"),
+			},
+			overrides: StateOverride{
+				dad: OverrideAccount{
+					State: map[common.Hash]common.Hash{},
+				},
+			},
+			want: "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		},
 	}
 	for _, tc := range testSuite {
 		result, err := api.Call(context.Background(), tc.call, &rpc.BlockNumberOrHash{BlockNumber: &tc.blockNumber}, &tc.overrides, &tc.blockOverrides)
@@ -1796,13 +1823,13 @@ func TestSimulateV1(t *testing.T) {
 				StateOverrides: &StateOverride{
 					randomAccounts[2].addr: {
 						Code: newBytes(genesis.Alloc[bab].Code),
-						StateDiff: &map[common.Hash]common.Hash{
+						StateDiff: map[common.Hash]common.Hash{
 							common.BigToHash(big.NewInt(1)): common.BigToHash(big.NewInt(2)),
 							common.BigToHash(big.NewInt(2)): common.BigToHash(big.NewInt(3)),
 						},
 					},
 					bab: {
-						State: &map[common.Hash]common.Hash{
+						State: map[common.Hash]common.Hash{
 							common.BigToHash(big.NewInt(1)): common.BigToHash(big.NewInt(1)),
 						},
 					},
@@ -1817,7 +1844,7 @@ func TestSimulateV1(t *testing.T) {
 			}, {
 				StateOverrides: &StateOverride{
 					randomAccounts[2].addr: {
-						State: &map[common.Hash]common.Hash{
+						State: map[common.Hash]common.Hash{
 							common.BigToHash(big.NewInt(1)): common.BigToHash(big.NewInt(5)),
 						},
 					},
@@ -2468,9 +2495,9 @@ func newAccounts(n int) (accounts []account) {
 	return accounts
 }
 
-func newRPCBalance(balance *big.Int) **hexutil.Big {
+func newRPCBalance(balance *big.Int) *hexutil.Big {
 	rpcBalance := (*hexutil.Big)(balance)
-	return &rpcBalance
+	return rpcBalance
 }
 
 func hex2Bytes(str string) *hexutil.Bytes {
diff --git a/p2p/discover/node.go b/p2p/discover/node.go
index 042619221b..ac34b7c5b2 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/node.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/node.go
@@ -17,16 +17,10 @@
 package discover
 
 import (
-	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	"crypto/elliptic"
-	"errors"
-	"math/big"
 	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode"
 )
 
@@ -48,33 +42,6 @@ type tableNode struct {
 	isValidatedLive bool      // true if existence of node is considered validated right now
 }
 
-type encPubkey [64]byte
-
-func encodePubkey(key *ecdsa.PublicKey) encPubkey {
-	var e encPubkey
-	math.ReadBits(key.X, e[:len(e)/2])
-	math.ReadBits(key.Y, e[len(e)/2:])
-	return e
-}
-
-func decodePubkey(curve elliptic.Curve, e []byte) (*ecdsa.PublicKey, error) {
-	if len(e) != len(encPubkey{}) {
-		return nil, errors.New("wrong size public key data")
-	}
-	p := &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: curve, X: new(big.Int), Y: new(big.Int)}
-	half := len(e) / 2
-	p.X.SetBytes(e[:half])
-	p.Y.SetBytes(e[half:])
-	if !p.Curve.IsOnCurve(p.X, p.Y) {
-		return nil, errors.New("invalid curve point")
-	}
-	return p, nil
-}
-
-func (e encPubkey) id() enode.ID {
-	return enode.ID(crypto.Keccak256Hash(e[:]))
-}
-
 func unwrapNodes(ns []*tableNode) []*enode.Node {
 	result := make([]*enode.Node, len(ns))
 	for i, n := range ns {
diff --git a/p2p/discover/table_util_test.go b/p2p/discover/table_util_test.go
index 5b2699d460..fe10883fe6 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/table_util_test.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/table_util_test.go
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/discover/v4wire"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enr"
 )
@@ -284,7 +285,7 @@ func hexEncPrivkey(h string) *ecdsa.PrivateKey {
 }
 
