From 8ba1c791bf62838bbb7fe73abdad832e374b15dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kashitaka <makkausu@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2025 15:29:07 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 001/470] ethclient: fix flaky pending tx test (#32380)

Fixes: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/32252
---
 ethclient/ethclient_test.go | 11 +++++++++--
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ethclient/ethclient_test.go b/ethclient/ethclient_test.go
index 8e70177944..815bc29de4 100644
--- a/ethclient/ethclient_test.go
+++ b/ethclient/ethclient_test.go
@@ -110,6 +110,12 @@ func newTestBackend(config *node.Config) (*node.Node, []*types.Block, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("can't create new ethereum service: %v", err)
 	}
+	// Ensure tx pool starts the background operation
+	txPool := ethservice.TxPool()
+	if err = txPool.Sync(); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("can't sync transaction pool: %v", err)
+	}
+
 	// Import the test chain.
 	if err := n.Start(); err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("can't start test node: %v", err)
@@ -506,8 +512,9 @@ func testAtFunctions(t *testing.T, client *rpc.Client) {
 	}
 
 	// send a transaction for some interesting pending status
-	// and wait for the transaction to be included in the pending block
-	sendTransaction(ec)
+	if err := sendTransaction(ec); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
 
 	// wait for the transaction to be included in the pending block
 	for {

From 18b4ee5972b38f27c471d423ae9a14fae7dca29e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: MozirDmitriy <dmitriymozir@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2025 09:32:27 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 002/470] ethdb/leveldb: check iterator error in
 Database.DeleteRange (#32384)

Add missing it.Error() check after iteration in Database.DeleteRange to
avoid silently ignoring iterator errors before writing the batch.

Aligns behavior with batch.DeleteRange, which already validates iterator
errors. No other functional changes; existing tests pass (TestLevelDB).
---
 ethdb/leveldb/leveldb.go | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/ethdb/leveldb/leveldb.go b/ethdb/leveldb/leveldb.go
index 8e1bb86fec..b6c93907b1 100644
--- a/ethdb/leveldb/leveldb.go
+++ b/ethdb/leveldb/leveldb.go
@@ -233,6 +233,9 @@ func (db *Database) DeleteRange(start, end []byte) error {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
+	if err := it.Error(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	return batch.Write()
 }
 

From 40072af04af3c967fb5d1358c334b9b005d9661a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2025 15:00:11 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 003/470] core/vm: make types consistent in makeDup (#32378)

---
 core/vm/instructions.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/vm/instructions.go b/core/vm/instructions.go
index fffa65fd6a..44d3e81a9c 100644
--- a/core/vm/instructions.go
+++ b/core/vm/instructions.go
@@ -1003,9 +1003,9 @@ func makePush(size uint64, pushByteSize int) executionFunc {
 }
 
 // make dup instruction function
-func makeDup(size int64) executionFunc {
+func makeDup(size int) executionFunc {
 	return func(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
-		scope.Stack.dup(int(size))
+		scope.Stack.dup(size)
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 }

From 6238effeff1ef0f20f4b57188d6c021d7393a6e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2025 18:05:06 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 004/470] miner: remove todo comment (#32389)

see
https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/32372#discussion_r2265885182
---
 miner/worker.go | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/miner/worker.go b/miner/worker.go
index ee31a65359..5405fb24b9 100644
--- a/miner/worker.go
+++ b/miner/worker.go
@@ -543,7 +543,6 @@ func totalFees(block *types.Block, receipts []*types.Receipt) *big.Int {
 	for i, tx := range block.Transactions() {
 		minerFee, _ := tx.EffectiveGasTip(block.BaseFee())
 		feesWei.Add(feesWei, new(big.Int).Mul(new(big.Int).SetUint64(receipts[i].GasUsed), minerFee))
-		// TODO (MariusVanDerWijden) add blob fees
 	}
 	return feesWei
 }

From 2485d096f33d1b073230ff9f53c5b5ebf9c293b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sashass1315 <sashass1315@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2025 13:48:38 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 005/470] downloader: fix comment (#32382)

The previous comment stated that every 3rd block has a tx and every 5th
has an uncle.
The implementation actually adds one transaction to every second block
and does not add uncles.
Updated the comment to reflect the real behavior to avoid confusion when
reading tests.
---
 eth/downloader/queue_test.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/downloader/queue_test.go b/eth/downloader/queue_test.go
index 854acf3d8f..120e3f9d2d 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/queue_test.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/queue_test.go
@@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ import (
 )
 
 // makeChain creates a chain of n blocks starting at and including parent.
-// the returned hash chain is ordered head->parent. In addition, every 3rd block
-// contains a transaction and every 5th an uncle to allow testing correct block
-// reassembly.
+// The returned hash chain is ordered head->parent.
+// If empty is false, every second block (i%2==0) contains one transaction.
+// No uncles are added.
 func makeChain(n int, seed byte, parent *types.Block, empty bool) ([]*types.Block, []types.Receipts) {
 	blocks, receipts := core.GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, parent, ethash.NewFaker(), testDB, n, func(i int, block *core.BlockGen) {
 		block.SetCoinbase(common.Address{seed})
-		// Add one tx to every secondblock
+		// Add one tx to every second block
 		if !empty && i%2 == 0 {
 			signer := types.MakeSigner(params.TestChainConfig, block.Number(), block.Timestamp())
 			tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testAddress), common.Address{seed}, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, block.BaseFee(), nil), signer, testKey)

From 92106a6b17a2082caad94cecb96ca371d2cf4356 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2025 20:24:55 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 006/470] accounts/abi, accounts/keystore: use reflect.TypeFor
 (#32323)

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 accounts/abi/reflect.go       | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 accounts/abi/reflect_test.go  |  4 ++--
 accounts/abi/type.go          | 20 ++++++++------------
 accounts/keystore/keystore.go |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/accounts/abi/reflect.go b/accounts/abi/reflect.go
index 729ca93c54..f6696ea978 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/reflect.go
+++ b/accounts/abi/reflect.go
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func ConvertType(in interface{}, proto interface{}) interface{} {
 // indirect recursively dereferences the value until it either gets the value
 // or finds a big.Int
 func indirect(v reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
-	if v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && v.Elem().Type() != reflect.TypeOf(big.Int{}) {
+	if v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && v.Elem().Type() != reflect.TypeFor[big.Int]() {
 		return indirect(v.Elem())
 	}
 	return v
@@ -65,32 +65,32 @@ func reflectIntType(unsigned bool, size int) reflect.Type {
 	if unsigned {
 		switch size {
 		case 8:
-			return reflect.TypeOf(uint8(0))
+			return reflect.TypeFor[uint8]()
 		case 16:
-			return reflect.TypeOf(uint16(0))
+			return reflect.TypeFor[uint16]()
 		case 32:
-			return reflect.TypeOf(uint32(0))
+			return reflect.TypeFor[uint32]()
 		case 64:
-			return reflect.TypeOf(uint64(0))
+			return reflect.TypeFor[uint64]()
 		}
 	}
 	switch size {
 	case 8:
-		return reflect.TypeOf(int8(0))
+		return reflect.TypeFor[int8]()
 	case 16:
-		return reflect.TypeOf(int16(0))
+		return reflect.TypeFor[int16]()
 	case 32:
-		return reflect.TypeOf(int32(0))
+		return reflect.TypeFor[int32]()
 	case 64:
-		return reflect.TypeOf(int64(0))
+		return reflect.TypeFor[int64]()
 	}
-	return reflect.TypeOf(&big.Int{})
+	return reflect.TypeFor[*big.Int]()
 }
 
 // mustArrayToByteSlice creates a new byte slice with the exact same size as value
 // and copies the bytes in value to the new slice.
 func mustArrayToByteSlice(value reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
-	slice := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.TypeOf([]byte{}), value.Len(), value.Len())
+	slice := reflect.ValueOf(make([]byte, value.Len()))
 	reflect.Copy(slice, value)
 	return slice
 }
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ func set(dst, src reflect.Value) error {
 	switch {
 	case dstType.Kind() == reflect.Interface && dst.Elem().IsValid() && (dst.Elem().Type().Kind() == reflect.Ptr || dst.Elem().CanSet()):
 		return set(dst.Elem(), src)
-	case dstType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && dstType.Elem() != reflect.TypeOf(big.Int{}):
+	case dstType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && dstType.Elem() != reflect.TypeFor[big.Int]():
 		return set(dst.Elem(), src)
 	case srcType.AssignableTo(dstType) && dst.CanSet():
 		dst.Set(src)
diff --git a/accounts/abi/reflect_test.go b/accounts/abi/reflect_test.go
index 577fa6ca71..f5e509c52f 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/reflect_test.go
+++ b/accounts/abi/reflect_test.go
@@ -204,12 +204,12 @@ func TestConvertType(t *testing.T) {
 	var fields []reflect.StructField
 	fields = append(fields, reflect.StructField{
 		Name: "X",
-		Type: reflect.TypeOf(new(big.Int)),
+		Type: reflect.TypeFor[*big.Int](),
 		Tag:  "json:\"" + "x" + "\"",
 	})
 	fields = append(fields, reflect.StructField{
 		Name: "Y",
-		Type: reflect.TypeOf(new(big.Int)),
+		Type: reflect.TypeFor[*big.Int](),
 		Tag:  "json:\"" + "y" + "\"",
 	})
 	val := reflect.New(reflect.StructOf(fields))
diff --git a/accounts/abi/type.go b/accounts/abi/type.go
index e59456f15a..2fd11ac123 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/type.go
+++ b/accounts/abi/type.go
@@ -238,9 +238,9 @@ func (t Type) GetType() reflect.Type {
 	case UintTy:
 		return reflectIntType(true, t.Size)
 	case BoolTy:
-		return reflect.TypeOf(false)
+		return reflect.TypeFor[bool]()
 	case StringTy:
-		return reflect.TypeOf("")
+		return reflect.TypeFor[string]()
 	case SliceTy:
 		return reflect.SliceOf(t.Elem.GetType())
 	case ArrayTy:
@@ -248,19 +248,15 @@ func (t Type) GetType() reflect.Type {
 	case TupleTy:
 		return t.TupleType
 	case AddressTy:
-		return reflect.TypeOf(common.Address{})
+		return reflect.TypeFor[common.Address]()
 	case FixedBytesTy:
-		return reflect.ArrayOf(t.Size, reflect.TypeOf(byte(0)))
+		return reflect.ArrayOf(t.Size, reflect.TypeFor[byte]())
 	case BytesTy:
-		return reflect.SliceOf(reflect.TypeOf(byte(0)))
-	case HashTy:
-		// hashtype currently not used
-		return reflect.ArrayOf(32, reflect.TypeOf(byte(0)))
-	case FixedPointTy:
-		// fixedpoint type currently not used
-		return reflect.ArrayOf(32, reflect.TypeOf(byte(0)))
+		return reflect.TypeFor[[]byte]()
+	case HashTy, FixedPointTy: // currently not used
+		return reflect.TypeFor[[32]byte]()
 	case FunctionTy:
-		return reflect.ArrayOf(24, reflect.TypeOf(byte(0)))
+		return reflect.TypeFor[[24]byte]()
 	default:
 		panic("Invalid type")
 	}
diff --git a/accounts/keystore/keystore.go b/accounts/keystore/keystore.go
index 3e85b0433b..fefba026ae 100644
--- a/accounts/keystore/keystore.go
+++ b/accounts/keystore/keystore.go
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ var (
 )
 
 // KeyStoreType is the reflect type of a keystore backend.
-var KeyStoreType = reflect.TypeOf(&KeyStore{})
+var KeyStoreType = reflect.TypeFor[*KeyStore]()
 
 // KeyStoreScheme is the protocol scheme prefixing account and wallet URLs.
 const KeyStoreScheme = "keystore"

From 55a471efaf6f0c3ac093c0923ffa089df438ece9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Forostovec <ilonaforostovec22@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2025 16:34:59 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 007/470] eth/downloader: skip nil peer in GetHeader (#32369)

The GetHeader function was incorrectly returning an error when
encountering nil peers in the peers list, which contradicted the comment
"keep retrying if none are yet available".

Changed the logic to skip nil peers with 'continue' instead of returning
an error, allowing the function to properly iterate through all
available peers and attempt to retrieve the target header from each valid peer.

This ensures the function behaves as intended - trying all available
peers before giving up, rather than failing on the first nil peer encountered.
---
 eth/downloader/beacondevsync.go | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/eth/downloader/beacondevsync.go b/eth/downloader/beacondevsync.go
index 7b30684133..03f17b1a52 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/beacondevsync.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/beacondevsync.go
@@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ func (d *Downloader) GetHeader(hash common.Hash) (*types.Header, error) {
 
 	for _, peer := range d.peers.peers {
 		if peer == nil {
-			return nil, errors.New("could not find peer")
+			log.Warn("Encountered nil peer while retrieving sync target", "hash", hash)
+			continue
 		}
 		// Found a peer, attempt to retrieve the header whilst blocking and
 		// retry if it fails for whatever reason

From cbbf686ecc9e99f91886251f463dcea953913e1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Aug 2025 21:55:38 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 008/470] trie, core: rework tracer and track origin value of
 dirty nodes (#32306)

These changes made in the PR should be highlighted here

The trie tracer is split into two distinct structs: opTracer and prevalueTracer.
The former is specific to MPT, while the latter is generic and applicable to all
trie implementations.

The original values of dirty nodes are tracked in a NodeSet. This serves
as the foundation for both full archive node implementations and the state live
tracer.
---
 core/state/statedb.go      |   6 +-
 trie/committer.go          |  18 ++---
 trie/proof.go              |   7 +-
 trie/tracer.go             | 136 +++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 trie/tracer_test.go        |  49 ++++++-------
 trie/trie.go               |  79 +++++++++++++--------
 trie/trie_test.go          |  42 ++++++------
 trie/trienode/node.go      |  82 +++++++++++++++++-----
 trie/trienode/node_test.go |  93 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 trie/verkle.go             |  49 +++++++------
 10 files changed, 383 insertions(+), 178 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state/statedb.go b/core/state/statedb.go
index 7aa6780cfa..efb09a08a0 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@@ -977,7 +977,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) fastDeleteStorage(snaps *snapshot.Tree, addrHash common.Hash,
 		storageOrigins = make(map[common.Hash][]byte)  // the set for tracking the original value of slot
 	)
 	stack := trie.NewStackTrie(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
-		nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeleted())
+		nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(blob))
 	})
 	for iter.Next() {
 		slot := common.CopyBytes(iter.Slot())
@@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) slowDeleteStorage(addr common.Address, addrHash common.Hash, r
 		if it.Hash() == (common.Hash{}) {
 			continue
 		}
-		nodes.AddNode(it.Path(), trienode.NewDeleted())
+		nodes.AddNode(it.Path(), trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(it.NodeBlob()))
 	}
 	if err := it.Error(); err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, nil, err
@@ -1160,7 +1160,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool) (*stateU
 		//
 		// Given that some accounts may be destroyed and then recreated within
 		// the same block, it's possible that a node set with the same owner
-		// may already exists. In such cases, these two sets are combined, with
+		// may already exist. In such cases, these two sets are combined, with
 		// the later one overwriting the previous one if any nodes are modified
 		// or deleted in both sets.
 		//
diff --git a/trie/committer.go b/trie/committer.go
index 0939a07abb..a040868c6c 100644
--- a/trie/committer.go
+++ b/trie/committer.go
@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ import (
 // insertion order.
 type committer struct {
 	nodes       *trienode.NodeSet
-	tracer      *tracer
+	tracer      *prevalueTracer
 	collectLeaf bool
 }
 
 // newCommitter creates a new committer or picks one from the pool.
-func newCommitter(nodeset *trienode.NodeSet, tracer *tracer, collectLeaf bool) *committer {
+func newCommitter(nodeset *trienode.NodeSet, tracer *prevalueTracer, collectLeaf bool) *committer {
 	return &committer{
 		nodes:       nodeset,
 		tracer:      tracer,
@@ -110,14 +110,16 @@ func (c *committer) commitChildren(path []byte, n *fullNode, parallel bool) {
 		} else {
 			wg.Add(1)
 			go func(index int) {
+				defer wg.Done()
+
 				p := append(path, byte(index))
 				childSet := trienode.NewNodeSet(c.nodes.Owner)
 				childCommitter := newCommitter(childSet, c.tracer, c.collectLeaf)
 				n.Children[index] = childCommitter.commit(p, child, false)
+
 				nodesMu.Lock()
-				c.nodes.MergeSet(childSet)
+				c.nodes.MergeDisjoint(childSet)
 				nodesMu.Unlock()
-				wg.Done()
 			}(i)
 		}
 	}
@@ -140,15 +142,15 @@ func (c *committer) store(path []byte, n node) node {
 		// The node is embedded in its parent, in other words, this node
 		// will not be stored in the database independently, mark it as
 		// deleted only if the node was existent in database before.
-		_, ok := c.tracer.accessList[string(path)]
-		if ok {
-			c.nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeleted())
+		origin := c.tracer.get(path)
+		if len(origin) != 0 {
+			c.nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(origin))
 		}
 		return n
 	}
 	// Collect the dirty node to nodeset for return.
 	nhash := common.BytesToHash(hash)
-	c.nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.New(nhash, nodeToBytes(n)))
+	c.nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewNodeWithPrev(nhash, nodeToBytes(n), c.tracer.get(path)))
 
 	// Collect the corresponding leaf node if it's required. We don't check
 	// full node since it's impossible to store value in fullNode. The key
diff --git a/trie/proof.go b/trie/proof.go
index 53b7acc30c..f3ed417094 100644
--- a/trie/proof.go
+++ b/trie/proof.go
@@ -567,7 +567,12 @@ func VerifyRangeProof(rootHash common.Hash, firstKey []byte, keys [][]byte, valu
 	}
 	// Rebuild the trie with the leaf stream, the shape of trie
 	// should be same with the original one.
-	tr := &Trie{root: root, reader: newEmptyReader(), tracer: newTracer()}
+	tr := &Trie{
+		root:           root,
+		reader:         newEmptyReader(),
+		opTracer:       newOpTracer(),
+		prevalueTracer: newPrevalueTracer(),
+	}
 	if empty {
 		tr.root = nil
 	}
diff --git a/trie/tracer.go b/trie/tracer.go
index 90b9666f0b..206e8aa20d 100644
--- a/trie/tracer.go
+++ b/trie/tracer.go
@@ -18,14 +18,13 @@ package trie
 
 import (
 	"maps"
-
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"slices"
 )
 
-// tracer tracks the changes of trie nodes. During the trie operations,
+// opTracer tracks the changes of trie nodes. During the trie operations,
 // some nodes can be deleted from the trie, while these deleted nodes
 // won't be captured by trie.Hasher or trie.Committer. Thus, these deleted
-// nodes won't be removed from the disk at all. Tracer is an auxiliary tool
+// nodes won't be removed from the disk at all. opTracer is an auxiliary tool
 // used to track all insert and delete operations of trie and capture all
 // deleted nodes eventually.
 //
@@ -35,38 +34,25 @@ import (
 // This tool can track all of them no matter the node is embedded in its
 // parent or not, but valueNode is never tracked.
 //
-// Besides, it's also used for recording the original value of the nodes
-// when they are resolved from the disk. The pre-value of the nodes will
-// be used to construct trie history in the future.
-//
-// Note tracer is not thread-safe, callers should be responsible for handling
+// Note opTracer is not thread-safe, callers should be responsible for handling
 // the concurrency issues by themselves.
-type tracer struct {
-	inserts    map[string]struct{}
-	deletes    map[string]struct{}
-	accessList map[string][]byte
+type opTracer struct {
+	inserts map[string]struct{}
+	deletes map[string]struct{}
 }
 
-// newTracer initializes the tracer for capturing trie changes.
-func newTracer() *tracer {
-	return &tracer{
-		inserts:    make(map[string]struct{}),
-		deletes:    make(map[string]struct{}),
-		accessList: make(map[string][]byte),
+// newOpTracer initializes the tracer for capturing trie changes.
+func newOpTracer() *opTracer {
+	return &opTracer{
+		inserts: make(map[string]struct{}),
+		deletes: make(map[string]struct{}),
 	}
 }
 
-// onRead tracks the newly loaded trie node and caches the rlp-encoded
-// blob internally. Don't change the value outside of function since
-// it's not deep-copied.
-func (t *tracer) onRead(path []byte, val []byte) {
-	t.accessList[string(path)] = val
-}
-
 // onInsert tracks the newly inserted trie node. If it's already
 // in the deletion set (resurrected node), then just wipe it from
 // the deletion set as it's "untouched".
-func (t *tracer) onInsert(path []byte) {
+func (t *opTracer) onInsert(path []byte) {
 	if _, present := t.deletes[string(path)]; present {
 		delete(t.deletes, string(path))
 		return
@@ -77,7 +63,7 @@ func (t *tracer) onInsert(path []byte) {
 // onDelete tracks the newly deleted trie node. If it's already
 // in the addition set, then just wipe it from the addition set
 // as it's untouched.
-func (t *tracer) onDelete(path []byte) {
+func (t *opTracer) onDelete(path []byte) {
 	if _, present := t.inserts[string(path)]; present {
 		delete(t.inserts, string(path))
 		return
@@ -86,37 +72,83 @@ func (t *tracer) onDelete(path []byte) {
 }
 
 // reset clears the content tracked by tracer.
-func (t *tracer) reset() {
-	t.inserts = make(map[string]struct{})
-	t.deletes = make(map[string]struct{})
-	t.accessList = make(map[string][]byte)
+func (t *opTracer) reset() {
+	clear(t.inserts)
+	clear(t.deletes)
 }
 
 // copy returns a deep copied tracer instance.
-func (t *tracer) copy() *tracer {
-	accessList := make(map[string][]byte, len(t.accessList))
-	for path, blob := range t.accessList {
-		accessList[path] = common.CopyBytes(blob)
-	}
-	return &tracer{
-		inserts:    maps.Clone(t.inserts),
-		deletes:    maps.Clone(t.deletes),
-		accessList: accessList,
+func (t *opTracer) copy() *opTracer {
+	return &opTracer{
+		inserts: maps.Clone(t.inserts),
+		deletes: maps.Clone(t.deletes),
 	}
 }
 
-// deletedNodes returns a list of node paths which are deleted from the trie.
-func (t *tracer) deletedNodes() []string {
-	var paths []string
+// deletedList returns a list of node paths which are deleted from the trie.
+func (t *opTracer) deletedList() [][]byte {
+	paths := make([][]byte, 0, len(t.deletes))
 	for path := range t.deletes {
-		// It's possible a few deleted nodes were embedded
-		// in their parent before, the deletions can be no
-		// effect by deleting nothing, filter them out.
-		_, ok := t.accessList[path]
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		paths = append(paths, path)
+		paths = append(paths, []byte(path))
 	}
 	return paths
 }
+
+// prevalueTracer tracks the original values of resolved trie nodes. Cached trie
+// node values are expected to be immutable. A zero-size node value is treated as
+// non-existent and should not occur in practice.
+//
+// Note prevalueTracer is not thread-safe, callers should be responsible for
+// handling the concurrency issues by themselves.
+type prevalueTracer struct {
+	data map[string][]byte
+}
+
+// newPrevalueTracer initializes the tracer for capturing resolved trie nodes.
+func newPrevalueTracer() *prevalueTracer {
+	return &prevalueTracer{
+		data: make(map[string][]byte),
+	}
+}
+
+// put tracks the newly loaded trie node and caches its RLP-encoded
+// blob internally. Do not modify the value outside this function,
+// as it is not deep-copied.
+func (t *prevalueTracer) put(path []byte, val []byte) {
+	t.data[string(path)] = val
+}
+
+// get returns the cached trie node value. If the node is not found, nil will
+// be returned.
+func (t *prevalueTracer) get(path []byte) []byte {
+	return t.data[string(path)]
+}
+
+// hasList returns a list of flags indicating whether the corresponding trie nodes
+// specified by the path exist in the trie.
+func (t *prevalueTracer) hasList(list [][]byte) []bool {
+	exists := make([]bool, 0, len(list))
+	for _, path := range list {
+		_, ok := t.data[string(path)]
+		exists = append(exists, ok)
+	}
+	return exists
+}
+
+// values returns a list of values of the cached trie nodes.
+func (t *prevalueTracer) values() [][]byte {
+	return slices.Collect(maps.Values(t.data))
+}
+
+// reset resets the cached content in the prevalueTracer.
+func (t *prevalueTracer) reset() {
+	clear(t.data)
+}
+
+// copy returns a copied prevalueTracer instance.
+func (t *prevalueTracer) copy() *prevalueTracer {
+	// Shadow clone is used, as the cached trie node values are immutable
+	return &prevalueTracer{
+		data: maps.Clone(t.data),
+	}
+}
diff --git a/trie/tracer_test.go b/trie/tracer_test.go
index 852a706021..f2a4287461 100644
--- a/trie/tracer_test.go
+++ b/trie/tracer_test.go
@@ -52,15 +52,15 @@ var (
 	}
 )
 
-func TestTrieTracer(t *testing.T) {
-	testTrieTracer(t, tiny)
-	testTrieTracer(t, nonAligned)
-	testTrieTracer(t, standard)
+func TestTrieOpTracer(t *testing.T) {
+	testTrieOpTracer(t, tiny)
+	testTrieOpTracer(t, nonAligned)
+	testTrieOpTracer(t, standard)
 }
 
 // Tests if the trie diffs are tracked correctly. Tracer should capture
 // all non-leaf dirty nodes, no matter the node is embedded or not.
-func testTrieTracer(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
+func testTrieOpTracer(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 	trie := NewEmpty(db)
 
@@ -68,8 +68,9 @@ func testTrieTracer(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 	for _, val := range vals {
 		trie.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
-	insertSet := copySet(trie.tracer.inserts) // copy before commit
-	deleteSet := copySet(trie.tracer.deletes) // copy before commit
+	insertSet := copySet(trie.opTracer.inserts) // copy before commit
+	deleteSet := copySet(trie.opTracer.deletes) // copy before commit
+
 	root, nodes := trie.Commit(false)
 	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ func testTrieTracer(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 	for _, val := range vals {
 		trie.MustDelete([]byte(val.k))
 	}
-	insertSet, deleteSet = copySet(trie.tracer.inserts), copySet(trie.tracer.deletes)
+	insertSet, deleteSet = copySet(trie.opTracer.inserts), copySet(trie.opTracer.deletes)
 	if !compareSet(insertSet, nil) {
 		t.Fatal("Unexpected insertion set")
 	}
@@ -97,13 +98,13 @@ func testTrieTracer(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 
 // Test that after inserting a new batch of nodes and deleting them immediately,
 // the trie tracer should be cleared normally as no operation happened.
-func TestTrieTracerNoop(t *testing.T) {
-	testTrieTracerNoop(t, tiny)
-	testTrieTracerNoop(t, nonAligned)
-	testTrieTracerNoop(t, standard)
+func TestTrieOpTracerNoop(t *testing.T) {
+	testTrieOpTracerNoop(t, tiny)
+	testTrieOpTracerNoop(t, nonAligned)
+	testTrieOpTracerNoop(t, standard)
 }
 
-func testTrieTracerNoop(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
+func testTrieOpTracerNoop(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 	trie := NewEmpty(db)
 	for _, val := range vals {
@@ -112,22 +113,22 @@ func testTrieTracerNoop(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 	for _, val := range vals {
 		trie.MustDelete([]byte(val.k))
 	}
-	if len(trie.tracer.inserts) != 0 {
+	if len(trie.opTracer.inserts) != 0 {
 		t.Fatal("Unexpected insertion set")
 	}
-	if len(trie.tracer.deletes) != 0 {
+	if len(trie.opTracer.deletes) != 0 {
 		t.Fatal("Unexpected deletion set")
 	}
 }
 
-// Tests if the accessList is correctly tracked.
-func TestAccessList(t *testing.T) {
-	testAccessList(t, tiny)
-	testAccessList(t, nonAligned)
-	testAccessList(t, standard)
+// Tests if the original value of trie nodes are correctly tracked.
+func TestPrevalueTracer(t *testing.T) {
+	testPrevalueTracer(t, tiny)
+	testPrevalueTracer(t, nonAligned)
+	testPrevalueTracer(t, standard)
 }
 
-func testAccessList(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
+func testPrevalueTracer(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 	var (
 		db   = newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 		trie = NewEmpty(db)
@@ -210,7 +211,7 @@ func testAccessList(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 }
 
 // Tests origin values won't be tracked in Iterator or Prover
-func TestAccessListLeak(t *testing.T) {
+func TestPrevalueTracerLeak(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		db   = newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 		trie = NewEmpty(db)
@@ -249,9 +250,9 @@ func TestAccessListLeak(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for _, c := range cases {
 		trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
-		n1 := len(trie.tracer.accessList)
+		n1 := len(trie.prevalueTracer.data)
 		c.op(trie)
-		n2 := len(trie.tracer.accessList)
+		n2 := len(trie.prevalueTracer.data)
 
 		if n1 != n2 {
 			t.Fatalf("AccessList is leaked, prev %d after %d", n1, n2)
diff --git a/trie/trie.go b/trie/trie.go
index 222bf8b1f0..57c47b8ac9 100644
--- a/trie/trie.go
+++ b/trie/trie.go
@@ -55,8 +55,9 @@ type Trie struct {
 	// reader is the handler trie can retrieve nodes from.
 	reader *trieReader
 
-	// tracer is the tool to track the trie changes.
-	tracer *tracer
+	// Various tracers for capturing the modifications to trie
+	opTracer       *opTracer
+	prevalueTracer *prevalueTracer
 }
 
 // newFlag returns the cache flag value for a newly created node.
@@ -67,13 +68,14 @@ func (t *Trie) newFlag() nodeFlag {
 // Copy returns a copy of Trie.
 func (t *Trie) Copy() *Trie {
 	return &Trie{
-		root:        copyNode(t.root),
-		owner:       t.owner,
-		committed:   t.committed,
-		unhashed:    t.unhashed,
-		uncommitted: t.uncommitted,
-		reader:      t.reader,
-		tracer:      t.tracer.copy(),
+		root:           copyNode(t.root),
+		owner:          t.owner,
+		committed:      t.committed,
+		unhashed:       t.unhashed,
+		uncommitted:    t.uncommitted,
+		reader:         t.reader,
+		opTracer:       t.opTracer.copy(),
+		prevalueTracer: t.prevalueTracer.copy(),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -89,9 +91,10 @@ func New(id *ID, db database.NodeDatabase) (*Trie, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	trie := &Trie{
-		owner:  id.Owner,
-		reader: reader,
-		tracer: newTracer(),
+		owner:          id.Owner,
+		reader:         reader,
+		opTracer:       newOpTracer(),
+		prevalueTracer: newPrevalueTracer(),
 	}
 	if id.Root != (common.Hash{}) && id.Root != types.EmptyRootHash {
 		rootnode, err := trie.resolveAndTrack(id.Root[:], nil)
@@ -361,7 +364,7 @@ func (t *Trie) insert(n node, prefix, key []byte, value node) (bool, node, error
 		// New branch node is created as a child of the original short node.
 		// Track the newly inserted node in the tracer. The node identifier
 		// passed is the path from the root node.
-		t.tracer.onInsert(append(prefix, key[:matchlen]...))
+		t.opTracer.onInsert(append(prefix, key[:matchlen]...))
 
 		// Replace it with a short node leading up to the branch.
 		return true, &shortNode{key[:matchlen], branch, t.newFlag()}, nil
@@ -379,7 +382,7 @@ func (t *Trie) insert(n node, prefix, key []byte, value node) (bool, node, error
 		// New short node is created and track it in the tracer. The node identifier
 		// passed is the path from the root node. Note the valueNode won't be tracked
 		// since it's always embedded in its parent.
-		t.tracer.onInsert(prefix)
+		t.opTracer.onInsert(prefix)
 
 		return true, &shortNode{key, value, t.newFlag()}, nil
 
@@ -444,7 +447,7 @@ func (t *Trie) delete(n node, prefix, key []byte) (bool, node, error) {
 			// The matched short node is deleted entirely and track
 			// it in the deletion set. The same the valueNode doesn't
 			// need to be tracked at all since it's always embedded.
-			t.tracer.onDelete(prefix)
+			t.opTracer.onDelete(prefix)
 
 			return true, nil, nil // remove n entirely for whole matches
 		}
@@ -460,7 +463,7 @@ func (t *Trie) delete(n node, prefix, key []byte) (bool, node, error) {
 		case *shortNode:
 			// The child shortNode is merged into its parent, track
 			// is deleted as well.
-			t.tracer.onDelete(append(prefix, n.Key...))
+			t.opTracer.onDelete(append(prefix, n.Key...))
 
 			// Deleting from the subtrie reduced it to another
 			// short node. Merge the nodes to avoid creating a
@@ -525,7 +528,7 @@ func (t *Trie) delete(n node, prefix, key []byte) (bool, node, error) {
 					// Replace the entire full node with the short node.
 					// Mark the original short node as deleted since the
 					// value is embedded into the parent now.
-					t.tracer.onDelete(append(prefix, byte(pos)))
+					t.opTracer.onDelete(append(prefix, byte(pos)))
 
 					k := append([]byte{byte(pos)}, cnode.Key...)
 					return true, &shortNode{k, cnode.Val, t.newFlag()}, nil
@@ -616,13 +619,31 @@ func (t *Trie) resolveAndTrack(n hashNode, prefix []byte) (node, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	t.tracer.onRead(prefix, blob)
+	t.prevalueTracer.put(prefix, blob)
 
 	// The returned node blob won't be changed afterward. No need to
 	// deep-copy the slice.
 	return decodeNodeUnsafe(n, blob)
 }
 
+// deletedNodes returns a list of node paths, referring the nodes being deleted
+// from the trie. It's possible a few deleted nodes were embedded in their parent
+// before, the deletions can be no effect by deleting nothing, filter them out.
+func (t *Trie) deletedNodes() [][]byte {
+	var (
+		pos   int
+		list  = t.opTracer.deletedList()
+		flags = t.prevalueTracer.hasList(list)
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < len(list); i++ {
+		if flags[i] {
+			list[pos] = list[i]
+			pos++
+		}
+	}
+	return list[:pos] // trim to the new length
+}
+
 // Hash returns the root hash of the trie. It does not write to the
 // database and can be used even if the trie doesn't have one.
 func (t *Trie) Hash() common.Hash {
@@ -644,13 +665,13 @@ func (t *Trie) Commit(collectLeaf bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
 	// (b) The trie was non-empty and all nodes are dropped => return
 	//     the node set includes all deleted nodes
 	if t.root == nil {
-		paths := t.tracer.deletedNodes()
+		paths := t.deletedNodes()
 		if len(paths) == 0 {
 			return types.EmptyRootHash, nil // case (a)
 		}
 		nodes := trienode.NewNodeSet(t.owner)
 		for _, path := range paths {
-			nodes.AddNode([]byte(path), trienode.NewDeleted())
+			nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(t.prevalueTracer.get(path)))
 		}
 		return types.EmptyRootHash, nodes // case (b)
 	}
@@ -667,11 +688,11 @@ func (t *Trie) Commit(collectLeaf bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
 		return rootHash, nil
 	}
 	nodes := trienode.NewNodeSet(t.owner)
-	for _, path := range t.tracer.deletedNodes() {
-		nodes.AddNode([]byte(path), trienode.NewDeleted())
+	for _, path := range t.deletedNodes() {
+		nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(t.prevalueTracer.get(path)))
 	}
 	// If the number of changes is below 100, we let one thread handle it
-	t.root = newCommitter(nodes, t.tracer, collectLeaf).Commit(t.root, t.uncommitted > 100)
+	t.root = newCommitter(nodes, t.prevalueTracer, collectLeaf).Commit(t.root, t.uncommitted > 100)
 	t.uncommitted = 0
 	return rootHash, nodes
 }
@@ -692,12 +713,13 @@ func (t *Trie) hashRoot() []byte {
 
 // Witness returns a set containing all trie nodes that have been accessed.
 func (t *Trie) Witness() map[string]struct{} {
-	if len(t.tracer.accessList) == 0 {
+	values := t.prevalueTracer.values()
+	if len(values) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	witness := make(map[string]struct{}, len(t.tracer.accessList))
-	for _, node := range t.tracer.accessList {
-		witness[string(node)] = struct{}{}
+	witness := make(map[string]struct{}, len(values))
+	for _, val := range values {
+		witness[string(val)] = struct{}{}
 	}
 	return witness
 }
@@ -708,6 +730,7 @@ func (t *Trie) Reset() {
 	t.owner = common.Hash{}
 	t.unhashed = 0
 	t.uncommitted = 0
-	t.tracer.reset()
+	t.opTracer.reset()
+	t.prevalueTracer.reset()
 	t.committed = false
 }
diff --git a/trie/trie_test.go b/trie/trie_test.go
index edd85677fe..68759c37c0 100644
--- a/trie/trie_test.go
+++ b/trie/trie_test.go
@@ -449,35 +449,35 @@ func verifyAccessList(old *Trie, new *Trie, set *trienode.NodeSet) error {
 		if !ok || n.IsDeleted() {
 			return errors.New("expect new node")
 		}
-		//if len(n.Prev) > 0 {
-		//	return errors.New("unexpected origin value")
-		//}
+		if len(set.Origins[path]) > 0 {
+			return errors.New("unexpected origin value")
+		}
 	}
 	// Check deletion set
-	for path := range deletes {
+	for path, blob := range deletes {
 		n, ok := set.Nodes[path]
 		if !ok || !n.IsDeleted() {
 			return errors.New("expect deleted node")
 		}
-		//if len(n.Prev) == 0 {
-		//	return errors.New("expect origin value")
-		//}
-		//if !bytes.Equal(n.Prev, blob) {
-		//	return errors.New("invalid origin value")
-		//}
+		if len(set.Origins[path]) == 0 {
+			return errors.New("expect origin value")
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(set.Origins[path], blob) {
+			return errors.New("invalid origin value")
+		}
 	}
 	// Check update set
-	for path := range updates {
+	for path, blob := range updates {
 		n, ok := set.Nodes[path]
 		if !ok || n.IsDeleted() {
 			return errors.New("expect updated node")
 		}
-		//if len(n.Prev) == 0 {
-		//	return errors.New("expect origin value")
-		//}
-		//if !bytes.Equal(n.Prev, blob) {
-		//	return errors.New("invalid origin value")
-		//}
+		if len(set.Origins[path]) == 0 {
+			return errors.New("expect origin value")
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(set.Origins[path], blob) {
+			return errors.New("invalid origin value")
+		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -595,18 +595,18 @@ func runRandTest(rt randTest) error {
 					deleteExp[path] = struct{}{}
 				}
 			}
-			if len(insertExp) != len(tr.tracer.inserts) {
+			if len(insertExp) != len(tr.opTracer.inserts) {
 				rt[i].err = errors.New("insert set mismatch")
 			}
-			if len(deleteExp) != len(tr.tracer.deletes) {
+			if len(deleteExp) != len(tr.opTracer.deletes) {
 				rt[i].err = errors.New("delete set mismatch")
 			}
-			for insert := range tr.tracer.inserts {
+			for insert := range tr.opTracer.inserts {
 				if _, present := insertExp[insert]; !present {
 					rt[i].err = errors.New("missing inserted node")
 				}
 			}
-			for del := range tr.tracer.deletes {
+			for del := range tr.opTracer.deletes {
 				if _, present := deleteExp[del]; !present {
 					rt[i].err = errors.New("missing deleted node")
 				}
diff --git a/trie/trienode/node.go b/trie/trienode/node.go
index b09ec66374..c83dc27cef 100644
--- a/trie/trienode/node.go
+++ b/trie/trienode/node.go
@@ -51,6 +51,35 @@ func New(hash common.Hash, blob []byte) *Node {
 // NewDeleted constructs a node which is deleted.
 func NewDeleted() *Node { return New(common.Hash{}, nil) }
 
+// NodeWithPrev is a wrapper over Node by tracking the original value of node.
+type NodeWithPrev struct {
+	*Node
+	Prev []byte // Nil means the node was not existent
+}
+
+// NewNodeWithPrev constructs a node with the additional original value.
+func NewNodeWithPrev(hash common.Hash, blob []byte, prev []byte) *NodeWithPrev {
+	return &NodeWithPrev{
+		Node: &Node{
+			Hash: hash,
+			Blob: blob,
+		},
+		Prev: prev,
+	}
+}
+
+// NewDeletedWithPrev constructs a node which is deleted with the additional
+// original value.
+func NewDeletedWithPrev(prev []byte) *NodeWithPrev {
+	return &NodeWithPrev{
+		Node: &Node{
+			Hash: common.Hash{},
+			Blob: nil,
+		},
+		Prev: prev,
+	}
+}
+
 // leaf represents a trie leaf node
 type leaf struct {
 	Blob   []byte      // raw blob of leaf
@@ -63,6 +92,8 @@ type NodeSet struct {
 	Owner   common.Hash
 	Leaves  []*leaf
 	Nodes   map[string]*Node
+	Origins map[string][]byte
+
 	updates int // the count of updated and inserted nodes
 	deletes int // the count of deleted nodes
 }
@@ -71,8 +102,9 @@ type NodeSet struct {
 // the owning account address hash for storage tries.
 func NewNodeSet(owner common.Hash) *NodeSet {
 	return &NodeSet{
-		Owner: owner,
-		Nodes: make(map[string]*Node),
+		Owner:   owner,
+		Nodes:   make(map[string]*Node),
+		Origins: make(map[string][]byte),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -91,22 +123,25 @@ func (set *NodeSet) ForEachWithOrder(callback func(path string, n *Node)) {
 }
 
 // AddNode adds the provided node into set.
-func (set *NodeSet) AddNode(path []byte, n *Node) {
+func (set *NodeSet) AddNode(path []byte, n *NodeWithPrev) {
 	if n.IsDeleted() {
 		set.deletes += 1
 	} else {
 		set.updates += 1
 	}
-	set.Nodes[string(path)] = n
+	key := string(path)
+	set.Nodes[key] = n.Node
+	set.Origins[key] = n.Prev
 }
 
-// MergeSet merges this 'set' with 'other'. It assumes that the sets are disjoint,
+// MergeDisjoint merges this 'set' with 'other'. It assumes that the sets are disjoint,
 // and thus does not deduplicate data (count deletes, dedup leaves etc).
-func (set *NodeSet) MergeSet(other *NodeSet) error {
+func (set *NodeSet) MergeDisjoint(other *NodeSet) error {
 	if set.Owner != other.Owner {
 		return fmt.Errorf("nodesets belong to different owner are not mergeable %x-%x", set.Owner, other.Owner)
 	}
 	maps.Copy(set.Nodes, other.Nodes)
+	maps.Copy(set.Origins, other.Origins)
 
 	set.deletes += other.deletes
 	set.updates += other.updates
@@ -117,12 +152,13 @@ func (set *NodeSet) MergeSet(other *NodeSet) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// Merge adds a set of nodes into the set.
-func (set *NodeSet) Merge(owner common.Hash, nodes map[string]*Node) error {
-	if set.Owner != owner {
-		return fmt.Errorf("nodesets belong to different owner are not mergeable %x-%x", set.Owner, owner)
+// Merge adds a set of nodes to the current set. It assumes the sets may overlap,
+// so deduplication is performed.
+func (set *NodeSet) Merge(other *NodeSet) error {
+	if set.Owner != other.Owner {
+		return fmt.Errorf("nodesets belong to different owner are not mergeable %x-%x", set.Owner, other.Owner)
 	}
-	for path, node := range nodes {
+	for path, node := range other.Nodes {
 		prev, ok := set.Nodes[path]
 		if ok {
 			// overwrite happens, revoke the counter
@@ -137,8 +173,17 @@ func (set *NodeSet) Merge(owner common.Hash, nodes map[string]*Node) error {
 		} else {
 			set.updates += 1
 		}
-		set.Nodes[path] = node
+		set.Nodes[path] = node // overwrite the node with new value
+
+		// Add the original value only if it was previously non-existent.
+		// If multiple mutations are made to the same node, the first one
+		// is considered the true original value.
+		if _, exist := set.Origins[path]; !exist {
+			set.Origins[path] = other.Origins[path]
+		}
 	}
+	// TODO leaves are not aggregated, as they are not used in storage tries.
+	// TODO(rjl493456442) deprecate the leaves along with the legacy hash mode.
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -169,11 +214,16 @@ func (set *NodeSet) Summary() string {
 	for path, n := range set.Nodes {
 		// Deletion
 		if n.IsDeleted() {
-			fmt.Fprintf(out, "  [-]: %x\n", path)
+			fmt.Fprintf(out, " [-]: %x prev: %x\n", path, set.Origins[path])
 			continue
 		}
-		// Insertion or update
-		fmt.Fprintf(out, "  [+/*]: %x -> %v \n", path, n.Hash)
+		// Insertion
+		if len(set.Origins[path]) == 0 {
+			fmt.Fprintf(out, "  [+]: %x -> %v\n", path, n.Hash)
+			continue
+		}
+		// Update
+		fmt.Fprintf(out, " [*]: %x -> %v prev: %x\n", path, n.Hash, set.Origins[path])
 	}
 	for _, n := range set.Leaves {
 		fmt.Fprintf(out, "[leaf]: %v\n", n)
@@ -203,7 +253,7 @@ func NewWithNodeSet(set *NodeSet) *MergedNodeSet {
 func (set *MergedNodeSet) Merge(other *NodeSet) error {
 	subset, present := set.Sets[other.Owner]
 	if present {
-		return subset.Merge(other.Owner, other.Nodes)
+		return subset.Merge(other)
 	}
 	set.Sets[other.Owner] = other
 	return nil
diff --git a/trie/trienode/node_test.go b/trie/trienode/node_test.go
index bcb3a2202b..332b6f1776 100644
--- a/trie/trienode/node_test.go
+++ b/trie/trienode/node_test.go
@@ -17,13 +17,100 @@
 package trienode
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"maps"
+	"reflect"
+	"slices"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/testrand"
 )
 