 // hexEncPubkey decodes h as a public key.
-func hexEncPubkey(h string) (ret encPubkey) {
+func hexEncPubkey(h string) (ret v4wire.Pubkey) {
 	b, err := hex.DecodeString(h)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
diff --git a/p2p/discover/v4_lookup_test.go b/p2p/discover/v4_lookup_test.go
index bc9475a8b3..70bd7056fb 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/v4_lookup_test.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/v4_lookup_test.go
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func TestUDPv4_Lookup(t *testing.T) {
 	test := newUDPTest(t)
 
 	// Lookup on empty table returns no nodes.
-	targetKey, _ := decodePubkey(crypto.S256(), lookupTestnet.target[:])
+	targetKey, _ := v4wire.DecodePubkey(crypto.S256(), lookupTestnet.target)
 	if results := test.udp.LookupPubkey(targetKey); len(results) > 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("lookup on empty table returned %d results: %#v", len(results), results)
 	}
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func TestUDPv4_Lookup(t *testing.T) {
 	results := <-resultC
 	t.Logf("results:")
 	for _, e := range results {
-		t.Logf("  ld=%d, %x", enode.LogDist(lookupTestnet.target.id(), e.ID()), e.ID().Bytes())
+		t.Logf("  ld=%d, %x", enode.LogDist(lookupTestnet.target.ID(), e.ID()), e.ID().Bytes())
 	}
 	if len(results) != bucketSize {
 		t.Errorf("wrong number of results: got %d, want %d", len(results), bucketSize)
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ func serveTestnet(test *udpTest, testnet *preminedTestnet) {
 			case *v4wire.Ping:
 				test.packetInFrom(nil, key, to, &v4wire.Pong{Expiration: futureExp, ReplyTok: hash})
 			case *v4wire.Findnode:
-				dist := enode.LogDist(n.ID(), testnet.target.id())
+				dist := enode.LogDist(n.ID(), testnet.target.ID())
 				nodes := testnet.nodesAtDistance(dist - 1)
 				test.packetInFrom(nil, key, to, &v4wire.Neighbors{Expiration: futureExp, Nodes: nodes})
 			}
@@ -156,12 +156,12 @@ func checkLookupResults(t *testing.T, tn *preminedTestnet, results []*enode.Node
 	t.Helper()
 	t.Logf("results:")
 	for _, e := range results {
-		t.Logf("  ld=%d, %x", enode.LogDist(tn.target.id(), e.ID()), e.ID().Bytes())
+		t.Logf("  ld=%d, %x", enode.LogDist(tn.target.ID(), e.ID()), e.ID().Bytes())
 	}
 	if hasDuplicates(results) {
 		t.Errorf("result set contains duplicate entries")
 	}
-	if !sortedByDistanceTo(tn.target.id(), results) {
+	if !sortedByDistanceTo(tn.target.ID(), results) {
 		t.Errorf("result set not sorted by distance to target")
 	}
 	wantNodes := tn.closest(len(results))
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ var lookupTestnet = &preminedTestnet{
 }
 
 type preminedTestnet struct {
-	target encPubkey
+	target v4wire.Pubkey
 	dists  [hashBits + 1][]*ecdsa.PrivateKey
 }
 
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ func (tn *preminedTestnet) closest(n int) (nodes []*enode.Node) {
 		}
 	}
 	slices.SortFunc(nodes, func(a, b *enode.Node) int {
-		return enode.DistCmp(tn.target.id(), a.ID(), b.ID())
+		return enode.DistCmp(tn.target.ID(), a.ID(), b.ID())
 	})
 	return nodes[:n]
 }
@@ -319,11 +319,11 @@ func (tn *preminedTestnet) mine() {
 		tn.dists[i] = nil
 	}
 
-	targetSha := tn.target.id()
+	targetSha := tn.target.ID()
 	found, need := 0, 40
 	for found < need {
 		k := newkey()
-		ld := enode.LogDist(targetSha, encodePubkey(&k.PublicKey).id())
+		ld := enode.LogDist(targetSha, v4wire.EncodePubkey(&k.PublicKey).ID())
 		if len(tn.dists[ld]) < 8 {
 			tn.dists[ld] = append(tn.dists[ld], k)
 			found++
diff --git a/p2p/discover/v4_udp.go b/p2p/discover/v4_udp.go
index cca01bd3ce..321552ddc3 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/v4_udp.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/v4_udp.go
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ func (t *UDPv4) LookupPubkey(key *ecdsa.PublicKey) []*enode.Node {
 		// case and run the bootstrapping logic.
 		<-t.tab.refresh()
 	}
-	return t.newLookup(t.closeCtx, encodePubkey(key)).run()
+	return t.newLookup(t.closeCtx, v4wire.EncodePubkey(key)).run()
 }
 
 // RandomNodes is an iterator yielding nodes from a random walk of the DHT.
@@ -286,24 +286,24 @@ func (t *UDPv4) lookupRandom() []*enode.Node {
 
 // lookupSelf implements transport.
 func (t *UDPv4) lookupSelf() []*enode.Node {
-	return t.newLookup(t.closeCtx, encodePubkey(&t.priv.PublicKey)).run()
+	pubkey := v4wire.EncodePubkey(&t.priv.PublicKey)
+	return t.newLookup(t.closeCtx, pubkey).run()
 }
 
 func (t *UDPv4) newRandomLookup(ctx context.Context) *lookup {
-	var target encPubkey
+	var target v4wire.Pubkey
 	crand.Read(target[:])
 	return t.newLookup(ctx, target)
 }
 
-func (t *UDPv4) newLookup(ctx context.Context, targetKey encPubkey) *lookup {
+func (t *UDPv4) newLookup(ctx context.Context, targetKey v4wire.Pubkey) *lookup {
 	target := enode.ID(crypto.Keccak256Hash(targetKey[:]))
-	ekey := v4wire.Pubkey(targetKey)
 	it := newLookup(ctx, t.tab, target, func(n *enode.Node) ([]*enode.Node, error) {
 		addr, ok := n.UDPEndpoint()
 		if !ok {
 			return nil, errNoUDPEndpoint
 		}
-		return t.findnode(n.ID(), addr, ekey)
+		return t.findnode(n.ID(), addr, targetKey)
 	})
 	return it
 }
diff --git a/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go b/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go
index 9d6df08ead..1af31f4f1b 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ func TestUDPv4_findnodeMultiReply(t *testing.T) {
 	// queue a pending findnode request
 	resultc, errc := make(chan []*enode.Node, 1), make(chan error, 1)
 	go func() {
-		rid := encodePubkey(&test.remotekey.PublicKey).id()
+		rid := v4wire.EncodePubkey(&test.remotekey.PublicKey).ID()
 		ns, err := test.udp.findnode(rid, test.remoteaddr, testTarget)
 		if err != nil && len(ns) == 0 {
 			errc <- err
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ func TestUDPv4_successfulPing(t *testing.T) {
 	// pong packet.
 	select {
 	case n := <-added:
-		rid := encodePubkey(&test.remotekey.PublicKey).id()
+		rid := v4wire.EncodePubkey(&test.remotekey.PublicKey).ID()
 		if n.ID() != rid {
 			t.Errorf("node has wrong ID: got %v, want %v", n.ID(), rid)
 		}
diff --git a/p2p/discover/v5_udp_test.go b/p2p/discover/v5_udp_test.go
index 1f8e972200..8631b918ff 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/v5_udp_test.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/v5_udp_test.go
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/testlog"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/discover/v4wire"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/discover/v5wire"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enr"
@@ -576,7 +577,7 @@ func TestUDPv5_lookup(t *testing.T) {
 	test := newUDPV5Test(t)
 
 	// Lookup on empty table returns no nodes.
-	if results := test.udp.Lookup(lookupTestnet.target.id()); len(results) > 0 {
+	if results := test.udp.Lookup(lookupTestnet.target.ID()); len(results) > 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("lookup on empty table returned %d results: %#v", len(results), results)
 	}
 