+func makeTestSet(owner common.Hash, n int, paths [][]byte) *NodeSet {
+	set := NewNodeSet(owner)
+	for i := 0; i < n*3/4; i++ {
+		path := testrand.Bytes(10)
+		blob := testrand.Bytes(100)
+		set.AddNode(path, NewNodeWithPrev(crypto.Keccak256Hash(blob), blob, testrand.Bytes(100)))
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < n/4; i++ {
+		path := testrand.Bytes(10)
+		set.AddNode(path, NewDeletedWithPrev(testrand.Bytes(100)))
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(paths); i++ {
+		if i%3 == 0 {
+			set.AddNode(paths[i], NewDeletedWithPrev(testrand.Bytes(100)))
+		} else {
+			blob := testrand.Bytes(100)
+			set.AddNode(paths[i], NewNodeWithPrev(crypto.Keccak256Hash(blob), blob, testrand.Bytes(100)))
+		}
+	}
+	return set
+}
+
+func copyNodeSet(set *NodeSet) *NodeSet {
+	cpy := &NodeSet{
+		Owner:   set.Owner,
+		Leaves:  slices.Clone(set.Leaves),
+		updates: set.updates,
+		deletes: set.deletes,
+		Nodes:   maps.Clone(set.Nodes),
+		Origins: maps.Clone(set.Origins),
+	}
+	return cpy
+}
+
+func TestNodeSetMerge(t *testing.T) {
+	var shared [][]byte
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		shared = append(shared, testrand.Bytes(10))
+	}
+	owner := testrand.Hash()
+	setA := makeTestSet(owner, 20, shared)
+	cpyA := copyNodeSet(setA)
+
+	setB := makeTestSet(owner, 20, shared)
+	setA.Merge(setB)
+
+	for path, node := range setA.Nodes {
+		nA, inA := cpyA.Nodes[path]
+		nB, inB := setB.Nodes[path]
+
+		switch {
+		case inA && inB:
+			origin := setA.Origins[path]
+			if !bytes.Equal(origin, cpyA.Origins[path]) {
+				t.Errorf("Unexpected origin, path %v: want: %v, got: %v", []byte(path), cpyA.Origins[path], origin)
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(node, nB) {
+				t.Errorf("Unexpected node, path %v: want: %v, got: %v", []byte(path), spew.Sdump(nB), spew.Sdump(node))
+			}
+		case !inA && inB:
+			origin := setA.Origins[path]
+			if !bytes.Equal(origin, setB.Origins[path]) {
+				t.Errorf("Unexpected origin, path %v: want: %v, got: %v", []byte(path), setB.Origins[path], origin)
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(node, nB) {
+				t.Errorf("Unexpected node, path %v: want: %v, got: %v", []byte(path), spew.Sdump(nB), spew.Sdump(node))
+			}
+		case inA && !inB:
+			origin := setA.Origins[path]
+			if !bytes.Equal(origin, cpyA.Origins[path]) {
+				t.Errorf("Unexpected origin, path %v: want: %v, got: %v", []byte(path), cpyA.Origins[path], origin)
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(node, nA) {
+				t.Errorf("Unexpected node, path %v: want: %v, got: %v", []byte(path), spew.Sdump(nA), spew.Sdump(node))
+			}
+		default:
+			t.Errorf("Unexpected node, %v", []byte(path))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func BenchmarkMerge(b *testing.B) {
 	b.Run("1K", func(b *testing.B) {
 		benchmarkMerge(b, 1000)
@@ -42,7 +129,7 @@ func benchmarkMerge(b *testing.B, count int) {
 		blob := make([]byte, 32)
 		rand.Read(blob)
 		hash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(blob)
-		s.AddNode(path, New(hash, blob))
+		s.AddNode(path, NewNodeWithPrev(hash, blob, nil))
 	}
 	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 		// Random path of 4 nibbles
@@ -53,9 +140,9 @@ func benchmarkMerge(b *testing.B, count int) {
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		// Store set x into a backup
 		z := NewNodeSet(common.Hash{})
-		z.Merge(common.Hash{}, x.Nodes)
+		z.Merge(x)
 		// Merge y into x
-		x.Merge(common.Hash{}, y.Nodes)
+		x.Merge(y)
 		x = z
 	}
 }
diff --git a/trie/verkle.go b/trie/verkle.go
index 015b8f6590..c89a8f1d36 100644
--- a/trie/verkle.go
+++ b/trie/verkle.go
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ type VerkleTrie struct {
 	root   verkle.VerkleNode
 	cache  *utils.PointCache
 	reader *trieReader
+	tracer *prevalueTracer
 }
 
 // NewVerkleTrie constructs a verkle tree based on the specified root hash.
@@ -50,27 +51,25 @@ func NewVerkleTrie(root common.Hash, db database.NodeDatabase, cache *utils.Poin
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	// Parse the root verkle node if it's not empty.
-	node := verkle.New()
-	if root != types.EmptyVerkleHash && root != types.EmptyRootHash {
-		blob, err := reader.node(nil, common.Hash{})
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		node, err = verkle.ParseNode(blob, 0)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	}
-	return &VerkleTrie{
-		root:   node,
+	t := &VerkleTrie{
+		root:   verkle.New(),
 		cache:  cache,
 		reader: reader,
-	}, nil
-}
-
-func (t *VerkleTrie) FlatdbNodeResolver(path []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	return t.reader.node(path, common.Hash{})
+		tracer: newPrevalueTracer(),
+	}
+	// Parse the root verkle node if it's not empty.
+	if root != types.EmptyVerkleHash && root != types.EmptyRootHash {
+		blob, err := t.nodeResolver(nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		node, err := verkle.ParseNode(blob, 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		t.root = node
+	}
+	return t, nil
 }
 
 // GetKey returns the sha3 preimage of a hashed key that was previously used
@@ -268,7 +267,7 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) Commit(_ bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
 	nodeset := trienode.NewNodeSet(common.Hash{})
 	for _, node := range nodes {
 		// Hash parameter is not used in pathdb
-		nodeset.AddNode(node.Path, trienode.New(common.Hash{}, node.SerializedBytes))
+		nodeset.AddNode(node.Path, trienode.NewNodeWithPrev(common.Hash{}, node.SerializedBytes, t.tracer.get(node.Path)))
 	}
 	// Serialize root commitment form
 	return t.Hash(), nodeset
@@ -301,6 +300,7 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) Copy() *VerkleTrie {
 		root:   t.root.Copy(),
 		cache:  t.cache,
 		reader: t.reader,
+		tracer: t.tracer.copy(),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) Proof(posttrie *VerkleTrie, keys [][]byte) (*verkle.VerkleP
 	if posttrie != nil {
 		postroot = posttrie.root
 	}
-	proof, _, _, _, err := verkle.MakeVerkleMultiProof(t.root, postroot, keys, t.FlatdbNodeResolver)
+	proof, _, _, _, err := verkle.MakeVerkleMultiProof(t.root, postroot, keys, t.nodeResolver)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
@@ -421,7 +421,12 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) ToDot() string {
 }
 
 func (t *VerkleTrie) nodeResolver(path []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	return t.reader.node(path, common.Hash{})
+	blob, err := t.reader.node(path, common.Hash{})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	t.tracer.put(path, blob)
+	return blob, nil
 }
 
 // Witness returns a set containing all trie nodes that have been accessed.

From 2e9c9b5e981595a24ac75baae64999b86060b5bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rizky Ikwan <rizzikwann@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Aug 2025 14:11:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 009/470] consensus: fix ambiguous invalid gas limit error
 (#32405)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

## Description

Correct symmetric tolerance in gas limit validation:
Replace ambiguous "+-=" with standard "+/-" in the error message.
Logic rejects when |header − parent| ≥ limit, so allowed range is |Δ| ≤
limit − 1.

No logic or functionality has been modified.
---
 consensus/misc/gaslimit.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/consensus/misc/gaslimit.go b/consensus/misc/gaslimit.go
index dfcabd9a80..9ae8c95f4b 100644
--- a/consensus/misc/gaslimit.go
+++ b/consensus/misc/gaslimit.go
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func VerifyGaslimit(parentGasLimit, headerGasLimit uint64) error {
 	}
 	limit := parentGasLimit / params.GasLimitBoundDivisor
 	if uint64(diff) >= limit {
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid gas limit: have %d, want %d +-= %d", headerGasLimit, parentGasLimit, limit-1)
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid gas limit: have %d, want %d +/- %d", headerGasLimit, parentGasLimit, limit-1)
 	}
 	if headerGasLimit < params.MinGasLimit {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid gas limit below %d", params.MinGasLimit)

From 43b2aac33c6c464cd30e5886a5ef8521122ad295 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Aug 2025 21:47:18 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 010/470] trie: refactor to use slices.Concat (#32401)

---
 trie/trie.go | 10 ++--------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/trie/trie.go b/trie/trie.go
index 57c47b8ac9..307036faa9 100644
--- a/trie/trie.go
+++ b/trie/trie.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"slices"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
@@ -471,7 +472,7 @@ func (t *Trie) delete(n node, prefix, key []byte) (bool, node, error) {
 			// always creates a new slice) instead of append to
 			// avoid modifying n.Key since it might be shared with
 			// other nodes.
-			return true, &shortNode{concat(n.Key, child.Key...), child.Val, t.newFlag()}, nil
+			return true, &shortNode{slices.Concat(n.Key, child.Key), child.Val, t.newFlag()}, nil
 		default:
 			return true, &shortNode{n.Key, child, t.newFlag()}, nil
 		}
@@ -566,13 +567,6 @@ func (t *Trie) delete(n node, prefix, key []byte) (bool, node, error) {
 	}
 }
 
-func concat(s1 []byte, s2 ...byte) []byte {
-	r := make([]byte, len(s1)+len(s2))
-	copy(r, s1)
-	copy(r[len(s1):], s2)
-	return r
-}
-
 // copyNode deep-copies the supplied node along with its children recursively.
 func copyNode(n node) node {
 	switch n := (n).(type) {

From 56edd21453bf9f055202a7bd8c56aa36aa87dab0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: youzichuan <youzichuan6@outlook.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 01:37:09 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 011/470] cmd: fix inconsistent function name in comment
 (#32411)

fix inconsistent function name in comment

Signed-off-by: youzichuan <youzichuan6@outlook.com>
---
 cmd/geth/chaincmd.go       | 2 +-
 cmd/workload/filtertest.go | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
index 112d1a539b..d0f4d6f81d 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ func pruneHistory(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// downladEra is the era1 file downloader tool.
+// downloadEra is the era1 file downloader tool.
 func downloadEra(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	flags.CheckExclusive(ctx, eraBlockFlag, eraEpochFlag, eraAllFlag)
 
diff --git a/cmd/workload/filtertest.go b/cmd/workload/filtertest.go
index 11062122b8..9f0b6cab44 100644
--- a/cmd/workload/filtertest.go
+++ b/cmd/workload/filtertest.go
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ func (s *filterTestSuite) filterShortRange(t *utesting.T) {
 	}, s.queryAndCheck)
 }
 
-// filterShortRange runs all long-range filter tests.
+// filterLongRange runs all long-range filter tests.
 func (s *filterTestSuite) filterLongRange(t *utesting.T) {
 	s.filterRange(t, func(query *filterQuery) bool {
 		return query.ToBlock+1-query.FromBlock > filterRangeThreshold

From 75fc56f27d5b460f396f6db06f65221cbd0c9ff2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Klimov Sergei <klmff@proton.me>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 15:02:50 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 012/470] eth: abort `requiredBlocks` check if peer handler
 terminated (#32413)

---
 eth/handler.go | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/eth/handler.go b/eth/handler.go
index 033a44b3bb..aaea00e037 100644
--- a/eth/handler.go
+++ b/eth/handler.go
@@ -352,6 +352,8 @@ func (h *handler) runEthPeer(peer *eth.Peer, handler eth.Handler) error {
 			case <-timeout.C:
 				peer.Log().Warn("Required block challenge timed out, dropping", "addr", peer.RemoteAddr(), "type", peer.Name())
 				h.removePeer(peer.ID())
+			case <-dead:
+				// Peer handler terminated, abort all goroutines
 			}
 		}(number, hash, req)
 	}

From a4d3fb98059fc0c0fc13bdb04d3788f691829b2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 15:08:23 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 013/470] node: remove unused err var (#32398)

---
 node/errors.go | 7 +++----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/node/errors.go b/node/errors.go
index 67547bf691..f9188f8d99 100644
--- a/node/errors.go
+++ b/node/errors.go
@@ -24,10 +24,9 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	ErrDatadirUsed    = errors.New("datadir already used by another process")
-	ErrNodeStopped    = errors.New("node not started")
-	ErrNodeRunning    = errors.New("node already running")
-	ErrServiceUnknown = errors.New("unknown service")
+	ErrDatadirUsed = errors.New("datadir already used by another process")
+	ErrNodeStopped = errors.New("node not started")
+	ErrNodeRunning = errors.New("node already running")
 
 	datadirInUseErrnos = map[uint]bool{11: true, 32: true, 35: true}
 )

From f054befc5511de8d252d8fb6ecd847471d4c2c00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 18:00:54 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 014/470] rlp: optimize intsize (#32421)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

goos: darwin
goarch: arm64
pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp
cpu: Apple M4
        │   old.txt   │               new.txt               │
        │   sec/op    │   sec/op     vs base                │
Intsize   2.175n ± 5%   1.050n ± 4%  -51.76% (p=0.000 n=10)
---
 rlp/encode.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/rlp/encode.go b/rlp/encode.go
index 623932a90b..de2b02f629 100644
--- a/rlp/encode.go
+++ b/rlp/encode.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math/big"
+	"math/bits"
 	"reflect"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp/internal/rlpstruct"
@@ -487,9 +488,8 @@ func putint(b []byte, i uint64) (size int) {
 
 // intsize computes the minimum number of bytes required to store i.
 func intsize(i uint64) (size int) {
-	for size = 1; ; size++ {
-		if i >>= 8; i == 0 {
-			return size
-		}
+	if i == 0 {
+		return 1
 	}
+	return (bits.Len64(i) + 7) / 8
 }

From 51342136fadf2972320cd70badb1336efe3259e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nebojsa Urosevic <nebojsa94@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 14:51:38 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 015/470] eth/tracers: Adds codeHash to prestateTracer's
 response (#32391)

**Problem:** Including full account code in prestateTracer response
significantly increases response payload size.

**Solution:** Add codeHash field to the response. This will allow
client-side bytecode caching and is a non-breaking change.

**Note:** codeHash for EoAs is excluded to save space.

---------

Co-authored-by: Sina Mahmoodi <itz.s1na@gmail.com>
---
 .../internal/tracetest/calltrace_test.go      |  4 +--
 .../prestate_tracer/7702_delegate.json        |  3 ++
 .../prestate_tracer/disable_code.json         |  1 +
 .../disable_code_and_storage.json             |  3 +-
 .../prestate_tracer/disable_storage.json      |  3 +-
 .../testdata/prestate_tracer/setcode_tx.json  |  3 +-
 .../testdata/prestate_tracer/simple.json      |  1 +
 .../create.json                               |  1 +
 .../create_disable_code.json                  |  1 +
 .../create_disable_storage.json               |  3 +-
 .../create_post_eip158.json                   |  3 +-
 .../inner_create.json                         |  6 +++-
 ...inner_create_disable_code_and_storage.json | 12 +++++---
 .../simple.json                               |  1 +
 .../simple_disable_code_and_storage.json      |  1 +
 .../suicide.json                              |  1 +
 eth/tracers/native/gen_account_json.go        | 22 +++++++++-----
 eth/tracers/native/prestate.go                | 30 +++++++++++++++----
 18 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/calltrace_test.go b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/calltrace_test.go
index 70da34f427..b454522978 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/calltrace_test.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/calltrace_test.go
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ func TestInternals(t *testing.T) {
 				byte(vm.LOG0),
 			},
 			tracer: mkTracer("prestateTracer", nil),
-			want:   fmt.Sprintf(`{"0x00000000000000000000000000000000deadbeef":{"balance":"0x0","code":"0x6001600052600164ffffffffff60016000f560ff6000a0"},"%s":{"balance":"0x1c6bf52634000"}}`, originHex),
+			want:   fmt.Sprintf(`{"0x00000000000000000000000000000000deadbeef":{"balance":"0x0","code":"0x6001600052600164ffffffffff60016000f560ff6000a0","codeHash":"0x27be17a236425a9b513d736c4bb84eca4505a15564cae640e85558cf4d7ff7bb"},"%s":{"balance":"0x1c6bf52634000"}}`, originHex),
 		},
 		{
 			// CREATE2 which requires padding memory by prestate tracer
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ func TestInternals(t *testing.T) {
 				byte(vm.LOG0),
 			},
 			tracer: mkTracer("prestateTracer", nil),
-			want:   fmt.Sprintf(`{"0x00000000000000000000000000000000deadbeef":{"balance":"0x0","code":"0x6001600052600160ff60016000f560ff6000a0"},"%s":{"balance":"0x1c6bf52634000"}}`, originHex),
+			want:   fmt.Sprintf(`{"0x00000000000000000000000000000000deadbeef":{"balance":"0x0","code":"0x6001600052600160ff60016000f560ff6000a0","codeHash":"0x5544040a7fd107ba8164108904724a38fb9c664daae88a5cc53580841e648edf"},"%s":{"balance":"0x1c6bf52634000"}}`, originHex),
 		},
 	} {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/7702_delegate.json b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/7702_delegate.json
index 14874dcc07..ca7e1f35c7 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/7702_delegate.json
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/7702_delegate.json
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@
     "0x17816e9a858b161c3e37016d139cf618056cacd4": {
       "balance": "0x0",
       "code": "0xef0100b684710e6d5914ad6e64493de2a3c424cc43e970",
+      "codeHash":"0xca4cab497827c53a640924e1f7ebb69c3280f8ce8cef2d1d2f9a3707def2a856",
       "nonce": 15809
     },
     "0x4838b106fce9647bdf1e7877bf73ce8b0bad5f97": {
@@ -124,11 +125,13 @@
     "0xb684710e6d5914ad6e64493de2a3c424cc43e970": {
       "balance": "0x0",
       "code": "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",
+      "codeHash":"0x710e40f71ebfefb907b9970505d085952d073dedc9a67e7ce2db450194c9ad04",
       "nonce": 1
     },
     "0xb9df4a9ba45917e71d664d51462d46926e4798e7": {
       "balance": "0x597af049b190a724",
       "code": "0xef0100000000009b1d0af20d8c6d0a44e162d11f9b8f00",
+      "codeHash":"0xbb1a21a37f4391e14c4817bca5df4ed60b84e372053b367731ccd8ab0fb6daf1",
       "nonce": 1887
     }
   }
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/disable_code.json b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/disable_code.json
index 5601ac797a..d5530ca61d 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/disable_code.json
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/disable_code.json
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@
     "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe": {
       "balance": "0x4d87094125a369d9bd5",
       "nonce": 1,
+      "codeHash": "0xec0ba40983fafc34be1bda1b3a3c6eabdd60fa4ce6eab345be1e51bda01d0d4f",
       "storage": {
         "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000": "0x000000000000000000000001b436ba50d378d4bbc8660d312a13df6af6e89dfb",
         "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006f05b59d3b20000",
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/disable_code_and_storage.json b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/disable_code_and_storage.json
index 310a6696b8..9c39eca77b 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/disable_code_and_storage.json
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/disable_code_and_storage.json
@@ -65,7 +65,8 @@
     },
     "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe": {
       "balance": "0x4d87094125a369d9bd5",
-      "nonce": 1
+      "nonce": 1,
+      "codeHash": "0xec0ba40983fafc34be1bda1b3a3c6eabdd60fa4ce6eab345be1e51bda01d0d4f"
     },
     "0xb436ba50d378d4bbc8660d312a13df6af6e89dfb": {
       "balance": "0x1780d77678137ac1b775",
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/disable_storage.json b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/disable_storage.json
index c0cb05a2a2..a70151650e 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/disable_storage.json
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/disable_storage.json
@@ -65,7 +65,8 @@
     "0x3b873a919aa0512d5a0f09e6dcceaa4a6727fafe": {
       "balance": "0x4d87094125a369d9bd5",
       "nonce": 1,
-      "code": "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"
+      "code": "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",
+      "codeHash": "0xec0ba40983fafc34be1bda1b3a3c6eabdd60fa4ce6eab345be1e51bda01d0d4f"
     },
     "0xb436ba50d378d4bbc8660d312a13df6af6e89dfb": {
       "balance": "0x1780d77678137ac1b775",
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/setcode_tx.json b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/setcode_tx.json
index 121509f132..03e825fe2f 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/setcode_tx.json
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/setcode_tx.json
@@ -83,7 +83,8 @@
     },
     "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000bbbb": {
       "balance": "0x0",
-      "code": "0x6042604255"
+      "code": "0x6042604255",
+      "codeHash":"0xfa2f0a459fb0004c3c79afe1ab7612a23f1e649b3b352242f8c7c45a0e3585b6"
     },
     "0x703c4b2bd70c169f5717101caee543299fc946c7": {
       "balance": "0xde0b6b3a7640000",
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/simple.json b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/simple.json
index bbfdae306e..bd57764e6b 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/simple.json
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/simple.json
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
       "balance": "0x4d87094125a369d9bd5",
       "nonce": 1,
       "code": "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",
+      "codeHash": "0xec0ba40983fafc34be1bda1b3a3c6eabdd60fa4ce6eab345be1e51bda01d0d4f",
       "storage": {
         "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000": "0x000000000000000000000001b436ba50d378d4bbc8660d312a13df6af6e89dfb",
         "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006f05b59d3b20000",
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create.json b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create.json
index 6eea6085b8..696f3fb04f 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create.json
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create.json
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@
       },
       "0x40f2f445da6c9047554683fb382fba6769717116": {
         "code": "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",
+        "codeHash": "0x19463d2ef23c9fcb3f853199279ecc9b21fa4147112bfe85664141ffbffd1a37",
         "storage": {
           "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000": "0x000000000000000000000000f0c5cef39b17c213cfe090a46b8c7760ffb7928a",
           "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001ee",
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_disable_code.json b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_disable_code.json
index 5d7c024a5e..81382524ab 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_disable_code.json
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_disable_code.json
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@
         "balance": "0x9fb71abdd2621d8886"
       },
       "0x40f2f445da6c9047554683fb382fba6769717116": {
+        "codeHash":"0x19463d2ef23c9fcb3f853199279ecc9b21fa4147112bfe85664141ffbffd1a37",
         "storage": {
           "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000": "0x000000000000000000000000f0c5cef39b17c213cfe090a46b8c7760ffb7928a",
           "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001ee",
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_disable_storage.json b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_disable_storage.json
index 65594feb44..e36670e50b 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_disable_storage.json
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_disable_storage.json
@@ -70,7 +70,8 @@
         "balance": "0x9fb71abdd2621d8886"
       },
       "0x40f2f445da6c9047554683fb382fba6769717116": {
-        "code": "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"
+        "code": "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",
+        "codeHash": "0x19463d2ef23c9fcb3f853199279ecc9b21fa4147112bfe85664141ffbffd1a37"
       },
       "0xf0c5cef39b17c213cfe090a46b8c7760ffb7928a": {
         "balance": "0x15b058920efcc5188",
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_post_eip158.json b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_post_eip158.json
index 19e1f08bb7..26d0572517 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_post_eip158.json
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/create_post_eip158.json
@@ -57,8 +57,9 @@
   "result": {
     "post": {
       "0x1bda2f8e4735507930bd6cfe873bf0bf0f4ab1de": {
+        "nonce": 1,
         "code": "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",
-        "nonce": 1
+        "codeHash": "0xf6387add93966c115d42eb1ecd36a1fa28841703312943db753b88f890cc1666"
       },
       "0x2445e8c26a2bf3d1e59f1bb9b1d442caf90768e0": {
         "balance": "0x10f0645688331eb5690"
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/inner_create.json b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/inner_create.json
index e6d6f2435b..64a7188061 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/inner_create.json
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/inner_create.json
@@ -212,6 +212,7 @@
         "balance": "0x0",
         "nonce": 237,
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+        "codeHash": "0x461e17b7ae561793f22843985fc6866a3395c1fcee8ebf2d7ed5f293aec1b473",
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@@ -226,11 +227,13 @@
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diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/inner_create_disable_code_and_storage.json b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/inner_create_disable_code_and_storage.json
index 96c93e7cf8..9b6b7577f9 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/inner_create_disable_code_and_storage.json
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/inner_create_disable_code_and_storage.json
@@ -211,13 +211,16 @@
       },
       "0x6c8f2a135f6ed072de4503bd7c4999a1a17f824b": {
         "balance": "0x0",
-        "nonce": 237
+        "nonce": 237,
+        "codeHash":"0x461e17b7ae561793f22843985fc6866a3395c1fcee8ebf2d7ed5f293aec1b473"
       },
       "0x741467b251fca923d6229c4b439078b55dca233b": {
-        "balance": "0x29c613529e8218f8"
+        "balance": "0x29c613529e8218f8",
+        "codeHash":"0x7678943ba1f399d76abe8e77b6f899c193f72aaefb5c4bd47fffb63c7f57ad9e"
       },
       "0x7dd677b54fc954824a7bc49bd26cbdfa12c75adf": {
-        "balance": "0xd7a58f5b73b4b6c4"
+        "balance": "0xd7a58f5b73b4b6c4",
+        "codeHash":"0xd1255e5eabbe40c6e18c87b2ed2acf8157356103d1ca1df617f7b52811edefc4"
       },
       "0xb834e3edfc1a927bdcecb67a9d0eccbd752a5bb3": {
         "balance": "0xffe9b09a5c474dca",
@@ -233,7 +236,8 @@
         "balance": "0x98e2b02f14529b1eb2"
       },
       "0x651913977e8140c323997fce5e03c19e0015eebf": {
-        "balance": "0x29a2241af62c0000"
+        "balance": "0x29a2241af62c0000",
+        "codeHash":"0x7678943ba1f399d76abe8e77b6f899c193f72aaefb5c4bd47fffb63c7f57ad9e"
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       "0x6c8f2a135f6ed072de4503bd7c4999a1a17f824b": {
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diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/simple.json b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/simple.json
index be4981b8b8..c97e16bce5 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/simple.json
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/simple.json
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@
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diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/simple_disable_code_and_storage.json b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/simple_disable_code_and_storage.json
index 502149de43..9041901790 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/simple_disable_code_and_storage.json
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/simple_disable_code_and_storage.json
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@
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           "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005a37b834"
         }
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/suicide.json b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/suicide.json
index 3f07146871..23ac6852d9 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/suicide.json
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/suicide.json
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@
       "0x2861bf89b6c640c79040d357c1e9513693ef5d3f": {
         "balance": "0x0",
         "code": "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",
+        "codeHash": "0xad3e5642a709b936c0eafdd1fbca08a9f5f5089ff2008efeee3eed3f110d83d3",
         "storage": {
           "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000": "0x000000000000000000000000d3cda913deb6f67967b99d67acdfa1712c293601",
           "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001": "0x0000000000000000000000ff30c9e568f133adce1f1ea91e189613223fc461b9"
diff --git a/eth/tracers/native/gen_account_json.go b/eth/tracers/native/gen_account_json.go
index 4c39cbc38c..5fec2648b7 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/native/gen_account_json.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/native/gen_account_json.go
@@ -15,14 +15,16 @@ var _ = (*accountMarshaling)(nil)
 // MarshalJSON marshals as JSON.
 func (a account) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	type account struct {
-		Balance *hexutil.Big                `json:"balance,omitempty"`
-		Code    hexutil.Bytes               `json:"code,omitempty"`
-		Nonce   uint64                      `json:"nonce,omitempty"`
-		Storage map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"storage,omitempty"`
+		Balance  *hexutil.Big                `json:"balance,omitempty"`
+		Code     hexutil.Bytes               `json:"code,omitempty"`
+		CodeHash *common.Hash                `json:"codeHash,omitempty"`
+		Nonce    uint64                      `json:"nonce,omitempty"`
+		Storage  map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"storage,omitempty"`
 	}
 	var enc account
 	enc.Balance = (*hexutil.Big)(a.Balance)
 	enc.Code = a.Code
+	enc.CodeHash = a.CodeHash
 	enc.Nonce = a.Nonce
 	enc.Storage = a.Storage
 	return json.Marshal(&enc)
@@ -31,10 +33,11 @@ func (a account) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 // UnmarshalJSON unmarshals from JSON.
 func (a *account) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 	type account struct {
-		Balance *hexutil.Big                `json:"balance,omitempty"`
-		Code    *hexutil.Bytes              `json:"code,omitempty"`
-		Nonce   *uint64                     `json:"nonce,omitempty"`
-		Storage map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"storage,omitempty"`
+		Balance  *hexutil.Big                `json:"balance,omitempty"`
+		Code     *hexutil.Bytes              `json:"code,omitempty"`
+		CodeHash *common.Hash                `json:"codeHash,omitempty"`
+		Nonce    *uint64                     `json:"nonce,omitempty"`
+		Storage  map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"storage,omitempty"`
 	}
 	var dec account
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(input, &dec); err != nil {
@@ -46,6 +49,9 @@ func (a *account) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 	if dec.Code != nil {
 		a.Code = *dec.Code
 	}
+	if dec.CodeHash != nil {
+		a.CodeHash = dec.CodeHash
+	}
 	if dec.Nonce != nil {
 		a.Nonce = *dec.Nonce
 	}
diff --git a/eth/tracers/native/prestate.go b/eth/tracers/native/prestate.go
index 57c66ae327..49679d312f 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/native/prestate.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/native/prestate.go
@@ -44,11 +44,12 @@ func init() {
 type stateMap = map[common.Address]*account
 
 type account struct {
-	Balance *big.Int                    `json:"balance,omitempty"`
-	Code    []byte                      `json:"code,omitempty"`
-	Nonce   uint64                      `json:"nonce,omitempty"`
-	Storage map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"storage,omitempty"`
-	empty   bool
+	Balance  *big.Int                    `json:"balance,omitempty"`
+	Code     []byte                      `json:"code,omitempty"`
+	CodeHash *common.Hash                `json:"codeHash,omitempty"`
+	Nonce    uint64                      `json:"nonce,omitempty"`
+	Storage  map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"storage,omitempty"`
+	empty    bool
 }
 
 func (a *account) exists() bool {
@@ -247,6 +248,7 @@ func (t *prestateTracer) processDiffState() {
 		postAccount := &account{Storage: make(map[common.Hash]common.Hash)}
 		newBalance := t.env.StateDB.GetBalance(addr).ToBig()
 		newNonce := t.env.StateDB.GetNonce(addr)
+		newCodeHash := t.env.StateDB.GetCodeHash(addr)
 
 		if newBalance.Cmp(t.pre[addr].Balance) != 0 {
 			modified = true
@@ -256,6 +258,19 @@ func (t *prestateTracer) processDiffState() {
 			modified = true
 			postAccount.Nonce = newNonce
 		}
+		prevCodeHash := common.Hash{}
+		if t.pre[addr].CodeHash != nil {
+			prevCodeHash = *t.pre[addr].CodeHash
+		}
+		// Empty code hashes are excluded from the prestate. Normalize
+		// the empty code hash to a zero hash to make it comparable.
+		if newCodeHash == types.EmptyCodeHash {
+			newCodeHash = common.Hash{}
+		}
+		if newCodeHash != prevCodeHash {
+			modified = true
+			postAccount.CodeHash = &newCodeHash
+		}
 		if !t.config.DisableCode {
 			newCode := t.env.StateDB.GetCode(addr)
 			if !bytes.Equal(newCode, t.pre[addr].Code) {
@@ -305,6 +320,11 @@ func (t *prestateTracer) lookupAccount(addr common.Address) {
 		Nonce:   t.env.StateDB.GetNonce(addr),
 		Code:    t.env.StateDB.GetCode(addr),
 	}
+	codeHash := t.env.StateDB.GetCodeHash(addr)
+	// If the code is empty, we don't need to store it in the prestate.
+	if codeHash != (common.Hash{}) && codeHash != types.EmptyCodeHash {
+		acc.CodeHash = &codeHash
+	}
 	if !acc.exists() {
 		acc.empty = true
 	}

From 3ff99ae52c420477020ae957a61c5c216ac7e7f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 17:12:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 016/470] eth/syncer: fix typo (#32427)

avaibale -> available
---
 eth/syncer/syncer.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/eth/syncer/syncer.go b/eth/syncer/syncer.go
index 5c4d2401e9..6e3918ce88 100644
--- a/eth/syncer/syncer.go
+++ b/eth/syncer/syncer.go
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ func (s *Syncer) run() {
 			)
 			for {
 				if retries >= 10 {
-					req.errc <- fmt.Errorf("sync target is not avaibale, %x", req.hash)
+					req.errc <- fmt.Errorf("sync target is not available, %x", req.hash)
 					break
 				}
 				select {

From 2b38daa48c92947a03830ee9d4319328bc710f4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Aug 2025 16:28:57 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 017/470] p2p: refactor to use time.Now().UnixMilli() in golang
 std lib (#32402)

---
 p2p/enode/localnode.go      | 9 ---------
 p2p/enode/localnode_test.go | 3 ++-
 p2p/enode/nodedb.go         | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/enode/localnode.go b/p2p/enode/localnode.go
index d8fa6a9202..6425560b02 100644
--- a/p2p/enode/localnode.go
+++ b/p2p/enode/localnode.go
@@ -305,12 +305,3 @@ func (ln *LocalNode) bumpSeq() {
 	ln.seq++
 	ln.db.storeLocalSeq(ln.id, ln.seq)
 }
-
-// nowMilliseconds gives the current timestamp at millisecond precision.
-func nowMilliseconds() uint64 {
-	ns := time.Now().UnixNano()
-	if ns < 0 {
-		return 0
-	}
-	return uint64(ns / 1000 / 1000)
-}
diff --git a/p2p/enode/localnode_test.go b/p2p/enode/localnode_test.go
index 86b962a74e..5ddc302d65 100644
--- a/p2p/enode/localnode_test.go
+++ b/p2p/enode/localnode_test.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enr"
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ func TestLocalNode(t *testing.T) {
 
 // This test checks that the sequence number is persisted between restarts.
 func TestLocalNodeSeqPersist(t *testing.T) {
-	timestamp := nowMilliseconds()
+	timestamp := uint64(time.Now().UnixMilli())
 
 	ln, db := newLocalNodeForTesting()
 	defer db.Close()
diff --git a/p2p/enode/nodedb.go b/p2p/enode/nodedb.go
index 51e554e68a..2cd211e2c2 100644
--- a/p2p/enode/nodedb.go
+++ b/p2p/enode/nodedb.go
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ func (db *DB) localSeq(id ID) uint64 {
 	if seq := db.fetchUint64(localItemKey(id, dbLocalSeq)); seq > 0 {
 		return seq
 	}
-	return nowMilliseconds()
+	return uint64(time.Now().UnixMilli())
 }
 
 // storeLocalSeq stores the local record sequence counter.

From b00b6fe2345112c05b733ac8cacf417fb686cd04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Aug 2025 13:07:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 018/470] .github: upgrade workflows to Go 1.25 (#32425)

---
 .github/workflows/go.yml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/go.yml b/.github/workflows/go.yml
index 13f97898bb..2ff47ce042 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/go.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/go.yml
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Set up Go
       uses: actions/setup-go@v5
       with:
-        go-version: 1.24
+        go-version: 1.25
         cache: false
 
     - name: Run linters
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         go:
+          - '1.25'
           - '1.24'
-          - '1.23'
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:

From 25cce4dfe469113bd6020c6b32f02cdd0d3d6630 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: levisyin <lilassherl@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Aug 2025 19:24:47 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 019/470] build: upgrade -dlgo version to Go 1.25.0 (#32412)

---
 build/checksums.txt | 94 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/build/checksums.txt b/build/checksums.txt
index 7641b9ae62..ab0f7547f6 100644
--- a/build/checksums.txt
+++ b/build/checksums.txt
@@ -5,54 +5,54 @@
 # https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases/download/fusaka-devnet-3%40v1.0.0
 576261e1280e5300c458aa9b05eccb2fec5ff80a0005940dc52fa03fdd907249  fixtures_fusaka-devnet-3.tar.gz
 
-# version:golang 1.24.4
+# version:golang 1.25.0
 # https://go.dev/dl/
-5a86a83a31f9fa81490b8c5420ac384fd3d95a3e71fba665c7b3f95d1dfef2b4  go1.24.4.src.tar.gz
-0d2af78e3b6e08f8013dbbdb26ae33052697b6b72e03ec17d496739c2a1aed68  go1.24.4.aix-ppc64.tar.gz
-69bef555e114b4a2252452b6e7049afc31fbdf2d39790b669165e89525cd3f5c  go1.24.4.darwin-amd64.tar.gz
-c4d74453a26f488bdb4b0294da4840d9020806de4661785334eb6d1803ee5c27  go1.24.4.darwin-amd64.pkg
-27973684b515eaf461065054e6b572d9390c05e69ba4a423076c160165336470  go1.24.4.darwin-arm64.tar.gz
-2fe1f8746745c4bfebd494583aaef24cad42594f6d25ed67856879d567ee66e7  go1.24.4.darwin-arm64.pkg
-70b2de9c1cafe5af7be3eb8f80753cce0501ef300db3f3bd59be7ccc464234e1  go1.24.4.dragonfly-amd64.tar.gz
-8d529839db29ee171505b89dc9c3de76003a4ab56202d84bddbbecacbfb6d7c9  go1.24.4.freebsd-386.tar.gz
-6cbc3ad6cc21bdcc7283824d3ac0e85512c02022f6a35eb2e844882ea6e8448c  go1.24.4.freebsd-amd64.tar.gz
-d49ae050c20aff646a7641dd903f03eb674570790b90ffb298076c4d41e36655  go1.24.4.freebsd-arm.tar.gz
-e31924abef2a28456b7103c0a5d333dcc11ecf19e76d5de1a383ad5fe0b42457  go1.24.4.freebsd-arm64.tar.gz
-b5bca135eae8ebddf22972611ac1c58ae9fbb5979fd953cc5245c5b1b2517546  go1.24.4.freebsd-riscv64.tar.gz
-7d5efda511ff7e3114b130acee5d0bffbb078fedbfa9b2c1b6a807107e1ca23a  go1.24.4.illumos-amd64.tar.gz
-130c9b061082eca15513e595e9952a2ded32e737e609dd0e49f7dfa74eba026d  go1.24.4.linux-386.tar.gz
-77e5da33bb72aeaef1ba4418b6fe511bc4d041873cbf82e5aa6318740df98717  go1.24.4.linux-amd64.tar.gz
-d5501ee5aca0f258d5fe9bfaed401958445014495dc115f202d43d5210b45241  go1.24.4.linux-arm64.tar.gz
-6a554e32301cecae3162677e66d4264b81b3b1a89592dd1b7b5c552c7a49fe37  go1.24.4.linux-armv6l.tar.gz
-b208eb25fe244408cbe269ed426454bc46e59d0e0a749b6240d39e884e969875  go1.24.4.linux-loong64.tar.gz
-fddfcb28fd36fe63d2ae181026798f86f3bbd3a7bb0f1e1f617dd3d604bf3fe4  go1.24.4.linux-mips.tar.gz
-7934b924d5ab8c8ae3134a09a6ae74d3c39f63f6c4322ec289364dbbf0bac3ca  go1.24.4.linux-mips64.tar.gz
-fa763d8673f94d6e534bb72c3cf675d4c2b8da4a6da42a89f08c5586106db39c  go1.24.4.linux-mips64le.tar.gz
-84363dbfe49b41d43df84420a09bd53a4770053d63bfa509868c46a5f8eb3ff7  go1.24.4.linux-mipsle.tar.gz
-28fcbd5d3b56493606873c33f2b4bdd84ba93c633f37313613b5a1e6495c6fe5  go1.24.4.linux-ppc64.tar.gz
-9ca4afef813a2578c23843b640ae0290aa54b2e3c950a6cc4c99e16a57dec2ec  go1.24.4.linux-ppc64le.tar.gz
-1d7034f98662d8f2c8abd7c700ada4093acb4f9c00e0e51a30344821d0785c77  go1.24.4.linux-riscv64.tar.gz
-0449f3203c39703ab27684be763e9bb78ca9a051e0e4176727aead9461b6deb5  go1.24.4.linux-s390x.tar.gz
-954b49ccc2cfcf4b5f7cd33ff662295e0d3b74e7590c8e25fc2abb30bce120ba  go1.24.4.netbsd-386.tar.gz
-370fabcdfee7c18857c96fdd5b706e025d4fb86a208da88ba56b1493b35498e9  go1.24.4.netbsd-amd64.tar.gz
-7935ef95d4d1acc48587b1eb4acab98b0a7d9569736a32398b9c1d2e89026865  go1.24.4.netbsd-arm.tar.gz
-ead78fd0fa29fbb176cc83f1caa54032e1a44f842affa56a682c647e0759f237  go1.24.4.netbsd-arm64.tar.gz
-913e217394b851a636b99de175f0c2f9ab9938b41c557f047168f77ee485d776  go1.24.4.openbsd-386.tar.gz
-24568da3dcbcdb24ec18b631f072faf0f3763e3d04f79032dc56ad9ec35379c4  go1.24.4.openbsd-amd64.tar.gz
-45abf523f870632417ab007de3841f64dd906bde546ffc8c6380ccbe91c7fb73  go1.24.4.openbsd-arm.tar.gz
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-91ed711f704829372d6931e1897631ef40288b8f9e3cd6ef4a24df7126d1066a  go1.24.4.openbsd-ppc64.tar.gz
-de5e270d971c8790e8880168d56a2ea103979927c10ded136d792bbdf9bce3d3  go1.24.4.openbsd-riscv64.tar.gz
-ff429d03f00bcd32a50f445320b8329d0fadb2a2fff899c11e95e0922a82c543  go1.24.4.plan9-386.tar.gz
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-1964ae2571259de77b930e97f2891aa92706ff81aac9909d45bb107b0fab16c8  go1.24.4.plan9-arm.tar.gz
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-d454d3cb144432f1726bf00e28c6017e78ccb256a8d01b8e3fb1b2e6b5650f28  go1.24.4.windows-386.zip
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-0cbb6e83865747dbe69b3d4155f92e88fcf336ff5d70182dba145e9d7bd3d8f6  go1.24.4.windows-amd64.msi
-d17da51bc85bd010754a4063215d15d2c033cc289d67ca9201a03c9041b2969d  go1.24.4.windows-arm64.zip
-47dbe734b6a829de45654648a7abcf05bdceef5c80e03ea0b208eeebef75a852  go1.24.4.windows-arm64.msi
+4bd01e91297207bfa450ea40d4d5a93b1b531a5e438473b2a06e18e077227225  go1.25.0.src.tar.gz
+e5234a7dac67bc86c528fe9752fc9d63557918627707a733ab4cac1a6faed2d4  go1.25.0.aix-ppc64.tar.gz
+5bd60e823037062c2307c71e8111809865116714d6f6b410597cf5075dfd80ef  go1.25.0.darwin-amd64.tar.gz
+95e836238bcf8f9a71bffea43344cbd35ee1f16db3aaced2f98dbac045d102db  go1.25.0.darwin-amd64.pkg
+544932844156d8172f7a28f77f2ac9c15a23046698b6243f633b0a0b00c0749c  go1.25.0.darwin-arm64.tar.gz
+202a0d8338c152cb4c9f04782429e9ba8bef31d9889272380837e4043c9d800a  go1.25.0.darwin-arm64.pkg
+5ed3cf9a810a1483822538674f1336c06b51aa1b94d6d545a1a0319a48177120  go1.25.0.dragonfly-amd64.tar.gz
+abea5d5c6697e6b5c224731f2158fe87c602996a2a233ac0c4730cd57bf8374e  go1.25.0.freebsd-386.tar.gz
+86e6fe0a29698d7601c4442052dac48bd58d532c51cccb8f1917df648138730b  go1.25.0.freebsd-amd64.tar.gz
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 # version:golangci 2.0.2
 # https://github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/releases/

From e798e26c69dde8405280de92dd076ca7dde254a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Aug 2025 20:32:45 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 020/470] crypto/secp256k1: use ReadBits from common/math
 (#32430)

---
 crypto/secp256k1/curve.go           | 25 +++----------------------
 crypto/secp256k1/scalar_mult_cgo.go |  6 ++++--
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crypto/secp256k1/curve.go b/crypto/secp256k1/curve.go
index 85ba885d6f..b82b147e3c 100644
--- a/crypto/secp256k1/curve.go
+++ b/crypto/secp256k1/curve.go
@@ -35,29 +35,10 @@ package secp256k1
 import (
 	"crypto/elliptic"
 	"math/big"
-)
 
-const (
-	// number of bits in a big.Word
-	wordBits = 32 << (uint64(^big.Word(0)) >> 63)
-	// number of bytes in a big.Word
-	wordBytes = wordBits / 8
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
 )
 
-// readBits encodes the absolute value of bigint as big-endian bytes. Callers
-// must ensure that buf has enough space. If buf is too short the result will
-// be incomplete.
-func readBits(bigint *big.Int, buf []byte) {
-	i := len(buf)
-	for _, d := range bigint.Bits() {
-		for j := 0; j < wordBytes && i > 0; j++ {
-			i--
-			buf[i] = byte(d)
-			d >>= 8
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 // This code is from https://github.com/ThePiachu/GoBit and implements
 // several Koblitz elliptic curves over prime fields.
 //
@@ -257,8 +238,8 @@ func (bitCurve *BitCurve) Marshal(x, y *big.Int) []byte {
 	byteLen := (bitCurve.BitSize + 7) >> 3
 	ret := make([]byte, 1+2*byteLen)
 	ret[0] = 4 // uncompressed point flag
-	readBits(x, ret[1:1+byteLen])
-	readBits(y, ret[1+byteLen:])
+	math.ReadBits(x, ret[1:1+byteLen])
+	math.ReadBits(y, ret[1+byteLen:])
 	return ret
 }
 
diff --git a/crypto/secp256k1/scalar_mult_cgo.go b/crypto/secp256k1/scalar_mult_cgo.go
index d11c11faf8..b16c13f7e2 100644
--- a/crypto/secp256k1/scalar_mult_cgo.go
+++ b/crypto/secp256k1/scalar_mult_cgo.go
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ package secp256k1
 import (
 	"math/big"
 	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
 )
 
 /*
@@ -34,8 +36,8 @@ func (bitCurve *BitCurve) ScalarMult(Bx, By *big.Int, scalar []byte) (*big.Int,
 
 	// Do the multiplication in C, updating point.
 	point := make([]byte, 64)
-	readBits(Bx, point[:32])
-	readBits(By, point[32:])
+	math.ReadBits(Bx, point[:32])
+	math.ReadBits(By, point[32:])
 
 	pointPtr := (*C.uchar)(unsafe.Pointer(&point[0]))
 	scalarPtr := (*C.uchar)(unsafe.Pointer(&scalar[0]))

From 2dbb580f51b61d7ff78fceb44b06835827704110 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Aug 2025 20:47:43 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 021/470] build: remove unused functions (#32393)

---
 build/ci.go            |  4 ----
 internal/build/file.go | 17 -----------------
 2 files changed, 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/build/ci.go b/build/ci.go
index 5126793c3d..df2b973a3a 100644
--- a/build/ci.go
+++ b/build/ci.go
@@ -343,10 +343,6 @@ func downloadSpecTestFixtures(csdb *download.ChecksumDB, cachedir string) string
 	return filepath.Join(cachedir, base)
 }
 
-// doCheckTidy assets that the Go modules files are tidied already.
-func doCheckTidy() {
-}
-
 // doCheckGenerate ensures that re-generating generated files does not cause
 // any mutations in the source file tree.
 func doCheckGenerate() {
diff --git a/internal/build/file.go b/internal/build/file.go
index 2d8c993f36..7490af281e 100644
--- a/internal/build/file.go
+++ b/internal/build/file.go
@@ -34,23 +34,6 @@ func FileExist(path string) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
-// HashFiles iterates the provided set of files, computing the hash of each.
-func HashFiles(files []string) (map[string][32]byte, error) {
-	res := make(map[string][32]byte)
-	for _, filePath := range files {
-		f, err := os.OpenFile(filePath, os.O_RDONLY, 0666)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		hasher := sha256.New()
-		if _, err := io.Copy(hasher, f); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		res[filePath] = [32]byte(hasher.Sum(nil))
-	}
-	return res, nil
-}
-
 // HashFolder iterates all files under the given directory, computing the hash
 // of each.
 func HashFolder(folder string, exlude []string) (map[string][32]byte, error) {

From ea3a71792da3c883d6806e350cf34d795a253913 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2025 08:34:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 022/470] trie, core/state: add the transition tree (verkle
 transition part 2) (#32366)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

This add some of the changes that were missing from #31634. It
introduces the `TransitionTrie`, which is a façade pattern between the
current MPT trie and the overlay tree.