@@ -596,7 +597,7 @@ func TestUDPv5_lookup(t *testing.T) {
 	// Start the lookup.
 	resultC := make(chan []*enode.Node, 1)
 	go func() {
-		resultC <- test.udp.Lookup(lookupTestnet.target.id())
+		resultC <- test.udp.Lookup(lookupTestnet.target.ID())
 		test.close()
 	}()
 
@@ -793,7 +794,7 @@ func (test *udpV5Test) packetInFrom(key *ecdsa.PrivateKey, addr netip.AddrPort,
 
 // getNode ensures the test knows about a node at the given endpoint.
 func (test *udpV5Test) getNode(key *ecdsa.PrivateKey, addr netip.AddrPort) *enode.LocalNode {
-	id := encodePubkey(&key.PublicKey).id()
+	id := v4wire.EncodePubkey(&key.PublicKey).ID()
 	ln := test.nodesByID[id]
 	if ln == nil {
 		db, _ := enode.OpenDB("")
diff --git a/p2p/enr/entries.go b/p2p/enr/entries.go
index 917e1becba..155ec4c023 100644
--- a/p2p/enr/entries.go
+++ b/p2p/enr/entries.go
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ func (v IPv4Addr) ENRKey() string { return "ip" }
 func (v IPv4Addr) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) error {
 	addr := netip.Addr(v)
 	if !addr.Is4() {
-		return fmt.Errorf("address is not IPv4")
+		return errors.New("address is not IPv4")
 	}
 	enc := rlp.NewEncoderBuffer(w)
 	bytes := addr.As4()
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ func (v IPv6Addr) ENRKey() string { return "ip6" }
 func (v IPv6Addr) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) error {
 	addr := netip.Addr(v)
 	if !addr.Is6() {
-		return fmt.Errorf("address is not IPv6")
+		return errors.New("address is not IPv6")
 	}
 	enc := rlp.NewEncoderBuffer(w)
 	bytes := addr.As16()
diff --git a/rpc/server.go b/rpc/server.go
index 52866004f8..42b59f8f6f 100644
--- a/rpc/server.go
+++ b/rpc/server.go
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ package rpc
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"io"
+	"net"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 
@@ -151,8 +153,8 @@ func (s *Server) serveSingleRequest(ctx context.Context, codec ServerCodec) {
 
 	reqs, batch, err := codec.readBatch()
 	if err != nil {
-		if err != io.EOF {
-			resp := errorMessage(&invalidMessageError{"parse error"})
+		if msg := messageForReadError(err); msg != "" {
+			resp := errorMessage(&invalidMessageError{msg})
 			codec.writeJSON(ctx, resp, true)
 		}
 		return
@@ -164,6 +166,20 @@ func (s *Server) serveSingleRequest(ctx context.Context, codec ServerCodec) {
 	}
 }
 