---------

Signed-off-by: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 core/state/reader.go |  14 ++-
 trie/transition.go   | 205 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 218 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 trie/transition.go

diff --git a/core/state/reader.go b/core/state/reader.go
index f56a1bfae1..4fc67ebd60 100644
--- a/core/state/reader.go
+++ b/core/state/reader.go
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/lru"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/overlay"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
@@ -241,8 +242,19 @@ func newTrieReader(root common.Hash, db *triedb.Database, cache *utils.PointCach
 	if !db.IsVerkle() {
 		tr, err = trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StateTrieID(root), db)
 	} else {
-		// TODO @gballet determine the trie type (verkle or overlay) by transition state
 		tr, err = trie.NewVerkleTrie(root, db, cache)
+
+		// Based on the transition status, determine if the overlay
+		// tree needs to be created, or if a single, target tree is
+		// to be picked.
+		ts := overlay.LoadTransitionState(db.Disk(), root, true)
+		if ts.InTransition() {
+			mpt, err := trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StateTrieID(ts.BaseRoot), db)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			tr = trie.NewTransitionTree(mpt, tr.(*trie.VerkleTrie), false)
+		}
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
diff --git a/trie/transition.go b/trie/transition.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad3f782b75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/transition.go
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+// Copyright 2025 go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package trie
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-verkle"
+)
+
+// TransitionTrie is a trie that implements a façade design pattern, presenting
+// a single interface to the old MPT trie and the new verkle/binary trie. Reads
+// first from the overlay trie, and falls back to the base trie if the key isn't
+// found. All writes go to the overlay trie.
+type TransitionTrie struct {
+	overlay *VerkleTrie
+	base    *SecureTrie
+	storage bool
+}
+
+// NewTransitionTrie creates a new TransitionTrie.
+func NewTransitionTree(base *SecureTrie, overlay *VerkleTrie, st bool) *TransitionTrie {
+	return &TransitionTrie{
+		overlay: overlay,
+		base:    base,
+		storage: st,
+	}
+}
+
+// Base returns the base trie.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) Base() *SecureTrie {
+	return t.base
+}
+
+// Overlay returns the overlay trie.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) Overlay() *VerkleTrie {
+	return t.overlay
+}
+
+// GetKey returns the sha3 preimage of a hashed key that was previously used
+// to store a value.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) GetKey(key []byte) []byte {
+	if key := t.overlay.GetKey(key); key != nil {
+		return key
+	}
+	return t.base.GetKey(key)
+}
+
+// GetStorage returns the value for key stored in the trie. The value bytes must
+// not be modified by the caller.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) GetStorage(addr common.Address, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	val, err := t.overlay.GetStorage(addr, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get storage from overlay: %s", err)
+	}
+	if len(val) != 0 {
+		return val, nil
+	}
+	// TODO also insert value into overlay
+	return t.base.GetStorage(addr, key)
+}
+
+// GetAccount abstract an account read from the trie.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) GetAccount(address common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+	data, err := t.overlay.GetAccount(address)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Post cancun, no indicator needs to be used to indicate that
+		// an account was deleted in the overlay tree. If an error is
+		// returned, then it's a genuine error, and not an indicator
+		// that a tombstone was found.
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if data != nil {
+		return data, nil
+	}
+	return t.base.GetAccount(address)
+}
+
+// UpdateStorage associates key with value in the trie. If value has length zero, any
+// existing value is deleted from the trie. The value bytes must not be modified
+// by the caller while they are stored in the trie.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) UpdateStorage(address common.Address, key []byte, value []byte) error {
+	var v []byte
+	if len(value) >= 32 {
+		v = value[:32]
+	} else {
+		var val [32]byte
+		copy(val[32-len(value):], value[:])
+		v = val[:]
+	}
+	return t.overlay.UpdateStorage(address, key, v)
+}
+
+// UpdateAccount abstract an account write to the trie.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) UpdateAccount(addr common.Address, account *types.StateAccount, codeLen int) error {
+	// NOTE: before the rebase, this was saving the state root, so that OpenStorageTrie
+	// could still work during a replay. This is no longer needed, as OpenStorageTrie
+	// only needs to know what the account trie does now.
+	return t.overlay.UpdateAccount(addr, account, codeLen)
+}
+
+// DeleteStorage removes any existing value for key from the trie. If a node was not
+// found in the database, a trie.MissingNodeError is returned.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) DeleteStorage(addr common.Address, key []byte) error {
+	return t.overlay.DeleteStorage(addr, key)
+}
+
+// DeleteAccount abstracts an account deletion from the trie.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) DeleteAccount(key common.Address) error {
+	return t.overlay.DeleteAccount(key)
+}
+
+// Hash returns the root hash of the trie. It does not write to the database and
+// can be used even if the trie doesn't have one.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) Hash() common.Hash {
+	return t.overlay.Hash()
+}
+
+// Commit collects all dirty nodes in the trie and replace them with the
+// corresponding node hash. All collected nodes(including dirty leaves if
+// collectLeaf is true) will be encapsulated into a nodeset for return.
+// The returned nodeset can be nil if the trie is clean(nothing to commit).
+// Once the trie is committed, it's not usable anymore. A new trie must
+// be created with new root and updated trie database for following usage
+func (t *TransitionTrie) Commit(collectLeaf bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
+	// Just return if the trie is a storage trie: otherwise,
+	// the overlay trie will be committed as many times as
+	// there are storage tries. This would kill performance.
+	if t.storage {
+		return common.Hash{}, nil
+	}
+	return t.overlay.Commit(collectLeaf)
+}
+
+// NodeIterator returns an iterator that returns nodes of the trie. Iteration
+// starts at the key after the given start key.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) NodeIterator(startKey []byte) (NodeIterator, error) {
+	panic("not implemented") // TODO: Implement
+}
+
+// Prove constructs a Merkle proof for key. The result contains all encoded nodes
+// on the path to the value at key. The value itself is also included in the last
+// node and can be retrieved by verifying the proof.
+//
+// If the trie does not contain a value for key, the returned proof contains all
+// nodes of the longest existing prefix of the key (at least the root), ending
+// with the node that proves the absence of the key.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) Prove(key []byte, proofDb ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error {
+	panic("not implemented") // TODO: Implement
+}
+
+// IsVerkle returns true if the trie is verkle-tree based
+func (t *TransitionTrie) IsVerkle() bool {
+	// For all intents and purposes, the calling code should treat this as a verkle trie
+	return true
+}
+
+// UpdateStems updates a group of values, given the stem they are using. If
+// a value already exists, it is overwritten.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) UpdateStem(key []byte, values [][]byte) error {
+	trie := t.overlay
+	switch root := trie.root.(type) {
+	case *verkle.InternalNode:
+		return root.InsertValuesAtStem(key, values, t.overlay.nodeResolver)
+	default:
+		panic("invalid root type")
+	}
+}
+
+// Copy creates a deep copy of the transition trie.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) Copy() *TransitionTrie {
+	return &TransitionTrie{
+		overlay: t.overlay.Copy(),
+		base:    t.base.Copy(),
+		storage: t.storage,
+	}
+}
+
+// UpdateContractCode updates the contract code for the given address.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) UpdateContractCode(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash, code []byte) error {
+	return t.overlay.UpdateContractCode(addr, codeHash, code)
+}
+
+// Witness returns a set containing all trie nodes that have been accessed.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) Witness() map[string]struct{} {
+	panic("not implemented")
+}

From a002a6c03f1990feebfa90da9d0e678a623c228f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2025 08:58:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 023/470] cmd/evm: use PathScheme in blockrunner (#32444)

This is a preparatory change for Verkle/binary trees, since they don't
support the hash-based database scheme. This has no impact on the MPT.
---
 cmd/evm/blockrunner.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/cmd/evm/blockrunner.go b/cmd/evm/blockrunner.go
index 31d1ba5ba1..f6538b1356 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/blockrunner.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/blockrunner.go
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ func runBlockTest(ctx *cli.Context, fname string) ([]testResult, error) {
 			continue
 		}
 		result := &testResult{Name: name, Pass: true}
-		if err := tests[name].Run(false, rawdb.HashScheme, ctx.Bool(WitnessCrossCheckFlag.Name), tracer, func(res error, chain *core.BlockChain) {
+		if err := tests[name].Run(false, rawdb.PathScheme, ctx.Bool(WitnessCrossCheckFlag.Name), tracer, func(res error, chain *core.BlockChain) {
 			if ctx.Bool(DumpFlag.Name) {
 				if s, _ := chain.State(); s != nil {
 					result.State = dump(s)

From ccf684f1bae5cc542d49fb5b46e296b6e465d9ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2025 15:10:44 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 024/470] core/vm: refactor to use bitutil.TestBytes (#32434)

---
 core/vm/common.go    | 9 ---------
 core/vm/contracts.go | 3 ++-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/vm/common.go b/core/vm/common.go
index 658803b820..2990f58972 100644
--- a/core/vm/common.go
+++ b/core/vm/common.go
@@ -84,12 +84,3 @@ func toWordSize(size uint64) uint64 {
 
 	return (size + 31) / 32
 }
-
-func allZero(b []byte) bool {
-	for _, byte := range b {
-		if byte != 0 {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	return true
-}
diff --git a/core/vm/contracts.go b/core/vm/contracts.go
index 21307ff5ac..d286150277 100644
--- a/core/vm/contracts.go
+++ b/core/vm/contracts.go
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto/ecc/bls12-381/fp"
 	"github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto/ecc/bls12-381/fr"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/bitutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/blake2b"
@@ -289,7 +290,7 @@ func (c *ecrecover) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	v := input[63] - 27
 
 	// tighter sig s values input homestead only apply to tx sigs
-	if !allZero(input[32:63]) || !crypto.ValidateSignatureValues(v, r, s, false) {
+	if bitutil.TestBytes(input[32:63]) || !crypto.ValidateSignatureValues(v, r, s, false) {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 	// We must make sure not to modify the 'input', so placing the 'v' along with

From 88922d2bf5fc33b29ecc87b186d7d673264f1ef6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2025 15:12:22 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 025/470] crypto/bn256: refactor to use bitutil.TestBytes
 (#32435)

---
 crypto/bn256/gnark/g1.go | 12 ++----------
 crypto/bn256/gnark/g2.go |  3 ++-
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crypto/bn256/gnark/g1.go b/crypto/bn256/gnark/g1.go
index 59e04cb247..bb758c3580 100644
--- a/crypto/bn256/gnark/g1.go
+++ b/crypto/bn256/gnark/g1.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto/ecc/bn254"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/bitutil"
 )
 
 // G1 is the affine representation of a G1 group element.
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ func (g *G1) Unmarshal(buf []byte) (int, error) {
 		return 0, errors.New("invalid G1 point size")
 	}
 
-	if allZeroes(buf[:64]) {
+	if !bitutil.TestBytes(buf[:64]) {
 		// point at infinity
 		g.inner.X.SetZero()
 		g.inner.Y.SetZero()
@@ -82,12 +83,3 @@ func (p *G1) Marshal() []byte {
 
 	return output
 }
-
-func allZeroes(buf []byte) bool {
-	for i := range buf {
-		if buf[i] != 0 {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	return true
-}
diff --git a/crypto/bn256/gnark/g2.go b/crypto/bn256/gnark/g2.go
index 48a797e5a7..87ad88b9f1 100644
--- a/crypto/bn256/gnark/g2.go
+++ b/crypto/bn256/gnark/g2.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 
 	"github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto/ecc/bn254"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/bitutil"
 )
 
 // G2 is the affine representation of a G2 group element.
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ func (g *G2) Unmarshal(buf []byte) (int, error) {
 		return 0, errors.New("invalid G2 point size")
 	}
 
-	if allZeroes(buf[:128]) {
+	if !bitutil.TestBytes(buf[:128]) {
 		// point at infinity
 		g.inner.X.A0.SetZero()
 		g.inner.X.A1.SetZero()

From 1d29e3ec0ed0afc7c2cc7ebe2b4b694cc5485b9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2025 14:07:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 026/470] consensus/misc/eip4844: use blob parameters of
 current header (#32424)

This changes the implementation to resolve the blob parameters according
to the current header timestamp. This matters for EIP-7918, where we
would previously resolve the UpdateFraction according to the parent
header fork, leading to a confusing situation at the fork transition
block.

---------

Co-authored-by: MariusVanDerWijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
---
 consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go      | 190 +++++++++++++------------
 consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844_test.go |  65 ++++++++-
 2 files changed, 161 insertions(+), 94 deletions(-)

diff --git a/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go b/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go
index fc143027dd..e14d129561 100644
--- a/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go
+++ b/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package eip4844
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"math"
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
@@ -29,6 +30,66 @@ var (
 	minBlobGasPrice = big.NewInt(params.BlobTxMinBlobGasprice)
 )
 
+// BlobConfig contains the parameters for blob-related formulas.
+// These can be adjusted in a fork.
+type BlobConfig struct {
+	Target         int
+	Max            int
+	UpdateFraction uint64
+}
+
+func (bc *BlobConfig) maxBlobGas() uint64 {
+	return uint64(bc.Max) * params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob
+}
+
+// blobBaseFee computes the blob fee.
+func (bc *BlobConfig) blobBaseFee(excessBlobGas uint64) *big.Int {
+	return fakeExponential(minBlobGasPrice, new(big.Int).SetUint64(excessBlobGas), new(big.Int).SetUint64(bc.UpdateFraction))
+}
+
+// blobPrice returns the price of one blob in Wei.
+func (bc *BlobConfig) blobPrice(excessBlobGas uint64) *big.Int {
+	f := bc.blobBaseFee(excessBlobGas)
+	return new(big.Int).Mul(f, big.NewInt(params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob))
+}
+
+func latestBlobConfig(cfg *params.ChainConfig, time uint64) *BlobConfig {
+	if cfg.BlobScheduleConfig == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var (
+		london = cfg.LondonBlock
+		s      = cfg.BlobScheduleConfig
+		bc     *params.BlobConfig
+	)
+	switch {
+	case cfg.IsBPO5(london, time) && s.BPO5 != nil:
+		bc = s.BPO5
+	case cfg.IsBPO4(london, time) && s.BPO4 != nil:
+		bc = s.BPO4
+	case cfg.IsBPO3(london, time) && s.BPO3 != nil:
+		bc = s.BPO3
+	case cfg.IsBPO2(london, time) && s.BPO2 != nil:
+		bc = s.BPO2
+	case cfg.IsBPO1(london, time) && s.BPO1 != nil:
+		bc = s.BPO1
+	case cfg.IsOsaka(london, time) && s.Osaka != nil:
+		bc = s.Osaka
+	case cfg.IsPrague(london, time) && s.Prague != nil:
+		bc = s.Prague
+	case cfg.IsCancun(london, time) && s.Cancun != nil:
+		bc = s.Cancun
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return &BlobConfig{
+		Target:         bc.Target,
+		Max:            bc.Max,
+		UpdateFraction: bc.UpdateFraction,
+	}
+}
+
 // VerifyEIP4844Header verifies the presence of the excessBlobGas field and that
 // if the current block contains no transactions, the excessBlobGas is updated
 // accordingly.
@@ -36,21 +97,27 @@ func VerifyEIP4844Header(config *params.ChainConfig, parent, header *types.Heade
 	if header.Number.Uint64() != parent.Number.Uint64()+1 {
 		panic("bad header pair")
 	}
-	// Verify the header is not malformed
+
+	bcfg := latestBlobConfig(config, header.Time)
+	if bcfg == nil {
+		panic("called before EIP-4844 is active")
+	}
+
 	if header.ExcessBlobGas == nil {
 		return errors.New("header is missing excessBlobGas")
 	}
 	if header.BlobGasUsed == nil {
 		return errors.New("header is missing blobGasUsed")
 	}
+
 	// Verify that the blob gas used remains within reasonable limits.
-	maxBlobGas := MaxBlobGasPerBlock(config, header.Time)
-	if *header.BlobGasUsed > maxBlobGas {
-		return fmt.Errorf("blob gas used %d exceeds maximum allowance %d", *header.BlobGasUsed, maxBlobGas)
+	if *header.BlobGasUsed > bcfg.maxBlobGas() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("blob gas used %d exceeds maximum allowance %d", *header.BlobGasUsed, bcfg.maxBlobGas())
 	}
 	if *header.BlobGasUsed%params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob != 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("blob gas used %d not a multiple of blob gas per blob %d", header.BlobGasUsed, params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob)
 	}
+
 	// Verify the excessBlobGas is correct based on the parent header
 	expectedExcessBlobGas := CalcExcessBlobGas(config, parent, header.Time)
 	if *header.ExcessBlobGas != expectedExcessBlobGas {
@@ -62,38 +129,41 @@ func VerifyEIP4844Header(config *params.ChainConfig, parent, header *types.Heade
 // CalcExcessBlobGas calculates the excess blob gas after applying the set of
 // blobs on top of the excess blob gas.
 func CalcExcessBlobGas(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Header, headTimestamp uint64) uint64 {
-	var (
-		parentExcessBlobGas uint64
-		parentBlobGasUsed   uint64
-	)
+	isOsaka := config.IsOsaka(config.LondonBlock, headTimestamp)
+	bcfg := latestBlobConfig(config, headTimestamp)
+	return calcExcessBlobGas(isOsaka, bcfg, parent)
+}
+
+func calcExcessBlobGas(isOsaka bool, bcfg *BlobConfig, parent *types.Header) uint64 {
+	var parentExcessBlobGas, parentBlobGasUsed uint64
 	if parent.ExcessBlobGas != nil {
 		parentExcessBlobGas = *parent.ExcessBlobGas
 		parentBlobGasUsed = *parent.BlobGasUsed
 	}
+
 	var (
 		excessBlobGas = parentExcessBlobGas + parentBlobGasUsed
-		target        = targetBlobsPerBlock(config, headTimestamp)
-		targetGas     = uint64(target) * params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob
+		targetGas     = uint64(bcfg.Target) * params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob
 	)
 	if excessBlobGas < targetGas {
 		return 0
 	}
-	if !config.IsOsaka(config.LondonBlock, headTimestamp) {
-		// Pre-Osaka, we use the formula defined by EIP-4844.
-		return excessBlobGas - targetGas
+
+	// EIP-7918 (post-Osaka) introduces a different formula for computing excess,
+	// in cases where the price is lower than a 'reserve price'.
+	if isOsaka {
+		var (
+			baseCost     = big.NewInt(params.BlobBaseCost)
+			reservePrice = baseCost.Mul(baseCost, parent.BaseFee)
+			blobPrice    = bcfg.blobPrice(parentExcessBlobGas)
+		)
+		if reservePrice.Cmp(blobPrice) > 0 {
+			scaledExcess := parentBlobGasUsed * uint64(bcfg.Max-bcfg.Target) / uint64(bcfg.Max)
+			return parentExcessBlobGas + scaledExcess
+		}
 	}
 
-	// EIP-7918 (post-Osaka) introduces a different formula for computing excess.
-	var (
-		baseCost     = big.NewInt(params.BlobBaseCost)
-		reservePrice = baseCost.Mul(baseCost, parent.BaseFee)
-		blobPrice    = calcBlobPrice(config, parent)
-	)
-	if reservePrice.Cmp(blobPrice) > 0 {
-		max := MaxBlobsPerBlock(config, headTimestamp)
-		scaledExcess := parentBlobGasUsed * uint64(max-target) / uint64(max)
-		return parentExcessBlobGas + scaledExcess
-	}
+	// Original EIP-4844 formula.
 	return excessBlobGas - targetGas
 }
 
@@ -103,7 +173,7 @@ func CalcBlobFee(config *params.ChainConfig, header *types.Header) *big.Int {
 	if blobConfig == nil {
 		panic("calculating blob fee on unsupported fork")
 	}
-	return fakeExponential(minBlobGasPrice, new(big.Int).SetUint64(*header.ExcessBlobGas), new(big.Int).SetUint64(blobConfig.UpdateFraction))
+	return blobConfig.blobBaseFee(*header.ExcessBlobGas)
 }
 
 // MaxBlobsPerBlock returns the max blobs per block for a block at the given timestamp.
@@ -115,36 +185,6 @@ func MaxBlobsPerBlock(cfg *params.ChainConfig, time uint64) int {
 	return blobConfig.Max
 }
 
-func latestBlobConfig(cfg *params.ChainConfig, time uint64) *params.BlobConfig {
-	if cfg.BlobScheduleConfig == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	var (
-		london = cfg.LondonBlock
-		s      = cfg.BlobScheduleConfig
-	)
-	switch {
-	case cfg.IsBPO5(london, time) && s.BPO5 != nil:
-		return s.BPO5
-	case cfg.IsBPO4(london, time) && s.BPO4 != nil:
-		return s.BPO4
-	case cfg.IsBPO3(london, time) && s.BPO3 != nil:
-		return s.BPO3
-	case cfg.IsBPO2(london, time) && s.BPO2 != nil:
-		return s.BPO2
-	case cfg.IsBPO1(london, time) && s.BPO1 != nil:
-		return s.BPO1
-	case cfg.IsOsaka(london, time) && s.Osaka != nil:
-		return s.Osaka
-	case cfg.IsPrague(london, time) && s.Prague != nil:
-		return s.Prague
-	case cfg.IsCancun(london, time) && s.Cancun != nil:
-		return s.Cancun
-	default:
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
 // MaxBlobGasPerBlock returns the maximum blob gas that can be spent in a block at the given timestamp.
 func MaxBlobGasPerBlock(cfg *params.ChainConfig, time uint64) uint64 {
 	return uint64(MaxBlobsPerBlock(cfg, time)) * params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob
@@ -153,39 +193,11 @@ func MaxBlobGasPerBlock(cfg *params.ChainConfig, time uint64) uint64 {
 // LatestMaxBlobsPerBlock returns the latest max blobs per block defined by the
 // configuration, regardless of the currently active fork.
 func LatestMaxBlobsPerBlock(cfg *params.ChainConfig) int {
-	s := cfg.BlobScheduleConfig
-	if s == nil {
+	bcfg := latestBlobConfig(cfg, math.MaxUint64)
+	if bcfg == nil {
 		return 0
 	}
-	switch {
-	case s.BPO5 != nil:
-		return s.BPO5.Max
-	case s.BPO4 != nil:
-		return s.BPO4.Max
-	case s.BPO3 != nil:
-		return s.BPO3.Max
-	case s.BPO2 != nil:
-		return s.BPO2.Max
-	case s.BPO1 != nil:
-		return s.BPO1.Max
-	case s.Osaka != nil:
-		return s.Osaka.Max
-	case s.Prague != nil:
-		return s.Prague.Max
-	case s.Cancun != nil:
-		return s.Cancun.Max
-	default:
-		return 0
-	}
-}
-
-// targetBlobsPerBlock returns the target number of blobs in a block at the given timestamp.
-func targetBlobsPerBlock(cfg *params.ChainConfig, time uint64) int {
-	blobConfig := latestBlobConfig(cfg, time)
-	if blobConfig == nil {
-		return 0
-	}
-	return blobConfig.Target
+	return bcfg.Max
 }
 
 // fakeExponential approximates factor * e ** (numerator / denominator) using
@@ -204,9 +216,3 @@ func fakeExponential(factor, numerator, denominator *big.Int) *big.Int {
 	}
 	return output.Div(output, denominator)
 }
-
-// calcBlobPrice calculates the blob price for a block.
-func calcBlobPrice(config *params.ChainConfig, header *types.Header) *big.Int {
-	blobBaseFee := CalcBlobFee(config, header)
-	return new(big.Int).Mul(blobBaseFee, big.NewInt(params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob))
-}
diff --git a/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844_test.go b/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844_test.go
index 555324db65..35934370af 100644
--- a/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844_test.go
+++ b/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844_test.go
@@ -28,9 +28,10 @@ import (
 func TestCalcExcessBlobGas(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		config        = params.MainnetChainConfig
-		targetBlobs   = targetBlobsPerBlock(config, *config.CancunTime)
+		targetBlobs   = config.BlobScheduleConfig.Cancun.Target
 		targetBlobGas = uint64(targetBlobs) * params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob
 	)
+
 	var tests = []struct {
 		excess uint64
 		blobs  int
@@ -90,6 +91,65 @@ func TestCalcBlobFee(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestCalcBlobFeePostOsaka(t *testing.T) {
+	zero := uint64(0)
+	bpo1 := uint64(1754836608)
+	bpo2 := uint64(1754934912)
+	bpo3 := uint64(1755033216)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		excessBlobGas uint64
+		blobGasUsed   uint64
+		blobfee       uint64
+		basefee       uint64
+		parenttime    uint64
+		headertime    uint64
+	}{
+		{5149252, 1310720, 5617366, 30, 1754904516, 1754904528},
+		{19251039, 2490368, 20107103, 50, 1755033204, 1755033216},
+	}
+	for i, tt := range tests {
+		config := &params.ChainConfig{
+			LondonBlock: big.NewInt(0),
+			CancunTime:  &zero,
+			PragueTime:  &zero,
+			OsakaTime:   &zero,
+			BPO1Time:    &bpo1,
+			BPO2Time:    &bpo2,
+			BPO3Time:    &bpo3,
+			BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
+				Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
+				Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+				Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
+				BPO1: &params.BlobConfig{
+					Target:         9,
+					Max:            14,
+					UpdateFraction: 8832827,
+				},
+				BPO2: &params.BlobConfig{
+					Target:         14,
+					Max:            21,
+					UpdateFraction: 13739630,
+				},
+				BPO3: &params.BlobConfig{
+					Target:         21,
+					Max:            32,
+					UpdateFraction: 20609697,
+				},
+			}}
+		parent := &types.Header{
+			ExcessBlobGas: &tt.excessBlobGas,
+			BlobGasUsed:   &tt.blobGasUsed,
+			BaseFee:       big.NewInt(int64(tt.basefee)),
+			Time:          tt.parenttime,
+		}
+		have := CalcExcessBlobGas(config, parent, tt.headertime)
+		if have != tt.blobfee {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: blobfee mismatch: have %v want %v", i, have, tt.blobfee)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestFakeExponential(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		factor      int64
@@ -131,9 +191,10 @@ func TestFakeExponential(t *testing.T) {
 func TestCalcExcessBlobGasEIP7918(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		cfg           = params.MergedTestChainConfig
-		targetBlobs   = targetBlobsPerBlock(cfg, *cfg.CancunTime)
+		targetBlobs   = cfg.BlobScheduleConfig.Osaka.Target
 		blobGasTarget = uint64(targetBlobs) * params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob
 	)
+
 	makeHeader := func(parentExcess, parentBaseFee uint64, blobsUsed int) *types.Header {
 		blobGasUsed := uint64(blobsUsed) * params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob
 		return &types.Header{

From 1693a48f8cf227f77c66457261a5a53938221ce7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2025 14:08:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 027/470] rlp: remove workaround for Value.Bytes (#32433)

As of Go 1.19, it is permitted to call Bytes() on a reflect.Value
representing an adressable byte array. So we can remove our workaround,
undoing #22924.

https://go.dev/doc/go1.19#reflectpkgreflect

> The method [Value.Bytes](https://go.dev/pkg/reflect/#Value.Bytes) now
accepts addressable arrays in addition to slices.
---
 rlp/decode.go |  2 +-
 rlp/encode.go |  3 +--
 rlp/safe.go   | 27 ---------------------------
 rlp/unsafe.go | 30 ------------------------------
 4 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 rlp/safe.go
 delete mode 100644 rlp/unsafe.go

diff --git a/rlp/decode.go b/rlp/decode.go
index 5a06f35ec0..19074072fb 100644
--- a/rlp/decode.go
+++ b/rlp/decode.go
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ func decodeByteArray(s *Stream, val reflect.Value) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	slice := byteArrayBytes(val, val.Len())
+	slice := val.Bytes()
 	switch kind {
 	case Byte:
 		if len(slice) == 0 {
diff --git a/rlp/encode.go b/rlp/encode.go
index de2b02f629..ed99275739 100644
--- a/rlp/encode.go
+++ b/rlp/encode.go
@@ -240,7 +240,6 @@ func makeByteArrayWriter(typ reflect.Type) writer {
 	case 1:
 		return writeLengthOneByteArray
 	default:
-		length := typ.Len()
 		return func(val reflect.Value, w *encBuffer) error {
 			if !val.CanAddr() {
 				// Getting the byte slice of val requires it to be addressable. Make it
@@ -249,7 +248,7 @@ func makeByteArrayWriter(typ reflect.Type) writer {
 				copy.Set(val)
 				val = copy
 			}
-			slice := byteArrayBytes(val, length)
+			slice := val.Bytes()
 			w.encodeStringHeader(len(slice))
 			w.str = append(w.str, slice...)
 			return nil
diff --git a/rlp/safe.go b/rlp/safe.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c910337b6..0000000000
--- a/rlp/safe.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2021 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-//go:build nacl || js || !cgo
-// +build nacl js !cgo
-
-package rlp
-
-import "reflect"
-
-// byteArrayBytes returns a slice of the byte array v.
-func byteArrayBytes(v reflect.Value, length int) []byte {
-	return v.Slice(0, length).Bytes()
-}
diff --git a/rlp/unsafe.go b/rlp/unsafe.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 10868caaf2..0000000000
--- a/rlp/unsafe.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2021 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-//go:build !nacl && !js && cgo
-// +build !nacl,!js,cgo
-
-package rlp
-
-import (
-	"reflect"
-	"unsafe"
-)
-
-// byteArrayBytes returns a slice of the byte array v.
-func byteArrayBytes(v reflect.Value, length int) []byte {
-	return unsafe.Slice((*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(v.UnsafeAddr())), length)
-}

From a9a19c4202161347559d30f295fc268e18a4a089 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jwasinger <j-wasinger@hotmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2025 22:58:00 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 028/470] core/vm: fix EIP-7823 modexp input length check
 (#32363)

The order of the checks was wrong which would have allowed a call to
modexp with `baseLen == 0 && modLen == 0` post fusaka.

Also handles an edge case where base/mod/exp length >= 2**64

---------

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 core/vm/contracts.go | 19 ++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/vm/contracts.go b/core/vm/contracts.go
index d286150277..e9b80280bf 100644
--- a/core/vm/contracts.go
+++ b/core/vm/contracts.go
@@ -501,23 +501,28 @@ func (c *bigModExp) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
 
 func (c *bigModExp) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	var (
-		baseLen = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 0, 32)).Uint64()
-		expLen  = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 32, 32)).Uint64()
-		modLen  = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 64, 32)).Uint64()
+		baseLenBig       = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 0, 32))
+		expLenBig        = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 32, 32))
+		modLenBig        = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 64, 32))
+		baseLen          = baseLenBig.Uint64()
+		expLen           = expLenBig.Uint64()
+		modLen           = modLenBig.Uint64()
+		inputLenOverflow = max(baseLenBig.BitLen(), expLenBig.BitLen(), modLenBig.BitLen()) > 64
 	)
 	if len(input) > 96 {
 		input = input[96:]
 	} else {
 		input = input[:0]
 	}
+
+	// enforce size cap for inputs
+	if c.eip7823 && (inputLenOverflow || max(baseLen, expLen, modLen) > 1024) {
+		return nil, errors.New("one or more of base/exponent/modulus length exceeded 1024 bytes")
+	}
 	// Handle a special case when both the base and mod length is zero
 	if baseLen == 0 && modLen == 0 {
 		return []byte{}, nil
 	}
-	// enforce size cap for inputs
-	if c.eip7823 && max(baseLen, expLen, modLen) > 1024 {
-		return nil, errors.New("one or more of base/exponent/modulus length exceeded 1024 bytes")
-	}
 	// Retrieve the operands and execute the exponentiation
 	var (
 		base = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 0, baseLen))

From 85077be58edea572f29c3b1a6a055077f1a56a8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kevaundray <kevtheappdev@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2025 07:15:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 029/470] metrics: add tinygo build flag for CPU time (#32454)

---
 metrics/cputime_nop.go  | 4 ++--
 metrics/cputime_unix.go | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/metrics/cputime_nop.go b/metrics/cputime_nop.go
index 465d88c4d2..a6285ec10a 100644
--- a/metrics/cputime_nop.go
+++ b/metrics/cputime_nop.go
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-//go:build windows || js
-// +build windows js
+//go:build windows || js || tinygo
+// +build windows js tinygo
 
 package metrics
 
diff --git a/metrics/cputime_unix.go b/metrics/cputime_unix.go
index a44bf80876..5db38b16a2 100644
--- a/metrics/cputime_unix.go
+++ b/metrics/cputime_unix.go
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-//go:build !windows && !js && !wasip1
-// +build !windows,!js,!wasip1
+//go:build !windows && !js && !wasip1 && !tinygo
+// +build !windows,!js,!wasip1,!tinygo
 
 package metrics
 

From 5b2fc67eeef09b76a93dab3d93b15b725aaf1259 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kevaundray <kevtheappdev@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2025 13:42:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 030/470] core/rawdb: add non-unix alternative for tablewriter
 (#32455)

Continuation of https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/32022

tablewriter assumes unix or windows, which may not be the case for
embedded targets.

For v0.0.5 of tablewriter, it is noted in table.go: "The protocols were
written in pure Go and works on windows and unix systems"

---------

Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 core/rawdb/database.go                        |   3 +-
 core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_tinygo.go     | 208 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../rawdb/database_tablewriter_tinygo_test.go | 124 +++++++++++
 core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_unix.go       |  33 +++
 4 files changed, 366 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_tinygo.go
 create mode 100644 core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_tinygo_test.go
 create mode 100644 core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_unix.go

diff --git a/core/rawdb/database.go b/core/rawdb/database.go
index 25cd20d164..6a1b717066 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/database.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/database.go
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb/memorydb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
-	"github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter"
 )
 
 var ErrDeleteRangeInterrupted = errors.New("safe delete range operation interrupted")
@@ -582,7 +581,7 @@ func InspectDatabase(db ethdb.Database, keyPrefix, keyStart []byte) error {
 		}
 		total += ancient.size()
 	}
-	table := tablewriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout)
+	table := newTableWriter(os.Stdout)
 	table.SetHeader([]string{"Database", "Category", "Size", "Items"})
 	table.SetFooter([]string{"", "Total", total.String(), " "})
 	table.AppendBulk(stats)
diff --git a/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_tinygo.go b/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_tinygo.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f8e456fd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_tinygo.go
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// TODO: naive stub implementation for tablewriter
+
+//go:build tinygo
+// +build tinygo
+
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+const (
+	cellPadding  = 1               // Number of spaces on each side of cell content
+	totalPadding = 2 * cellPadding // Total padding per cell. Its two because we pad equally on both sides
+)
+
+type Table struct {
+	out     io.Writer
+	headers []string
+	footer  []string
+	rows    [][]string
+}
+
+func newTableWriter(w io.Writer) *Table {
+	return &Table{out: w}
+}
+
+// SetHeader sets the header row for the table. Headers define the column names
+// and determine the number of columns for the entire table.
+//
+// All data rows and footer must have the same number of columns as the headers.
+//
+// Note: Headers are required - tables without headers will fail validation.
+func (t *Table) SetHeader(headers []string) {
+	t.headers = headers
+}
+
+// SetFooter sets an optional footer row for the table.
+//
+// The footer must have the same number of columns as the headers, or validation will fail.
+func (t *Table) SetFooter(footer []string) {
+	t.footer = footer
+}
+
+// AppendBulk sets all data rows for the table at once, replacing any existing rows.
+//
+// Each row must have the same number of columns as the headers, or validation
+// will fail during Render().
+func (t *Table) AppendBulk(rows [][]string) {
+	t.rows = rows
+}
+
+// Render outputs the complete table to the configured writer. The table is rendered
+// with headers, data rows, and optional footer.
+//
+// If validation fails, an error message is written to the output and rendering stops.
+func (t *Table) Render() {
+	if err := t.render(); err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "Error: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+func (t *Table) render() error {
+	if err := t.validateColumnCount(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	widths := t.calculateColumnWidths()
+	rowSeparator := t.buildRowSeparator(widths)
+
+	if len(t.headers) > 0 {
+		t.printRow(t.headers, widths)
+		fmt.Fprintln(t.out, rowSeparator)
+	}
+
+	for _, row := range t.rows {
+		t.printRow(row, widths)
+	}
+
+	if len(t.footer) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintln(t.out, rowSeparator)
+		t.printRow(t.footer, widths)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// validateColumnCount checks that all rows and footer match the header column count
+func (t *Table) validateColumnCount() error {
+	if len(t.headers) == 0 {
+		return errors.New("table must have headers")
+	}
+
+	expectedCols := len(t.headers)
+
+	// Check all rows have same column count as headers
+	for i, row := range t.rows {
+		if len(row) != expectedCols {
+			return fmt.Errorf("row %d has %d columns, expected %d", i, len(row), expectedCols)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Check footer has same column count as headers (if present)
+	footerPresent := len(t.footer) > 0
+	if footerPresent && len(t.footer) != expectedCols {
+		return fmt.Errorf("footer has %d columns, expected %d", len(t.footer), expectedCols)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// calculateColumnWidths determines the minimum width needed for each column.
+//
+// This is done by finding the longest content in each column across headers, rows, and footer.
+//
+// Returns an int slice where widths[i] is the display width for column i (including padding).
+func (t *Table) calculateColumnWidths() []int {
+	// Headers define the number of columns
+	cols := len(t.headers)
+	if cols == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Track maximum content width for each column (before padding)
+	widths := make([]int, cols)
+
+	// Start with header widths
+	for i, h := range t.headers {
+		widths[i] = len(h)
+	}
+
+	// Find max width needed for data cells in each column
+	for _, row := range t.rows {
+		for i, cell := range row {
+			widths[i] = max(widths[i], len(cell))
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Find max width needed for footer in each column
+	for i, f := range t.footer {
+		widths[i] = max(widths[i], len(f))
+	}
+
+	for i := range widths {
+		widths[i] += totalPadding
+	}
+
+	return widths
+}
+
+// buildRowSeparator creates a horizontal line to separate table rows.
+//
+// It generates a string with dashes (-) for each column width, joined by plus signs (+).
+//
+// Example output: "----------+--------+-----------"
+func (t *Table) buildRowSeparator(widths []int) string {
+	parts := make([]string, len(widths))
+	for i, w := range widths {
+		parts[i] = strings.Repeat("-", w)
+	}
+	return strings.Join(parts, "+")
+}
+
+// printRow outputs a single row to the table writer.
+//
+// Each cell is padded with spaces and separated by pipe characters (|).
+//
+// Example output: " Database |  Size  |  Items  "
+func (t *Table) printRow(row []string, widths []int) {
+	for i, cell := range row {
+		if i > 0 {
+			fmt.Fprint(t.out, "|")
+		}
+
+		// Calculate centering pad without padding
+		contentWidth := widths[i] - totalPadding
+		cellLen := len(cell)
+		leftPadCentering := (contentWidth - cellLen) / 2
+		rightPadCentering := contentWidth - cellLen - leftPadCentering
+
+		// Build padded cell with centering
+		leftPadding := strings.Repeat(" ", cellPadding+leftPadCentering)
+		rightPadding := strings.Repeat(" ", cellPadding+rightPadCentering)
+
+		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "%s%s%s", leftPadding, cell, rightPadding)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintln(t.out)
+}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_tinygo_test.go b/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_tinygo_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3bcf93832b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_tinygo_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build tinygo
+// +build tinygo
+
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestTableWriterTinyGo(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	table := newTableWriter(&buf)
+
+	headers := []string{"Database", "Size", "Items", "Status"}
+	rows := [][]string{
+		{"chaindata", "2.5 GB", "1,234,567", "Active"},
+		{"state", "890 MB", "456,789", "Active"},
+		{"ancient", "15.2 GB", "2,345,678", "Readonly"},
+		{"logs", "120 MB", "89,012", "Active"},
+	}
+	footer := []string{"Total", "18.71 GB", "4,125,046", "-"}
+
+	table.SetHeader(headers)
+	table.AppendBulk(rows)
+	table.SetFooter(footer)
+	table.Render()
+
+	output := buf.String()
+	t.Logf("Table output using custom stub implementation:\n%s", output)
+}
+
+func TestTableWriterValidationErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test missing headers
+	t.Run("MissingHeaders", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		table := newTableWriter(&buf)
+
+		rows := [][]string{{"x", "y", "z"}}
+
+		table.AppendBulk(rows)
+		table.Render()
+
+		output := buf.String()
+		if !strings.Contains(output, "table must have headers") {
+			t.Errorf("Expected error for missing headers, got: %s", output)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NotEnoughRowColumns", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		table := newTableWriter(&buf)
+
+		headers := []string{"A", "B", "C"}
+		badRows := [][]string{
+			{"x", "y"}, // Missing column
+		}
+
+		table.SetHeader(headers)
+		table.AppendBulk(badRows)
+		table.Render()
+
+		output := buf.String()
+		if !strings.Contains(output, "row 0 has 2 columns, expected 3") {
+			t.Errorf("Expected validation error for row 0, got: %s", output)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("TooManyRowColumns", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		table := newTableWriter(&buf)
+
+		headers := []string{"A", "B", "C"}
+		badRows := [][]string{
+			{"p", "q", "r", "s"}, // Extra column
+		}
+
+		table.SetHeader(headers)
+		table.AppendBulk(badRows)
+		table.Render()
+
+		output := buf.String()
+		if !strings.Contains(output, "row 0 has 4 columns, expected 3") {
+			t.Errorf("Expected validation error for row 0, got: %s", output)
+		}
+	})
+
+	// Test mismatched footer columns
+	t.Run("MismatchedFooterColumns", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		table := newTableWriter(&buf)
+
+		headers := []string{"A", "B", "C"}
+		rows := [][]string{{"x", "y", "z"}}
+		footer := []string{"total", "sum"} // Missing column
+
+		table.SetHeader(headers)
+		table.AppendBulk(rows)
+		table.SetFooter(footer)
+		table.Render()
+
+		output := buf.String()
+		if !strings.Contains(output, "footer has 2 columns, expected 3") {
+			t.Errorf("Expected validation error for footer, got: %s", output)
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_unix.go b/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_unix.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8bec5396e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_unix.go
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build !tinygo
+// +build !tinygo
+
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"io"
+
+	"github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter"
+)
+
+// Re-export the real tablewriter types and functions
+type Table = tablewriter.Table
+
+func newTableWriter(w io.Writer) *Table {
+	return tablewriter.NewWriter(w)
+}

From 7cc01375ef288f1a8177a425c11e1d9eda0e1676 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: phrwlk <phrwlk7@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2025 04:47:48 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 031/470] eth/syncer: stop ticker to prevent resource leak
 (#32443)

---
 eth/syncer/syncer.go | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/eth/syncer/syncer.go b/eth/syncer/syncer.go
index 6e3918ce88..6b33ec54ba 100644
--- a/eth/syncer/syncer.go
+++ b/eth/syncer/syncer.go
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ func (s *Syncer) run() {
 		target *types.Header
 		ticker = time.NewTicker(time.Second * 5)
 	)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
 	for {
 		select {
 		case req := <-s.request:

From 42bf4844d86d7a672b08dd75246a850c10dea5b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2025 14:19:01 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 032/470] core/rawdb: enhance database key construction
 (#32431)

---
 core/rawdb/schema.go | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/schema.go b/core/rawdb/schema.go
index 72f9bd34ec..3588063468 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/schema.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/schema.go
@@ -384,21 +384,48 @@ func accountHistoryIndexKey(addressHash common.Hash) []byte {
 
 // storageHistoryIndexKey = StateHistoryStorageMetadataPrefix + addressHash + storageHash
 func storageHistoryIndexKey(addressHash common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash) []byte {
-	return append(append(StateHistoryStorageMetadataPrefix, addressHash.Bytes()...), storageHash.Bytes()...)
+	totalLen := len(StateHistoryStorageMetadataPrefix) + 2*common.HashLength
+	out := make([]byte, totalLen)
+
+	off := 0
+	off += copy(out[off:], StateHistoryStorageMetadataPrefix)
+	off += copy(out[off:], addressHash.Bytes())
+	copy(out[off:], storageHash.Bytes())
+
+	return out
 }
 
 // accountHistoryIndexBlockKey = StateHistoryAccountBlockPrefix + addressHash + blockID
 func accountHistoryIndexBlockKey(addressHash common.Hash, blockID uint32) []byte {
-	var buf [4]byte
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(buf[:], blockID)
-	return append(append(StateHistoryAccountBlockPrefix, addressHash.Bytes()...), buf[:]...)
+	var buf4 [4]byte
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(buf4[:], blockID)
+
+	totalLen := len(StateHistoryAccountBlockPrefix) + common.HashLength + 4
+	out := make([]byte, totalLen)
+
+	off := 0
+	off += copy(out[off:], StateHistoryAccountBlockPrefix)
+	off += copy(out[off:], addressHash.Bytes())
+	copy(out[off:], buf4[:])
+
+	return out
 }
 
 // storageHistoryIndexBlockKey = StateHistoryStorageBlockPrefix + addressHash + storageHash + blockID
 func storageHistoryIndexBlockKey(addressHash common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash, blockID uint32) []byte {
-	var buf [4]byte
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(buf[:], blockID)
-	return append(append(append(StateHistoryStorageBlockPrefix, addressHash.Bytes()...), storageHash.Bytes()...), buf[:]...)
+	var buf4 [4]byte
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(buf4[:], blockID)
+
+	totalLen := len(StateHistoryStorageBlockPrefix) + 2*common.HashLength + 4
+	out := make([]byte, totalLen)
+
+	off := 0
+	off += copy(out[off:], StateHistoryStorageBlockPrefix)
+	off += copy(out[off:], addressHash.Bytes())
+	off += copy(out[off:], storageHash.Bytes())
+	copy(out[off:], buf4[:])
+
+	return out
 }
 
 // transitionStateKey = transitionStatusKey + hash

From d93f8203580cac238fdbc5ee7ad47d299b43e53c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yiming Zang <50607998+yzang2019@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2025 23:32:59 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 033/470] rpc: add SetWebsocketReadLimit in Server (#32279)

Exposing the public method to setReadLimits for Websocket RPC to
prevent OOM.

Current, Geth Server is using a default 32MB max read limit (message
size) for websocket, which is prune to being attacked for OOM. Any one
can easily launch a client to send a bunch of concurrent large request
to cause the node to crash for OOM. One example of such script that can
easily crash a Geth node running websocket server is like this:

https://gist.githubusercontent.com/DeltaXV/b64d221e342e9c1ec6c99c1ab8201544/raw/ec830979ac9a707d98f40dfcc0ce918fc8fb9057/poc.go

---------

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 rpc/server.go      |  9 +++++
 rpc/server_test.go | 88 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 rpc/websocket.go   |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 98 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/rpc/server.go b/rpc/server.go
index 42b59f8f6f..599e31fb41 100644
--- a/rpc/server.go
+++ b/rpc/server.go
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ type Server struct {
 	batchItemLimit     int
 	batchResponseLimit int
 	httpBodyLimit      int
+	wsReadLimit        int64
 }
 
 // NewServer creates a new server instance with no registered handlers.
@@ -62,6 +63,7 @@ func NewServer() *Server {
 		idgen:         randomIDGenerator(),
 		codecs:        make(map[ServerCodec]struct{}),
 		httpBodyLimit: defaultBodyLimit,
+		wsReadLimit:   wsDefaultReadLimit,
 	}
 	server.run.Store(true)
 	// Register the default service providing meta information about the RPC service such
@@ -89,6 +91,13 @@ func (s *Server) SetHTTPBodyLimit(limit int) {
 	s.httpBodyLimit = limit
 }
 
+// SetWebsocketReadLimit sets the limit for max message size for Websocket requests.
+//
+// This method should be called before processing any requests via Websocket server.
+func (s *Server) SetWebsocketReadLimit(limit int64) {
+	s.wsReadLimit = limit
+}
+
 // RegisterName creates a service for the given receiver type under the given name. When no
 // methods on the given receiver match the criteria to be either an RPC method or a
 // subscription an error is returned. Otherwise a new service is created and added to the
diff --git a/rpc/server_test.go b/rpc/server_test.go
index 9ee545d81a..a38a64b080 100644
--- a/rpc/server_test.go
+++ b/rpc/server_test.go
@@ -19,13 +19,18 @@ package rpc
 import (
 	"bufio"
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"net"
+	"net/http/httptest"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gorilla/websocket"
 )
 
 func TestServerRegisterName(t *testing.T) {
@@ -202,3 +207,86 @@ func TestServerBatchResponseSizeLimit(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestServerWebsocketReadLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// Test different read limits
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name       string
+		readLimit  int64
+		testSize   int
+		shouldFail bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "limit with small request - should succeed",
+			readLimit:  4096, // generous limit to comfortably allow JSON overhead
+			testSize:   256,  // reasonably small payload
+			shouldFail: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "limit with large request - should fail",
+			readLimit:  256,  // tight limit to trigger server-side read limit
+			testSize:   1024, // payload that will exceed the limit including JSON overhead
+			shouldFail: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Create server and set read limits
+			srv := newTestServer()
+			srv.SetWebsocketReadLimit(tc.readLimit)
+			defer srv.Stop()
+
+			// Start HTTP server with WebSocket handler
+			httpsrv := httptest.NewServer(srv.WebsocketHandler([]string{"*"}))
+			defer httpsrv.Close()
+
+			wsURL := "ws:" + strings.TrimPrefix(httpsrv.URL, "http:")
+
+			// Connect WebSocket client
+			client, err := DialOptions(context.Background(), wsURL)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("can't dial: %v", err)
+			}
+			defer client.Close()
+
+			// Create large request data - this is what will be limited
+			largeString := strings.Repeat("A", tc.testSize)
+
+			// Send the large string as a parameter in the request
+			var result echoResult
+			err = client.Call(&result, "test_echo", largeString, 42, &echoArgs{S: "test"})
+
+			if tc.shouldFail {
+				// Expecting an error due to read limit exceeded
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Fatalf("expected error for request size %d with limit %d, but got none", tc.testSize, tc.readLimit)
+				}
+				// Be tolerant about the exact error surfaced by gorilla/websocket.
+				// Prefer a CloseError with code 1009, but accept ErrReadLimit or an error string containing 1009/message too big.
+				var cerr *websocket.CloseError
+				if errors.As(err, &cerr) {
+					if cerr.Code != websocket.CloseMessageTooBig {
+						t.Fatalf("unexpected websocket close code: have %d want %d (err=%v)", cerr.Code, websocket.CloseMessageTooBig, err)
+					}
+				} else if !errors.Is(err, websocket.ErrReadLimit) &&
+					!strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(err.Error()), "1009") &&
+					!strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(err.Error()), "message too big") {
+					// Not the error we expect from exceeding the message size limit.
+					t.Fatalf("unexpected error for read limit violation: %v", err)
+				}
+			} else {
+				// Expecting success
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("unexpected error for request size %d with limit %d: %v", tc.testSize, tc.readLimit, err)
+				}
+				// Verify the response is correct - the echo should return our string
+				if result.String != largeString {
+					t.Fatalf("expected echo result to match input")
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/rpc/websocket.go b/rpc/websocket.go
index 9f67caf859..543ff617ba 100644
--- a/rpc/websocket.go
+++ b/rpc/websocket.go
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ func (s *Server) WebsocketHandler(allowedOrigins []string) http.Handler {
 			log.Debug("WebSocket upgrade failed", "err", err)
 			return
 		}
-		codec := newWebsocketCodec(conn, r.Host, r.Header, wsDefaultReadLimit)
+		codec := newWebsocketCodec(conn, r.Host, r.Header, s.wsReadLimit)
 		s.ServeCodec(codec, 0)
 	})
 }

From d99143d7f5d617aaebc8b04cb5f3c0df28a0f94a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2025 13:21:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 034/470] CODEOWNERS: add gballet as the owner of trie package
 (#32466)

---
 .github/CODEOWNERS | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/CODEOWNERS b/.github/CODEOWNERS
index 900ff52e52..4bc13aff92 100644
--- a/.github/CODEOWNERS
+++ b/.github/CODEOWNERS
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ eth/tracers/                    @s1na
 ethclient/                      @fjl
 ethdb/                          @rjl493456442
 event/                          @fjl
-trie/                           @rjl493456442
+trie/                           @rjl493456442 @gballet
 triedb/                         @rjl493456442
 core/tracing/                   @s1na
 graphql/                        @s1na

From dffa1f51049c5c2a59c938952fb8f641d896aadc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Fibonacci747 <albertofibonacci12@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2025 13:37:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 035/470] ethclient/gethclient: use common.Hash to
 debug_traceTransaction (#32404)

---
 ethclient/gethclient/gethclient.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/ethclient/gethclient/gethclient.go b/ethclient/gethclient/gethclient.go
index d030878e54..54997cbf51 100644
--- a/ethclient/gethclient/gethclient.go
+++ b/ethclient/gethclient/gethclient.go
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ func (ec *Client) SubscribePendingTransactions(ctx context.Context, ch chan<- co
 // and returns them as a JSON object.
 func (ec *Client) TraceTransaction(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash, config *tracers.TraceConfig) (any, error) {
 	var result any
-	err := ec.c.CallContext(ctx, &result, "debug_traceTransaction", hash.Hex(), config)
+	err := ec.c.CallContext(ctx, &result, "debug_traceTransaction", hash, config)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

From 1c74f2376167f50a4b7ece730c472309d7611362 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: gohan <kingmasatojames@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2025 20:47:47 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 036/470] graphql: add query depth limit to prevent DoS attacks
 (#32344)

## Summary

This PR addresses a DoS vulnerability in the GraphQL service by
implementing a maximum query depth limit. While #26026 introduced
timeout handling, it didn't fully mitigate the attack vector where
deeply nested queries can still consume excessive CPU and memory
resources before the timeout is reached.

## Changes
- Added `maxQueryDepth` constant (set to 20) to limit the maximum
nesting depth of GraphQL queries
- Applied the depth limit using `graphql.MaxDepth()` option when parsing
the schema
- Added test case `TestGraphQLMaxDepth` to verify that queries exceeding
the depth limit are properly rejected

## Security Impact

Without query depth limits, malicious actors could craft deeply nested
queries that:
  - Consume excessive CPU cycles during query parsing and execution
  - Allocate large amounts of memory for nested result structures
- Potentially cause service degradation or outages even with timeout
protection

This fix complements the existing timeout mechanism by preventing
resource-intensive queries from being executed in the first place.

## Testing

Added `TestGraphQLMaxDepth` which verifies that queries with nesting
depth > 20 are rejected with a `MaxDepthExceeded` error.

## References
  - Original issue: #26026
- Related security best practices:
https://www.howtographql.com/advanced/4-security/

---------

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 graphql/graphql_test.go | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 graphql/service.go      |  5 ++++-
 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/graphql/graphql_test.go b/graphql/graphql_test.go
index 0f6ba10b90..ca864d5fb2 100644
--- a/graphql/graphql_test.go
+++ b/graphql/graphql_test.go
@@ -430,6 +430,40 @@ func TestWithdrawals(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestGraphQLMaxDepth ensures that queries exceeding the configured maximum depth
+// are rejected to prevent resource exhaustion from deeply nested operations.
+func TestGraphQLMaxDepth(t *testing.T) {
+	stack := createNode(t)
+	defer stack.Close()
+
+	h, err := newHandler(stack, nil, nil, []string{}, []string{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("could not create graphql service: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var b strings.Builder
+	for i := 0; i < maxQueryDepth+1; i++ {
+		b.WriteString("ommers{")
+	}
+	b.WriteString("number")
+	for i := 0; i < maxQueryDepth+1; i++ {
+		b.WriteString("}")
+	}
+	query := fmt.Sprintf("{block{%s}}", b.String())
+
+	res := h.Schema.Exec(context.Background(), query, "", nil)
+	var found bool
+	for _, err := range res.Errors {
+		if err.Rule == "MaxDepthExceeded" {
+			found = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !found {
+		t.Fatalf("expected max depth exceeded error, got %v", res.Errors)
+	}
+}
+
 func createNode(t *testing.T) *node.Node {
 	stack, err := node.New(&node.Config{
 		HTTPHost:     "127.0.0.1",
diff --git a/graphql/service.go b/graphql/service.go
index 584165bdb8..9381a51da6 100644
--- a/graphql/service.go
+++ b/graphql/service.go
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ import (
 	gqlErrors "github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go/errors"
 )
 
+// maxQueryDepth limits the maximum field nesting depth allowed in GraphQL queries.
+const maxQueryDepth = 20
+
 type handler struct {
 	Schema *graphql.Schema
 }
@@ -116,7 +119,7 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, backend ethapi.Backend, filterSystem *filters.FilterS
 func newHandler(stack *node.Node, backend ethapi.Backend, filterSystem *filters.FilterSystem, cors, vhosts []string) (*handler, error) {
 	q := Resolver{backend, filterSystem}
 
-	s, err := graphql.ParseSchema(schema, &q)
+	s, err := graphql.ParseSchema(schema, &q, graphql.MaxDepth(maxQueryDepth))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

From 62ac0e05b66e3133079d25b408248d027b7c1eda Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Klimov Sergei <klmff@proton.me>
Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2025 20:14:11 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 037/470] p2p: update MaxPeers comment (#32414)

---
 p2p/config.go | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/config.go b/p2p/config.go
index 68a9c0bb5f..17607a1f88 100644
--- a/p2p/config.go
+++ b/p2p/config.go
@@ -35,8 +35,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	// This field must be set to a valid secp256k1 private key.
 	PrivateKey *ecdsa.PrivateKey `toml:"-"`
 
-	// MaxPeers is the maximum number of peers that can be
-	// connected. It must be greater than zero.
+	// MaxPeers is the maximum number of peers that can be connected.
 	MaxPeers int
 
 	// MaxPendingPeers is the maximum number of peers that can be pending in the

From 7d4852b9eb37ab6efeb956d42ad273d3893e5a32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: maskpp <maskpp266@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2025 20:54:19 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 038/470] eth/catalyst: return methods by reflect (#32300)

Return the exposed methods in `ConsensusAPI` by reflection.
---
 eth/catalyst/api.go | 46 +++++++++++----------------------------------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index 038328d9ba..7f6dd40907 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@ package catalyst
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
+	"unicode"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/beacon/engine"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -80,41 +82,6 @@ const (
 	beaconUpdateWarnFrequency = 5 * time.Minute
 )
 
-// All methods provided over the engine endpoint.
-var caps = []string{
-	"engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV1",
-	"engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV2",
-	"engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV3",
-	"engine_forkchoiceUpdatedWithWitnessV1",
-	"engine_forkchoiceUpdatedWithWitnessV2",
-	"engine_forkchoiceUpdatedWithWitnessV3",
-	"engine_exchangeTransitionConfigurationV1",
-	"engine_getPayloadV1",
-	"engine_getPayloadV2",
-	"engine_getPayloadV3",
-	"engine_getPayloadV4",
-	"engine_getPayloadV5",
-	"engine_getBlobsV1",
-	"engine_getBlobsV2",
-	"engine_newPayloadV1",
-	"engine_newPayloadV2",
-	"engine_newPayloadV3",
-	"engine_newPayloadV4",
-	"engine_newPayloadWithWitnessV1",
-	"engine_newPayloadWithWitnessV2",
-	"engine_newPayloadWithWitnessV3",
-	"engine_newPayloadWithWitnessV4",
-	"engine_executeStatelessPayloadV1",
-	"engine_executeStatelessPayloadV2",
-	"engine_executeStatelessPayloadV3",
-	"engine_executeStatelessPayloadV4",
-	"engine_getPayloadBodiesByHashV1",
-	"engine_getPayloadBodiesByHashV2",
-	"engine_getPayloadBodiesByRangeV1",
-	"engine_getPayloadBodiesByRangeV2",
-	"engine_getClientVersionV1",
-}
-
 var (
 	// Number of blobs requested via getBlobsV2
 	getBlobsRequestedCounter = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("engine/getblobs/requested", nil)
@@ -916,6 +883,15 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) checkFork(timestamp uint64, forks ...forks.Fork) bool {
 
 // ExchangeCapabilities returns the current methods provided by this node.
 func (api *ConsensusAPI) ExchangeCapabilities([]string) []string {
+	valueT := reflect.TypeOf(api)
+	caps := make([]string, 0, valueT.NumMethod())
+	for i := 0; i < valueT.NumMethod(); i++ {
+		name := []rune(valueT.Method(i).Name)
+		if string(name) == "ExchangeCapabilities" {
+			continue
+		}
+		caps = append(caps, "engine_"+string(unicode.ToLower(name[0]))+string(name[1:]))
+	}
 	return caps
 }
 

From 9ce40d19a8240844be24b9692c639dff45d13d68 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Aug 2025 09:20:21 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 039/470] internal/ethapi, miner: fix GetBlockReceipts for
 pending (#32461)

---
 internal/ethapi/api.go                        | 28 +++++---
 internal/ethapi/api_test.go                   | 71 +++++++++----------
 ...h_getBlockByNumber-tag-pending-fullTx.json | 53 ++++++--------
 .../eth_getBlockByNumber-tag-pending.json     | 32 ++++-----
 .../eth_getBlockReceipts-tag-pending.json     | 18 +++++
 .../eth_getHeaderByNumber-tag-pending.json    | 18 ++---
 miner/miner.go                                |  2 +-
 7 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 106 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getBlockReceipts-tag-pending.json

diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index 51b6ca3c44..16a56ccf07 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -597,19 +597,30 @@ func (api *BlockChainAPI) GetStorageAt(ctx context.Context, address common.Addre
 
 // GetBlockReceipts returns the block receipts for the given block hash or number or tag.
 func (api *BlockChainAPI) GetBlockReceipts(ctx context.Context, blockNrOrHash rpc.BlockNumberOrHash) ([]map[string]interface{}, error) {
-	block, err := api.b.BlockByNumberOrHash(ctx, blockNrOrHash)
-	if block == nil || err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	receipts, err := api.b.GetReceipts(ctx, block.Hash())
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+	var (
+		err      error
+		block    *types.Block
+		receipts types.Receipts
+	)
+	if blockNr, ok := blockNrOrHash.Number(); ok && blockNr == rpc.PendingBlockNumber {
+		block, receipts, _ = api.b.Pending()
+		if block == nil {
+			return nil, errors.New("pending receipts is not available")
+		}
+	} else {
+		block, err = api.b.BlockByNumberOrHash(ctx, blockNrOrHash)
+		if block == nil || err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		receipts, err = api.b.GetReceipts(ctx, block.Hash())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
 	}
 	txs := block.Transactions()
 	if len(txs) != len(receipts) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("receipts length mismatch: %d vs %d", len(txs), len(receipts))
 	}
-
 	// Derive the sender.
 	signer := types.MakeSigner(api.b.ChainConfig(), block.Number(), block.Time())
 
@@ -617,7 +628,6 @@ func (api *BlockChainAPI) GetBlockReceipts(ctx context.Context, blockNrOrHash rp
 	for i, receipt := range receipts {
 		result[i] = marshalReceipt(receipt, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), signer, txs[i], i)
 	}
-
 	return result, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
index de6d1d5e06..8e7220b5e4 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
@@ -434,11 +434,13 @@ func newTestAccountManager(t *testing.T) (*accounts.Manager, accounts.Account) {
 }
 
 type testBackend struct {
-	db      ethdb.Database
-	chain   *core.BlockChain
-	pending *types.Block
-	accman  *accounts.Manager
-	acc     accounts.Account
+	db     ethdb.Database
+	chain  *core.BlockChain
+	accman *accounts.Manager
+	acc    accounts.Account
+
+	pending         *types.Block
+	pendingReceipts types.Receipts
 }
 
 func newTestBackend(t *testing.T, n int, gspec *core.Genesis, engine consensus.Engine, generator func(i int, b *core.BlockGen)) *testBackend {
@@ -449,24 +451,26 @@ func newTestBackend(t *testing.T, n int, gspec *core.Genesis, engine consensus.E
 	gspec.Alloc[acc.Address] = types.Account{Balance: big.NewInt(params.Ether)}
 
 	// Generate blocks for testing
-	db, blocks, _ := core.GenerateChainWithGenesis(gspec, engine, n, generator)
+	db, blocks, receipts := core.GenerateChainWithGenesis(gspec, engine, n+1, generator)
 
 	chain, err := core.NewBlockChain(db, gspec, engine, options)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create tester chain: %v", err)
 	}
-	if n, err := chain.InsertChain(blocks); err != nil {
+	if n, err := chain.InsertChain(blocks[:n]); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("block %d: failed to insert into chain: %v", n, err)
 	}
-
-	backend := &testBackend{db: db, chain: chain, accman: accman, acc: acc}
+	backend := &testBackend{
+		db:              db,
+		chain:           chain,
+		accman:          accman,
+		acc:             acc,
+		pending:         blocks[n],
+		pendingReceipts: receipts[n],
+	}
 	return backend
 }
 
-func (b *testBackend) setPendingBlock(block *types.Block) {
-	b.pending = block
-}
-
 func (b testBackend) SyncProgress(ctx context.Context) ethereum.SyncProgress {
 	return ethereum.SyncProgress{}
 }
@@ -558,7 +562,13 @@ func (b testBackend) StateAndHeaderByNumberOrHash(ctx context.Context, blockNrOr
 	}
 	panic("only implemented for number")
 }
-func (b testBackend) Pending() (*types.Block, types.Receipts, *state.StateDB) { panic("implement me") }
+func (b testBackend) Pending() (*types.Block, types.Receipts, *state.StateDB) {
+	block := b.pending
+	if block == nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil
+	}
+	return block, b.pendingReceipts, nil
+}
 func (b testBackend) GetReceipts(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (types.Receipts, error) {
 	header, err := b.HeaderByHash(ctx, hash)
 	if header == nil || err != nil {
@@ -3141,21 +3151,6 @@ func TestRPCGetBlockOrHeader(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		genBlocks = 10
 		signer    = types.HomesteadSigner{}
-		tx        = types.NewTx(&types.LegacyTx{
-			Nonce:    11,
-			GasPrice: big.NewInt(11111),
-			Gas:      1111,
-			To:       &acc2Addr,
-			Value:    big.NewInt(111),
-			Data:     []byte{0x11, 0x11, 0x11},
-		})
-		withdrawal = &types.Withdrawal{
-			Index:     0,
-			Validator: 1,
-			Address:   common.Address{0x12, 0x34},
-			Amount:    10,
-		}
-		pending = types.NewBlock(&types.Header{Number: big.NewInt(11), Time: 42}, &types.Body{Transactions: types.Transactions{tx}, Withdrawals: types.Withdrawals{withdrawal}}, nil, blocktest.NewHasher())
 	)
 	backend := newTestBackend(t, genBlocks, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), func(i int, b *core.BlockGen) {
 		// Transfer from account[0] to account[1]
@@ -3164,7 +3159,6 @@ func TestRPCGetBlockOrHeader(t *testing.T) {
 		tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTx(&types.LegacyTx{Nonce: uint64(i), To: &acc2Addr, Value: big.NewInt(1000), Gas: params.TxGas, GasPrice: b.BaseFee(), Data: nil}), signer, acc1Key)
 		b.AddTx(tx)
 	})
-	backend.setPendingBlock(pending)
 	api := NewBlockChainAPI(backend)
 	blockHashes := make([]common.Hash, genBlocks+1)
 	ctx := context.Background()
@@ -3175,7 +3169,7 @@ func TestRPCGetBlockOrHeader(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		blockHashes[i] = header.Hash()
 	}
-	pendingHash := pending.Hash()
+	pendingHash := backend.pending.Hash()
 
 	var testSuite = []struct {
 		blockNumber rpc.BlockNumber
@@ -3406,7 +3400,7 @@ func setupReceiptBackend(t *testing.T, genBlocks int) (*testBackend, []common.Ha
 			},
 		}
 		signer   = types.LatestSignerForChainID(params.TestChainConfig.ChainID)
-		txHashes = make([]common.Hash, genBlocks)
+		txHashes = make([]common.Hash, 0, genBlocks)
 	)
 
 	backend := newTestBackend(t, genBlocks, genesis, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), func(i int, b *core.BlockGen) {
@@ -3416,9 +3410,6 @@ func setupReceiptBackend(t *testing.T, genBlocks int) (*testBackend, []common.Ha
 		)
 		b.SetPoS()
 		switch i {
-		case 0:
-			// transfer 1000wei
-			tx, err = types.SignTx(types.NewTx(&types.LegacyTx{Nonce: uint64(i), To: &acc2Addr, Value: big.NewInt(1000), Gas: params.TxGas, GasPrice: b.BaseFee(), Data: nil}), types.HomesteadSigner{}, acc1Key)
 		case 1:
 			// create contract
 			tx, err = types.SignTx(types.NewTx(&types.LegacyTx{Nonce: uint64(i), To: nil, Gas: 53100, GasPrice: b.BaseFee(), Data: common.FromHex("0x60806040")}), signer, acc1Key)
@@ -3455,13 +3446,16 @@ func setupReceiptBackend(t *testing.T, genBlocks int) (*testBackend, []common.Ha
 				BlobHashes: []common.Hash{{1}},
 				Value:      new(uint256.Int),
 			}), signer, acc1Key)
+		default:
+			// transfer 1000wei
+			tx, err = types.SignTx(types.NewTx(&types.LegacyTx{Nonce: uint64(i), To: &acc2Addr, Value: big.NewInt(1000), Gas: params.TxGas, GasPrice: b.BaseFee(), Data: nil}), types.HomesteadSigner{}, acc1Key)
 		}
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("failed to sign tx: %v", err)
 		}
 		if tx != nil {
 			b.AddTx(tx)
-			txHashes[i] = tx.Hash()
+			txHashes = append(txHashes, tx.Hash())
 		}
 	})
 	return backend, txHashes
@@ -3577,6 +3571,11 @@ func TestRPCGetBlockReceipts(t *testing.T) {
 			test: rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(rpc.LatestBlockNumber),
 			file: "tag-latest",
 		},
+		// 3. pending tag
+		{
+			test: rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(rpc.PendingBlockNumber),
+			file: "tag-pending",
+		},
 		// 4. block with legacy transfer tx(hash)
 		{
 			test: rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithHash(blockHashes[1], false),
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getBlockByNumber-tag-pending-fullTx.json b/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getBlockByNumber-tag-pending-fullTx.json
index 60f18bc114..2e323dcfe7 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getBlockByNumber-tag-pending-fullTx.json
+++ b/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getBlockByNumber-tag-pending-fullTx.json
@@ -1,49 +1,40 @@
 {
-  "difficulty": "0x0",
+  "baseFeePerGas": "0xde56ab3",
+  "difficulty": "0x20000",
   "extraData": "0x",
-  "gasLimit": "0x0",
-  "gasUsed": "0x0",
+  "gasLimit": "0x47e7c4",
+  "gasUsed": "0x5208",
   "hash": null,
   "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "miner": null,
   "mixHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "nonce": null,
   "number": "0xb",
-  "parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-  "receiptsRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+  "parentHash": "0xa063415a5020f1569fae73ecb0d37bc5649ebe86d59e764a389eb37814bd42cb",
+  "receiptsRoot": "0x056b23fbba480696b65fe5a59b8f2148a1299103c4f57df839233af2cf4ca2d2",
   "sha3Uncles": "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
-  "size": "0x256",
-  "stateRoot": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-  "timestamp": "0x2a",
+  "size": "0x26a",
+  "stateRoot": "0xce0e05397e548614a5b93254662174329466f8f4b1b391eb36fec9a7a591e58e",
+  "timestamp": "0x6e",
   "transactions": [
     {
-      "blockHash": "0x6cebd9f966ea686f44b981685e3f0eacea28591a7a86d7fbbe521a86e9f81165",
+      "blockHash": "0xfda6c7cb7a3a712e0c424909a7724cab0448e89e286617fa8d5fd27f63f28bd2",
       "blockNumber": "0xb",
-      "from": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-      "gas": "0x457",
-      "gasPrice": "0x2b67",
-      "hash": "0x4afee081df5dff7a025964032871f7d4ba4d21baf5f6376a2f4a9f79fc506298",
-      "input": "0x111111",
-      "nonce": "0xb",
+      "from": "0x703c4b2bd70c169f5717101caee543299fc946c7",
+      "gas": "0x5208",
+      "gasPrice": "0xde56ab3",
+      "hash": "0xd773fbb47ec87b1a958ac16430943ddf2797ecae2b33fe7b16ddb334e30325ed",
+      "input": "0x",
+      "nonce": "0xa",
       "to": "0x0d3ab14bbad3d99f4203bd7a11acb94882050e7e",
       "transactionIndex": "0x0",
-      "value": "0x6f",
+      "value": "0x3e8",
       "type": "0x0",
-      "chainId": "0x7fffffffffffffee",
-      "v": "0x0",
-      "r": "0x0",
-      "s": "0x0"
+      "v": "0x1c",
+      "r": "0xfa029dacd66238d20cd649fe3b323bb458d2cfa4af7db0ff4f6b3e1039bc320a",
+      "s": "0x52fb4d45c1d623f2f05508bae063a4728761d762ae45b8b0908ffea546f3d95e"
     }
   ],
-  "transactionsRoot": "0x98d9f6dd0aa479c0fb448f2627e9f1964aca699fccab8f6e95861547a4699e37",
-  "uncles": [],
-  "withdrawals": [
-    {
-      "index": "0x0",
-      "validatorIndex": "0x1",
-      "address": "0x1234000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-      "amount": "0xa"
-    }
-  ],
-  "withdrawalsRoot": "0x73d756269cdfc22e7e17a3548e36f42f750ca06d7e3cd98d1b6d0eb5add9dc84"
+  "transactionsRoot": "0x59abb8ec0655f66e66450d1502618bc64022ae2d2950fa471eec6e8da2846264",
+  "uncles": []
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getBlockByNumber-tag-pending.json b/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getBlockByNumber-tag-pending.json
index dda2d93213..3254482cd9 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getBlockByNumber-tag-pending.json
+++ b/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getBlockByNumber-tag-pending.json
@@ -1,32 +1,24 @@
 {
-  "difficulty": "0x0",
+  "baseFeePerGas": "0xde56ab3",
+  "difficulty": "0x20000",
   "extraData": "0x",
-  "gasLimit": "0x0",
-  "gasUsed": "0x0",
+  "gasLimit": "0x47e7c4",
+  "gasUsed": "0x5208",
   "hash": null,
   "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "miner": null,
   "mixHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "nonce": null,
   "number": "0xb",
-  "parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-  "receiptsRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+  "parentHash": "0xa063415a5020f1569fae73ecb0d37bc5649ebe86d59e764a389eb37814bd42cb",
+  "receiptsRoot": "0x056b23fbba480696b65fe5a59b8f2148a1299103c4f57df839233af2cf4ca2d2",
   "sha3Uncles": "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
-  "size": "0x256",
-  "stateRoot": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-  "timestamp": "0x2a",
+  "size": "0x26a",
+  "stateRoot": "0xce0e05397e548614a5b93254662174329466f8f4b1b391eb36fec9a7a591e58e",
+  "timestamp": "0x6e",
   "transactions": [
-    "0x4afee081df5dff7a025964032871f7d4ba4d21baf5f6376a2f4a9f79fc506298"
+    "0xd773fbb47ec87b1a958ac16430943ddf2797ecae2b33fe7b16ddb334e30325ed"
   ],
-  "transactionsRoot": "0x98d9f6dd0aa479c0fb448f2627e9f1964aca699fccab8f6e95861547a4699e37",
-  "uncles": [],
-  "withdrawals": [
-    {
-      "index": "0x0",
-      "validatorIndex": "0x1",
-      "address": "0x1234000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-      "amount": "0xa"
-    }
-  ],
-  "withdrawalsRoot": "0x73d756269cdfc22e7e17a3548e36f42f750ca06d7e3cd98d1b6d0eb5add9dc84"
+  "transactionsRoot": "0x59abb8ec0655f66e66450d1502618bc64022ae2d2950fa471eec6e8da2846264",
+  "uncles": []
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getBlockReceipts-tag-pending.json b/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getBlockReceipts-tag-pending.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75f9f3ad99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getBlockReceipts-tag-pending.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+[
+  {
+    "blockHash": "0xc74cf882395ec92eec3673d93a57f9a3bf1a5e696fae3e52f252059af62756c8",
+    "blockNumber": "0x7",
+    "contractAddress": null,
+    "cumulativeGasUsed": "0x5208",
+    "effectiveGasPrice": "0x17b07ddf",
+    "from": "0x703c4b2bd70c169f5717101caee543299fc946c7",
+    "gasUsed": "0x5208",
+    "logs": [],
+    "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "status": "0x1",
+    "to": "0x0d3ab14bbad3d99f4203bd7a11acb94882050e7e",
+    "transactionHash": "0xa7eeffe8111539a8f9725eb4d49e341efa1287d33190300adab220929daa5fac",
+    "transactionIndex": "0x0",
+    "type": "0x0"
+  }
+]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getHeaderByNumber-tag-pending.json b/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getHeaderByNumber-tag-pending.json
index 289ff5fece..e4121824ef 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getHeaderByNumber-tag-pending.json
+++ b/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_getHeaderByNumber-tag-pending.json
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 {
-  "difficulty": "0x0",
+  "baseFeePerGas": "0xde56ab3",
+  "difficulty": "0x20000",
   "extraData": "0x",
-  "gasLimit": "0x0",
-  "gasUsed": "0x0",
+  "gasLimit": "0x47e7c4",
+  "gasUsed": "0x5208",
   "hash": null,
   "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "miner": null,
   "mixHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "nonce": null,
   "number": "0xb",
-  "parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-  "receiptsRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+  "parentHash": "0xa063415a5020f1569fae73ecb0d37bc5649ebe86d59e764a389eb37814bd42cb",
+  "receiptsRoot": "0x056b23fbba480696b65fe5a59b8f2148a1299103c4f57df839233af2cf4ca2d2",
   "sha3Uncles": "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
-  "stateRoot": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-  "timestamp": "0x2a",
-  "transactionsRoot": "0x98d9f6dd0aa479c0fb448f2627e9f1964aca699fccab8f6e95861547a4699e37",
-  "withdrawalsRoot": "0x73d756269cdfc22e7e17a3548e36f42f750ca06d7e3cd98d1b6d0eb5add9dc84"
+  "stateRoot": "0xce0e05397e548614a5b93254662174329466f8f4b1b391eb36fec9a7a591e58e",
+  "timestamp": "0x6e",
+  "transactionsRoot": "0x59abb8ec0655f66e66450d1502618bc64022ae2d2950fa471eec6e8da2846264"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/miner/miner.go b/miner/miner.go
index ddfe0dcf26..20845b5036 100644
--- a/miner/miner.go
+++ b/miner/miner.go
@@ -144,10 +144,10 @@ func (miner *Miner) getPending() *newPayloadResult {
 	header := miner.chain.CurrentHeader()
 	miner.pendingMu.Lock()
 	defer miner.pendingMu.Unlock()
+
 	if cached := miner.pending.resolve(header.Hash()); cached != nil {
 		return cached
 	}
-
 	var (
 		timestamp  = uint64(time.Now().Unix())
 		withdrawal types.Withdrawals

From bf8f63dcd27e178bd373bfe41ea718efee2851dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Aug 2025 21:45:27 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 040/470] trie, core/state: introduce trie Prefetch for
 optimizing preload (#32134)

This pull introduces a `Prefetch` operation in the trie to prefetch trie
nodes in parallel. It is used by the `triePrefetcher` to accelerate state
loading and improve overall chain processing performance.
---
 core/state/database.go        |  8 ++++
 core/state/trie_prefetcher.go | 34 ++++++++-------
 core/state_prefetcher.go      |  6 ---
 trie/secure_trie.go           | 46 ++++++++++++++------
 trie/tracer.go                | 20 +++++++++
 trie/tracer_test.go           |  1 -
 trie/transition.go            | 24 ++++++++++-
 trie/trie.go                  | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++
 trie/trie_test.go             | 80 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 trie/verkle.go                | 22 ++++++++++
 10 files changed, 250 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state/database.go b/core/state/database.go
index b46e5d500d..55fb3a0d97 100644
--- a/core/state/database.go
+++ b/core/state/database.go
@@ -81,11 +81,19 @@ type Trie interface {
 	// be returned.
 	GetAccount(address common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error)
 
+	// PrefetchAccount attempts to resolve specific accounts from the database
+	// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+	PrefetchAccount([]common.Address) error
+
 	// GetStorage returns the value for key stored in the trie. The value bytes
 	// must not be modified by the caller. If a node was not found in the database,
 	// a trie.MissingNodeError is returned.
 	GetStorage(addr common.Address, key []byte) ([]byte, error)
 
+	// PrefetchStorage attempts to resolve specific storage slots from the database
+	// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+	PrefetchStorage(addr common.Address, keys [][]byte) error
+
 	// UpdateAccount abstracts an account write to the trie. It encodes the
 	// provided account object with associated algorithm and then updates it
 	// in the trie with provided address.
diff --git a/core/state/trie_prefetcher.go b/core/state/trie_prefetcher.go
index 6f492cf9f2..a9faddcdff 100644
--- a/core/state/trie_prefetcher.go
+++ b/core/state/trie_prefetcher.go
@@ -388,6 +388,10 @@ func (sf *subfetcher) loop() {
 			sf.tasks = nil
 			sf.lock.Unlock()
 
+			var (
+				addresses []common.Address
+				slots     [][]byte
+			)
 			for _, task := range tasks {
 				if task.addr != nil {
 					key := *task.addr
@@ -400,6 +404,7 @@ func (sf *subfetcher) loop() {
 							sf.dupsCross++
 							continue
 						}
+						sf.seenReadAddr[key] = struct{}{}
 					} else {
 						if _, ok := sf.seenReadAddr[key]; ok {
 							sf.dupsCross++
@@ -409,7 +414,9 @@ func (sf *subfetcher) loop() {
 							sf.dupsWrite++
 							continue
 						}
+						sf.seenWriteAddr[key] = struct{}{}
 					}
+					addresses = append(addresses, *task.addr)
 				} else {
 					key := *task.slot
 					if task.read {
@@ -421,6 +428,7 @@ func (sf *subfetcher) loop() {
 							sf.dupsCross++
 							continue
 						}
+						sf.seenReadSlot[key] = struct{}{}
 					} else {
 						if _, ok := sf.seenReadSlot[key]; ok {
 							sf.dupsCross++
@@ -430,25 +438,19 @@ func (sf *subfetcher) loop() {
 							sf.dupsWrite++
 							continue
 						}
+						sf.seenWriteSlot[key] = struct{}{}
 					}
+					slots = append(slots, key.Bytes())
 				}
-				if task.addr != nil {
-					sf.trie.GetAccount(*task.addr)
-				} else {
-					sf.trie.GetStorage(sf.addr, (*task.slot)[:])
+			}
+			if len(addresses) != 0 {
+				if err := sf.trie.PrefetchAccount(addresses); err != nil {
+					log.Error("Failed to prefetch accounts", "err", err)
 				}
-				if task.read {
-					if task.addr != nil {
-						sf.seenReadAddr[*task.addr] = struct{}{}
-					} else {
-						sf.seenReadSlot[*task.slot] = struct{}{}
-					}
-				} else {
-					if task.addr != nil {
-						sf.seenWriteAddr[*task.addr] = struct{}{}
-					} else {
-						sf.seenWriteSlot[*task.slot] = struct{}{}
-					}
+			}
+			if len(slots) != 0 {
+				if err := sf.trie.PrefetchStorage(sf.addr, slots); err != nil {
+					log.Error("Failed to prefetch storage", "err", err)
 				}
 			}
 
diff --git a/core/state_prefetcher.go b/core/state_prefetcher.go
index c0ce705c77..1c738c1e38 100644
--- a/core/state_prefetcher.go
+++ b/core/state_prefetcher.go
@@ -111,12 +111,6 @@ func (p *statePrefetcher) Prefetch(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, c
 				fails.Add(1)
 				return nil // Ugh, something went horribly wrong, bail out
 			}
-			// Pre-load trie nodes for the intermediate root.
-			//
-			// This operation incurs significant memory allocations due to
-			// trie hashing and node decoding. TODO(rjl493456442): investigate
-			// ways to mitigate this overhead.
-			stateCpy.IntermediateRoot(true)
 			return nil
 		})
 	}
diff --git a/trie/secure_trie.go b/trie/secure_trie.go
index 0424ecb6e5..408fe64051 100644
--- a/trie/secure_trie.go
+++ b/trie/secure_trie.go
@@ -105,19 +105,6 @@ func (t *StateTrie) MustGet(key []byte) []byte {
 	return t.trie.MustGet(crypto.Keccak256(key))
 }
 
-// GetStorage attempts to retrieve a storage slot with provided account address
-// and slot key. The value bytes must not be modified by the caller.
-// If the specified storage slot is not in the trie, nil will be returned.
-// If a trie node is not found in the database, a MissingNodeError is returned.
-func (t *StateTrie) GetStorage(_ common.Address, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	enc, err := t.trie.Get(crypto.Keccak256(key))
-	if err != nil || len(enc) == 0 {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	_, content, _, err := rlp.Split(enc)
-	return content, err
-}
-
 // GetAccount attempts to retrieve an account with provided account address.
 // If the specified account is not in the trie, nil will be returned.
 // If a trie node is not found in the database, a MissingNodeError is returned.
@@ -144,6 +131,39 @@ func (t *StateTrie) GetAccountByHash(addrHash common.Hash) (*types.StateAccount,
 	return ret, err
 }
 
+// PrefetchAccount attempts to resolve specific accounts from the database
+// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+func (t *StateTrie) PrefetchAccount(addresses []common.Address) error {
+	var keys [][]byte
+	for _, addr := range addresses {
+		keys = append(keys, crypto.Keccak256(addr.Bytes()))
+	}
+	return t.trie.Prefetch(keys)
+}
+
+// GetStorage attempts to retrieve a storage slot with provided account address
+// and slot key. The value bytes must not be modified by the caller.
+// If the specified storage slot is not in the trie, nil will be returned.
+// If a trie node is not found in the database, a MissingNodeError is returned.
+func (t *StateTrie) GetStorage(_ common.Address, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	enc, err := t.trie.Get(crypto.Keccak256(key))
+	if err != nil || len(enc) == 0 {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	_, content, _, err := rlp.Split(enc)
+	return content, err
+}
+
+// PrefetchStorage attempts to resolve specific storage slots from the database
+// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+func (t *StateTrie) PrefetchStorage(_ common.Address, keys [][]byte) error {
+	var keylist [][]byte
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		keylist = append(keylist, crypto.Keccak256(key))
+	}
+	return t.trie.Prefetch(keylist)
+}
+
 // GetNode attempts to retrieve a trie node by compact-encoded path. It is not
 // possible to use keybyte-encoding as the path might contain odd nibbles.
 // If the specified trie node is not in the trie, nil will be returned.
diff --git a/trie/tracer.go b/trie/tracer.go
index 206e8aa20d..2e2d0928b5 100644
--- a/trie/tracer.go
+++ b/trie/tracer.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package trie
 import (
 	"maps"
 	"slices"
+	"sync"
 )
 