+func messageForReadError(err error) string {
+	var netErr net.Error
+	if errors.As(err, &netErr) {
+		if netErr.Timeout() {
+			return "read timeout"
+		} else {
+			return "read error"
+		}
+	} else if err != io.EOF {
+		return "parse error"
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
 // Stop stops reading new requests, waits for stopPendingRequestTimeout to allow pending
 // requests to finish, then closes all codecs which will cancel pending requests and
 // subscriptions.
diff --git a/rpc/subscription_test.go b/rpc/subscription_test.go
index a7dac705c9..ab40ab169f 100644
--- a/rpc/subscription_test.go
+++ b/rpc/subscription_test.go
@@ -267,13 +267,9 @@ func TestNotify(t *testing.T) {
 		sub:       &Subscription{ID: id},
 		activated: true,
 	}
-	msg := &types.Header{
-		ParentHash: common.HexToHash("0x01"),
-		Number:     big.NewInt(100),
-	}
-	notifier.Notify(id, msg)
+	notifier.Notify(id, "hello")
 	have := strings.TrimSpace(out.String())
-	want := `{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"_subscription","params":{"subscription":"test","result":{"parentHash":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001","sha3Uncles":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000","miner":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000","stateRoot":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000","transactionsRoot":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000","receiptsRoot":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000","logsBloom":"0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000","difficulty":null,"number":"0x64","gasLimit":"0x0","gasUsed":"0x0","timestamp":"0x0","extraData":"0x","mixHash":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000","nonce":"0x0000000000000000","baseFeePerGas":null,"withdrawalsRoot":null,"blobGasUsed":null,"excessBlobGas":null,"parentBeaconBlockRoot":null,"hash":"0xe5fb877dde471b45b9742bb4bb4b3d74a761e2fb7cb849a3d2b687eed90fb604"}}}`
+	want := `{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"_subscription","params":{"subscription":"test","result":"hello"}}`
 	if have != want {
 		t.Errorf("have:\n%v\nwant:\n%v\n", have, want)
 	}
diff --git a/trie/committer.go b/trie/committer.go
index 4e2f7b8bd6..863e7bafdc 100644
--- a/trie/committer.go
+++ b/trie/committer.go
@@ -154,12 +154,8 @@ func (c *committer) store(path []byte, n node) node {
 	return hash
 }
 
-// MerkleResolver the children resolver in merkle-patricia-tree.
-type MerkleResolver struct{}
-
-// ForEach implements childResolver, decodes the provided node and
-// traverses the children inside.
-func (resolver MerkleResolver) ForEach(node []byte, onChild func(common.Hash)) {
+// ForGatherChildren decodes the provided node and traverses the children inside.
+func ForGatherChildren(node []byte, onChild func(common.Hash)) {
 	forGatherChildren(mustDecodeNodeUnsafe(nil, node), onChild)
 }
 
diff --git a/trie/trie_test.go b/trie/trie_test.go
index 5f706a28be..505b517bc5 100644
--- a/trie/trie_test.go
+++ b/trie/trie_test.go
@@ -819,7 +819,6 @@ func (s *spongeDb) Get(key []byte) ([]byte, error)           { return nil, error
 func (s *spongeDb) Delete(key []byte) error                  { panic("implement me") }
 func (s *spongeDb) NewBatch() ethdb.Batch                    { return &spongeBatch{s} }
 func (s *spongeDb) NewBatchWithSize(size int) ethdb.Batch    { return &spongeBatch{s} }
-func (s *spongeDb) NewSnapshot() (ethdb.Snapshot, error)     { panic("implement me") }
 func (s *spongeDb) Stat() (string, error)                    { panic("implement me") }
 func (s *spongeDb) Compact(start []byte, limit []byte) error { panic("implement me") }
 func (s *spongeDb) Close() error                             { return nil }
diff --git a/triedb/database.go b/triedb/database.go
index 91386a9dbc..aecb900f31 100644
--- a/triedb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/database.go
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triestate"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/database"
@@ -43,9 +42,18 @@ type Config struct {
 // default settings.
 var HashDefaults = &Config{
 	Preimages: false,
+	IsVerkle:  false,
 	HashDB:    hashdb.Defaults,
 }
 