 // opTracer tracks the changes of trie nodes. During the trie operations,
@@ -102,6 +103,7 @@ func (t *opTracer) deletedList() [][]byte {
 // handling the concurrency issues by themselves.
 type prevalueTracer struct {
 	data map[string][]byte
+	lock sync.RWMutex
 }
 
 // newPrevalueTracer initializes the tracer for capturing resolved trie nodes.
@@ -115,18 +117,27 @@ func newPrevalueTracer() *prevalueTracer {
 // blob internally. Do not modify the value outside this function,
 // as it is not deep-copied.
 func (t *prevalueTracer) put(path []byte, val []byte) {
+	t.lock.Lock()
+	defer t.lock.Unlock()
+
 	t.data[string(path)] = val
 }
 
 // get returns the cached trie node value. If the node is not found, nil will
 // be returned.
 func (t *prevalueTracer) get(path []byte) []byte {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
 	return t.data[string(path)]
 }
 
 // hasList returns a list of flags indicating whether the corresponding trie nodes
 // specified by the path exist in the trie.
 func (t *prevalueTracer) hasList(list [][]byte) []bool {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
 	exists := make([]bool, 0, len(list))
 	for _, path := range list {
 		_, ok := t.data[string(path)]
@@ -137,16 +148,25 @@ func (t *prevalueTracer) hasList(list [][]byte) []bool {
 
 // values returns a list of values of the cached trie nodes.
 func (t *prevalueTracer) values() [][]byte {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
 	return slices.Collect(maps.Values(t.data))
 }
 
 // reset resets the cached content in the prevalueTracer.
 func (t *prevalueTracer) reset() {
+	t.lock.Lock()
+	defer t.lock.Unlock()
+
 	clear(t.data)
 }
 
 // copy returns a copied prevalueTracer instance.
 func (t *prevalueTracer) copy() *prevalueTracer {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
 	// Shadow clone is used, as the cached trie node values are immutable
 	return &prevalueTracer{
 		data: maps.Clone(t.data),
diff --git a/trie/tracer_test.go b/trie/tracer_test.go
index f2a4287461..695570fd0d 100644
--- a/trie/tracer_test.go
+++ b/trie/tracer_test.go
@@ -70,7 +70,6 @@ func testTrieOpTracer(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 	}
 	insertSet := copySet(trie.opTracer.inserts) // copy before commit
 	deleteSet := copySet(trie.opTracer.deletes) // copy before commit
-
 	root, nodes := trie.Commit(false)
 	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 
diff --git a/trie/transition.go b/trie/transition.go
index ad3f782b75..1670b8e793 100644
--- a/trie/transition.go
+++ b/trie/transition.go
@@ -78,6 +78,17 @@ func (t *TransitionTrie) GetStorage(addr common.Address, key []byte) ([]byte, er
 	return t.base.GetStorage(addr, key)
 }
 
+// PrefetchStorage attempts to resolve specific storage slots from the database
+// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) PrefetchStorage(addr common.Address, keys [][]byte) error {
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		if _, err := t.GetStorage(addr, key); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // GetAccount abstract an account read from the trie.
 func (t *TransitionTrie) GetAccount(address common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
 	data, err := t.overlay.GetAccount(address)
@@ -94,6 +105,17 @@ func (t *TransitionTrie) GetAccount(address common.Address) (*types.StateAccount
 	return t.base.GetAccount(address)
 }
 
+// PrefetchAccount attempts to resolve specific accounts from the database
+// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+func (t *TransitionTrie) PrefetchAccount(addresses []common.Address) error {
+	for _, addr := range addresses {
+		if _, err := t.GetAccount(addr); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // UpdateStorage associates key with value in the trie. If value has length zero, any
 // existing value is deleted from the trie. The value bytes must not be modified
 // by the caller while they are stored in the trie.
@@ -173,7 +195,7 @@ func (t *TransitionTrie) IsVerkle() bool {
 	return true
 }
 
-// UpdateStems updates a group of values, given the stem they are using. If
+// UpdateStem updates a group of values, given the stem they are using. If
 // a value already exists, it is overwritten.
 func (t *TransitionTrie) UpdateStem(key []byte, values [][]byte) error {
 	trie := t.overlay
diff --git a/trie/trie.go b/trie/trie.go
index 307036faa9..6c998b3159 100644
--- a/trie/trie.go
+++ b/trie/trie.go
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/database"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
 // Trie represents a Merkle Patricia Trie. Use New to create a trie that operates
@@ -194,6 +195,51 @@ func (t *Trie) get(origNode node, key []byte, pos int) (value []byte, newnode no
 	}
 }
 
+// Prefetch attempts to resolve the leaves and intermediate trie nodes
+// specified by the key list in parallel. The results are silently
+// discarded to simplify the function.
+func (t *Trie) Prefetch(keylist [][]byte) error {
+	// Short circuit if the trie is already committed and not usable.
+	if t.committed {
+		return ErrCommitted
+	}
+	// Resolve the trie nodes sequentially if there are not too many
+	// trie nodes in the trie.
+	fn, ok := t.root.(*fullNode)
+	if !ok || len(keylist) < 16 {
+		for _, key := range keylist {
+			_, err := t.Get(key)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	var (
+		keys = make(map[byte][][]byte)
+		eg   errgroup.Group
+	)
+	for _, key := range keylist {
+		hkey := keybytesToHex(key)
+		keys[hkey[0]] = append(keys[hkey[0]], hkey)
+	}
+	for pos, ks := range keys {
+		eg.Go(func() error {
+			for _, k := range ks {
+				_, newnode, didResolve, err := t.get(fn.Children[pos], k, 1)
+				if err == nil && didResolve {
+					fn.Children[pos] = newnode
+				}
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+			return nil
+		})
+	}
+	return eg.Wait()
+}
+
 // MustGetNode is a wrapper of GetNode and will omit any encountered error but
 // just print out an error message.
 func (t *Trie) MustGetNode(path []byte) ([]byte, int) {
diff --git a/trie/trie_test.go b/trie/trie_test.go
index 68759c37c0..22c3494f47 100644
--- a/trie/trie_test.go
+++ b/trie/trie_test.go
@@ -1499,3 +1499,83 @@ func testTrieCopyNewTrie(t *testing.T, entries []kv) {
 		t.Errorf("Hash mismatch: old %v, new %v", hash, tr.Hash())
 	}
 }
+
+// goos: darwin
+// goarch: arm64
+// pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie
+// cpu: Apple M1 Pro
+// BenchmarkTriePrefetch
+// BenchmarkTriePrefetch-8   	    9961	    100706 ns/op
+func BenchmarkTriePrefetch(b *testing.B) {
+	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
+	tr := NewEmpty(db)
+	vals := make(map[string]*kv)
+	for i := 0; i < 3000; i++ {
+		value := &kv{
+			k: randBytes(32),
+			v: randBytes(20),
+			t: false,
+		}
+		tr.MustUpdate(value.k, value.v)
+		vals[string(value.k)] = value
+	}
+	root, nodes := tr.Commit(false)
+	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		tr, err := New(TrieID(root), db)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatalf("Failed to open the trie")
+		}
+		var keys [][]byte
+		for k := range vals {
+			keys = append(keys, []byte(k))
+			if len(keys) > 64 {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		tr.Prefetch(keys)
+	}
+}
+
+// goos: darwin
+// goarch: arm64
+// pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie
+// cpu: Apple M1 Pro
+// BenchmarkTrieSeqPrefetch
+// BenchmarkTrieSeqPrefetch-8   	   12879	     96710 ns/op
+func BenchmarkTrieSeqPrefetch(b *testing.B) {
+	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
+	tr := NewEmpty(db)
+	vals := make(map[string]*kv)
+	for i := 0; i < 3000; i++ {
+		value := &kv{
+			k: randBytes(32),
+			v: randBytes(20),
+			t: false,
+		}
+		tr.MustUpdate(value.k, value.v)
+		vals[string(value.k)] = value
+	}
+	root, nodes := tr.Commit(false)
+	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		tr, err := New(TrieID(root), db)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatalf("Failed to open the trie")
+		}
+		var keys [][]byte
+		for k := range vals {
+			keys = append(keys, []byte(k))
+			if len(keys) > 64 {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		for _, k := range keys {
+			tr.Get(k)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/trie/verkle.go b/trie/verkle.go
index c89a8f1d36..c8b9a6dd46 100644
--- a/trie/verkle.go
+++ b/trie/verkle.go
@@ -108,6 +108,17 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) GetAccount(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error
 	return acc, nil
 }
 
+// PrefetchAccount attempts to resolve specific accounts from the database
+// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+func (t *VerkleTrie) PrefetchAccount(addresses []common.Address) error {
+	for _, addr := range addresses {
+		if _, err := t.GetAccount(addr); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // GetStorage implements state.Trie, retrieving the storage slot with the specified
 // account address and storage key. If the specified slot is not in the verkle tree,
 // nil will be returned. If the tree is corrupted, an error will be returned.
@@ -120,6 +131,17 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) GetStorage(addr common.Address, key []byte) ([]byte, error)
 	return common.TrimLeftZeroes(val), nil
 }
 
+// PrefetchStorage attempts to resolve specific storage slots from the database
+// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+func (t *VerkleTrie) PrefetchStorage(addr common.Address, keys [][]byte) error {
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		if _, err := t.GetStorage(addr, key); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // UpdateAccount implements state.Trie, writing the provided account into the tree.
 // If the tree is corrupted, an error will be returned.
 func (t *VerkleTrie) UpdateAccount(addr common.Address, acc *types.StateAccount, codeLen int) error {

From 997dff4fae6470dced58fbd6f8e57f8d496487d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Aug 2025 06:22:21 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 041/470] p2p: using math.MaxInt32 from go std lib (#32357)

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 p2p/msgrate/msgrate.go | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/msgrate/msgrate.go b/p2p/msgrate/msgrate.go
index de1a3177db..7702256ed4 100644
--- a/p2p/msgrate/msgrate.go
+++ b/p2p/msgrate/msgrate.go
@@ -171,8 +171,7 @@ func (t *Tracker) Capacity(kind uint64, targetRTT time.Duration) int {
 // roundCapacity gives the integer value of a capacity.
 // The result fits int32, and is guaranteed to be positive.
 func roundCapacity(cap float64) int {
-	const maxInt32 = float64(1<<31 - 1)
-	return int(math.Min(maxInt32, math.Max(1, math.Ceil(cap))))
+	return int(min(math.MaxInt32, max(1, math.Ceil(cap))))
 }
 
 // Update modifies the peer's capacity values for a specific data type with a new

From 44fc0c87062a350e3fcf6bb56003ef98436383ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Aug 2025 09:37:08 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 042/470] rlp: refactor to use maths.ReadBits (#32432)

---
 rlp/encbuffer.go | 13 ++-----------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/rlp/encbuffer.go b/rlp/encbuffer.go
index 8d3a3b2293..61d8bd059c 100644
--- a/rlp/encbuffer.go
+++ b/rlp/encbuffer.go
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"sync"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
@@ -145,9 +146,6 @@ func (buf *encBuffer) writeString(s string) {
 	buf.writeBytes([]byte(s))
 }
 
-// wordBytes is the number of bytes in a big.Word
-const wordBytes = (32 << (uint64(^big.Word(0)) >> 63)) / 8
-
 // writeBigInt writes i as an integer.
 func (buf *encBuffer) writeBigInt(i *big.Int) {
 	bitlen := i.BitLen()
@@ -161,15 +159,8 @@ func (buf *encBuffer) writeBigInt(i *big.Int) {
 	length := ((bitlen + 7) & -8) >> 3
 	buf.encodeStringHeader(length)
 	buf.str = append(buf.str, make([]byte, length)...)
-	index := length
 	bytesBuf := buf.str[len(buf.str)-length:]
-	for _, d := range i.Bits() {
-		for j := 0; j < wordBytes && index > 0; j++ {
-			index--
-			bytesBuf[index] = byte(d)
-			d >>= 8
-		}
-	}
+	math.ReadBits(i, bytesBuf)
 }
 
 // writeUint256 writes z as an integer.

From 39ab721992e634f3b0adb3e08b16fb0c4d8a379c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kapil Sareen <kapilsareen584@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Aug 2025 13:11:54 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 043/470] fixes missing protection of nil pointer dereference
 in scwallet (#32186)

Fixes #32181

Signed-off-by: kapil <kapilsareen584@gmail.com>
---
 accounts/scwallet/wallet.go | 23 ++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/accounts/scwallet/wallet.go b/accounts/scwallet/wallet.go
index 58cfc88301..7612953c22 100644
--- a/accounts/scwallet/wallet.go
+++ b/accounts/scwallet/wallet.go
@@ -472,6 +472,11 @@ func (w *Wallet) selfDerive() {
 			continue
 		}
 		pairing := w.Hub.pairing(w)
+		if pairing == nil {
+			w.lock.Unlock()
+			reqc <- struct{}{}
+			continue
+		}
 
 		// Device lock obtained, derive the next batch of accounts
 		var (
@@ -631,13 +636,13 @@ func (w *Wallet) Derive(path accounts.DerivationPath, pin bool) (accounts.Accoun
 	}
 
 	if pin {
-		pairing := w.Hub.pairing(w)
-		pairing.Accounts[account.Address] = path
-		if err := w.Hub.setPairing(w, pairing); err != nil {
-			return accounts.Account{}, err
+		if pairing := w.Hub.pairing(w); pairing != nil {
+			pairing.Accounts[account.Address] = path
+			if err := w.Hub.setPairing(w, pairing); err != nil {
+				return accounts.Account{}, err
+			}
 		}
 	}
-
 	return account, nil
 }
 
@@ -774,11 +779,11 @@ func (w *Wallet) SignTxWithPassphrase(account accounts.Account, passphrase strin
 // It first checks for the address in the list of pinned accounts, and if it is
 // not found, attempts to parse the derivation path from the account's URL.
 func (w *Wallet) findAccountPath(account accounts.Account) (accounts.DerivationPath, error) {
-	pairing := w.Hub.pairing(w)
-	if path, ok := pairing.Accounts[account.Address]; ok {
-		return path, nil
+	if pairing := w.Hub.pairing(w); pairing != nil {
+		if path, ok := pairing.Accounts[account.Address]; ok {
+			return path, nil
+		}
 	}
-
 	// Look for the path in the URL
 	if account.URL.Scheme != w.Hub.scheme {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("scheme %s does not match wallet scheme %s", account.URL.Scheme, w.Hub.scheme)

From 94ecd1db22019010d39940e4f0a8b6b463a9ca61 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rizky Ikwan <rizzikwann@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Aug 2025 16:18:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 044/470] accounts/usbwallet: correct version comparison logic
 (#32417)

## Description

This PR fixes a bug in the Ledger hardware wallet version validation
logic for EIP-155 transaction signing. The original condition
incorrectly allowed older versions that don't support EIP-155 such as
0.9.9 and 0.1.5 to proceed.
---
 accounts/usbwallet/ledger.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/accounts/usbwallet/ledger.go b/accounts/usbwallet/ledger.go
index 2be6edd44f..52595a1621 100644
--- a/accounts/usbwallet/ledger.go
+++ b/accounts/usbwallet/ledger.go
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ func (w *ledgerDriver) SignTx(path accounts.DerivationPath, tx *types.Transactio
 		return common.Address{}, nil, accounts.ErrWalletClosed
 	}
 	// Ensure the wallet is capable of signing the given transaction
-	if chainID != nil && w.version[0] <= 1 && w.version[1] <= 0 && w.version[2] <= 2 {
+	if chainID != nil && (w.version[0] < 1 || (w.version[0] == 1 && w.version[1] == 0 && w.version[2] < 3)) {
 		//lint:ignore ST1005 brand name displayed on the console
 		return common.Address{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("Ledger v%d.%d.%d doesn't support signing this transaction, please update to v1.0.3 at least", w.version[0], w.version[1], w.version[2])
 	}

From f3467d1e63b7110e3a858da9f23bc838f043aebb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Aug 2025 05:48:46 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 045/470] p2p: remove todo comment, as it's unnecessary
 (#32397)

as metioned in https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/32351, I
think this comment is unnecessary.
---
 p2p/peer.go | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/p2p/peer.go b/p2p/peer.go
index 9a0a750ac8..5521889f30 100644
--- a/p2p/peer.go
+++ b/p2p/peer.go
@@ -173,7 +173,6 @@ func (p *Peer) Fullname() string {
 
 // Caps returns the capabilities (supported subprotocols) of the remote peer.
 func (p *Peer) Caps() []Cap {
-	// TODO: maybe return copy
 	return p.rw.caps
 }
 

From 10421edf3e8527c653cae0359410b60ca118fdc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Fri, 22 Aug 2025 10:09:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 046/470] core/types: reduce allocations for transaction
 comparison (#31912)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

This PR should reduce overall allocations of a running node by ~10
percent. Since most allocations are coming from the re-heaping of the
transaction pool.

```
(pprof) list EffectiveGasTipCmp
Total: 38197204475
ROUTINE ======================== github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types.(*Transaction).EffectiveGasTipCmp in github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types/transaction.go
         0 3766837369 (flat, cum)  9.86% of Total
         .          .    386:func (tx *Transaction) EffectiveGasTipCmp(other *Transaction, baseFee *big.Int) int {
         .          .    387: if baseFee == nil {
         .          .    388:  return tx.GasTipCapCmp(other)
         .          .    389: }
         .          .    390: // Use more efficient internal method.
         .          .    391: txTip, otherTip := new(big.Int), new(big.Int)
         . 1796172553    392: tx.calcEffectiveGasTip(txTip, baseFee)
         . 1970664816    393: other.calcEffectiveGasTip(otherTip, baseFee)
         .          .    394: return txTip.Cmp(otherTip)
         .          .    395:}
         .          .    396:
         .          .    397:// EffectiveGasTipIntCmp compares the effective gasTipCap of a transaction to the given gasTipCap.
         .          .    398:func (tx *Transaction) EffectiveGasTipIntCmp(other *big.Int, baseFee *big.Int) int {
```

This PR reduces the allocations for comparing two transactions from 2 to
0:
```
goos: linux
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types
cpu: Intel(R) Core(TM) Ultra 7 155U
                               │ /tmp/old.txt │            /tmp/new.txt             │
                               │    sec/op    │   sec/op     vs base                │
EffectiveGasTipCmp/Original-14    64.67n ± 2%   25.13n ± 9%  -61.13% (p=0.000 n=10)

                               │ /tmp/old.txt │            /tmp/new.txt            │
                               │     B/op     │   B/op     vs base                 │
EffectiveGasTipCmp/Original-14     16.00 ± 0%   0.00 ± 0%  -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10)

                               │ /tmp/old.txt │            /tmp/new.txt             │
                               │  allocs/op   │ allocs/op   vs base                 │
EffectiveGasTipCmp/Original-14     2.000 ± 0%   0.000 ± 0%  -100.00% (p=0.000 n=10)
```

It also speeds up the process by ~60%

There are two minor caveats with this PR:
- We change the API for `EffectiveGasTipCmp` and `EffectiveGasTipIntCmp`
(which are probably not used by much)
- We slightly change the behavior of `tx.EffectiveGasTip` when it
returns an error. It would previously return a negative number on error,
now it does not (since uint256 does not allow for negative numbers)

---------

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go | 17 ++-----
 core/txpool/legacypool/list.go       |  8 +++-
 core/types/transaction.go            | 48 +++++++++++++-------
 core/types/transaction_test.go       | 68 ++++++++++++++++++++++------
 4 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
index 93a003c172..425def170b 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
@@ -514,26 +514,15 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) Pending(filter txpool.PendingFilter) map[common.Address]
 	pool.mu.Lock()
 	defer pool.mu.Unlock()
 
-	// Convert the new uint256.Int types to the old big.Int ones used by the legacy pool
-	var (
-		minTipBig  *big.Int
-		baseFeeBig *big.Int
-	)
-	if filter.MinTip != nil {
-		minTipBig = filter.MinTip.ToBig()
-	}
-	if filter.BaseFee != nil {
-		baseFeeBig = filter.BaseFee.ToBig()
-	}
 	pending := make(map[common.Address][]*txpool.LazyTransaction, len(pool.pending))
 	for addr, list := range pool.pending {
 		txs := list.Flatten()
 
 		// If the miner requests tip enforcement, cap the lists now
-		if minTipBig != nil || filter.GasLimitCap != 0 {
+		if filter.MinTip != nil || filter.GasLimitCap != 0 {
 			for i, tx := range txs {
-				if minTipBig != nil {
-					if tx.EffectiveGasTipIntCmp(minTipBig, baseFeeBig) < 0 {
+				if filter.MinTip != nil {
+					if tx.EffectiveGasTipIntCmp(filter.MinTip, filter.BaseFee) < 0 {
 						txs = txs[:i]
 						break
 					}
diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/list.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/list.go
index 736c28ec4a..507c0b429a 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/list.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/list.go
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ func (l *list) subTotalCost(txs []*types.Transaction) {
 // then the heap is sorted based on the effective tip based on the given base fee.
 // If baseFee is nil then the sorting is based on gasFeeCap.
 type priceHeap struct {
-	baseFee *big.Int // heap should always be re-sorted after baseFee is changed
+	baseFee *uint256.Int // heap should always be re-sorted after baseFee is changed
 	list    []*types.Transaction
 }
 
@@ -677,6 +677,10 @@ func (l *pricedList) Reheap() {
 // SetBaseFee updates the base fee and triggers a re-heap. Note that Removed is not
 // necessary to call right before SetBaseFee when processing a new block.
 func (l *pricedList) SetBaseFee(baseFee *big.Int) {
-	l.urgent.baseFee = baseFee
+	base := new(uint256.Int)
+	if baseFee != nil {
+		base.SetFromBig(baseFee)
+	}
+	l.urgent.baseFee = base
 	l.Reheap()
 }
diff --git a/core/types/transaction.go b/core/types/transaction.go
index 733b6510f1..be8e90364e 100644
--- a/core/types/transaction.go
+++ b/core/types/transaction.go
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ var (
 	ErrInvalidTxType        = errors.New("transaction type not valid in this context")
 	ErrTxTypeNotSupported   = errors.New("transaction type not supported")
 	ErrGasFeeCapTooLow      = errors.New("fee cap less than base fee")
+	ErrUint256Overflow      = errors.New("bigint overflow, too large for uint256")
 	errShortTypedTx         = errors.New("typed transaction too short")
 	errInvalidYParity       = errors.New("'yParity' field must be 0 or 1")
 	errVYParityMismatch     = errors.New("'v' and 'yParity' fields do not match")
@@ -352,54 +354,66 @@ func (tx *Transaction) GasTipCapIntCmp(other *big.Int) int {
 }
 
 // EffectiveGasTip returns the effective miner gasTipCap for the given base fee.
-// Note: if the effective gasTipCap is negative, this method returns both error
-// the actual negative value, _and_ ErrGasFeeCapTooLow
+// Note: if the effective gasTipCap would be negative, this method
+// returns ErrGasFeeCapTooLow, and value is undefined.
 func (tx *Transaction) EffectiveGasTip(baseFee *big.Int) (*big.Int, error) {
-	dst := new(big.Int)
-	err := tx.calcEffectiveGasTip(dst, baseFee)
-	return dst, err
+	dst := new(uint256.Int)
+	base := new(uint256.Int)
+	if baseFee != nil {
+		if base.SetFromBig(baseFee) {
+			return nil, ErrUint256Overflow
+		}
+	}
+	err := tx.calcEffectiveGasTip(dst, base)
+	return dst.ToBig(), err
 }
 
 // calcEffectiveGasTip calculates the effective gas tip of the transaction and
 // saves the result to dst.
-func (tx *Transaction) calcEffectiveGasTip(dst *big.Int, baseFee *big.Int) error {
+func (tx *Transaction) calcEffectiveGasTip(dst *uint256.Int, baseFee *uint256.Int) error {
 	if baseFee == nil {
-		dst.Set(tx.inner.gasTipCap())
+		if dst.SetFromBig(tx.inner.gasTipCap()) {
+			return ErrUint256Overflow
+		}
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	var err error
-	gasFeeCap := tx.inner.gasFeeCap()
-	if gasFeeCap.Cmp(baseFee) < 0 {
+	if dst.SetFromBig(tx.inner.gasFeeCap()) {
+		return ErrUint256Overflow
+	}
+	if dst.Cmp(baseFee) < 0 {
 		err = ErrGasFeeCapTooLow
 	}
 
-	dst.Sub(gasFeeCap, baseFee)
-	gasTipCap := tx.inner.gasTipCap()
+	dst.Sub(dst, baseFee)
+	gasTipCap := new(uint256.Int)
+	if gasTipCap.SetFromBig(tx.inner.gasTipCap()) {
+		return ErrUint256Overflow
+	}
 	if gasTipCap.Cmp(dst) < 0 {
 		dst.Set(gasTipCap)
 	}
 	return err
 }
 
-// EffectiveGasTipCmp compares the effective gasTipCap of two transactions assuming the given base fee.
-func (tx *Transaction) EffectiveGasTipCmp(other *Transaction, baseFee *big.Int) int {
+func (tx *Transaction) EffectiveGasTipCmp(other *Transaction, baseFee *uint256.Int) int {
 	if baseFee == nil {
 		return tx.GasTipCapCmp(other)
 	}
 	// Use more efficient internal method.
-	txTip, otherTip := new(big.Int), new(big.Int)
+	txTip, otherTip := new(uint256.Int), new(uint256.Int)
 	tx.calcEffectiveGasTip(txTip, baseFee)
 	other.calcEffectiveGasTip(otherTip, baseFee)
 	return txTip.Cmp(otherTip)
 }
 
 // EffectiveGasTipIntCmp compares the effective gasTipCap of a transaction to the given gasTipCap.
-func (tx *Transaction) EffectiveGasTipIntCmp(other *big.Int, baseFee *big.Int) int {
+func (tx *Transaction) EffectiveGasTipIntCmp(other *uint256.Int, baseFee *uint256.Int) int {
 	if baseFee == nil {
-		return tx.GasTipCapIntCmp(other)
+		return tx.GasTipCapIntCmp(other.ToBig())
 	}
-	txTip := new(big.Int)
+	txTip := new(uint256.Int)
 	tx.calcEffectiveGasTip(txTip, baseFee)
 	return txTip.Cmp(other)
 }
diff --git a/core/types/transaction_test.go b/core/types/transaction_test.go
index 7d5e2f058a..cc41674dfd 100644
--- a/core/types/transaction_test.go
+++ b/core/types/transaction_test.go
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
 // The values in those tests are from the Transaction Tests
@@ -609,12 +610,12 @@ func BenchmarkEffectiveGasTip(b *testing.B) {
 		Data:      nil,
 	}
 	tx, _ := SignNewTx(key, signer, txdata)
-	baseFee := big.NewInt(1000000000) // 1 gwei
+	baseFee := uint256.NewInt(1000000000) // 1 gwei
 
 	b.Run("Original", func(b *testing.B) {
 		b.ReportAllocs()
 		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			_, err := tx.EffectiveGasTip(baseFee)
+			_, err := tx.EffectiveGasTip(baseFee.ToBig())
 			if err != nil {
 				b.Fatal(err)
 			}
@@ -623,7 +624,7 @@ func BenchmarkEffectiveGasTip(b *testing.B) {
 
 	b.Run("IntoMethod", func(b *testing.B) {
 		b.ReportAllocs()
-		dst := new(big.Int)
+		dst := new(uint256.Int)
 		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 			err := tx.calcEffectiveGasTip(dst, baseFee)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -634,9 +635,6 @@ func BenchmarkEffectiveGasTip(b *testing.B) {
 }
 
 func TestEffectiveGasTipInto(t *testing.T) {
-	signer := LatestSigner(params.TestChainConfig)
-	key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
-
 	testCases := []struct {
 		tipCap  int64
 		feeCap  int64
@@ -652,8 +650,26 @@ func TestEffectiveGasTipInto(t *testing.T) {
 		{tipCap: 50, feeCap: 100, baseFee: nil}, // nil base fee
 	}
 
+	// original, non-allocation golfed version
+	orig := func(tx *Transaction, baseFee *big.Int) (*big.Int, error) {
+		if baseFee == nil {
+			return tx.GasTipCap(), nil
+		}
+		var err error
+		gasFeeCap := tx.GasFeeCap()
+		if gasFeeCap.Cmp(baseFee) < 0 {
+			err = ErrGasFeeCapTooLow
+		}
+		gasFeeCap = gasFeeCap.Sub(gasFeeCap, baseFee)
+		gasTipCap := tx.GasTipCap()
+		if gasTipCap.Cmp(gasFeeCap) < 0 {
+			return gasTipCap, err
+		}
+		return gasFeeCap, err
+	}
+
 	for i, tc := range testCases {
-		txdata := &DynamicFeeTx{
+		tx := NewTx(&DynamicFeeTx{
 			ChainID:   big.NewInt(1),
 			Nonce:     0,
 			GasTipCap: big.NewInt(tc.tipCap),
@@ -662,27 +678,28 @@ func TestEffectiveGasTipInto(t *testing.T) {
 			To:        &common.Address{},
 			Value:     big.NewInt(0),
 			Data:      nil,
-		}
-		tx, _ := SignNewTx(key, signer, txdata)
+		})
 
 		var baseFee *big.Int
+		var baseFee2 *uint256.Int
 		if tc.baseFee != nil {
 			baseFee = big.NewInt(*tc.baseFee)
+			baseFee2 = uint256.NewInt(uint64(*tc.baseFee))
 		}
 
 		// Get result from original method
-		orig, origErr := tx.EffectiveGasTip(baseFee)
+		orig, origErr := orig(tx, baseFee)
 
 		// Get result from new method
-		dst := new(big.Int)
-		newErr := tx.calcEffectiveGasTip(dst, baseFee)
+		dst := new(uint256.Int)
+		newErr := tx.calcEffectiveGasTip(dst, baseFee2)
 
 		// Compare results
 		if (origErr != nil) != (newErr != nil) {
 			t.Fatalf("case %d: error mismatch: orig %v, new %v", i, origErr, newErr)
 		}
 
-		if orig.Cmp(dst) != 0 {
+		if origErr == nil && orig.Cmp(dst.ToBig()) != 0 {
 			t.Fatalf("case %d: result mismatch: orig %v, new %v", i, orig, dst)
 		}
 	}
@@ -692,3 +709,28 @@ func TestEffectiveGasTipInto(t *testing.T) {
 func intPtr(i int64) *int64 {
 	return &i
 }
+
+func BenchmarkEffectiveGasTipCmp(b *testing.B) {
+	signer := LatestSigner(params.TestChainConfig)
+	key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
+	txdata := &DynamicFeeTx{
+		ChainID:   big.NewInt(1),
+		Nonce:     0,
+		GasTipCap: big.NewInt(2000000000),
+		GasFeeCap: big.NewInt(3000000000),
+		Gas:       21000,
+		To:        &common.Address{},
+		Value:     big.NewInt(0),
+		Data:      nil,
+	}
+	tx, _ := SignNewTx(key, signer, txdata)
+	other, _ := SignNewTx(key, signer, txdata)
+	baseFee := uint256.NewInt(1000000000) // 1 gwei
+
+	b.Run("Original", func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ReportAllocs()
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			tx.EffectiveGasTipCmp(other, baseFee)
+		}
+	})
+}

From ac1731907d335775f45e013756dbdf4b00cb798c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Aug 2025 20:00:18 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 047/470] triedb/pathdb: improve err message in historical
 state reader (#32477)

Fixes https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/32474
---
 triedb/pathdb/reader.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/reader.go b/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
index b7b18f13f9..5c12a8e55f 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
@@ -207,11 +207,11 @@ type HistoricalStateReader struct {
 // HistoricReader constructs a reader for accessing the requested historic state.
 func (db *Database) HistoricReader(root common.Hash) (*HistoricalStateReader, error) {
 	// Bail out if the state history hasn't been fully indexed
-	if db.indexer == nil || !db.indexer.inited() {
-		return nil, errors.New("state histories haven't been fully indexed yet")
+	if db.indexer == nil || db.freezer == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("historical state %x is not available", root)
 	}
-	if db.freezer == nil {
-		return nil, errors.New("state histories are not available")
+	if !db.indexer.inited() {
+		return nil, errors.New("state histories haven't been fully indexed yet")
 	}
 	// States at the current disk layer or above are directly accessible via
 	// db.StateReader.

From e9656238a7f20d8d797bb957e9c58f3be73993a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: shazam8253 <54690736+shazam8253@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Aug 2025 16:09:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 048/470] core, miner, trie: add metrics tracking state trie
 depth (#32388)

Co-authored-by: shantichanal <158101918+shantichanal@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 core/blockchain.go        |  16 +++++-
 core/state/database.go    |   2 +-
 core/state/statedb.go     |  36 ++++++++++---
 core/stateless/stats.go   | 108 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 core/stateless/witness.go |   8 +--
 core/vm/interpreter.go    |   1 +
 miner/worker.go           |   2 +-
 trie/secure_trie.go       |   2 +-
 trie/tracer.go            |   5 +-
 trie/transition.go        |   2 +-
 trie/trie.go              |  12 +----
 trie/verkle.go            |   2 +-
 12 files changed, 166 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 core/stateless/stats.go

diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index 0b92a94b6c..5205483af9 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -2011,7 +2011,10 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) processBlock(parentRoot common.Hash, block *types.Block, s
 	// If we are past Byzantium, enable prefetching to pull in trie node paths
 	// while processing transactions. Before Byzantium the prefetcher is mostly
 	// useless due to the intermediate root hashing after each transaction.
-	var witness *stateless.Witness
+	var (
+		witness      *stateless.Witness
+		witnessStats *stateless.WitnessStats
+	)
 	if bc.chainConfig.IsByzantium(block.Number()) {
 		// Generate witnesses either if we're self-testing, or if it's the
 		// only block being inserted. A bit crude, but witnesses are huge,
@@ -2021,8 +2024,11 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) processBlock(parentRoot common.Hash, block *types.Block, s
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
+			if bc.cfg.VmConfig.EnableWitnessStats {
+				witnessStats = stateless.NewWitnessStats()
+			}
 		}
-		statedb.StartPrefetcher("chain", witness)
+		statedb.StartPrefetcher("chain", witness, witnessStats)
 		defer statedb.StopPrefetcher()
 	}
 
@@ -2083,6 +2089,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) processBlock(parentRoot common.Hash, block *types.Block, s
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("stateless self-validation receipt root mismatch (cross: %x local: %x)", crossReceiptRoot, block.ReceiptHash())
 		}
 	}
+
 	xvtime := time.Since(xvstart)
 	proctime := time.Since(startTime) // processing + validation + cross validation
 
@@ -2118,6 +2125,11 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) processBlock(parentRoot common.Hash, block *types.Block, s
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	// Report the collected witness statistics
+	if witnessStats != nil {
+		witnessStats.ReportMetrics()
+	}
+
 	// Update the metrics touched during block commit
 	accountCommitTimer.Update(statedb.AccountCommits)   // Account commits are complete, we can mark them
 	storageCommitTimer.Update(statedb.StorageCommits)   // Storage commits are complete, we can mark them
diff --git a/core/state/database.go b/core/state/database.go
index 55fb3a0d97..3a0ac422ee 100644
--- a/core/state/database.go
+++ b/core/state/database.go
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ type Trie interface {
 
 	// Witness returns a set containing all trie nodes that have been accessed.
 	// The returned map could be nil if the witness is empty.
-	Witness() map[string]struct{}
+	Witness() map[string][]byte
 
 	// NodeIterator returns an iterator that returns nodes of the trie. Iteration
 	// starts at the key after the given start key. And error will be returned
diff --git a/core/state/statedb.go b/core/state/statedb.go
index efb09a08a0..6474d3a2fa 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@@ -136,7 +136,8 @@ type StateDB struct {
 	journal *journal
 
 	// State witness if cross validation is needed
-	witness *stateless.Witness
+	witness      *stateless.Witness
+	witnessStats *stateless.WitnessStats
 
 	// Measurements gathered during execution for debugging purposes
 	AccountReads    time.Duration
@@ -191,12 +192,13 @@ func NewWithReader(root common.Hash, db Database, reader Reader) (*StateDB, erro
 // StartPrefetcher initializes a new trie prefetcher to pull in nodes from the
 // state trie concurrently while the state is mutated so that when we reach the
 // commit phase, most of the needed data is already hot.
-func (s *StateDB) StartPrefetcher(namespace string, witness *stateless.Witness) {
+func (s *StateDB) StartPrefetcher(namespace string, witness *stateless.Witness, witnessStats *stateless.WitnessStats) {
 	// Terminate any previously running prefetcher
 	s.StopPrefetcher()
 
 	// Enable witness collection if requested
 	s.witness = witness
+	s.witnessStats = witnessStats
 
 	// With the switch to the Proof-of-Stake consensus algorithm, block production
 	// rewards are now handled at the consensus layer. Consequently, a block may
@@ -858,9 +860,17 @@ func (s *StateDB) IntermediateRoot(deleteEmptyObjects bool) common.Hash {
 				continue
 			}
 			if trie := obj.getPrefetchedTrie(); trie != nil {
-				s.witness.AddState(trie.Witness())
+				witness := trie.Witness()
+				s.witness.AddState(witness)
+				if s.witnessStats != nil {
+					s.witnessStats.Add(witness, obj.addrHash)
+				}
 			} else if obj.trie != nil {
-				s.witness.AddState(obj.trie.Witness())
+				witness := obj.trie.Witness()
+				s.witness.AddState(witness)
+				if s.witnessStats != nil {
+					s.witnessStats.Add(witness, obj.addrHash)
+				}
 			}
 		}
 		// Pull in only-read and non-destructed trie witnesses
@@ -874,9 +884,17 @@ func (s *StateDB) IntermediateRoot(deleteEmptyObjects bool) common.Hash {
 				continue
 			}
 			if trie := obj.getPrefetchedTrie(); trie != nil {
-				s.witness.AddState(trie.Witness())
+				witness := trie.Witness()
+				s.witness.AddState(witness)
+				if s.witnessStats != nil {
+					s.witnessStats.Add(witness, obj.addrHash)
+				}
 			} else if obj.trie != nil {
-				s.witness.AddState(obj.trie.Witness())
+				witness := obj.trie.Witness()
+				s.witness.AddState(witness)
+				if s.witnessStats != nil {
+					s.witnessStats.Add(witness, obj.addrHash)
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -942,7 +960,11 @@ func (s *StateDB) IntermediateRoot(deleteEmptyObjects bool) common.Hash {
 
 	// If witness building is enabled, gather the account trie witness
 	if s.witness != nil {
-		s.witness.AddState(s.trie.Witness())
+		witness := s.trie.Witness()
+		s.witness.AddState(witness)
+		if s.witnessStats != nil {
+			s.witnessStats.Add(witness, common.Hash{})
+		}
 	}
 	return hash
 }
diff --git a/core/stateless/stats.go b/core/stateless/stats.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..46022ac74b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/stateless/stats.go
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package stateless
+
+import (
+	"maps"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
+)
+
+var (
+	accountTrieDepthAvg = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("witness/trie/account/depth/avg", nil)
+	accountTrieDepthMin = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("witness/trie/account/depth/min", nil)
+	accountTrieDepthMax = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("witness/trie/account/depth/max", nil)
+
+	storageTrieDepthAvg = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("witness/trie/storage/depth/avg", nil)
+	storageTrieDepthMin = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("witness/trie/storage/depth/min", nil)
+	storageTrieDepthMax = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("witness/trie/storage/depth/max", nil)
+)
+
+// depthStats tracks min/avg/max statistics for trie access depths.
+type depthStats struct {
+	totalDepth int64
+	samples    int64
+	minDepth   int64
+	maxDepth   int64
+}
+
+// newDepthStats creates a new depthStats with default values.
+func newDepthStats() *depthStats {
+	return &depthStats{minDepth: -1}
+}
+
+// add records a new depth sample.
+func (d *depthStats) add(n int64) {
+	if n < 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	d.totalDepth += n
+	d.samples++
+
+	if d.minDepth == -1 || n < d.minDepth {
+		d.minDepth = n
+	}
+	if n > d.maxDepth {
+		d.maxDepth = n
+	}
+}
+
+// report uploads the collected statistics into the provided gauges.
+func (d *depthStats) report(maxGauge, minGauge, avgGauge *metrics.Gauge) {
+	if d.samples == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	maxGauge.Update(d.maxDepth)
+	minGauge.Update(d.minDepth)
+	avgGauge.Update(d.totalDepth / d.samples)
+}
+
+// WitnessStats aggregates statistics for account and storage trie accesses.
+type WitnessStats struct {
+	accountTrie *depthStats
+	storageTrie *depthStats
+}
+
+// NewWitnessStats creates a new WitnessStats collector.
+func NewWitnessStats() *WitnessStats {
+	return &WitnessStats{
+		accountTrie: newDepthStats(),
+		storageTrie: newDepthStats(),
+	}
+}
+
+// Add records trie access depths from the given node paths.
+// If `owner` is the zero hash, accesses are attributed to the account trie;
+// otherwise, they are attributed to the storage trie of that account.
+func (s *WitnessStats) Add(nodes map[string][]byte, owner common.Hash) {
+	if owner == (common.Hash{}) {
+		for path := range maps.Keys(nodes) {
+			s.accountTrie.add(int64(len(path)))
+		}
+	} else {
+		for path := range maps.Keys(nodes) {
+			s.storageTrie.add(int64(len(path)))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// ReportMetrics reports the collected statistics to the global metrics registry.
+func (s *WitnessStats) ReportMetrics() {
+	s.accountTrie.report(accountTrieDepthMax, accountTrieDepthMin, accountTrieDepthAvg)
+	s.storageTrie.report(storageTrieDepthMax, storageTrieDepthMin, storageTrieDepthAvg)
+}
diff --git a/core/stateless/witness.go b/core/stateless/witness.go
index aecfad1d52..371a128f48 100644
--- a/core/stateless/witness.go
+++ b/core/stateless/witness.go
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func NewWitness(context *types.Header, chain HeaderReader) (*Witness, error) {
 		}
 		headers = append(headers, parent)
 	}
-	// Create the wtness with a reconstructed gutted out block
+	// Create the witness with a reconstructed gutted out block
 	return &Witness{
 		context: context,
 		Headers: headers,
@@ -88,14 +88,16 @@ func (w *Witness) AddCode(code []byte) {
 }
 
 // AddState inserts a batch of MPT trie nodes into the witness.
-func (w *Witness) AddState(nodes map[string]struct{}) {
+func (w *Witness) AddState(nodes map[string][]byte) {
 	if len(nodes) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
 	w.lock.Lock()
 	defer w.lock.Unlock()
 
-	maps.Copy(w.State, nodes)
+	for _, value := range nodes {
+		w.State[string(value)] = struct{}{}
+	}
 }
 
 // Copy deep-copies the witness object.  Witness.Block isn't deep-copied as it
diff --git a/core/vm/interpreter.go b/core/vm/interpreter.go
index a0637a6800..52dbe83d86 100644
--- a/core/vm/interpreter.go
+++ b/core/vm/interpreter.go
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	ExtraEips               []int // Additional EIPS that are to be enabled
 
 	StatelessSelfValidation bool // Generate execution witnesses and self-check against them (testing purpose)
+	EnableWitnessStats      bool // Whether trie access statistics collection is enabled
 }
 
 // ScopeContext contains the things that are per-call, such as stack and memory,
diff --git a/miner/worker.go b/miner/worker.go
index 5405fb24b9..0e2560f844 100644
--- a/miner/worker.go
+++ b/miner/worker.go
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ func (miner *Miner) makeEnv(parent *types.Header, header *types.Header, coinbase
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		state.StartPrefetcher("miner", bundle)
+		state.StartPrefetcher("miner", bundle, nil)
 	}
 	// Note the passed coinbase may be different with header.Coinbase.
 	return &environment{
diff --git a/trie/secure_trie.go b/trie/secure_trie.go
index 408fe64051..7c7bd184bf 100644
--- a/trie/secure_trie.go
+++ b/trie/secure_trie.go
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ func (t *StateTrie) GetKey(shaKey []byte) []byte {
 }
 
 // Witness returns a set containing all trie nodes that have been accessed.
-func (t *StateTrie) Witness() map[string]struct{} {
+func (t *StateTrie) Witness() map[string][]byte {
 	return t.trie.Witness()
 }
 
diff --git a/trie/tracer.go b/trie/tracer.go
index 2e2d0928b5..b0542404a7 100644
--- a/trie/tracer.go
+++ b/trie/tracer.go
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ package trie
 
 import (
 	"maps"
-	"slices"
 	"sync"
 )
 
@@ -147,11 +146,11 @@ func (t *prevalueTracer) hasList(list [][]byte) []bool {
 }
 
 // values returns a list of values of the cached trie nodes.
-func (t *prevalueTracer) values() [][]byte {
+func (t *prevalueTracer) values() map[string][]byte {
 	t.lock.RLock()
 	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
 
-	return slices.Collect(maps.Values(t.data))
+	return maps.Clone(t.data)
 }
 
 // reset resets the cached content in the prevalueTracer.
diff --git a/trie/transition.go b/trie/transition.go
index 1670b8e793..0e82cb2627 100644
--- a/trie/transition.go
+++ b/trie/transition.go
@@ -222,6 +222,6 @@ func (t *TransitionTrie) UpdateContractCode(addr common.Address, codeHash common
 }
 
 // Witness returns a set containing all trie nodes that have been accessed.
-func (t *TransitionTrie) Witness() map[string]struct{} {
+func (t *TransitionTrie) Witness() map[string][]byte {
 	panic("not implemented")
 }
diff --git a/trie/trie.go b/trie/trie.go
index 6c998b3159..98cf751f47 100644
--- a/trie/trie.go
+++ b/trie/trie.go
@@ -752,16 +752,8 @@ func (t *Trie) hashRoot() []byte {
 }
 
 // Witness returns a set containing all trie nodes that have been accessed.
-func (t *Trie) Witness() map[string]struct{} {
-	values := t.prevalueTracer.values()
-	if len(values) == 0 {
-		return nil
-	}
-	witness := make(map[string]struct{}, len(values))
-	for _, val := range values {
-		witness[string(val)] = struct{}{}
-	}
-	return witness
+func (t *Trie) Witness() map[string][]byte {
+	return t.prevalueTracer.values()
 }
 
 // Reset drops the referenced root node and cleans all internal state.
diff --git a/trie/verkle.go b/trie/verkle.go
index c8b9a6dd46..e00ea21602 100644
--- a/trie/verkle.go
+++ b/trie/verkle.go
@@ -452,6 +452,6 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) nodeResolver(path []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 }
 
 // Witness returns a set containing all trie nodes that have been accessed.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) Witness() map[string]struct{} {
+func (t *VerkleTrie) Witness() map[string][]byte {
 	panic("not implemented")
 }

From 276ed4848c59958cc7051a34f54d6d1763b479fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ocenka <testoviydiman1@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Aug 2025 20:44:11 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 049/470] p2p/discover: add discv5 invalid findnodes result
 test cases (#32481)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Supersedes #32470.

### What
- snap: shorten stall watchdog in `eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go` from
1m to 10s.
- discover/v5: consolidate FINDNODE negative tests into a single
table-driven test:
  - `TestUDPv5_findnodeCall_InvalidNodes` covers:
    - invalid IP (unspecified `0.0.0.0`) → ignored
    - low UDP port (`<=1024`) → ignored

### Why
- Addresses TODOs:
  - “Make tests smaller” (reduce long 1m timeout).
- “check invalid IPs”; also cover low port per `verifyResponseNode`
rules (UDP must be >1024).

### How it’s validated
- Test-only changes; no production code touched.
- Local runs:
  - `go test ./p2p/discover -count=1 -timeout=300s` → ok
  - `go test ./eth/protocols/snap -count=1 -timeout=600s` → ok
- Lint:
  - `go run build/ci.go lint` → 0 issues on modified files.

### Notes
- The test harness uses `enode.ValidSchemesForTesting` (which includes
the “null” scheme), so records signed with `enode.SignNull` are
signature-valid; failures here are due to IP/port validation in
`verifyResponseNode` and `netutil.CheckRelayAddr`.
- Tests are written as a single table-driven function for clarity; no
helpers or environment switching.

---------

Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 p2p/discover/v5_udp_test.go | 88 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 86 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/v5_udp_test.go b/p2p/discover/v5_udp_test.go
index 3a384aab12..6abe20d7a4 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/v5_udp_test.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/v5_udp_test.go
@@ -378,9 +378,93 @@ func TestUDPv5_findnodeCall(t *testing.T) {
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(response, nodes) {
 		t.Fatalf("wrong nodes in response")
 	}
+}
 
-	// TODO: check invalid IPs
-	// TODO: check invalid/unsigned record
+// BadIdentityScheme mocks an identity scheme not supported by the test node.
+type BadIdentityScheme struct{}
+
+func (s BadIdentityScheme) Verify(r *enr.Record, sig []byte) error { return nil }
+func (s BadIdentityScheme) NodeAddr(r *enr.Record) []byte {
+	var id enode.ID
+	r.Load(enr.WithEntry("badaddr", &id))
+	return id[:]
+}
+
+// This test covers invalid NODES responses for the FINDNODE call in a single table-driven test.
+func TestUDPv5_findnodeCall_InvalidNodes(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	test := newUDPV5Test(t)
+	defer test.close()
+
+	for i, tt := range []struct {
+		name string
+		ip   enr.Entry
+		port enr.Entry
+		sign func(r *enr.Record, id enode.ID) *enode.Node
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "invalid ip (unspecified 0.0.0.0)",
+			ip:   enr.IP(net.IPv4zero),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid udp port (<=1024)",
+			port: enr.UDP(1024),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "invalid record, no signature",
+			sign: func(r *enr.Record, id enode.ID) *enode.Node {
+				r.Set(enr.ID("bad"))
+				r.Set(enr.WithEntry("badaddr", id))
+				r.SetSig(BadIdentityScheme{}, []byte{})
+				n, _ := enode.New(BadIdentityScheme{}, r)
+				return n
+			},
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Build ENR node for test.
+			var (
+				distance = 230
+				remote   = test.getNode(test.remotekey, test.remoteaddr).Node()
+				id       = idAtDistance(remote.ID(), distance)
+				r        enr.Record
+			)
+			r.Set(enr.IP(intIP(i)))
+			if tt.ip != nil {
+				r.Set(tt.ip)
+			}
+			r.Set(enr.UDP(30303))
+			if tt.port != nil {
+				r.Set(tt.port)
+			}
+			r = *enode.SignNull(&r, id).Record()
+			if tt.sign != nil {
+				r = *tt.sign(&r, id).Record()
+			}
+
+			// Launch findnode request.
+			var (
+				done = make(chan error, 1)
+				got  []*enode.Node
+			)
+			go func() {
+				var err error
+				got, err = test.udp.Findnode(remote, []uint{uint(distance)})
+				done <- err
+			}()
+
+			// Handle request.
+			test.waitPacketOut(func(p *v5wire.Findnode, _ netip.AddrPort, _ v5wire.Nonce) {
+				test.packetIn(&v5wire.Nodes{ReqID: p.ReqID, RespCount: 1, Nodes: []*enr.Record{&r}})
+			})
+			if err := <-done; err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+			}
+			if len(got) != 0 {
+				t.Fatalf("expected 0 nodes, got %d", len(got))
+			}
+		})
+	}
 }
 
 // This test checks that pending calls are re-sent when a handshake happens.

From f62eec955db1cbfab95aa15d6cea0e9a04152e74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ericxtheodore <ericxtheodore@outlook.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Aug 2025 09:52:54 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 050/470] node: fix vhosts for adminAPI (#32488)

---
 node/api.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/node/api.go b/node/api.go
index 33dfb3a1cc..e5dda5ac4d 100644
--- a/node/api.go
+++ b/node/api.go
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ func (api *adminAPI) StartHTTP(host *string, port *int, cors *string, apis *stri
 	}
 	if vhosts != nil {
 		config.Vhosts = nil
-		for _, vhost := range strings.Split(*host, ",") {
+		for _, vhost := range strings.Split(*vhosts, ",") {
 			config.Vhosts = append(config.Vhosts, strings.TrimSpace(vhost))
 		}
 	}

From d0602ba45a651e5a3d40ecd7cc4deab8a8625e76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pxwanglu <pxwanglu@icloud.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Aug 2025 15:29:58 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 051/470] core,trie: fix typo in TransitionTrie (#32491)

Change `NewTransitionTree` to the correct `NewTransitionTrie`.

Signed-off-by: pxwanglu <pxwanglu@icloud.com>
---
 core/state/reader.go | 2 +-
 trie/transition.go   | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state/reader.go b/core/state/reader.go
index 4fc67ebd60..4b854fefcc 100644
--- a/core/state/reader.go
+++ b/core/state/reader.go
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ func newTrieReader(root common.Hash, db *triedb.Database, cache *utils.PointCach
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
-			tr = trie.NewTransitionTree(mpt, tr.(*trie.VerkleTrie), false)
+			tr = trie.NewTransitionTrie(mpt, tr.(*trie.VerkleTrie), false)
 		}
 	}
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/trie/transition.go b/trie/transition.go
index 0e82cb2627..da49c6cdc2 100644
--- a/trie/transition.go
+++ b/trie/transition.go
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ type TransitionTrie struct {
 }
 
 // NewTransitionTrie creates a new TransitionTrie.
-func NewTransitionTree(base *SecureTrie, overlay *VerkleTrie, st bool) *TransitionTrie {
+func NewTransitionTrie(base *SecureTrie, overlay *VerkleTrie, st bool) *TransitionTrie {
 	return &TransitionTrie{
 		overlay: overlay,
 		base:    base,

From a9ac2755886299eb200e9725c6412f7bfca83246 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Aug 2025 11:02:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 052/470] .github/workflows: naive PR format checker (#32480)

Full disclosure: this has been generated by AI. The goal is to have a
quick check that the PR format is correct, before we merge it. This is
to avoid the periodical case when someone forgets to add a milestone or
check the title matches our preferred format.
---
 .github/workflows/validate_pr.yml | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/validate_pr.yml

diff --git a/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml b/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8c9ae1688f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+name: PR Format Validation
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    types: [opened, edited, synchronize]
+
+jobs:
+  validate-pr:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Check PR Title Format
+        uses: actions/github-script@v7
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const prTitle = context.payload.pull_request.title;
+            const titleRegex = /^(\.?[\w\s,{}/]+): .+/;
+            
+            if (!titleRegex.test(prTitle)) {
+              core.setFailed(`PR title "${prTitle}" does not match required format: directory, ...: description`);
+              return;
+            }
+            
+            console.log('✅ PR title format is valid');

From 9b2e8e7ce3772bde521740c4b4c5459927511d2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Aug 2025 17:30:51 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 053/470] p2p: use slices.Clone (#32428)

Replaces a helper method with slices.Clone
---
 p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding.go | 13 ++++---------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding.go b/p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding.go
index ec5ef8a261..08292a70ba 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding.go
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"hash"
+	"slices"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/mclock"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode"
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ func (c *Codec) Encode(id enode.ID, addr string, packet Packet, challenge *Whoar
 
 	// Store sent WHOAREYOU challenges.
 	if challenge, ok := packet.(*Whoareyou); ok {
-		challenge.ChallengeData = bytesCopy(&c.buf)
+		challenge.ChallengeData = slices.Clone(c.buf.Bytes())
 		enc, err := c.EncodeRaw(id, head, msgData)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, Nonce{}, err
@@ -325,7 +326,7 @@ func (c *Codec) encodeWhoareyou(toID enode.ID, packet *Whoareyou) (Header, error
 
 	// Create header.
 	head := c.makeHeader(toID, flagWhoareyou, 0)
-	head.AuthData = bytesCopy(&c.buf)
+	head.AuthData = slices.Clone(c.buf.Bytes())
 	head.Nonce = packet.Nonce
 
 	// Encode auth data.
@@ -430,7 +431,7 @@ func (c *Codec) encodeMessageHeader(toID enode.ID, s *session) (Header, error) {
 	auth := messageAuthData{SrcID: c.localnode.ID()}
 	c.buf.Reset()
 	binary.Write(&c.buf, binary.BigEndian, &auth)
-	head.AuthData = bytesCopy(&c.buf)
+	head.AuthData = slices.Clone(c.buf.Bytes())
 	head.Nonce = nonce
 	return head, err
 }
@@ -686,9 +687,3 @@ func (h *Header) mask(destID enode.ID) cipher.Stream {
 	}
 	return cipher.NewCTR(block, h.IV[:])
 }
-
-func bytesCopy(r *bytes.Buffer) []byte {
-	b := make([]byte, r.Len())
-	copy(b, r.Bytes())
-	return b
-}

From 42467f13705db85ee86d0e1d6eabe9eb5a6875c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?P=C3=A9ter=20Garamv=C3=B6lgyi?= <peter@scroll.io>
Date: Mon, 25 Aug 2025 21:00:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 054/470] params: fix history serve window for verkle test
 (#32127)

Fixes the history serve window parameter for the
test function `getContractStoredBlockHash`.

Fixes #32458.
---
 params/protocol_params.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/params/protocol_params.go b/params/protocol_params.go
index 2ec3a5c249..e8b044f450 100644
--- a/params/protocol_params.go
+++ b/params/protocol_params.go
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ const (
 	BlobTxMaxBlobs                     = 6
 	BlobBaseCost                       = 1 << 13 // Base execution gas cost for a blob.
 
-	HistoryServeWindow = 8192 // Number of blocks to serve historical block hashes for, EIP-2935.
+	HistoryServeWindow = 8191 // Number of blocks to serve historical block hashes for, EIP-2935.
 
 	MaxBlockSize = 8_388_608 // maximum size of an RLP-encoded block
 )

From 7a87d8a46d84facf778f95fabf2acee014752515 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Snezhkko <snezhkodaria38@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Aug 2025 22:02:14 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 055/470] eth/tracers: add missing teardown in TestTraceChain
 (#32472)

The TestTraceChain function was missing a defer backend.teardown() call,
which is required to properly release blockchain resources after test
completion.

---------

Co-authored-by: Sina Mahmoodi <itz.s1na@gmail.com>
---
 eth/tracers/api_test.go | 11 ++++++-----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/tracers/api_test.go b/eth/tracers/api_test.go
index 7ed2a5936e..39c39ff05d 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/api_test.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/api_test.go
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ func TestTraceTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 		b.AddTx(tx)
 		target = tx.Hash()
 	})
-	defer backend.chain.Stop()
+	defer backend.teardown()
 	api := NewAPI(backend)
 	result, err := api.TraceTransaction(context.Background(), target, nil)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ func TestTraceBlock(t *testing.T) {
 		b.AddTx(tx)
 		txHash = tx.Hash()
 	})
-	defer backend.chain.Stop()
+	defer backend.teardown()
 	api := NewAPI(backend)
 
 	var testSuite = []struct {
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ func TestTracingWithOverrides(t *testing.T) {
 			signer, accounts[0].key)
 		b.AddTx(tx)
 	})
-	defer backend.chain.Stop()
+	defer backend.teardown()
 	api := NewAPI(backend)
 	randomAccounts := newAccounts(3)
 	type res struct {
@@ -1105,6 +1105,7 @@ func TestTraceChain(t *testing.T) {
 			nonce += 1
 		}
 	})
+	defer backend.teardown()
 	backend.refHook = func() { ref.Add(1) }
 	backend.relHook = func() { rel.Add(1) }
 	api := NewAPI(backend)
@@ -1212,7 +1213,7 @@ func TestTraceBlockWithBasefee(t *testing.T) {
 		txHash = tx.Hash()
 		baseFee.Set(b.BaseFee())
 	})
-	defer backend.chain.Stop()
+	defer backend.teardown()
 	api := NewAPI(backend)
 
 	var testSuite = []struct {
@@ -1298,7 +1299,7 @@ func TestStandardTraceBlockToFile(t *testing.T) {
 		b.AddTx(tx)
 		txHashs = append(txHashs, tx.Hash())
 	})
-	defer backend.chain.Stop()
+	defer backend.teardown()
 
 	var testSuite = []struct {
 		blockNumber rpc.BlockNumber

From 16bd164f3b7902b75ad43cc3bb4d5daa12c5c3a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Liu <liudaniel@qq.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Aug 2025 13:56:03 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 056/470] internal/web3ext: remove deprecated method
 debug_seedHash (#32495)

The corresponding function was removed in #27178
---
 internal/web3ext/web3ext.go | 5 -----
 1 file changed, 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go b/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go
index d7f37a79ee..daef2e32ee 100644
--- a/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go
+++ b/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go
@@ -217,11 +217,6 @@ web3._extend({
 			call: 'debug_setHead',
 			params: 1
 		}),
-		new web3._extend.Method({
-			name: 'seedHash',
-			call: 'debug_seedHash',
-			params: 1
-		}),
 		new web3._extend.Method({
 			name: 'dumpBlock',
 			call: 'debug_dumpBlock',

From 8c58f4920d0ba07d207309ab0ca2e6b4d52316d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Aug 2025 14:52:39 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 057/470] triedb/pathdb: rename history to state history
 (#32498)

This is a internal refactoring PR, renaming the history to stateHistory.

It's a pre-requisite PR for merging trienode history, avoid the name
conflict.
---
 triedb/pathdb/database.go                     | 64 ++++++++++---------
 triedb/pathdb/database_test.go                |  8 +--
 triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go                    | 20 +++---
 triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go           |  4 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go              |  8 +--
 triedb/pathdb/history_indexer_test.go         |  2 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_inspect.go              | 12 ++--
 triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go          |  2 +-
 .../pathdb/{history.go => history_state.go}   | 42 ++++++------
 ...{history_test.go => history_state_test.go} | 40 ++++++------
 triedb/pathdb/reader.go                       |  6 +-
 11 files changed, 105 insertions(+), 103 deletions(-)
 rename triedb/pathdb/{history.go => history_state.go} (93%)
 rename triedb/pathdb/{history_test.go => history_state_test.go} (89%)

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/database.go b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
index e323a7449e..0a021aea77 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
@@ -219,12 +219,14 @@ type Database struct {
 	isVerkle bool       // Flag if database is used for verkle tree
 	hasher   nodeHasher // Trie node hasher
 
-	config  *Config                      // Configuration for database
-	diskdb  ethdb.Database               // Persistent storage for matured trie nodes
-	tree    *layerTree                   // The group for all known layers
-	freezer ethdb.ResettableAncientStore // Freezer for storing trie histories, nil possible in tests
-	lock    sync.RWMutex                 // Lock to prevent mutations from happening at the same time
-	indexer *historyIndexer              // History indexer
+	config *Config        // Configuration for database
+	diskdb ethdb.Database // Persistent storage for matured trie nodes
+	tree   *layerTree     // The group for all known layers
+
+	stateFreezer ethdb.ResettableAncientStore // Freezer for storing state histories, nil possible in tests
+	stateIndexer *historyIndexer              // History indexer historical state data, nil possible
+
+	lock sync.RWMutex // Lock to prevent mutations from happening at the same time
 }
 
 // New attempts to load an already existing layer from a persistent key-value
@@ -275,8 +277,8 @@ func New(diskdb ethdb.Database, config *Config, isVerkle bool) *Database {
 		log.Crit("Failed to setup the generator", "err", err)
 	}
 	// TODO (rjl493456442) disable the background indexing in read-only mode
-	if db.freezer != nil && db.config.EnableStateIndexing {
-		db.indexer = newHistoryIndexer(db.diskdb, db.freezer, db.tree.bottom().stateID())
+	if db.stateFreezer != nil && db.config.EnableStateIndexing {
+		db.stateIndexer = newHistoryIndexer(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer, db.tree.bottom().stateID())
 		log.Info("Enabled state history indexing")
 	}
 	fields := config.fields()
@@ -304,14 +306,14 @@ func (db *Database) repairHistory() error {
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to open state history freezer", "err", err)
 	}
-	db.freezer = freezer
+	db.stateFreezer = freezer
 
 	// Reset the entire state histories if the trie database is not initialized
 	// yet. This action is necessary because these state histories are not
 	// expected to exist without an initialized trie database.
 	id := db.tree.bottom().stateID()
 	if id == 0 {
-		frozen, err := db.freezer.Ancients()
+		frozen, err := db.stateFreezer.Ancients()
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Crit("Failed to retrieve head of state history", "err", err)
 		}
@@ -321,7 +323,7 @@ func (db *Database) repairHistory() error {
 			// Purge all state history indexing data first
 			rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db.diskdb)
 			rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndex(db.diskdb)
-			err := db.freezer.Reset()
+			err := db.stateFreezer.Reset()
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Crit("Failed to reset state histories", "err", err)
 			}
@@ -331,7 +333,7 @@ func (db *Database) repairHistory() error {
 	}
 	// Truncate the extra state histories above in freezer in case it's not
 	// aligned with the disk layer. It might happen after a unclean shutdown.
-	pruned, err := truncateFromHead(db.diskdb, db.freezer, id)
+	pruned, err := truncateFromHead(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer, id)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to truncate extra state histories", "err", err)
 	}
@@ -507,13 +509,13 @@ func (db *Database) Enable(root common.Hash) error {
 	// all root->id mappings should be removed as well. Since
 	// mappings can be huge and might take a while to clear
 	// them, just leave them in disk and wait for overwriting.
-	if db.freezer != nil {
+	if db.stateFreezer != nil {
 		// TODO(rjl493456442) would be better to group them into a batch.
 		//
 		// Purge all state history indexing data first
 		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db.diskdb)
 		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndex(db.diskdb)
-		if err := db.freezer.Reset(); err != nil {
+		if err := db.stateFreezer.Reset(); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -529,9 +531,9 @@ func (db *Database) Enable(root common.Hash) error {
 	// To ensure the history indexer always matches the current state, we must:
 	//   1. Close any existing indexer
 	//   2. Re-initialize the indexer so it starts indexing from the new state root.
-	if db.indexer != nil && db.freezer != nil && db.config.EnableStateIndexing {
-		db.indexer.close()
-		db.indexer = newHistoryIndexer(db.diskdb, db.freezer, db.tree.bottom().stateID())
+	if db.stateIndexer != nil && db.stateFreezer != nil && db.config.EnableStateIndexing {
+		db.stateIndexer.close()
+		db.stateIndexer = newHistoryIndexer(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer, db.tree.bottom().stateID())
 		log.Info("Re-enabled state history indexing")
 	}
 	log.Info("Rebuilt trie database", "root", root)
@@ -551,7 +553,7 @@ func (db *Database) Recover(root common.Hash) error {
 	if err := db.modifyAllowed(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if db.freezer == nil {
+	if db.stateFreezer == nil {
 		return errors.New("state rollback is non-supported")
 	}
 	// Short circuit if the target state is not recoverable
@@ -564,7 +566,7 @@ func (db *Database) Recover(root common.Hash) error {
 		dl    = db.tree.bottom()
 	)
 	for dl.rootHash() != root {
-		h, err := readHistory(db.freezer, dl.stateID())
+		h, err := readStateHistory(db.stateFreezer, dl.stateID())
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -585,7 +587,7 @@ func (db *Database) Recover(root common.Hash) error {
 	if err := db.diskdb.SyncKeyValue(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err := truncateFromHead(db.diskdb, db.freezer, dl.stateID())
+	_, err := truncateFromHead(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer, dl.stateID())
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -613,12 +615,12 @@ func (db *Database) Recoverable(root common.Hash) bool {
 	// dev mode. As a consequence, the Pathdb loses the ability for deep reorg
 	// in certain cases.
 	// TODO(rjl493456442): Implement the in-memory ancient store.
-	if db.freezer == nil {
+	if db.stateFreezer == nil {
 		return false
 	}
 	// Ensure the requested state is a canonical state and all state
 	// histories in range [id+1, disklayer.ID] are present and complete.
-	return checkHistories(db.freezer, *id+1, dl.stateID()-*id, func(m *meta) error {
+	return checkStateHistories(db.stateFreezer, *id+1, dl.stateID()-*id, func(m *meta) error {
 		if m.parent != root {
 			return errors.New("unexpected state history")
 		}
@@ -646,14 +648,14 @@ func (db *Database) Close() error {
 	dl.resetCache() // release the memory held by clean cache
 
 	// Terminate the background state history indexer
-	if db.indexer != nil {
-		db.indexer.close()
+	if db.stateIndexer != nil {
+		db.stateIndexer.close()
 	}
 	// Close the attached state history freezer.
-	if db.freezer == nil {
+	if db.stateFreezer == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return db.freezer.Close()
+	return db.stateFreezer.Close()
 }
 
 // Size returns the current storage size of the memory cache in front of the
@@ -704,7 +706,7 @@ func (db *Database) journalPath() string {
 // End: State ID of the last history for the query. 0 implies the last available
 // object is selected as the ending point. Note end is included in the query.
 func (db *Database) AccountHistory(address common.Address, start, end uint64) (*HistoryStats, error) {
-	return accountHistory(db.freezer, address, start, end)
+	return accountHistory(db.stateFreezer, address, start, end)
 }
 
 // StorageHistory inspects the storage history within the specified range.
@@ -717,22 +719,22 @@ func (db *Database) AccountHistory(address common.Address, start, end uint64) (*
 //
 // Note, slot refers to the hash of the raw slot key.
 func (db *Database) StorageHistory(address common.Address, slot common.Hash, start uint64, end uint64) (*HistoryStats, error) {
-	return storageHistory(db.freezer, address, slot, start, end)
+	return storageHistory(db.stateFreezer, address, slot, start, end)
 }
 
 // HistoryRange returns the block numbers associated with earliest and latest
 // state history in the local store.
 func (db *Database) HistoryRange() (uint64, uint64, error) {
-	return historyRange(db.freezer)
+	return historyRange(db.stateFreezer)
 }
 
 // IndexProgress returns the indexing progress made so far. It provides the
 // number of states that remain unindexed.
 func (db *Database) IndexProgress() (uint64, error) {
-	if db.indexer == nil {
+	if db.stateIndexer == nil {
 		return 0, nil
 	}
-	return db.indexer.progress()
+	return db.stateIndexer.progress()
 }
 
 // AccountIterator creates a new account iterator for the specified root hash and
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go
index e9a1850ee0..47d13e54a4 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ func (t *tester) verifyHistory() error {
 	for i, root := range t.roots {
 		// The state history related to the state above disk layer should not exist.
 		if i > bottom {
-			_, err := readHistory(t.db.freezer, uint64(i+1))
+			_, err := readStateHistory(t.db.stateFreezer, uint64(i+1))
 			if err == nil {
 				return errors.New("unexpected state history")
 			}
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ func (t *tester) verifyHistory() error {
 		}
 		// The state history related to the state below or equal to the disk layer
 		// should exist.
-		obj, err := readHistory(t.db.freezer, uint64(i+1))
+		obj, err := readStateHistory(t.db.stateFreezer, uint64(i+1))
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ func TestDisable(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("Failed to clean journal")
 	}
 	// Ensure all trie histories are removed
-	n, err := tester.db.freezer.Ancients()
+	n, err := tester.db.stateFreezer.Ancients()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("Failed to clean state history")
 	}
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ func TestTailTruncateHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	tester.db.Close()
 	tester.db = New(tester.db.diskdb, &Config{StateHistory: 10}, false)
 
-	head, err := tester.db.freezer.Ancients()
+	head, err := tester.db.stateFreezer.Ancients()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to obtain freezer head")
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
index 06f0a7285f..cffe729299 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
@@ -337,16 +337,16 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) commit(bottom *diffLayer, force bool) (*diskLayer, error) {
 		overflow bool
 		oldest   uint64
 	)
-	if dl.db.freezer != nil {
+	if dl.db.stateFreezer != nil {
 		// Bail out with an error if writing the state history fails.
 		// This can happen, for example, if the device is full.
-		err := writeHistory(dl.db.freezer, bottom)
+		err := writeStateHistory(dl.db.stateFreezer, bottom)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		// Determine if the persisted history object has exceeded the configured
 		// limitation, set the overflow as true if so.
-		tail, err := dl.db.freezer.Tail()
+		tail, err := dl.db.stateFreezer.Tail()
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -356,8 +356,8 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) commit(bottom *diffLayer, force bool) (*diskLayer, error) {
 			oldest = bottom.stateID() - limit + 1 // track the id of history **after truncation**
 		}
 		// Notify the state history indexer for newly created history
-		if dl.db.indexer != nil {
-			if err := dl.db.indexer.extend(bottom.stateID()); err != nil {
+		if dl.db.stateIndexer != nil {
+			if err := dl.db.stateIndexer.extend(bottom.stateID()); err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
 		}
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) commit(bottom *diffLayer, force bool) (*diskLayer, error) {
 
 		// Freeze the live buffer and schedule background flushing
 		dl.frozen = combined
-		dl.frozen.flush(bottom.root, dl.db.diskdb, dl.db.freezer, progress, dl.nodes, dl.states, bottom.stateID(), func() {
+		dl.frozen.flush(bottom.root, dl.db.diskdb, dl.db.stateFreezer, progress, dl.nodes, dl.states, bottom.stateID(), func() {
 			// Resume the background generation if it's not completed yet.
 			// The generator is assumed to be available if the progress is
 			// not nil.
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) commit(bottom *diffLayer, force bool) (*diskLayer, error) {
 	// To remove outdated history objects from the end, we set the 'tail' parameter
 	// to 'oldest-1' due to the offset between the freezer index and the history ID.
 	if overflow {
-		pruned, err := truncateFromTail(ndl.db.diskdb, ndl.db.freezer, oldest-1)
+		pruned, err := truncateFromTail(ndl.db.diskdb, ndl.db.stateFreezer, oldest-1)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) commit(bottom *diffLayer, force bool) (*diskLayer, error) {
 }
 
 // revert applies the given state history and return a reverted disk layer.
-func (dl *diskLayer) revert(h *history) (*diskLayer, error) {
+func (dl *diskLayer) revert(h *stateHistory) (*diskLayer, error) {
 	start := time.Now()
 	if h.meta.root != dl.rootHash() {
 		return nil, errUnexpectedHistory
@@ -484,8 +484,8 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) revert(h *history) (*diskLayer, error) {
 	dl.stale = true
 
 	// Unindex the corresponding state history
-	if dl.db.indexer != nil {
-		if err := dl.db.indexer.shorten(dl.id); err != nil {
+	if dl.db.stateIndexer != nil {
+		if err := dl.db.stateIndexer.shorten(dl.id); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go
index 7b24b86fd6..c83c33ffbd 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ func TestBatchIndexerWrite(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		db        = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		batch     = newBatchIndexer(db, false)
-		histories = makeHistories(10)
+		histories = makeStateHistories(10)
 	)
 	for i, h := range histories {
 		if err := batch.process(h, uint64(i+1)); err != nil {
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ func TestBatchIndexerDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		db        = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		bw        = newBatchIndexer(db, false)
-		histories = makeHistories(10)
+		histories = makeStateHistories(10)
 	)
 	// Index histories
 	for i, h := range histories {
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
index 054d43e946..bb6a4f80c4 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ func newBatchIndexer(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, delete bool) *batchIndexer {
 
 // process iterates through the accounts and their associated storage slots in the
 // state history, tracking the mapping between state and history IDs.
-func (b *batchIndexer) process(h *history, historyID uint64) error {
+func (b *batchIndexer) process(h *stateHistory, historyID uint64) error {
 	for _, address := range h.accountList {
 		addrHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(address.Bytes())
 		b.counter += 1
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ func indexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.Ancient
 		}
 		return fmt.Errorf("history indexing is out of order, last: %s, requested: %d", last, historyID)
 	}
-	h, err := readHistory(freezer, historyID)
+	h, err := readStateHistory(freezer, historyID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ func unindexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.Ancie
 		}
 		return fmt.Errorf("history unindexing is out of order, last: %s, requested: %d", last, historyID)
 	}
-	h, err := readHistory(freezer, historyID)
+	h, err := readStateHistory(freezer, historyID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) index(done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32, lastID
 		if count > historyReadBatch {
 			count = historyReadBatch
 		}
-		histories, err := readHistories(i.freezer, current, count)
+		histories, err := readStateHistories(i.freezer, current, count)
 		if err != nil {
 			// The history read might fall if the history is truncated from
 			// head due to revert operation.
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer_test.go
index abfcafc945..96c87ccb1b 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer_test.go
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func TestHistoryIndexerShortenDeadlock(t *testing.T) {
 	freezer, _ := rawdb.NewStateFreezer(t.TempDir(), false, false)
 	defer freezer.Close()
 
-	histories := makeHistories(100)
+	histories := makeStateHistories(100)
 	for i, h := range histories {
 		accountData, storageData, accountIndex, storageIndex := h.encode()
 		rawdb.WriteStateHistory(freezer, uint64(i+1), h.meta.encode(), accountIndex, storageIndex, accountData, storageData)
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_inspect.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_inspect.go
index 9458e2478b..9b4eea27b4 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_inspect.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_inspect.go
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func sanitizeRange(start, end uint64, freezer ethdb.AncientReader) (uint64, uint
 	return first, last, nil
 }
 
-func inspectHistory(freezer ethdb.AncientReader, start, end uint64, onHistory func(*history, *HistoryStats)) (*HistoryStats, error) {
+func inspectHistory(freezer ethdb.AncientReader, start, end uint64, onHistory func(*stateHistory, *HistoryStats)) (*HistoryStats, error) {
 	var (
 		stats  = &HistoryStats{}
 		init   = time.Now()
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ func inspectHistory(freezer ethdb.AncientReader, start, end uint64, onHistory fu
 	for id := start; id <= end; id += 1 {
 		// The entire history object is decoded, although it's unnecessary for
 		// account inspection. TODO(rjl493456442) optimization is worthwhile.
-		h, err := readHistory(freezer, id)
+		h, err := readStateHistory(freezer, id)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ func inspectHistory(freezer ethdb.AncientReader, start, end uint64, onHistory fu
 
 // accountHistory inspects the account history within the range.
 func accountHistory(freezer ethdb.AncientReader, address common.Address, start, end uint64) (*HistoryStats, error) {
-	return inspectHistory(freezer, start, end, func(h *history, stats *HistoryStats) {
+	return inspectHistory(freezer, start, end, func(h *stateHistory, stats *HistoryStats) {
 		blob, exists := h.accounts[address]
 		if !exists {
 			return
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ func accountHistory(freezer ethdb.AncientReader, address common.Address, start,
 // storageHistory inspects the storage history within the range.
 func storageHistory(freezer ethdb.AncientReader, address common.Address, slot common.Hash, start uint64, end uint64) (*HistoryStats, error) {
 	slotHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(slot.Bytes())
-	return inspectHistory(freezer, start, end, func(h *history, stats *HistoryStats) {
+	return inspectHistory(freezer, start, end, func(h *stateHistory, stats *HistoryStats) {
 		slots, exists := h.storages[address]
 		if !exists {
 			return
@@ -145,11 +145,11 @@ func historyRange(freezer ethdb.AncientReader) (uint64, uint64, error) {
 	}
 	last := head - 1
 
-	fh, err := readHistory(freezer, first)
+	fh, err := readStateHistory(freezer, first)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, 0, err
 	}
-	lh, err := readHistory(freezer, last)
+	lh, err := readStateHistory(freezer, last)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, 0, err
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
index 4eb93fb9c9..e271b271a9 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ func testHistoryReader(t *testing.T, historyLimit uint64) {
 	var (
 		roots = env.roots
 		dRoot = env.db.tree.bottom().rootHash()
-		hr    = newHistoryReader(env.db.diskdb, env.db.freezer)
+		hr    = newHistoryReader(env.db.diskdb, env.db.stateFreezer)
 	)
 	for _, root := range roots {
 		if root == dRoot {
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
similarity index 93%
rename from triedb/pathdb/history.go
rename to triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
index 47f224170d..ab8e97b6c0 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
@@ -234,12 +234,13 @@ func (m *meta) decode(blob []byte) error {
 	}
 }
 
-// history represents a set of state changes belong to a block along with
+// stateHistory represents a set of state changes belong to a block along with
 // the metadata including the state roots involved in the state transition.
+//
 // State history objects in disk are linked with each other by a unique id
 // (8-bytes integer), the oldest state history object can be pruned on demand
 // in order to control the storage size.
-type history struct {
+type stateHistory struct {
 	meta        *meta                                     // Meta data of history
 	accounts    map[common.Address][]byte                 // Account data keyed by its address hash
 	accountList []common.Address                          // Sorted account hash list
@@ -247,8 +248,8 @@ type history struct {
 	storageList map[common.Address][]common.Hash          // Sorted slot hash list
 }
 
-// newHistory constructs the state history object with provided state change set.
-func newHistory(root common.Hash, parent common.Hash, block uint64, accounts map[common.Address][]byte, storages map[common.Address]map[common.Hash][]byte, rawStorageKey bool) *history {
+// newStateHistory constructs the state history object with provided states.
+func newStateHistory(root common.Hash, parent common.Hash, block uint64, accounts map[common.Address][]byte, storages map[common.Address]map[common.Hash][]byte, rawStorageKey bool) *stateHistory {
 	var (
 		accountList = slices.SortedFunc(maps.Keys(accounts), common.Address.Cmp)
 		storageList = make(map[common.Address][]common.Hash)
@@ -260,7 +261,7 @@ func newHistory(root common.Hash, parent common.Hash, block uint64, accounts map
 	if !rawStorageKey {
 		version = stateHistoryV0
 	}
-	return &history{
+	return &stateHistory{
 		meta: &meta{
 			version: version,
 			parent:  parent,
@@ -276,7 +277,7 @@ func newHistory(root common.Hash, parent common.Hash, block uint64, accounts map
 
 // stateSet returns the state set, keyed by the hash of the account address
 // and the hash of the storage slot key.
-func (h *history) stateSet() (map[common.Hash][]byte, map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]byte) {
+func (h *stateHistory) stateSet() (map[common.Hash][]byte, map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]byte) {
 	var (
 		accounts = make(map[common.Hash][]byte)
 		storages = make(map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]byte)
@@ -304,7 +305,7 @@ func (h *history) stateSet() (map[common.Hash][]byte, map[common.Hash]map[common
 
 // encode serializes the state history and returns four byte streams represent
 // concatenated account/storage data, account/storage indexes respectively.
-func (h *history) encode() ([]byte, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
+func (h *stateHistory) encode() ([]byte, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
 	var (
 		slotNumber     uint32 // the number of processed slots
 		accountData    []byte // the buffer for concatenated account data
@@ -459,7 +460,7 @@ func (r *decoder) readStorage(accIndex accountIndex) ([]common.Hash, map[common.
 }
 
 // decode deserializes the account and storage data from the provided byte stream.
-func (h *history) decode(accountData, storageData, accountIndexes, storageIndexes []byte) error {
+func (h *stateHistory) decode(accountData, storageData, accountIndexes, storageIndexes []byte) error {
 	var (
 		count       = len(accountIndexes) / accountIndexSize
 		accounts    = make(map[common.Address][]byte, count)
@@ -503,8 +504,8 @@ func (h *history) decode(accountData, storageData, accountIndexes, storageIndexe
 	return nil
 }
 
-// readHistory reads and decodes the state history object by the given id.
-func readHistory(reader ethdb.AncientReader, id uint64) (*history, error) {
+// readStateHistory reads a single state history records with the specified id.
+func readStateHistory(reader ethdb.AncientReader, id uint64) (*stateHistory, error) {
 	mData, accountIndexes, storageIndexes, accountData, storageData, err := rawdb.ReadStateHistory(reader, id)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -513,17 +514,16 @@ func readHistory(reader ethdb.AncientReader, id uint64) (*history, error) {
 	if err := m.decode(mData); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	h := history{meta: &m}
+	h := stateHistory{meta: &m}
 	if err := h.decode(accountData, storageData, accountIndexes, storageIndexes); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return &h, nil
 }
 
-// readHistories reads and decodes a list of state histories with the specific
-// history range.
-func readHistories(freezer ethdb.AncientReader, start uint64, count uint64) ([]*history, error) {
-	var histories []*history
+// readStateHistories reads a list of state history records within the specified range.
+func readStateHistories(freezer ethdb.AncientReader, start uint64, count uint64) ([]*stateHistory, error) {
+	var histories []*stateHistory
 	metaList, aIndexList, sIndexList, aDataList, sDataList, err := rawdb.ReadStateHistoryList(freezer, start, count)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ func readHistories(freezer ethdb.AncientReader, start uint64, count uint64) ([]*
 		if err := m.decode(metaList[i]); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		h := history{meta: &m}
+		h := stateHistory{meta: &m}
 		if err := h.decode(aDataList[i], sDataList[i], aIndexList[i], sIndexList[i]); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -542,15 +542,15 @@ func readHistories(freezer ethdb.AncientReader, start uint64, count uint64) ([]*
 	return histories, nil
 }
 
-// writeHistory persists the state history with the provided state set.
-func writeHistory(writer ethdb.AncientWriter, dl *diffLayer) error {
+// writeStateHistory persists the state history associated with the given diff layer.
+func writeStateHistory(writer ethdb.AncientWriter, dl *diffLayer) error {
 	// Short circuit if state set is not available.
 	if dl.states == nil {
 		return errors.New("state change set is not available")
 	}
 	var (
 		start   = time.Now()
-		history = newHistory(dl.rootHash(), dl.parentLayer().rootHash(), dl.block, dl.states.accountOrigin, dl.states.storageOrigin, dl.states.rawStorageKey)
+		history = newStateHistory(dl.rootHash(), dl.parentLayer().rootHash(), dl.block, dl.states.accountOrigin, dl.states.storageOrigin, dl.states.rawStorageKey)
 	)
 	accountData, storageData, accountIndex, storageIndex := history.encode()
 	dataSize := common.StorageSize(len(accountData) + len(storageData))
@@ -568,9 +568,9 @@ func writeHistory(writer ethdb.AncientWriter, dl *diffLayer) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// checkHistories retrieves a batch of meta objects with the specified range
+// checkStateHistories retrieves a batch of meta objects with the specified range
 // and performs the callback on each item.
-func checkHistories(reader ethdb.AncientReader, start, count uint64, check func(*meta) error) error {
+func checkStateHistories(reader ethdb.AncientReader, start, count uint64, check func(*meta) error) error {
 	for count > 0 {
 		number := count
 		if number > 10000 {
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go
similarity index 89%
rename from triedb/pathdb/history_test.go
rename to triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go
index 2928d19d74..e154811367 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go
@@ -49,36 +49,36 @@ func randomStateSet(n int) (map[common.Address][]byte, map[common.Address]map[co
 	return accounts, storages
 }
 
-func makeHistory(rawStorageKey bool) *history {
+func makeStateHistory(rawStorageKey bool) *stateHistory {
 	accounts, storages := randomStateSet(3)
-	return newHistory(testrand.Hash(), types.EmptyRootHash, 0, accounts, storages, rawStorageKey)
+	return newStateHistory(testrand.Hash(), types.EmptyRootHash, 0, accounts, storages, rawStorageKey)
 }
 
-func makeHistories(n int) []*history {
+func makeStateHistories(n int) []*stateHistory {
 	var (
 		parent = types.EmptyRootHash
-		result []*history
+		result []*stateHistory
 	)
 	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
 		root := testrand.Hash()
 		accounts, storages := randomStateSet(3)
-		h := newHistory(root, parent, uint64(i), accounts, storages, false)
+		h := newStateHistory(root, parent, uint64(i), accounts, storages, false)
 		parent = root
 		result = append(result, h)
 	}
 	return result
 }
 
-func TestEncodeDecodeHistory(t *testing.T) {
-	testEncodeDecodeHistory(t, false)
-	testEncodeDecodeHistory(t, true)
+func TestEncodeDecodeStateHistory(t *testing.T) {
+	testEncodeDecodeStateHistory(t, false)
+	testEncodeDecodeStateHistory(t, true)
 }
 
-func testEncodeDecodeHistory(t *testing.T, rawStorageKey bool) {
+func testEncodeDecodeStateHistory(t *testing.T, rawStorageKey bool) {
 	var (
 		m   meta
-		dec history
-		obj = makeHistory(rawStorageKey)
+		dec stateHistory
+		obj = makeStateHistory(rawStorageKey)
 	)
 	// check if meta data can be correctly encode/decode
 	blob := obj.meta.encode()
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ func testEncodeDecodeHistory(t *testing.T, rawStorageKey bool) {
 	}
 }
 
-func checkHistory(t *testing.T, db ethdb.KeyValueReader, freezer ethdb.AncientReader, id uint64, root common.Hash, exist bool) {
+func checkStateHistory(t *testing.T, db ethdb.KeyValueReader, freezer ethdb.AncientReader, id uint64, root common.Hash, exist bool) {
 	blob := rawdb.ReadStateHistoryMeta(freezer, id)
 	if exist && len(blob) == 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to load trie history, %d", id)
@@ -126,14 +126,14 @@ func checkHistory(t *testing.T, db ethdb.KeyValueReader, freezer ethdb.AncientRe
 
 func checkHistoriesInRange(t *testing.T, db ethdb.KeyValueReader, freezer ethdb.AncientReader, from, to uint64, roots []common.Hash, exist bool) {
 	for i, j := from, 0; i <= to; i, j = i+1, j+1 {
-		checkHistory(t, db, freezer, i, roots[j], exist)
+		checkStateHistory(t, db, freezer, i, roots[j], exist)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestTruncateHeadHistory(t *testing.T) {
+func TestTruncateHeadStateHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		roots      []common.Hash
-		hs         = makeHistories(10)
+		hs         = makeStateHistories(10)
 		db         = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		freezer, _ = rawdb.NewStateFreezer(t.TempDir(), false, false)
 	)
@@ -158,10 +158,10 @@ func TestTruncateHeadHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestTruncateTailHistory(t *testing.T) {
+func TestTruncateTailStateHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		roots      []common.Hash
-		hs         = makeHistories(10)
+		hs         = makeStateHistories(10)
 		db         = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		freezer, _ = rawdb.NewStateFreezer(t.TempDir(), false, false)
 	)
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ func TestTruncateTailHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestTruncateTailHistories(t *testing.T) {
+func TestTruncateTailStateHistories(t *testing.T) {
 	var cases = []struct {
 		limit       uint64
 		expPruned   int
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ func TestTruncateTailHistories(t *testing.T) {
 	for i, c := range cases {
 		var (
 			roots      []common.Hash
-			hs         = makeHistories(10)
+			hs         = makeStateHistories(10)
 			db         = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 			freezer, _ = rawdb.NewStateFreezer(t.TempDir()+fmt.Sprintf("%d", i), false, false)
 		)
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ func TestTruncateTailHistories(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestTruncateOutOfRange(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
-		hs         = makeHistories(10)
+		hs         = makeStateHistories(10)
 		db         = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		freezer, _ = rawdb.NewStateFreezer(t.TempDir(), false, false)
 	)
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/reader.go b/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
index 5c12a8e55f..43d12a1678 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
@@ -207,10 +207,10 @@ type HistoricalStateReader struct {
 // HistoricReader constructs a reader for accessing the requested historic state.
 func (db *Database) HistoricReader(root common.Hash) (*HistoricalStateReader, error) {
 	// Bail out if the state history hasn't been fully indexed
-	if db.indexer == nil || db.freezer == nil {
+	if db.stateIndexer == nil || db.stateFreezer == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("historical state %x is not available", root)
 	}
-	if !db.indexer.inited() {
+	if !db.stateIndexer.inited() {
 		return nil, errors.New("state histories haven't been fully indexed yet")
 	}
 	// States at the current disk layer or above are directly accessible via
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ func (db *Database) HistoricReader(root common.Hash) (*HistoricalStateReader, er
 	return &HistoricalStateReader{
 		id:     *id,
 		db:     db,
-		reader: newHistoryReader(db.diskdb, db.freezer),
+		reader: newHistoryReader(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer),
 	}, nil
 }
 

From 27d4a10185b0e702fbe67439b331f63ee0dc1912 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ericxtheodore <ericxtheodore@outlook.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Aug 2025 15:29:29 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 058/470] build: add support for ubuntu 25.04 (#31666)

---
 build/ci.go | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/build/ci.go b/build/ci.go
index df2b973a3a..3856f32925 100644
--- a/build/ci.go
+++ b/build/ci.go
@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ var (
 		"jammy",    // 22.04, EOL: 04/2032
 		"noble",    // 24.04, EOL: 04/2034
 		"oracular", // 24.10, EOL: 07/2025
+		"plucky",   // 25.04, EOL: 01/2026
 	}
 
 	// This is where the tests should be unpacked.