+// VerkleDefaults represents a config for holding verkle trie data
+// using path-based scheme with default settings.
+var VerkleDefaults = &Config{
+	Preimages: false,
+	IsVerkle:  true,
+	PathDB:    pathdb.Defaults,
+}
+
 // backend defines the methods needed to access/update trie nodes in different
 // state scheme.
 type backend interface {
@@ -85,7 +93,6 @@ type backend interface {
 // relevant with trie nodes and node preimages.
 type Database struct {
 	config    *Config        // Configuration for trie database
-	diskdb    ethdb.Database // Persistent database to store the snapshot
 	preimages *preimageStore // The store for caching preimages
 	backend   backend        // The backend for managing trie nodes
 }
@@ -103,7 +110,6 @@ func NewDatabase(diskdb ethdb.Database, config *Config) *Database {
 	}
 	db := &Database{
 		config:    config,
-		diskdb:    diskdb,
 		preimages: preimages,
 	}
 	if config.HashDB != nil && config.PathDB != nil {
@@ -112,14 +118,7 @@ func NewDatabase(diskdb ethdb.Database, config *Config) *Database {
 	if config.PathDB != nil {
 		db.backend = pathdb.New(diskdb, config.PathDB, config.IsVerkle)
 	} else {
-		var resolver hashdb.ChildResolver
-		if config.IsVerkle {
-			// TODO define verkle resolver
-			log.Crit("verkle does not use a hash db")
-		} else {
-			resolver = trie.MerkleResolver{}
-		}
-		db.backend = hashdb.New(diskdb, config.HashDB, resolver)
+		db.backend = hashdb.New(diskdb, config.HashDB)
 	}
 	return db
 }
diff --git a/triedb/hashdb/database.go b/triedb/hashdb/database.go
index bb0deca9a7..4def10e338 100644
--- a/triedb/hashdb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/hashdb/database.go
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triestate"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/database"
@@ -60,12 +61,6 @@ var (
 	memcacheCommitBytesMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("hashdb/memcache/commit/bytes", nil)
 )
 
-// ChildResolver defines the required method to decode the provided
-// trie node and iterate the children on top.
-type ChildResolver interface {
-	ForEach(node []byte, onChild func(common.Hash))
-}
-
 // Config contains the settings for database.
 type Config struct {
 	CleanCacheSize int // Maximum memory allowance (in bytes) for caching clean nodes
@@ -84,9 +79,7 @@ var Defaults = &Config{
 // the disk database. The aim is to accumulate trie writes in-memory and only
 // periodically flush a couple tries to disk, garbage collecting the remainder.
 type Database struct {
-	diskdb   ethdb.Database // Persistent storage for matured trie nodes
-	resolver ChildResolver  // The handler to resolve children of nodes
-
+	diskdb  ethdb.Database              // Persistent storage for matured trie nodes
 	cleans  *fastcache.Cache            // GC friendly memory cache of clean node RLPs
 	dirties map[common.Hash]*cachedNode // Data and references relationships of dirty trie nodes
 	oldest  common.Hash                 // Oldest tracked node, flush-list head
@@ -124,15 +117,15 @@ var cachedNodeSize = int(reflect.TypeOf(cachedNode{}).Size())
 // forChildren invokes the callback for all the tracked children of this node,
 // both the implicit ones from inside the node as well as the explicit ones
 // from outside the node.
-func (n *cachedNode) forChildren(resolver ChildResolver, onChild func(hash common.Hash)) {
+func (n *cachedNode) forChildren(onChild func(hash common.Hash)) {
 	for child := range n.external {
 		onChild(child)
 	}
-	resolver.ForEach(n.node, onChild)
+	trie.ForGatherChildren(n.node, onChild)
 }
 
 // New initializes the hash-based node database.
-func New(diskdb ethdb.Database, config *Config, resolver ChildResolver) *Database {
+func New(diskdb ethdb.Database, config *Config) *Database {
 	if config == nil {
 		config = Defaults
 	}
@@ -141,10 +134,9 @@ func New(diskdb ethdb.Database, config *Config, resolver ChildResolver) *Databas
 		cleans = fastcache.New(config.CleanCacheSize)
 	}
 	return &Database{
-		diskdb:   diskdb,
-		resolver: resolver,
-		cleans:   cleans,
-		dirties:  make(map[common.Hash]*cachedNode),
+		diskdb:  diskdb,
+		cleans:  cleans,
+		dirties: make(map[common.Hash]*cachedNode),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -163,7 +155,7 @@ func (db *Database) insert(hash common.Hash, node []byte) {
 		node:      node,
 		flushPrev: db.newest,
 	}
-	entry.forChildren(db.resolver, func(child common.Hash) {
+	entry.forChildren(func(child common.Hash) {
 		if c := db.dirties[child]; c != nil {
 			c.parents++
 		}
@@ -316,7 +308,7 @@ func (db *Database) dereference(hash common.Hash) {
 			db.dirties[node.flushNext].flushPrev = node.flushPrev
 		}
 		// Dereference all children and delete the node
-		node.forChildren(db.resolver, func(child common.Hash) {
+		node.forChildren(func(child common.Hash) {
 			db.dereference(child)
 		})
 		delete(db.dirties, hash)
@@ -465,7 +457,7 @@ func (db *Database) commit(hash common.Hash, batch ethdb.Batch, uncacher *cleane
 	var err error
 