From 514322ce0f630000641cf9b6144a04d71a915a77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: tzchenxixi <tzchenxixi@icloud.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Aug 2025 19:50:19 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 059/470] cmd: fix typo in comment (#32501)

The function name in the comment should be `writeErrors` instead of
`writeQueries`.

Signed-off-by: tzchenxixi <tzchenxixi@icloud.com>
---
 cmd/workload/filtertestperf.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/cmd/workload/filtertestperf.go b/cmd/workload/filtertestperf.go
index c7d2fdd02a..d4f1a155f1 100644
--- a/cmd/workload/filtertestperf.go
+++ b/cmd/workload/filtertestperf.go
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ func (st *bucketStats) print(name string) {
 		name, st.count, float64(st.blocks)/float64(st.count), float64(st.logs)/float64(st.count), st.runtime/time.Duration(st.count))
 }
 
-// writeQueries serializes the generated errors to the error file.
+// writeErrors serializes the generated errors to the error file.
 func writeErrors(errorFile string, errors []*filterQuery) {
 	file, err := os.Create(errorFile)
 	if err != nil {

From f877183cbb38d9212d25bc33650926e0aadcf9c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Shane Bammel <sjb933@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Aug 2025 08:44:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 060/470] eth/tracers: fix supply tracer uncle accounting
 (#31882)

Uncle rewards were being omitted in the supply tracer due
to a bug. This PR fixes that.

---------

Co-authored-by: Sina Mahmoodi <itz.s1na@gmail.com>
---
 eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/supply_test.go | 68 ++++++++++++++++---
 eth/tracers/live/supply.go                    |  3 +-
 2 files changed, 59 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/supply_test.go b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/supply_test.go
index 8aedc9d564..2b5a8212aa 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/supply_test.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/supply_test.go
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func TestSupplyOmittedFields(t *testing.T) {
 
 	out, _, err := testSupplyTracer(t, gspec, func(b *core.BlockGen) {
 		b.SetPoS()
-	})
+	}, 1)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to test supply tracer: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ func TestSupplyGenesisAlloc(t *testing.T) {
 		ParentHash: common.HexToHash("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"),
 	}
 
-	out, _, err := testSupplyTracer(t, gspec, emptyBlockGenerationFunc)
+	out, _, err := testSupplyTracer(t, gspec, emptyBlockGenerationFunc, 1)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to test supply tracer: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -148,7 +148,55 @@ func TestSupplyRewards(t *testing.T) {
 		ParentHash: common.HexToHash("0xadeda0a83e337b6c073e3f0e9a17531a04009b397a9588c093b628f21b8bc5a3"),
 	}
 
-	out, _, err := testSupplyTracer(t, gspec, emptyBlockGenerationFunc)
+	out, _, err := testSupplyTracer(t, gspec, emptyBlockGenerationFunc, 1)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to test supply tracer: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	actual := out[expected.Number]
+
+	compareAsJSON(t, expected, actual)
+}
+
+func TestSupplyRewardsWithUncle(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		config = *params.AllEthashProtocolChanges
+
+		gspec = &core.Genesis{
+			Config: &config,
+		}
+	)
+
+	// Base reward for the miner
+	baseReward := ethash.ConstantinopleBlockReward.ToBig()
+	// Miner reward for uncle inclusion is 1/32 of the base reward
+	uncleInclusionReward := new(big.Int).Rsh(baseReward, 5)
+	// Uncle miner reward for an uncle that is 1 block behind is 7/8 of the base reward
+	uncleReward := big.NewInt(7)
+	uncleReward.Mul(uncleReward, baseReward).Rsh(uncleReward, 3)
+
+	totalReward := baseReward.Add(baseReward, uncleInclusionReward).Add(baseReward, uncleReward)
+
+	expected := supplyInfo{
+		Issuance: &supplyInfoIssuance{
+			Reward: (*hexutil.Big)(totalReward),
+		},
+		Number:     3,
+		Hash:       common.HexToHash("0x0737d31f8671c18d32b5143833cfa600e4264df62324c9de569668c6de9eed6d"),
+		ParentHash: common.HexToHash("0x45af6557df87719cb3c7e6f8a98b61508ea74a797733191aececb4c2ec802447"),
+	}
+
+	// Generate a new chain where block 3 includes an uncle
+	uncleGenerationFunc := func(b *core.BlockGen) {
+		if b.Number().Uint64() == 3 {
+			prevBlock := b.PrevBlock(1) // Block 2
+			uncle := types.CopyHeader(prevBlock.Header())
+			uncle.Extra = []byte("uncle!")
+			b.AddUncle(uncle)
+		}
+	}
+
+	out, _, err := testSupplyTracer(t, gspec, uncleGenerationFunc, 3)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to test supply tracer: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -195,7 +243,7 @@ func TestSupplyEip1559Burn(t *testing.T) {
 		b.AddTx(tx)
 	}
 
-	out, chain, err := testSupplyTracer(t, gspec, eip1559BlockGenerationFunc)
+	out, chain, err := testSupplyTracer(t, gspec, eip1559BlockGenerationFunc, 1)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to test supply tracer: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -238,7 +286,7 @@ func TestSupplyWithdrawals(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 
-	out, chain, err := testSupplyTracer(t, gspec, withdrawalsBlockGenerationFunc)
+	out, chain, err := testSupplyTracer(t, gspec, withdrawalsBlockGenerationFunc, 1)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to test supply tracer: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -318,7 +366,7 @@ func TestSupplySelfdestruct(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// 1. Test pre Cancun
-	preCancunOutput, preCancunChain, err := testSupplyTracer(t, gspec, testBlockGenerationFunc)
+	preCancunOutput, preCancunChain, err := testSupplyTracer(t, gspec, testBlockGenerationFunc, 1)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Pre-cancun failed to test supply tracer: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -360,7 +408,7 @@ func TestSupplySelfdestruct(t *testing.T) {
 	gspec.Config.CancunTime = &cancunTime
 	gspec.Config.BlobScheduleConfig = params.DefaultBlobSchedule
 
-	postCancunOutput, postCancunChain, err := testSupplyTracer(t, gspec, testBlockGenerationFunc)
+	postCancunOutput, postCancunChain, err := testSupplyTracer(t, gspec, testBlockGenerationFunc, 1)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Post-cancun failed to test supply tracer: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -500,7 +548,7 @@ func TestSupplySelfdestructItselfAndRevert(t *testing.T) {
 		b.AddTx(tx)
 	}
 
-	output, chain, err := testSupplyTracer(t, gspec, testBlockGenerationFunc)
+	output, chain, err := testSupplyTracer(t, gspec, testBlockGenerationFunc, 1)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to test supply tracer: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -542,7 +590,7 @@ func TestSupplySelfdestructItselfAndRevert(t *testing.T) {
 	compareAsJSON(t, expected, actual)
 }
 
-func testSupplyTracer(t *testing.T, genesis *core.Genesis, gen func(*core.BlockGen)) ([]supplyInfo, *core.BlockChain, error) {
+func testSupplyTracer(t *testing.T, genesis *core.Genesis, gen func(b *core.BlockGen), numBlocks int) ([]supplyInfo, *core.BlockChain, error) {
 	engine := beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker())
 
 	traceOutputPath := filepath.ToSlash(t.TempDir())
@@ -562,7 +610,7 @@ func testSupplyTracer(t *testing.T, genesis *core.Genesis, gen func(*core.BlockG
 	}
 	defer chain.Stop()
 
-	_, blocks, _ := core.GenerateChainWithGenesis(genesis, engine, 1, func(i int, b *core.BlockGen) {
+	_, blocks, _ := core.GenerateChainWithGenesis(genesis, engine, numBlocks, func(i int, b *core.BlockGen) {
 		b.SetCoinbase(common.Address{1})
 		gen(b)
 	})
diff --git a/eth/tracers/live/supply.go b/eth/tracers/live/supply.go
index bae7445cb4..ad3b9cbae3 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/live/supply.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/live/supply.go
@@ -199,8 +199,7 @@ func (s *supplyTracer) onBalanceChange(a common.Address, prevBalance, newBalance
 
 	// NOTE: don't handle "BalanceIncreaseGenesisBalance" because it is handled in OnGenesisBlock
 	switch reason {
-	case tracing.BalanceIncreaseRewardMineUncle:
-	case tracing.BalanceIncreaseRewardMineBlock:
+	case tracing.BalanceIncreaseRewardMineBlock, tracing.BalanceIncreaseRewardMineUncle:
 		s.delta.Issuance.Reward.Add(s.delta.Issuance.Reward, diff)
 	case tracing.BalanceIncreaseWithdrawal:
 		s.delta.Issuance.Withdrawals.Add(s.delta.Issuance.Withdrawals, diff)

From 95ab643bb8acbe5a01c6699dab4fcd0d8d533293 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Aug 2025 21:53:55 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 061/470] triedb/pathdb: refactor state history write (#32497)

This pull request refactors the internal implementation in path database
a bit, specifically:

- purge the state index data in batch
- simplify the logic of state history construction and index, make it more readable
---
 triedb/pathdb/database.go        |  23 +++---
 triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go       | 117 ++++++++++++++++++-------------
 triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go |  11 +--
 3 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-)

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/database.go b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
index 0a021aea77..b1e2e75784 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
@@ -318,13 +318,14 @@ func (db *Database) repairHistory() error {
 			log.Crit("Failed to retrieve head of state history", "err", err)
 		}
 		if frozen != 0 {
-			// TODO(rjl493456442) would be better to group them into a batch.
-			//
 			// Purge all state history indexing data first
-			rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db.diskdb)
-			rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndex(db.diskdb)
-			err := db.stateFreezer.Reset()
-			if err != nil {
+			batch := db.diskdb.NewBatch()
+			rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(batch)
+			rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndex(batch)
+			if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+				log.Crit("Failed to purge state history index", "err", err)
+			}
+			if err := db.stateFreezer.Reset(); err != nil {
 				log.Crit("Failed to reset state histories", "err", err)
 			}
 			log.Info("Truncated extraneous state history")
@@ -510,11 +511,13 @@ func (db *Database) Enable(root common.Hash) error {
 	// mappings can be huge and might take a while to clear
 	// them, just leave them in disk and wait for overwriting.
 	if db.stateFreezer != nil {
-		// TODO(rjl493456442) would be better to group them into a batch.
-		//
 		// Purge all state history indexing data first
-		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db.diskdb)
-		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndex(db.diskdb)
+		batch.Reset()
+		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(batch)
+		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndex(batch)
+		if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 		if err := db.stateFreezer.Reset(); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
index cffe729299..f1248b02bd 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
@@ -323,6 +323,69 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) update(root common.Hash, id uint64, block uint64, nodes *no
 	return newDiffLayer(dl, root, id, block, nodes, states)
 }
 
+// writeStateHistory stores the state history and indexes if indexing is
+// permitted.
+//
+// What's more, this function also returns a flag indicating whether the
+// buffer flushing is required, ensuring the persistent state ID is always
+// greater than or equal to the first history ID.
+func (dl *diskLayer) writeStateHistory(diff *diffLayer) (bool, error) {
+	// Short circuit if state history is not permitted
+	if dl.db.stateFreezer == nil {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	// Bail out with an error if writing the state history fails.
+	// This can happen, for example, if the device is full.
+	err := writeStateHistory(dl.db.stateFreezer, diff)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	// Notify the state history indexer for newly created history
+	if dl.db.stateIndexer != nil {
+		if err := dl.db.stateIndexer.extend(diff.stateID()); err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+	}
+	// Determine if the persisted history object has exceeded the
+	// configured limitation.
+	limit := dl.db.config.StateHistory
+	if limit == 0 {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	tail, err := dl.db.stateFreezer.Tail()
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	} // firstID = tail+1
+
+	// length = diff.stateID()-firstID+1 = diff.stateID()-tail
+	if diff.stateID()-tail <= limit {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	newFirst := diff.stateID() - limit + 1 // the id of first history **after truncation**
+
+	// In a rare case where the ID of the first history object (after tail
+	// truncation) exceeds the persisted state ID, we must take corrective
+	// steps:
+	//
+	// - Skip tail truncation temporarily, avoid the scenario that associated
+	//   history of persistent state is removed
+	//
+	// - Force a commit of the cached dirty states into persistent state
+	//
+	// These measures ensure the persisted state ID always remains greater
+	// than or equal to the first history ID.
+	if persistentID := rawdb.ReadPersistentStateID(dl.db.diskdb); persistentID < newFirst {
+		log.Debug("Skip tail truncation", "persistentID", persistentID, "tailID", tail+1, "headID", diff.stateID(), "limit", limit)
+		return true, nil
+	}
+	pruned, err := truncateFromTail(dl.db.diskdb, dl.db.stateFreezer, newFirst-1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	log.Debug("Pruned state history", "items", pruned, "tailid", newFirst)
+	return false, nil
+}
+
 // commit merges the given bottom-most diff layer into the node buffer
 // and returns a newly constructed disk layer. Note the current disk
 // layer must be tagged as stale first to prevent re-access.
@@ -333,34 +396,9 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) commit(bottom *diffLayer, force bool) (*diskLayer, error) {
 	// Construct and store the state history first. If crash happens after storing
 	// the state history but without flushing the corresponding states(journal),
 	// the stored state history will be truncated from head in the next restart.
-	var (
-		overflow bool
-		oldest   uint64
-	)
-	if dl.db.stateFreezer != nil {
-		// Bail out with an error if writing the state history fails.
-		// This can happen, for example, if the device is full.
-		err := writeStateHistory(dl.db.stateFreezer, bottom)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		// Determine if the persisted history object has exceeded the configured
-		// limitation, set the overflow as true if so.
-		tail, err := dl.db.stateFreezer.Tail()
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		limit := dl.db.config.StateHistory
-		if limit != 0 && bottom.stateID()-tail > limit {
-			overflow = true
-			oldest = bottom.stateID() - limit + 1 // track the id of history **after truncation**
-		}
-		// Notify the state history indexer for newly created history
-		if dl.db.stateIndexer != nil {
-			if err := dl.db.stateIndexer.extend(bottom.stateID()); err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-		}
+	flush, err := dl.writeStateHistory(bottom)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	// Mark the diskLayer as stale before applying any mutations on top.
 	dl.stale = true
@@ -373,21 +411,13 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) commit(bottom *diffLayer, force bool) (*diskLayer, error) {
 	}
 	rawdb.WriteStateID(dl.db.diskdb, bottom.rootHash(), bottom.stateID())
 
-	// In a unique scenario where the ID of the oldest history object (after tail
-	// truncation) surpasses the persisted state ID, we take the necessary action
-	// of forcibly committing the cached dirty states to ensure that the persisted
-	// state ID remains higher.
-	persistedID := rawdb.ReadPersistentStateID(dl.db.diskdb)
-	if !force && persistedID < oldest {
-		force = true
-	}
 	// Merge the trie nodes and flat states of the bottom-most diff layer into the
 	// buffer as the combined layer.
 	combined := dl.buffer.commit(bottom.nodes, bottom.states.stateSet)
 
 	// Terminate the background state snapshot generation before mutating the
 	// persistent state.
-	if combined.full() || force {
+	if combined.full() || force || flush {
 		// Wait until the previous frozen buffer is fully flushed
 		if dl.frozen != nil {
 			if err := dl.frozen.waitFlush(); err != nil {
@@ -431,8 +461,8 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) commit(bottom *diffLayer, force bool) (*diskLayer, error) {
 			}
 		})
 		// Block until the frozen buffer is fully flushed out if the async flushing
-		// is not allowed, or if the oldest history surpasses the persisted state ID.
-		if dl.db.config.NoAsyncFlush || persistedID < oldest {
+		// is not allowed.
+		if dl.db.config.NoAsyncFlush {
 			if err := dl.frozen.waitFlush(); err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
@@ -445,15 +475,6 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) commit(bottom *diffLayer, force bool) (*diskLayer, error) {
 	if dl.generator != nil {
 		ndl.setGenerator(dl.generator)
 	}
-	// To remove outdated history objects from the end, we set the 'tail' parameter
-	// to 'oldest-1' due to the offset between the freezer index and the history ID.
-	if overflow {
-		pruned, err := truncateFromTail(ndl.db.diskdb, ndl.db.stateFreezer, oldest-1)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		log.Debug("Pruned state history", "items", pruned, "tailid", oldest)
-	}
 	return ndl, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
index bb6a4f80c4..127459b47c 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
@@ -598,14 +598,17 @@ func checkVersion(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore) {
 	if err == nil && m.Version == stateIndexVersion {
 		return
 	}
-	// TODO(rjl493456442) would be better to group them into a batch.
-	rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(disk)
-	rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndex(disk)
-
 	version := "unknown"
 	if err == nil {
 		version = fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.Version)
 	}
+
+	batch := disk.NewBatch()
+	rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(batch)
+	rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndex(batch)
+	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to purge state history index", "err", err)
+	}
 	log.Info("Cleaned up obsolete state history index", "version", version, "want", stateIndexVersion)
 }
 

From eab5c929a2ecb1a0d2583be7ad13f6ed8fe7aeb0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lightclient <14004106+lightclient@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Aug 2025 15:43:51 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 062/470] rpc: refactor read limit test (#32494)

closes #32240 #32232

The main cause for the time out is the slow json encoding of large data.
In #32240 they tried to resolve the issue by reducing the size of the
test. However as Felix pointed out, the test is still kind of confusing.

I've refactored the test so it is more understandable and have reduced
the amount of data needed to be json encoded. I think it is still
important to ensure that the default read limit is not active, so I have
retained one large (~32 MB) test case, but it's at least smaller than
the existing ~64 MB test case.
---
 rpc/websocket_test.go | 79 ++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/rpc/websocket_test.go b/rpc/websocket_test.go
index a8d8624900..3b7d5a9da0 100644
--- a/rpc/websocket_test.go
+++ b/rpc/websocket_test.go
@@ -121,56 +121,49 @@ func TestWebsocketLargeRead(t *testing.T) {
 		srv     = newTestServer()
 		httpsrv = httptest.NewServer(srv.WebsocketHandler([]string{"*"}))
 		wsURL   = "ws:" + strings.TrimPrefix(httpsrv.URL, "http:")
+		buffer  = 64
 	)
 	defer srv.Stop()
 	defer httpsrv.Close()
 
-	testLimit := func(limit *int64) {
-		opts := []ClientOption{}
-		expLimit := int64(wsDefaultReadLimit)
-		if limit != nil && *limit >= 0 {
-			opts = append(opts, WithWebsocketMessageSizeLimit(*limit))
-			if *limit > 0 {
-				expLimit = *limit // 0 means infinite
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		size  int
+		limit int
+		err   bool
+	}{
+		{200, 200, false},                       // Small, successful request and limit
+		{2048, 1024, true},                      // Normal, failed request
+		{wsDefaultReadLimit + buffer, 0, false}, // Large, successful request, infinite limit
+	} {
+		func() {
+			if tt.limit != 0 {
+				// Some buffer is added to the limit to account for JSON encoding. It's
+				// skipped when the limit is zero since the intention is for the limit
+				// to be infinite.
+				tt.limit += buffer
 			}
-		}
-		client, err := DialOptions(context.Background(), wsURL, opts...)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("can't dial: %v", err)
-		}
-		defer client.Close()
-		// Remove some bytes for json encoding overhead.
-		underLimit := int(expLimit - 128)
-		overLimit := expLimit + 1
-		if expLimit == wsDefaultReadLimit {
-			// No point trying the full 32MB in tests. Just sanity-check that
-			// it's not obviously limited.
-			underLimit = 1024
-			overLimit = -1
-		}
-		var res string
-		// Check under limit
-		if err = client.Call(&res, "test_repeat", "A", underLimit); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("unexpected error with limit %d: %v", expLimit, err)
-		}
-		if len(res) != underLimit || strings.Count(res, "A") != underLimit {
-			t.Fatal("incorrect data")
-		}
-		// Check over limit
-		if overLimit > 0 {
-			err = client.Call(&res, "test_repeat", "A", expLimit+1)
-			if err == nil || err != websocket.ErrReadLimit {
-				t.Fatalf("wrong error with limit %d: %v expecting %v", expLimit, err, websocket.ErrReadLimit)
+			opts := []ClientOption{WithWebsocketMessageSizeLimit(int64(tt.limit))}
+			client, err := DialOptions(context.Background(), wsURL, opts...)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("failed to dial test server: %v", err)
 			}
-		}
-	}
-	ptr := func(v int64) *int64 { return &v }
+			defer client.Close()
 
-	testLimit(ptr(-1)) // Should be ignored (use default)
-	testLimit(ptr(0))  // Should be ignored (use default)
-	testLimit(nil)     // Should be ignored (use default)
-	testLimit(ptr(200))
-	testLimit(ptr(wsDefaultReadLimit * 2))
+			var res string
+			err = client.Call(&res, "test_repeat", "A", tt.size)
+			if tt.err && err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("expected error, got none")
+			}
+			if !tt.err {
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("unexpected error with limit %d: %v", tt.limit, err)
+				}
+				if strings.Count(res, "A") != tt.size {
+					t.Fatal("incorrect data")
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+	}
 }
 
 func TestWebsocketPeerInfo(t *testing.T) {

From 6191f31508f0f96386b2919e8cf4eec6d1eb6d6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Avory <avorycorelli@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Aug 2025 04:49:47 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 063/470] eth: replace hardcoded sleep with polling loop in
 snap sync test (#32499)

Replace hardcoded 5-second sleep with polling loop that actively checks
snap sync state. This approach is already used in other project tests
(like account_cache_test.go) and provides better reliability by:

- Reducing flaky behavior on slower systems
- Finishing early when sync completes quickly
- Using 1-second timeout with 100ms polling intervals

---------

Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 eth/sync_test.go | 16 ++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/sync_test.go b/eth/sync_test.go
index cad3a4732e..dc295f2790 100644
--- a/eth/sync_test.go
+++ b/eth/sync_test.go
@@ -88,9 +88,17 @@ func testSnapSyncDisabling(t *testing.T, ethVer uint, snapVer uint) {
 	if err := empty.handler.downloader.BeaconSync(ethconfig.SnapSync, full.chain.CurrentBlock(), nil); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("sync failed:", err)
 	}
-	time.Sleep(time.Second * 5) // Downloader internally has to wait a timer (3s) to be expired before exiting
-
-	if empty.handler.snapSync.Load() {
-		t.Fatalf("snap sync not disabled after successful synchronisation")
+	// Downloader internally has to wait for a timer (3s) to be expired before
+	// exiting. Poll after to determine if sync is disabled.
+	time.Sleep(time.Second * 3)
+	for timeout := time.After(time.Second); ; {
+		select {
+		case <-timeout:
+			t.Fatalf("snap sync not disabled after successful synchronisation")
+		case <-time.After(100 * time.Millisecond):
+			if !empty.handler.snapSync.Load() {
+				return
+			}
+		}
 	}
 }

From 7db6c91254379e83aa9b9b201ca72b0a7fb5b654 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marcel <153717436+MonkeyMarcel@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Aug 2025 17:33:18 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 064/470] internal/ethapi: fix precompile override for
 eth_estimateGas (#31795)

Fix and close https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/31719.

---------

Co-authored-by: Sina Mahmoodi <itz.s1na@gmail.com>
---
 internal/ethapi/api.go      | 10 ++++++++-
 internal/ethapi/api_test.go | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index 16a56ccf07..362125dd63 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -829,7 +829,15 @@ func DoEstimateGas(ctx context.Context, b Backend, args TransactionArgs, blockNr
 	if state == nil || err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	if err := overrides.Apply(state, nil); err != nil {
+	blockCtx := core.NewEVMBlockContext(header, NewChainContext(ctx, b), nil)
+	if blockOverrides != nil {
+		if err := blockOverrides.Apply(&blockCtx); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+	}
+	rules := b.ChainConfig().Rules(blockCtx.BlockNumber, blockCtx.Random != nil, blockCtx.Time)
+	precompiles := vm.ActivePrecompiledContracts(rules)
+	if err := overrides.Apply(state, precompiles); err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
 	// Construct the gas estimator option from the user input
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
index 8e7220b5e4..0a6c721405 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
@@ -3725,3 +3725,45 @@ func TestCreateAccessListWithStateOverrides(t *testing.T) {
 	}}
 	require.Equal(t, expected, result.Accesslist)
 }
+
+func TestEstimateGasWithMovePrecompile(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	// Initialize test accounts
+	var (
+		accounts = newAccounts(2)
+		genesis  = &core.Genesis{
+			Config: params.MergedTestChainConfig,
+			Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
+				accounts[0].addr: {Balance: big.NewInt(params.Ether)},
+			},
+		}
+	)
+	backend := newTestBackend(t, 1, genesis, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), func(i int, b *core.BlockGen) {
+		b.SetPoS()
+	})
+	api := NewBlockChainAPI(backend)
+	// Move SHA256 precompile (0x2) to a new address (0x100)
+	// and estimate gas for calling the moved precompile.
+	var (
+		sha256Addr    = common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x2})
+		newSha256Addr = common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x10, 0})
+		sha256Input   = hexutil.Bytes([]byte("hello"))
+		args          = TransactionArgs{
+			From: &accounts[0].addr,
+			To:   &newSha256Addr,
+			Data: &sha256Input,
+		}
+		overrides = &override.StateOverride{
+			sha256Addr: override.OverrideAccount{
+				MovePrecompileTo: &newSha256Addr,
+			},
+		}
+	)
+	gas, err := api.EstimateGas(context.Background(), args, nil, overrides, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("EstimateGas failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if gas != 21366 {
+		t.Fatalf("mismatched gas: %d, want 21366", gas)
+	}
+}

From 52ec2b5f47ca899a35df1bd9b03750dc2db6f2a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: nthumann <nthumanna@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Aug 2025 13:36:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 065/470] accounts/abi: fix panic when check event with log has
 empty or nil topics (#32503)

When the log has empty or nil topics, the generated bindings code will
panic when accessing `log.Topics[0]`, add a check to avoid it.
---
 accounts/abi/abigen/source2.go.tpl            |  2 +-
 .../abi/abigen/testdata/v2/crowdsale.go.txt   |  2 +-
 accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/dao.go.txt    | 10 ++++----
 .../abigen/testdata/v2/eventchecker.go.txt    | 10 ++++----
 .../abigen/testdata/v2/nameconflict.go.txt    |  2 +-
 .../testdata/v2/numericmethodname.go.txt      |  2 +-
 .../abi/abigen/testdata/v2/overload.go.txt    |  4 +--
 accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/token.go.txt  |  2 +-
 accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/tuple.go.txt  |  4 +--
 .../bind/v2/internal/contracts/db/bindings.go |  4 +--
 .../v2/internal/contracts/events/bindings.go  |  4 +--
 accounts/abi/bind/v2/lib_test.go              | 25 +++++++++++++++++++
 12 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/accounts/abi/abigen/source2.go.tpl b/accounts/abi/abigen/source2.go.tpl
index 8ef906b8d6..3d98cbb700 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/abigen/source2.go.tpl
+++ b/accounts/abi/abigen/source2.go.tpl
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ var (
 		// Solidity: {{.Original.String}}
 		func ({{ decapitalise $contract.Type}} *{{$contract.Type}}) Unpack{{.Normalized.Name}}Event(log *types.Log) (*{{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}}, error) {
 			event := "{{.Original.Name}}"
-			if log.Topics[0] != {{ decapitalise $contract.Type}}.abi.Events[event].ID {
+			if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != {{ decapitalise $contract.Type}}.abi.Events[event].ID {
 				return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 			}
 			out := new({{$contract.Type}}{{.Normalized.Name}})
diff --git a/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/crowdsale.go.txt b/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/crowdsale.go.txt
index b2183c91ea..b548b6cdae 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/crowdsale.go.txt
+++ b/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/crowdsale.go.txt
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ func (CrowdsaleFundTransfer) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event FundTransfer(address backer, uint256 amount, bool isContribution)
 func (crowdsale *Crowdsale) UnpackFundTransferEvent(log *types.Log) (*CrowdsaleFundTransfer, error) {
 	event := "FundTransfer"
-	if log.Topics[0] != crowdsale.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != crowdsale.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(CrowdsaleFundTransfer)
diff --git a/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/dao.go.txt b/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/dao.go.txt
index 75fa95df91..c246771d6d 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/dao.go.txt
+++ b/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/dao.go.txt
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ func (DAOChangeOfRules) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event ChangeOfRules(uint256 minimumQuorum, uint256 debatingPeriodInMinutes, int256 majorityMargin)
 func (dAO *DAO) UnpackChangeOfRulesEvent(log *types.Log) (*DAOChangeOfRules, error) {
 	event := "ChangeOfRules"
-	if log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(DAOChangeOfRules)
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ func (DAOMembershipChanged) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event MembershipChanged(address member, bool isMember)
 func (dAO *DAO) UnpackMembershipChangedEvent(log *types.Log) (*DAOMembershipChanged, error) {
 	event := "MembershipChanged"
-	if log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(DAOMembershipChanged)
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ func (DAOProposalAdded) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event ProposalAdded(uint256 proposalID, address recipient, uint256 amount, string description)
 func (dAO *DAO) UnpackProposalAddedEvent(log *types.Log) (*DAOProposalAdded, error) {
 	event := "ProposalAdded"
-	if log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(DAOProposalAdded)
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@ func (DAOProposalTallied) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event ProposalTallied(uint256 proposalID, int256 result, uint256 quorum, bool active)
 func (dAO *DAO) UnpackProposalTalliedEvent(log *types.Log) (*DAOProposalTallied, error) {
 	event := "ProposalTallied"
-	if log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(DAOProposalTallied)
@@ -780,7 +780,7 @@ func (DAOVoted) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event Voted(uint256 proposalID, bool position, address voter, string justification)
 func (dAO *DAO) UnpackVotedEvent(log *types.Log) (*DAOVoted, error) {
 	event := "Voted"
-	if log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != dAO.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(DAOVoted)
diff --git a/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/eventchecker.go.txt b/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/eventchecker.go.txt
index 92558c5efe..8ad59e63b1 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/eventchecker.go.txt
+++ b/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/eventchecker.go.txt
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func (EventCheckerDynamic) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event dynamic(string indexed idxStr, bytes indexed idxDat, string str, bytes dat)
 func (eventChecker *EventChecker) UnpackDynamicEvent(log *types.Log) (*EventCheckerDynamic, error) {
 	event := "dynamic"
-	if log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(EventCheckerDynamic)
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ func (EventCheckerEmpty) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event empty()
 func (eventChecker *EventChecker) UnpackEmptyEvent(log *types.Log) (*EventCheckerEmpty, error) {
 	event := "empty"
-	if log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(EventCheckerEmpty)
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ func (EventCheckerIndexed) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event indexed(address indexed addr, int256 indexed num)
 func (eventChecker *EventChecker) UnpackIndexedEvent(log *types.Log) (*EventCheckerIndexed, error) {
 	event := "indexed"
-	if log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(EventCheckerIndexed)
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ func (EventCheckerMixed) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event mixed(address indexed addr, int256 num)
 func (eventChecker *EventChecker) UnpackMixedEvent(log *types.Log) (*EventCheckerMixed, error) {
 	event := "mixed"
-	if log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(EventCheckerMixed)
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ func (EventCheckerUnnamed) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event unnamed(uint256 indexed arg0, uint256 indexed arg1)
 func (eventChecker *EventChecker) UnpackUnnamedEvent(log *types.Log) (*EventCheckerUnnamed, error) {
 	event := "unnamed"
-	if log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != eventChecker.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(EventCheckerUnnamed)
diff --git a/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/nameconflict.go.txt b/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/nameconflict.go.txt
index fbc61a5c6c..3fbabee5a5 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/nameconflict.go.txt
+++ b/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/nameconflict.go.txt
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ func (NameConflictLog) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event log(int256 msg, int256 _msg)
 func (nameConflict *NameConflict) UnpackLogEvent(log *types.Log) (*NameConflictLog, error) {
 	event := "log"
-	if log.Topics[0] != nameConflict.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != nameConflict.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(NameConflictLog)
diff --git a/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/numericmethodname.go.txt b/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/numericmethodname.go.txt
index 9d698a2657..d962583e48 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/numericmethodname.go.txt
+++ b/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/numericmethodname.go.txt
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ func (NumericMethodNameE1TestEvent) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event _1TestEvent(address _param)
 func (numericMethodName *NumericMethodName) UnpackE1TestEventEvent(log *types.Log) (*NumericMethodNameE1TestEvent, error) {
 	event := "_1TestEvent"
-	if log.Topics[0] != numericMethodName.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != numericMethodName.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(NumericMethodNameE1TestEvent)
diff --git a/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/overload.go.txt b/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/overload.go.txt
index 3b9a95a125..ddddd10186 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/overload.go.txt
+++ b/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/overload.go.txt
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ func (OverloadBar) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event bar(uint256 i)
 func (overload *Overload) UnpackBarEvent(log *types.Log) (*OverloadBar, error) {
 	event := "bar"
-	if log.Topics[0] != overload.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != overload.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(OverloadBar)
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func (OverloadBar0) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event bar(uint256 i, uint256 j)
 func (overload *Overload) UnpackBar0Event(log *types.Log) (*OverloadBar0, error) {
 	event := "bar0"
-	if log.Topics[0] != overload.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != overload.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(OverloadBar0)
diff --git a/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/token.go.txt b/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/token.go.txt
index 69294f375a..6ebc96861b 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/token.go.txt
+++ b/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/token.go.txt
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ func (TokenTransfer) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value)
 func (token *Token) UnpackTransferEvent(log *types.Log) (*TokenTransfer, error) {
 	event := "Transfer"
-	if log.Topics[0] != token.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != token.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(TokenTransfer)
diff --git a/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/tuple.go.txt b/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/tuple.go.txt
index 76a1f58d52..4724fdd351 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/tuple.go.txt
+++ b/accounts/abi/abigen/testdata/v2/tuple.go.txt
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ func (TupleTupleEvent) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event TupleEvent((uint256,uint256[],(uint256,uint256)[]) a, (uint256,uint256)[2][] b, (uint256,uint256)[][2] c, (uint256,uint256[],(uint256,uint256)[])[] d, uint256[] e)
 func (tuple *Tuple) UnpackTupleEventEvent(log *types.Log) (*TupleTupleEvent, error) {
 	event := "TupleEvent"
-	if log.Topics[0] != tuple.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != tuple.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(TupleTupleEvent)
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ func (TupleTupleEvent2) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event TupleEvent2((uint8,uint8)[] arg0)
 func (tuple *Tuple) UnpackTupleEvent2Event(log *types.Log) (*TupleTupleEvent2, error) {
 	event := "TupleEvent2"
-	if log.Topics[0] != tuple.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != tuple.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(TupleTupleEvent2)
diff --git a/accounts/abi/bind/v2/internal/contracts/db/bindings.go b/accounts/abi/bind/v2/internal/contracts/db/bindings.go
index fc00a555b5..4ac1652ff7 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/bind/v2/internal/contracts/db/bindings.go
+++ b/accounts/abi/bind/v2/internal/contracts/db/bindings.go
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ func (DBInsert) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event Insert(uint256 key, uint256 value, uint256 length)
 func (dB *DB) UnpackInsertEvent(log *types.Log) (*DBInsert, error) {
 	event := "Insert"
-	if log.Topics[0] != dB.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != dB.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(DBInsert)
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ func (DBKeyedInsert) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event KeyedInsert(uint256 indexed key, uint256 value)
 func (dB *DB) UnpackKeyedInsertEvent(log *types.Log) (*DBKeyedInsert, error) {
 	event := "KeyedInsert"
-	if log.Topics[0] != dB.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != dB.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(DBKeyedInsert)
diff --git a/accounts/abi/bind/v2/internal/contracts/events/bindings.go b/accounts/abi/bind/v2/internal/contracts/events/bindings.go
index ba4fdc71e3..40d2c44a44 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/bind/v2/internal/contracts/events/bindings.go
+++ b/accounts/abi/bind/v2/internal/contracts/events/bindings.go
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ func (CBasic1) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event basic1(uint256 indexed id, uint256 data)
 func (c *C) UnpackBasic1Event(log *types.Log) (*CBasic1, error) {
 	event := "basic1"
-	if log.Topics[0] != c.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != c.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(CBasic1)
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ func (CBasic2) ContractEventName() string {
 // Solidity: event basic2(bool indexed flag, uint256 data)
 func (c *C) UnpackBasic2Event(log *types.Log) (*CBasic2, error) {
 	event := "basic2"
-	if log.Topics[0] != c.abi.Events[event].ID {
+	if len(log.Topics) == 0 || log.Topics[0] != c.abi.Events[event].ID {
 		return nil, errors.New("event signature mismatch")
 	}
 	out := new(CBasic2)
diff --git a/accounts/abi/bind/v2/lib_test.go b/accounts/abi/bind/v2/lib_test.go
index ee1db9cf86..11360fc7dd 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/bind/v2/lib_test.go
+++ b/accounts/abi/bind/v2/lib_test.go
@@ -367,3 +367,28 @@ func TestErrors(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("bad unpacked error result: expected Arg4 to be false.  got true")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestEventUnpackEmptyTopics(t *testing.T) {
+	c := events.NewC()
+
+	for _, log := range []*types.Log{
+		{Topics: []common.Hash{}},
+		{Topics: nil},
+	} {
+		_, err := c.UnpackBasic1Event(log)
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected error when unpacking event with empty topics, got nil")
+		}
+		if err.Error() != "event signature mismatch" {
+			t.Fatalf("expected 'event signature mismatch' error, got: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		_, err = c.UnpackBasic2Event(log)
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected error when unpacking event with empty topics, got nil")
+		}
+		if err.Error() != "event signature mismatch" {
+			t.Fatalf("expected 'event signature mismatch' error, got: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}

From f90eb3e50789a8b0aebcfca6e6b5a0c040e188ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Aug 2025 01:03:29 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 066/470] core, internal, miner, signer: convert legacy sidecar
 in Osaka fork (#32347)

This pull request implements #32235 , constructing blob sidecar in new
format (cell proof)
if the Osaka has been activated.

Apart from that, it introduces a pre-conversion step in the blob pool
before adding the txs.
This mechanism is essential for handling the remote **legacy** blob txs
from the network.

One thing is still missing and probably is worthy being highlighted
here: the blobpool may
contain several legacy blob txs before the Osaka and these txs should be
converted once
Osaka is activated. While the `GetBlob` API in blobpool is capable for
generating cell proofs
at the runtime, converting legacy txs at one time is much cheaper
overall.