 	// Dereference all children and delete the node
-	node.forChildren(db.resolver, func(child common.Hash) {
+	node.forChildren(func(child common.Hash) {
 		if err == nil {
 			err = db.commit(child, batch, uncacher)
 		}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/database.go b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
index 450c3a8f4f..31e478117c 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
@@ -152,6 +152,14 @@ func New(diskdb ethdb.Database, config *Config, isVerkle bool) *Database {
 	}
 	config = config.sanitize()
 
+	// Establish a dedicated database namespace tailored for verkle-specific
+	// data, ensuring the isolation of both verkle and merkle tree data. It's
+	// important to note that the introduction of a prefix won't lead to
+	// substantial storage overhead, as the underlying database will efficiently
+	// compress the shared key prefix.
+	if isVerkle {
+		diskdb = rawdb.NewTable(diskdb, string(rawdb.VerklePrefix))
+	}
 	db := &Database{
 		readOnly:   config.ReadOnly,
 		isVerkle:   isVerkle,
@@ -190,7 +198,7 @@ func (db *Database) repairHistory() error {
 		// all of them. Fix the tests first.
 		return nil
 	}
-	freezer, err := rawdb.NewStateFreezer(ancient, db.readOnly)
+	freezer, err := rawdb.NewStateFreezer(ancient, db.isVerkle, db.readOnly)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to open state history freezer", "err", err)
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_test.go
index 4114aa1185..586f907fe4 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_test.go
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ func TestTruncateHeadHistory(t *testing.T) {
 		roots      []common.Hash
 		hs         = makeHistories(10)
 		db         = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		freezer, _ = rawdb.NewStateFreezer(t.TempDir(), false)
+		freezer, _ = rawdb.NewStateFreezer(t.TempDir(), false, false)
 	)
 	defer freezer.Close()
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ func TestTruncateTailHistory(t *testing.T) {
 		roots      []common.Hash
 		hs         = makeHistories(10)
 		db         = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		freezer, _ = rawdb.NewStateFreezer(t.TempDir(), false)
+		freezer, _ = rawdb.NewStateFreezer(t.TempDir(), false, false)
 	)
 	defer freezer.Close()
 
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ func TestTruncateTailHistories(t *testing.T) {
 			roots      []common.Hash
 			hs         = makeHistories(10)
 			db         = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-			freezer, _ = rawdb.NewStateFreezer(t.TempDir()+fmt.Sprintf("%d", i), false)
+			freezer, _ = rawdb.NewStateFreezer(t.TempDir()+fmt.Sprintf("%d", i), false, false)
 		)
 		defer freezer.Close()
 
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ func TestTruncateOutOfRange(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		hs         = makeHistories(10)
 		db         = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		freezer, _ = rawdb.NewStateFreezer(t.TempDir(), false)
+		freezer, _ = rawdb.NewStateFreezer(t.TempDir(), false, false)
 	)
 	defer freezer.Close()
 
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/reader.go b/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
index 54dc98a543..6a58493ba6 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func (r *reader) Node(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash) ([]byte,
 		if len(blob) > 0 {
 			blobHex = hexutil.Encode(blob)
 		}
-		log.Error("Unexpected trie node", "location", loc.loc, "owner", owner, "path", path, "expect", hash, "got", got, "blob", blobHex)
+		log.Error("Unexpected trie node", "location", loc.loc, "owner", owner.Hex(), "path", path, "expect", hash.Hex(), "got", got.Hex(), "blob", blobHex)
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected node: (%x %v), %x!=%x, %s, blob: %s", owner, path, hash, got, loc.string(), blobHex)
 	}
 	return blob, nil