---------

Co-authored-by: MariusVanDerWijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go      |  31 +++++-
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go |  84 +++++++++++++--
 core/txpool/validation.go             |   6 +-
 internal/ethapi/api.go                |  41 +++++--
 internal/ethapi/api_test.go           |  61 ++++++++---
 internal/ethapi/transaction_args.go   | 150 ++++++++++++++++----------
 miner/worker.go                       |  16 ---
 signer/core/apitypes/types.go         |   7 +-
 8 files changed, 281 insertions(+), 115 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
index 948ecd14c3..64ee3fcd9a 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
@@ -1397,6 +1397,31 @@ func (p *BlobPool) AvailableBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash) int {
 	return available
 }
 
+// convertSidecar converts the legacy sidecar in the submitted transactions
+// if Osaka fork has been activated.
+func (p *BlobPool) convertSidecar(txs []*types.Transaction) ([]*types.Transaction, []error) {
+	head := p.chain.CurrentBlock()
+	if !p.chain.Config().IsOsaka(head.Number, head.Time) {
+		return txs, make([]error, len(txs))
+	}
+	var errs []error
+	for _, tx := range txs {
+		sidecar := tx.BlobTxSidecar()
+		if sidecar == nil {
+			errs = append(errs, errors.New("missing sidecar in blob transaction"))
+			continue
+		}
+		if sidecar.Version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 {
+			if err := sidecar.ToV1(); err != nil {
+				errs = append(errs, err)
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+		errs = append(errs, nil)
+	}
+	return txs, errs
+}
+
 // Add inserts a set of blob transactions into the pool if they pass validation (both
 // consensus validity and pool restrictions).
 //
@@ -1404,10 +1429,14 @@ func (p *BlobPool) AvailableBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash) int {
 // related to the add is finished. Only use this during tests for determinism.
 func (p *BlobPool) Add(txs []*types.Transaction, sync bool) []error {
 	var (
+		errs []error
 		adds = make([]*types.Transaction, 0, len(txs))
-		errs = make([]error, len(txs))
 	)
+	txs, errs = p.convertSidecar(txs)
 	for i, tx := range txs {
+		if errs[i] != nil {
+			continue
+		}
 		errs[i] = p.add(tx)
 		if errs[i] == nil {
 			adds = append(adds, tx.WithoutBlobTxSidecar())
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
index 55eed86cff..51ab27eb01 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
+	"slices"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -47,11 +48,12 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	testBlobs       []*kzg4844.Blob
-	testBlobCommits []kzg4844.Commitment
-	testBlobProofs  []kzg4844.Proof
-	testBlobVHashes [][32]byte
-	testBlobIndices = make(map[[32]byte]int)
+	testBlobs          []*kzg4844.Blob
+	testBlobCommits    []kzg4844.Commitment
+	testBlobProofs     []kzg4844.Proof
+	testBlobCellProofs [][]kzg4844.Proof
+	testBlobVHashes    [][32]byte
+	testBlobIndices    = make(map[[32]byte]int)
 )
 
 const testMaxBlobsPerBlock = 6
@@ -67,6 +69,9 @@ func init() {
 		testBlobProof, _ := kzg4844.ComputeBlobProof(testBlob, testBlobCommit)
 		testBlobProofs = append(testBlobProofs, testBlobProof)
 
+		testBlobCellProof, _ := kzg4844.ComputeCellProofs(testBlob)
+		testBlobCellProofs = append(testBlobCellProofs, testBlobCellProof)
+
 		testBlobVHash := kzg4844.CalcBlobHashV1(sha256.New(), &testBlobCommit)
 		testBlobIndices[testBlobVHash] = len(testBlobVHashes)
 		testBlobVHashes = append(testBlobVHashes, testBlobVHash)
@@ -416,24 +421,40 @@ func verifyBlobRetrievals(t *testing.T, pool *BlobPool) {
 			hashes = append(hashes, tx.vhashes...)
 		}
 	}
-	blobs, _, proofs, err := pool.GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
+	blobs1, _, proofs1, err := pool.GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	blobs2, _, proofs2, err := pool.GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion1)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	// Cross validate what we received vs what we wanted
-	if len(blobs) != len(hashes) || len(proofs) != len(hashes) {
-		t.Errorf("retrieved blobs/proofs size mismatch: have %d/%d, want %d", len(blobs), len(proofs), len(hashes))
+	if len(blobs1) != len(hashes) || len(proofs1) != len(hashes) {
+		t.Errorf("retrieved blobs/proofs size mismatch: have %d/%d, want %d", len(blobs1), len(proofs1), len(hashes))
+		return
+	}
+	if len(blobs2) != len(hashes) || len(proofs2) != len(hashes) {
+		t.Errorf("retrieved blobs/proofs size mismatch: have %d/%d, want blobs %d, want proofs: %d", len(blobs2), len(proofs2), len(hashes), len(hashes))
 		return
 	}
 	for i, hash := range hashes {
 		// If an item is missing, but shouldn't, error
-		if blobs[i] == nil || proofs[i] == nil {
+		if blobs1[i] == nil || proofs1[i] == nil {
+			t.Errorf("tracked blob retrieval failed: item %d, hash %x", i, hash)
+			continue
+		}
+		if blobs2[i] == nil || proofs2[i] == nil {
 			t.Errorf("tracked blob retrieval failed: item %d, hash %x", i, hash)
 			continue
 		}
 		// Item retrieved, make sure it matches the expectation
 		index := testBlobIndices[hash]
-		if *blobs[i] != *testBlobs[index] || proofs[i][0] != testBlobProofs[index] {
+		if *blobs1[i] != *testBlobs[index] || proofs1[i][0] != testBlobProofs[index] {
+			t.Errorf("retrieved blob or proof mismatch: item %d, hash %x", i, hash)
+			continue
+		}
+		if *blobs2[i] != *testBlobs[index] || !slices.Equal(proofs2[i], testBlobCellProofs[index]) {
 			t.Errorf("retrieved blob or proof mismatch: item %d, hash %x", i, hash)
 			continue
 		}
@@ -1668,6 +1689,49 @@ func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// Tests that adding the transactions with legacy sidecar and expect them to
+// be converted to new format correctly.
+func TestAddLegacyBlobTx(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		key1, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
+		key2, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
+
+		addr1 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
+		addr2 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key2.PublicKey)
+	)
+
+	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
+	statedb.AddBalance(addr1, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
+	statedb.AddBalance(addr2, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
+	statedb.Commit(0, true, false)
+
+	chain := &testBlockChain{
+		config:  params.MergedTestChainConfig,
+		basefee: uint256.NewInt(1050),
+		blobfee: uint256.NewInt(105),
+		statedb: statedb,
+	}
+	pool := New(Config{Datadir: t.TempDir()}, chain, nil)
+	if err := pool.Init(1, chain.CurrentBlock(), newReserver()); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create blob pool: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Attempt to add legacy blob transactions.
+	var (
+		tx1 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 6, 0, key1, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
+		tx2 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 800, 70, 6, 6, key2, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
+		tx3 = makeMultiBlobTx(1, 1, 800, 70, 6, 12, key2, types.BlobSidecarVersion1)
+	)
+	errs := pool.Add([]*types.Transaction{tx1, tx2, tx3}, true)
+	for _, err := range errs {
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to add tx: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+	verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)
+	pool.Close()
+}
+
 func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelTrace, true)))
 
diff --git a/core/txpool/validation.go b/core/txpool/validation.go
index d4f3401086..46974fad3c 100644
--- a/core/txpool/validation.go
+++ b/core/txpool/validation.go
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
@@ -167,9 +166,8 @@ func validateBlobTx(tx *types.Transaction, head *types.Header, opts *ValidationO
 	if len(hashes) == 0 {
 		return errors.New("blobless blob transaction")
 	}
-	maxBlobs := eip4844.MaxBlobsPerBlock(opts.Config, head.Time)
-	if len(hashes) > maxBlobs {
-		return fmt.Errorf("too many blobs in transaction: have %d, permitted %d", len(hashes), maxBlobs)
+	if len(hashes) > params.BlobTxMaxBlobs {
+		return fmt.Errorf("too many blobs in transaction: have %d, permitted %d", len(hashes), params.BlobTxMaxBlobs)
 	}
 	if len(sidecar.Blobs) != len(hashes) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid number of %d blobs compared to %d blob hashes", len(sidecar.Blobs), len(hashes))
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index 362125dd63..9dba79a035 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -1497,6 +1497,8 @@ func SubmitTransaction(ctx context.Context, b Backend, tx *types.Transaction) (c
 
 // SendTransaction creates a transaction for the given argument, sign it and submit it to the
 // transaction pool.
+//
+// This API is not capable for submitting blob transaction with sidecar.
 func (api *TransactionAPI) SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, args TransactionArgs) (common.Hash, error) {
 	// Look up the wallet containing the requested signer
 	account := accounts.Account{Address: args.from()}
@@ -1517,7 +1519,7 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, args Transaction
 	}
 
 	// Set some sanity defaults and terminate on failure
-	if err := args.setDefaults(ctx, api.b, false); err != nil {
+	if err := args.setDefaults(ctx, api.b, sidecarConfig{}); err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
 	// Assemble the transaction and sign with the wallet
@@ -1534,10 +1536,19 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, args Transaction
 // on a given unsigned transaction, and returns it to the caller for further
 // processing (signing + broadcast).
 func (api *TransactionAPI) FillTransaction(ctx context.Context, args TransactionArgs) (*SignTransactionResult, error) {
-	args.blobSidecarAllowed = true
-
 	// Set some sanity defaults and terminate on failure
-	if err := args.setDefaults(ctx, api.b, false); err != nil {
+	sidecarVersion := types.BlobSidecarVersion0
+	if len(args.Blobs) > 0 {
+		h := api.b.CurrentHeader()
+		if api.b.ChainConfig().IsOsaka(h.Number, h.Time) {
+			sidecarVersion = types.BlobSidecarVersion1
+		}
+	}
+	config := sidecarConfig{
+		blobSidecarAllowed: true,
+		blobSidecarVersion: sidecarVersion,
+	}
+	if err := args.setDefaults(ctx, api.b, config); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	// Assemble the transaction and obtain rlp
@@ -1594,8 +1605,6 @@ type SignTransactionResult struct {
 // The node needs to have the private key of the account corresponding with
 // the given from address and it needs to be unlocked.
 func (api *TransactionAPI) SignTransaction(ctx context.Context, args TransactionArgs) (*SignTransactionResult, error) {
-	args.blobSidecarAllowed = true
-
 	if args.Gas == nil {
 		return nil, errors.New("gas not specified")
 	}
@@ -1605,7 +1614,19 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) SignTransaction(ctx context.Context, args Transaction
 	if args.Nonce == nil {
 		return nil, errors.New("nonce not specified")
 	}
-	if err := args.setDefaults(ctx, api.b, false); err != nil {
+	sidecarVersion := types.BlobSidecarVersion0
+	if len(args.Blobs) > 0 {
+		h := api.b.CurrentHeader()
+		if api.b.ChainConfig().IsOsaka(h.Number, h.Time) {
+			sidecarVersion = types.BlobSidecarVersion1
+		}
+	}
+
+	config := sidecarConfig{
+		blobSidecarAllowed: true,
+		blobSidecarVersion: sidecarVersion,
+	}
+	if err := args.setDefaults(ctx, api.b, config); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	// Before actually sign the transaction, ensure the transaction fee is reasonable.
@@ -1621,7 +1642,7 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) SignTransaction(ctx context.Context, args Transaction
 	// no longer retains the blobs, only the blob hashes. In this step, we need
 	// to put back the blob(s).
 	if args.IsEIP4844() {
-		signed = signed.WithBlobTxSidecar(types.NewBlobTxSidecar(types.BlobSidecarVersion0, args.Blobs, args.Commitments, args.Proofs))
+		signed = signed.WithBlobTxSidecar(types.NewBlobTxSidecar(sidecarVersion, args.Blobs, args.Commitments, args.Proofs))
 	}
 	data, err := signed.MarshalBinary()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1656,11 +1677,13 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) PendingTransactions() ([]*RPCTransaction, error) {
 
 // Resend accepts an existing transaction and a new gas price and limit. It will remove
 // the given transaction from the pool and reinsert it with the new gas price and limit.
+//
+// This API is not capable for submitting blob transaction with sidecar.
 func (api *TransactionAPI) Resend(ctx context.Context, sendArgs TransactionArgs, gasPrice *hexutil.Big, gasLimit *hexutil.Uint64) (common.Hash, error) {
 	if sendArgs.Nonce == nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, errors.New("missing transaction nonce in transaction spec")
 	}
-	if err := sendArgs.setDefaults(ctx, api.b, false); err != nil {
+	if err := sendArgs.setDefaults(ctx, api.b, sidecarConfig{}); err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
 	matchTx := sendArgs.ToTransaction(types.LegacyTxType)
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
index 0a6c721405..55c5f8c63f 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
@@ -34,11 +34,9 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/abi"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/ethapi/override"
-
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/abi"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/keystore"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
@@ -56,6 +54,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/blocktest"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/ethapi/override"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
@@ -2671,19 +2670,53 @@ func TestSendBlobTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestFillBlobTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
+
+	testFillBlobTransaction(t, false)
+	testFillBlobTransaction(t, true)
+}
+
+func testFillBlobTransaction(t *testing.T, osaka bool) {
 	// Initialize test accounts
+	config := *params.MergedTestChainConfig
+	if !osaka {
+		config.OsakaTime = nil
+	}
 	var (
 		key, _  = crypto.HexToECDSA("8a1f9a8f95be41cd7ccb6168179afb4504aefe388d1e14474d32c45c72ce7b7a")
 		to      = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
 		genesis = &core.Genesis{
-			Config: params.MergedTestChainConfig,
+			Config: &config,
 			Alloc:  types.GenesisAlloc{},
 		}
-		emptyBlob                      = new(kzg4844.Blob)
-		emptyBlobs                     = []kzg4844.Blob{*emptyBlob}
-		emptyBlobCommit, _             = kzg4844.BlobToCommitment(emptyBlob)
-		emptyBlobProof, _              = kzg4844.ComputeBlobProof(emptyBlob, emptyBlobCommit)
-		emptyBlobHash      common.Hash = kzg4844.CalcBlobHashV1(sha256.New(), &emptyBlobCommit)
+		emptyBlob                          = new(kzg4844.Blob)
+		emptyBlobs                         = []kzg4844.Blob{*emptyBlob}
+		emptyBlobCommit, _                 = kzg4844.BlobToCommitment(emptyBlob)
+		emptyBlobProof, _                  = kzg4844.ComputeBlobProof(emptyBlob, emptyBlobCommit)
+		emptyBlobCellProofs, _             = kzg4844.ComputeCellProofs(emptyBlob)
+		emptyBlobHash          common.Hash = kzg4844.CalcBlobHashV1(sha256.New(), &emptyBlobCommit)
+
+		fillEmptyKZGProofs = func(blobs int) []kzg4844.Proof {
+			if osaka {
+				return make([]kzg4844.Proof, blobs*kzg4844.CellProofsPerBlob)
+			}
+			return make([]kzg4844.Proof, blobs)
+		}
+		expectSidecar = func() *types.BlobTxSidecar {
+			if osaka {
+				return types.NewBlobTxSidecar(
+					types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
+					emptyBlobs,
+					[]kzg4844.Commitment{emptyBlobCommit},
+					emptyBlobCellProofs,
+				)
+			}
+			return types.NewBlobTxSidecar(
+				types.BlobSidecarVersion0,
+				emptyBlobs,
+				[]kzg4844.Commitment{emptyBlobCommit},
+				[]kzg4844.Proof{emptyBlobProof},
+			)
+		}
 	)
 	b := newTestBackend(t, 1, genesis, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), func(i int, b *core.BlockGen) {
 		b.SetPoS()
@@ -2743,7 +2776,7 @@ func TestFillBlobTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 				Commitments: []kzg4844.Commitment{{}, {}},
 				Proofs:      []kzg4844.Proof{{}},
 			},
-			err: `number of blobs and proofs mismatch (have=1, want=2)`,
+			err: fmt.Sprintf(`number of blobs and proofs mismatch (have=1, want=%d)`, len(fillEmptyKZGProofs(2))),
 		},
 		{
 			name: "TestInvalidProofVerification",
@@ -2753,7 +2786,7 @@ func TestFillBlobTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 				Value:       (*hexutil.Big)(big.NewInt(1)),
 				Blobs:       []kzg4844.Blob{{}, {}},
 				Commitments: []kzg4844.Commitment{{}, {}},
-				Proofs:      []kzg4844.Proof{{}, {}},
+				Proofs:      fillEmptyKZGProofs(2),
 			},
 			err: `failed to verify blob proof: short buffer`,
 		},
@@ -2769,7 +2802,7 @@ func TestFillBlobTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			want: &result{
 				Hashes:  []common.Hash{emptyBlobHash},
-				Sidecar: types.NewBlobTxSidecar(types.BlobSidecarVersion0, emptyBlobs, []kzg4844.Commitment{emptyBlobCommit}, []kzg4844.Proof{emptyBlobProof}),
+				Sidecar: expectSidecar(),
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -2785,7 +2818,7 @@ func TestFillBlobTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			want: &result{
 				Hashes:  []common.Hash{emptyBlobHash},
-				Sidecar: types.NewBlobTxSidecar(types.BlobSidecarVersion0, emptyBlobs, []kzg4844.Commitment{emptyBlobCommit}, []kzg4844.Proof{emptyBlobProof}),
+				Sidecar: expectSidecar(),
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -2811,7 +2844,7 @@ func TestFillBlobTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			want: &result{
 				Hashes:  []common.Hash{emptyBlobHash},
-				Sidecar: types.NewBlobTxSidecar(types.BlobSidecarVersion0, emptyBlobs, []kzg4844.Commitment{emptyBlobCommit}, []kzg4844.Proof{emptyBlobProof}),
+				Sidecar: expectSidecar(),
 			},
 		},
 	}
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/transaction_args.go b/internal/ethapi/transaction_args.go
index 6b094721e4..f80ef6d080 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/transaction_args.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/transaction_args.go
@@ -70,9 +70,6 @@ type TransactionArgs struct {
 
 	// For SetCodeTxType
 	AuthorizationList []types.SetCodeAuthorization `json:"authorizationList"`
-
-	// This configures whether blobs are allowed to be passed.
-	blobSidecarAllowed bool
 }
 
 // from retrieves the transaction sender address.
@@ -94,9 +91,17 @@ func (args *TransactionArgs) data() []byte {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// sidecarConfig defines the options for deriving missing fields of transactions.
+type sidecarConfig struct {
+	// This configures whether blobs are allowed to be passed and
+	// the associated sidecar version should be attached.
+	blobSidecarAllowed bool
+	blobSidecarVersion byte
+}
+
 // setDefaults fills in default values for unspecified tx fields.
-func (args *TransactionArgs) setDefaults(ctx context.Context, b Backend, skipGasEstimation bool) error {
-	if err := args.setBlobTxSidecar(ctx); err != nil {
+func (args *TransactionArgs) setDefaults(ctx context.Context, b Backend, config sidecarConfig) error {
+	if err := args.setBlobTxSidecar(ctx, config); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if err := args.setFeeDefaults(ctx, b, b.CurrentHeader()); err != nil {
@@ -119,11 +124,10 @@ func (args *TransactionArgs) setDefaults(ctx context.Context, b Backend, skipGas
 
 	// BlobTx fields
 	if args.BlobHashes != nil && len(args.BlobHashes) == 0 {
-		return errors.New(`need at least 1 blob for a blob transaction`)
+		return errors.New("need at least 1 blob for a blob transaction")
 	}
-	maxBlobs := eip4844.MaxBlobsPerBlock(b.ChainConfig(), b.CurrentHeader().Time)
-	if args.BlobHashes != nil && len(args.BlobHashes) > maxBlobs {
-		return fmt.Errorf(`too many blobs in transaction (have=%d, max=%d)`, len(args.BlobHashes), maxBlobs)
+	if args.BlobHashes != nil && len(args.BlobHashes) > params.BlobTxMaxBlobs {
+		return fmt.Errorf("too many blobs in transaction (have=%d, max=%d)", len(args.BlobHashes), params.BlobTxMaxBlobs)
 	}
 
 	// create check
@@ -137,36 +141,28 @@ func (args *TransactionArgs) setDefaults(ctx context.Context, b Backend, skipGas
 	}
 
 	if args.Gas == nil {
-		if skipGasEstimation { // Skip gas usage estimation if a precise gas limit is not critical, e.g., in non-transaction calls.
-			gas := hexutil.Uint64(b.RPCGasCap())
-			if gas == 0 {
-				gas = hexutil.Uint64(math.MaxUint64 / 2)
-			}
-			args.Gas = &gas
-		} else { // Estimate the gas usage otherwise.
-			// These fields are immutable during the estimation, safe to
-			// pass the pointer directly.
-			data := args.data()
-			callArgs := TransactionArgs{
-				From:                 args.From,
-				To:                   args.To,
-				GasPrice:             args.GasPrice,
-				MaxFeePerGas:         args.MaxFeePerGas,
-				MaxPriorityFeePerGas: args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas,
-				Value:                args.Value,
-				Data:                 (*hexutil.Bytes)(&data),
-				AccessList:           args.AccessList,
-				BlobFeeCap:           args.BlobFeeCap,
-				BlobHashes:           args.BlobHashes,
-			}
-			latestBlockNr := rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(rpc.LatestBlockNumber)
-			estimated, err := DoEstimateGas(ctx, b, callArgs, latestBlockNr, nil, nil, b.RPCGasCap())
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			args.Gas = &estimated
-			log.Trace("Estimate gas usage automatically", "gas", args.Gas)
+		// These fields are immutable during the estimation, safe to
+		// pass the pointer directly.
+		data := args.data()
+		callArgs := TransactionArgs{
+			From:                 args.From,
+			To:                   args.To,
+			GasPrice:             args.GasPrice,
+			MaxFeePerGas:         args.MaxFeePerGas,
+			MaxPriorityFeePerGas: args.MaxPriorityFeePerGas,
+			Value:                args.Value,
+			Data:                 (*hexutil.Bytes)(&data),
+			AccessList:           args.AccessList,
+			BlobFeeCap:           args.BlobFeeCap,
+			BlobHashes:           args.BlobHashes,
 		}
+		latestBlockNr := rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(rpc.LatestBlockNumber)
+		estimated, err := DoEstimateGas(ctx, b, callArgs, latestBlockNr, nil, nil, b.RPCGasCap())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		args.Gas = &estimated
+		log.Trace("Estimated gas usage automatically", "gas", args.Gas)
 	}
 
 	// If chain id is provided, ensure it matches the local chain id. Otherwise, set the local
@@ -283,18 +279,17 @@ func (args *TransactionArgs) setLondonFeeDefaults(ctx context.Context, head *typ
 }
 
 // setBlobTxSidecar adds the blob tx
-func (args *TransactionArgs) setBlobTxSidecar(ctx context.Context) error {
+func (args *TransactionArgs) setBlobTxSidecar(ctx context.Context, config sidecarConfig) error {
 	// No blobs, we're done.
 	if args.Blobs == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	// Passing blobs is not allowed in all contexts, only in specific methods.
-	if !args.blobSidecarAllowed {
+	if !config.blobSidecarAllowed {
 		return errors.New(`"blobs" is not supported for this RPC method`)
 	}
 
-	n := len(args.Blobs)
 	// Assume user provides either only blobs (w/o hashes), or
 	// blobs together with commitments and proofs.
 	if args.Commitments == nil && args.Proofs != nil {
@@ -303,43 +298,77 @@ func (args *TransactionArgs) setBlobTxSidecar(ctx context.Context) error {
 		return errors.New(`blob commitments provided while proofs were not`)
 	}
 
-	// len(blobs) == len(commitments) == len(proofs) == len(hashes)
-	if args.Commitments != nil && len(args.Commitments) != n {
-		return fmt.Errorf("number of blobs and commitments mismatch (have=%d, want=%d)", len(args.Commitments), n)
-	}
-	if args.Proofs != nil && len(args.Proofs) != n {
-		return fmt.Errorf("number of blobs and proofs mismatch (have=%d, want=%d)", len(args.Proofs), n)
-	}
+	// len(blobs) == len(commitments) == len(hashes)
+	n := len(args.Blobs)
 	if args.BlobHashes != nil && len(args.BlobHashes) != n {
 		return fmt.Errorf("number of blobs and hashes mismatch (have=%d, want=%d)", len(args.BlobHashes), n)
 	}
+	if args.Commitments != nil && len(args.Commitments) != n {
+		return fmt.Errorf("number of blobs and commitments mismatch (have=%d, want=%d)", len(args.Commitments), n)
+	}
 
+	// if V0: len(blobs) == len(proofs)
+	// if V1: len(blobs) == len(proofs) * 128
+	proofLen := n
+	if config.blobSidecarVersion == types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
+		proofLen = n * kzg4844.CellProofsPerBlob
+	}
+	if args.Proofs != nil && len(args.Proofs) != proofLen {
+		if len(args.Proofs) != n {
+			return fmt.Errorf("number of blobs and proofs mismatch (have=%d, want=%d)", len(args.Proofs), proofLen)
+		}
+		// Unset the commitments and proofs, as they may be submitted in the legacy format
+		log.Debug("Unset legacy commitments and proofs", "blobs", n, "proofs", len(args.Proofs))
+		args.Commitments, args.Proofs = nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// Generate commitments and proofs if they are missing, or validate them if they
+	// are provided.
 	if args.Commitments == nil {
-		// Generate commitment and proof.
-		commitments := make([]kzg4844.Commitment, n)
-		proofs := make([]kzg4844.Proof, n)
+		var (
+			commitments = make([]kzg4844.Commitment, n)
+			proofs      = make([]kzg4844.Proof, 0, proofLen)
+		)
 		for i, b := range args.Blobs {
 			c, err := kzg4844.BlobToCommitment(&b)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("blobs[%d]: error computing commitment: %v", i, err)
 			}
 			commitments[i] = c
-			p, err := kzg4844.ComputeBlobProof(&b, c)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("blobs[%d]: error computing proof: %v", i, err)
+
+			switch config.blobSidecarVersion {
+			case types.BlobSidecarVersion0:
+				p, err := kzg4844.ComputeBlobProof(&b, c)
+				if err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("blobs[%d]: error computing proof: %v", i, err)
+				}
+				proofs = append(proofs, p)
+			case types.BlobSidecarVersion1:
+				ps, err := kzg4844.ComputeCellProofs(&b)
+				if err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("blobs[%d]: error computing proof: %v", i, err)
+				}
+				proofs = append(proofs, ps...)
 			}
-			proofs[i] = p
 		}
 		args.Commitments = commitments
 		args.Proofs = proofs
 	} else {
-		for i, b := range args.Blobs {
-			if err := kzg4844.VerifyBlobProof(&b, args.Commitments[i], args.Proofs[i]); err != nil {
+		switch config.blobSidecarVersion {
+		case types.BlobSidecarVersion0:
+			for i, b := range args.Blobs {
+				if err := kzg4844.VerifyBlobProof(&b, args.Commitments[i], args.Proofs[i]); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("failed to verify blob proof: %v", err)
+				}
+			}
+		case types.BlobSidecarVersion1:
+			if err := kzg4844.VerifyCellProofs(args.Blobs, args.Commitments, args.Proofs); err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("failed to verify blob proof: %v", err)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Generate blob hashes if they are missing, or validate them if they are provided.
 	hashes := make([]common.Hash, n)
 	hasher := sha256.New()
 	for i, c := range args.Commitments {
@@ -527,8 +556,11 @@ func (args *TransactionArgs) ToTransaction(defaultType int) *types.Transaction {
 			BlobFeeCap: uint256.MustFromBig((*big.Int)(args.BlobFeeCap)),
 		}
 		if args.Blobs != nil {
-			// TODO(rjl493456442, marius) support V1
-			data.(*types.BlobTx).Sidecar = types.NewBlobTxSidecar(types.BlobSidecarVersion0, args.Blobs, args.Commitments, args.Proofs)
+			version := types.BlobSidecarVersion0
+			if len(args.Proofs) == len(args.Blobs)*kzg4844.CellProofsPerBlob {
+				version = types.BlobSidecarVersion1
+			}
+			data.(*types.BlobTx).Sidecar = types.NewBlobTxSidecar(version, args.Blobs, args.Commitments, args.Proofs)
 		}
 
 	case types.DynamicFeeTxType:
diff --git a/miner/worker.go b/miner/worker.go
index 0e2560f844..6baec5e365 100644
--- a/miner/worker.go
+++ b/miner/worker.go
@@ -344,7 +344,6 @@ func (miner *Miner) applyTransaction(env *environment, tx *types.Transaction) (*
 
 func (miner *Miner) commitTransactions(env *environment, plainTxs, blobTxs *transactionsByPriceAndNonce, interrupt *atomic.Int32) error {
 	var (
-		isOsaka  = miner.chainConfig.IsOsaka(env.header.Number, env.header.Time)
 		isCancun = miner.chainConfig.IsCancun(env.header.Number, env.header.Time)
 		gasLimit = env.header.GasLimit
 	)
@@ -425,21 +424,6 @@ func (miner *Miner) commitTransactions(env *environment, plainTxs, blobTxs *tran
 		if !env.txFitsSize(tx) {
 			break
 		}
-
-		// Make sure all transactions after osaka have cell proofs
-		if isOsaka {
-			if sidecar := tx.BlobTxSidecar(); sidecar != nil {
-				if sidecar.Version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 {
-					log.Info("Including blob tx with v0 sidecar, recomputing proofs", "hash", ltx.Hash)
-					if err := sidecar.ToV1(); err != nil {
-						txs.Pop()
-						log.Warn("Failed to recompute cell proofs", "hash", ltx.Hash, "err", err)
-						continue
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
 		// Error may be ignored here. The error has already been checked
 		// during transaction acceptance in the transaction pool.
 		from, _ := types.Sender(env.signer, tx)
diff --git a/signer/core/apitypes/types.go b/signer/core/apitypes/types.go
index dcbd04867c..9034e7e9ca 100644
--- a/signer/core/apitypes/types.go
+++ b/signer/core/apitypes/types.go
@@ -167,8 +167,11 @@ func (args *SendTxArgs) ToTransaction() (*types.Transaction, error) {
 			BlobFeeCap: uint256.MustFromBig((*big.Int)(args.BlobFeeCap)),
 		}
 		if args.Blobs != nil {
-			// TODO(rjl493456442, marius) support V1
-			data.(*types.BlobTx).Sidecar = types.NewBlobTxSidecar(types.BlobSidecarVersion0, args.Blobs, args.Commitments, args.Proofs)
+			version := types.BlobSidecarVersion0
+			if len(args.Proofs) == len(args.Blobs)*kzg4844.CellProofsPerBlob {
+				version = types.BlobSidecarVersion1
+			}
+			data.(*types.BlobTx).Sidecar = types.NewBlobTxSidecar(version, args.Blobs, args.Commitments, args.Proofs)
 		}
 
 	case args.MaxFeePerGas != nil:

From e67761ef35aa0fb942c35710f9a72376c6fbdb64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: formless <213398294+allformless@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Aug 2025 03:40:55 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 067/470] eth/tracers: fix testcase 7702_delegate (#32349)

Fixes a prestateTracer test case covering 7702 delegation.

---------

Co-authored-by: Jared Wasinger <j-wasinger@hotmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Sina Mahmoodi <itz.s1na@gmail.com>
---
 .../internal/tracetest/prestate_test.go       |  3 +
 .../prestate_tracer/7702_delegate.json        | 97 ++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/prestate_test.go b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/prestate_test.go
index 29c2834ba2..456d962c69 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/prestate_test.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/prestate_test.go
@@ -109,6 +109,9 @@ func testPrestateTracer(tracerName string, dirPath string, t *testing.T) {
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("failed to execute transaction: %v", err)
 			}
+			if vmRet.Failed() {
+				t.Logf("(warn) transaction failed: %v", vmRet.Err)
+			}
 			tracer.OnTxEnd(&types.Receipt{GasUsed: vmRet.UsedGas}, nil)
 			// Retrieve the trace result and compare against the expected
 			res, err := tracer.GetResult()
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/7702_delegate.json b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/7702_delegate.json
index ca7e1f35c7..a86c289c3f 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/7702_delegate.json
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer/7702_delegate.json
@@ -67,26 +67,23 @@
     },
     "config": {
       "chainId": 1,
-      "homesteadBlock": 1150000,
-      "daoForkBlock": 1920000,
-      "daoForkSupport": true,
-      "eip150Block": 2463000,
-      "eip155Block": 2675000,
-      "eip158Block": 2675000,
-      "byzantiumBlock": 4370000,
-      "constantinopleBlock": 7280000,
-      "petersburgBlock": 7280000,
-      "istanbulBlock": 9069000,
-      "muirGlacierBlock": 9200000,
-      "berlinBlock": 12244000,
-      "londonBlock": 12965000,
-      "arrowGlacierBlock": 13773000,
-      "grayGlacierBlock": 15050000,
-      "shanghaiTime": 1681338455,
-      "cancunTime": 1710338135,
-      "pragueTime": 1746612311,
-      "terminalTotalDifficulty": 58750000000000000000000,
-      "depositContractAddress": "0x00000000219ab540356cbb839cbe05303d7705fa",
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip155Block": 0,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 0,
+      "petersburgBlock": 0,
+      "istanbulBlock": 0,
+      "muirGlacierBlock": 0,
+      "berlinBlock": 0,
+      "londonBlock": 0,
+      "arrowGlacierBlock": 0,
+      "grayGlacierBlock": 0,
+      "shanghaiTime": 0,
+      "cancunTime": 0,
+      "pragueTime": 0,
+      "terminalTotalDifficulty": 0,
       "ethash": {},
       "blobSchedule": {
         "cancun": {
@@ -113,26 +110,58 @@
   "input": "0x04f8ec0182075f830f424084714d24d7830493e09417816e9a858b161c3e37016d139cf618056cacd480a000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000316580c3ab7e66cc4c0f85ef85c0194b684710e6d5914ad6e64493de2a3c424cc43e970823dc101a02f15ba55009fcd3682cd0f9c9645dd94e616f9a969ba3f1a5a2d871f9fe0f2b4a053c332a83312d0b17dd4c16eeb15b1ff5223398b14e0a55c70762e8f3972b7a580a02aceec9737d2a211c79aff3dbd4bf44a5cdabbdd6bbe19ff346a89d94d61914aa062e92842bfe7d2f3ff785c594c70fafafcb180fb32a774de1b92c588be8cd87b",
   "result": {
     "0x17816e9a858b161c3e37016d139cf618056cacd4": {
-      "balance": "0x0",
-      "code": "0xef0100b684710e6d5914ad6e64493de2a3c424cc43e970",
-      "codeHash":"0xca4cab497827c53a640924e1f7ebb69c3280f8ce8cef2d1d2f9a3707def2a856",
-      "nonce": 15809
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "0xef0100b684710e6d5914ad6e64493de2a3c424cc43e970",
+        "codeHash":"0xca4cab497827c53a640924e1f7ebb69c3280f8ce8cef2d1d2f9a3707def2a856",
+        "nonce": 15809
+    },
+    "0x236501327e701692a281934230af0b6be8df3353": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "0x6080604052600a600c565b005b60186014601a565b605e565b565b600060597f360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc5473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1690565b905090565b3660008037600080366000845af43d6000803e808015607c573d6000f35b3d6000fdfea26469706673582212200b737106e31d6abde738d261a4c4f12fcdfac5141ebc6ab5ffe4cf6e1630aaed64736f6c63430008140033",
+        "codeHash": "0x297bbcbd2b9ae035f750536c62603b5b7240c69b04fe22eec21cf6fcbb61179f",
+        "nonce": 1,
+        "storage": {
+            "0x078d9cc432fb3eab476f678ef9a73d8ca570f23897c68eb99b2721ebf46e5a9e": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+            "0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc": "0x000000000000000000000000bdb50eff425fb2b1b67fea21b8420eeb6d99ccc0",
+            "0x5555c0547520ec9521cc3134a71677625cdeb6accbb330321dcaf2cbc22c1fe9": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+            "0x84fdd52031be5dc8bcfa0ffd090a0bf85ef922e1fa9d026be0cf5716edafb4db": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000007b74591c97f086c1057bee",
+            "0x8c854b3845c254f768d5435bc89fa04fb52bd2f72a1cf4370b962cf104ecd5fc": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+            "0xc45aef11733ee3a84cf02368a8b99ca24b1e3bfc2f5f532a1a2439aa077d2843": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000738cda8f7729a2a8a1e",
+            "0xda699a88dd51ba5e1d66c40fd985a4ad1511875941c3dd2936300679d596ab7b": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+        }
     },
     "0x4838b106fce9647bdf1e7877bf73ce8b0bad5f97": {
-      "balance": "0x8c2e6837fe7fb165",
-      "nonce": 1874580
+        "balance": "0x8c2e6837fe7fb165",
+        "nonce": 1874580
     },
     "0xb684710e6d5914ad6e64493de2a3c424cc43e970": {
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-      "codeHash":"0x710e40f71ebfefb907b9970505d085952d073dedc9a67e7ce2db450194c9ad04",
-      "nonce": 1
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+        "codeHash":"0x710e40f71ebfefb907b9970505d085952d073dedc9a67e7ce2db450194c9ad04",
+        "nonce": 1
     },
     "0xb9df4a9ba45917e71d664d51462d46926e4798e7": {
-      "balance": "0x597af049b190a724",
-      "code": "0xef0100000000009b1d0af20d8c6d0a44e162d11f9b8f00",
-      "codeHash":"0xbb1a21a37f4391e14c4817bca5df4ed60b84e372053b367731ccd8ab0fb6daf1",
-      "nonce": 1887
+        "balance": "0x597af049b190a724",
+        "code": "0xef0100000000009b1d0af20d8c6d0a44e162d11f9b8f00",
+        "codeHash":"0xbb1a21a37f4391e14c4817bca5df4ed60b84e372053b367731ccd8ab0fb6daf1",
+        "nonce": 1887
+    },
+    "0xbdb50eff425fb2b1b67fea21b8420eeb6d99ccc0": {
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+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "code": "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",
+        "codeHash": "0xc10e7caa80b2af0d4faa10cd68f5a88dc5bbcf9d4f056677c3d259c8f31040e9",
+        "nonce": 1,
+        "storage": {
+            "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000007b74591c97f086c1057bee",
+            "0x4f2aab765280a617b8913308bffbaed810827576241edbcd290b48d2b699bf92": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000580926bcba6406ba40000",
+            "0xd057d56b4d1539d5c08615edc01a9792908fefc021b63dbdc5db20bf522e882e": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000003920c271ee5a29be97bee"
+        }
     }
   }
 }

From 3a89051d8692b407c3a211839cf625c940d8d3a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: slicesequal <slicesequal@outlook.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Aug 2025 21:15:20 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 068/470] node: fix problematic function name in comment
 (#32510)

fix problematic function name in comment

Signed-off-by: slicesequal <slicesequal@outlook.com>
---
 node/node.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/node/node.go b/node/node.go
index 62b5abc34b..f9ebb243b0 100644
--- a/node/node.go
+++ b/node/node.go
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ func (n *Node) EventMux() *event.TypeMux {
 	return n.eventmux
 }
 
-// OpenDatabase opens an existing database with the given name (or creates one if no
+// OpenDatabaseWithOptions opens an existing database with the given name (or creates one if no
 // previous can be found) from within the node's instance directory. If the node has no
 // data directory, an in-memory database is returned.
 func (n *Node) OpenDatabaseWithOptions(name string, opt DatabaseOptions) (ethdb.Database, error) {

From 9af1f71e78ad65a07b5704a145f502643abc2f45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Aug 2025 16:05:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 069/470] eth: stabilize tx relay peer selection (#31714)

When maxPeers was just above some perfect square, and a few peers
dropped for some reason, we changed the peer selection function.
When new peers were acquired, we changed again.

This PR improves the selection function, in two ways. First, it will always select
sqrt(peers) to broadcast to. Second, the selection now uses siphash with a secret
key, to guard against information leaks about tx source.

---------

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 eth/handler.go      | 122 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 eth/handler_test.go | 105 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 eth/peerset.go      |  16 ++----
 go.mod              |   1 +
 go.sum              |   2 +
 5 files changed, 196 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/handler.go b/eth/handler.go
index aaea00e037..32d1bb6935 100644
--- a/eth/handler.go
+++ b/eth/handler.go
@@ -17,21 +17,22 @@
 package eth
 
 import (
+	"cmp"
+	crand "crypto/rand"
 	"errors"
 	"maps"
 	"math"
-	"math/big"
 	"slices"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/dchest/siphash"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/txpool"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/downloader"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/ethconfig"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/fetcher"
@@ -119,9 +120,10 @@ type handler struct {
 	chain    *core.BlockChain
 	maxPeers int
 
-	downloader *downloader.Downloader
-	txFetcher  *fetcher.TxFetcher
-	peers      *peerSet
+	downloader     *downloader.Downloader
+	txFetcher      *fetcher.TxFetcher
+	peers          *peerSet
+	txBroadcastKey [16]byte
 
 	eventMux   *event.TypeMux
 	txsCh      chan core.NewTxsEvent
@@ -153,6 +155,7 @@ func newHandler(config *handlerConfig) (*handler, error) {
 		txpool:         config.TxPool,
 		chain:          config.Chain,
 		peers:          newPeerSet(),
+		txBroadcastKey: newBroadcastChoiceKey(),
 		requiredBlocks: config.RequiredBlocks,
 		quitSync:       make(chan struct{}),
 		handlerDoneCh:  make(chan struct{}),
@@ -480,58 +483,40 @@ func (h *handler) BroadcastTransactions(txs types.Transactions) {
 
 		txset = make(map[*ethPeer][]common.Hash) // Set peer->hash to transfer directly
 		annos = make(map[*ethPeer][]common.Hash) // Set peer->hash to announce
-	)
-	// Broadcast transactions to a batch of peers not knowing about it
-	direct := big.NewInt(int64(math.Sqrt(float64(h.peers.len())))) // Approximate number of peers to broadcast to
-	if direct.BitLen() == 0 {
-		direct = big.NewInt(1)
-	}
-	total := new(big.Int).Exp(direct, big.NewInt(2), nil) // Stabilise total peer count a bit based on sqrt peers
 
-	var (
-		signer = types.LatestSigner(h.chain.Config()) // Don't care about chain status, we just need *a* sender
-		hasher = crypto.NewKeccakState()
-		hash   = make([]byte, 32)
+		signer = types.LatestSigner(h.chain.Config())
+		choice = newBroadcastChoice(h.nodeID, h.txBroadcastKey)
+		peers  = h.peers.all()
 	)
+
 	for _, tx := range txs {
-		var maybeDirect bool
+		var directSet map[*ethPeer]struct{}
 		switch {
 		case tx.Type() == types.BlobTxType:
 			blobTxs++
 		case tx.Size() > txMaxBroadcastSize:
 			largeTxs++
 		default:
-			maybeDirect = true
+			// Get transaction sender address. Here we can ignore any error
+			// since we're just interested in any value.
+			txSender, _ := types.Sender(signer, tx)
+			directSet = choice.choosePeers(peers, txSender)
 		}
-		// Send the transaction (if it's small enough) directly to a subset of
-		// the peers that have not received it yet, ensuring that the flow of
-		// transactions is grouped by account to (try and) avoid nonce gaps.
-		//
-		// To do this, we hash the local enode IW with together with a peer's
-		// enode ID together with the transaction sender and broadcast if
-		// `sha(self, peer, sender) mod peers < sqrt(peers)`.
-		for _, peer := range h.peers.peersWithoutTransaction(tx.Hash()) {
-			var broadcast bool
-			if maybeDirect {
-				hasher.Reset()
-				hasher.Write(h.nodeID.Bytes())
-				hasher.Write(peer.Node().ID().Bytes())
 
-				from, _ := types.Sender(signer, tx) // Ignore error, we only use the addr as a propagation target splitter
-				hasher.Write(from.Bytes())
-
-				hasher.Read(hash)
-				if new(big.Int).Mod(new(big.Int).SetBytes(hash), total).Cmp(direct) < 0 {
-					broadcast = true
-				}
+		for _, peer := range peers {
+			if peer.KnownTransaction(tx.Hash()) {
+				continue
 			}
-			if broadcast {
+			if _, ok := directSet[peer]; ok {
+				// Send direct.
 				txset[peer] = append(txset[peer], tx.Hash())
 			} else {
+				// Send announcement.
 				annos[peer] = append(annos[peer], tx.Hash())
 			}
 		}
 	}
+
 	for peer, hashes := range txset {
 		directCount += len(hashes)
 		peer.AsyncSendTransactions(hashes)
@@ -696,3 +681,62 @@ func (st *blockRangeState) stop() {
 func (st *blockRangeState) currentRange() eth.BlockRangeUpdatePacket {
 	return *st.next.Load()
 }
+
+// broadcastChoice implements a deterministic random choice of peers. This is designed
+// specifically for choosing which peer receives a direct broadcast of a transaction.
+//
+// The choice is made based on the involved p2p node IDs and the transaction sender,
+// ensuring that the flow of transactions is grouped by account to (try and) avoid nonce
+// gaps.
+type broadcastChoice struct {
+	self   enode.ID
+	key    [16]byte
+	buffer map[*ethPeer]struct{}
+	tmp    []broadcastPeer
+}
+
+type broadcastPeer struct {
+	p     *ethPeer
+	score uint64
+}
+
+func newBroadcastChoiceKey() (k [16]byte) {
+	crand.Read(k[:])
+	return k
+}
+
+func newBroadcastChoice(self enode.ID, key [16]byte) *broadcastChoice {
+	return &broadcastChoice{
+		self:   self,
+		key:    key,
+		buffer: make(map[*ethPeer]struct{}),
+	}
+}
+
+// choosePeers selects the peers that will receive a direct transaction broadcast message.
+// Note the return value will only stay valid until the next call to choosePeers.
+func (bc *broadcastChoice) choosePeers(peers []*ethPeer, txSender common.Address) map[*ethPeer]struct{} {
+	// Compute randomized scores.
+	bc.tmp = slices.Grow(bc.tmp[:0], len(peers))[:len(peers)]
+	hash := siphash.New(bc.key[:])
+	for i, peer := range peers {
+		hash.Reset()
+		hash.Write(bc.self[:])
+		hash.Write(peer.Peer.Peer.ID().Bytes())
+		hash.Write(txSender[:])
+		bc.tmp[i] = broadcastPeer{peer, hash.Sum64()}
+	}
+
+	// Sort by score.
+	slices.SortFunc(bc.tmp, func(a, b broadcastPeer) int {
+		return cmp.Compare(a.score, b.score)
+	})
+
+	// Take top n.
+	clear(bc.buffer)
+	n := int(math.Ceil(math.Sqrt(float64(len(bc.tmp)))))
+	for i := range n {
+		bc.buffer[bc.tmp[i].p] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return bc.buffer
+}
diff --git a/eth/handler_test.go b/eth/handler_test.go
index d0da098430..b37e6227f4 100644
--- a/eth/handler_test.go
+++ b/eth/handler_test.go
@@ -17,9 +17,12 @@
 package eth
 
 import (
+	"maps"
 	"math/big"
+	"math/rand"
 	"sort"
 	"sync"
+	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/ethash"
@@ -29,8 +32,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/ethconfig"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/protocols/eth"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
@@ -212,3 +218,102 @@ func (b *testHandler) close() {
 	b.handler.Stop()
 	b.chain.Stop()
 }
+
+func TestBroadcastChoice(t *testing.T) {
+	self := enode.HexID("1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+	choice49 := newBroadcastChoice(self, [16]byte{1})
+	choice50 := newBroadcastChoice(self, [16]byte{1})
+
+	// Create test peers and random tx sender addresses.
+	rand := rand.New(rand.NewSource(33))
+	txsenders := make([]common.Address, 400)
+	for i := range txsenders {
+		rand.Read(txsenders[i][:])
+	}
+	peers := createTestPeers(rand, 50)
+	defer closePeers(peers)
+
+	// Evaluate choice49 first.
+	expectedCount := 7 // sqrt(49)
+	var chosen49 = make([]map[*ethPeer]struct{}, len(txsenders))
+	for i, txSender := range txsenders {
+		set := choice49.choosePeers(peers[:49], txSender)
+		chosen49[i] = maps.Clone(set)
+
+		// Sanity check choices. Here we check that the function selects different peers
+		// for different transaction senders.
+		if len(set) != expectedCount {
+			t.Fatalf("choice49 produced wrong count %d, want %d", len(set), expectedCount)
+		}
+		if i > 0 && maps.Equal(set, chosen49[i-1]) {
+			t.Errorf("choice49 for tx %d is equal to tx %d", i, i-1)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Evaluate choice50 for the same peers and transactions. It should always yield more
+	// peers than choice49, and the chosen set should be a superset of choice49's.
+	for i, txSender := range txsenders {
+		set := choice50.choosePeers(peers[:50], txSender)
+		if len(set) < len(chosen49[i]) {
+			t.Errorf("for tx %d, choice50 has less peers than choice49", i)
+		}
+		for p := range chosen49[i] {
+			if _, ok := set[p]; !ok {
+				t.Errorf("for tx %d, choice50 did not choose peer %v, but choice49 did", i, p.ID())
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkBroadcastChoice(b *testing.B) {
+	b.Run("50", func(b *testing.B) {
+		benchmarkBroadcastChoice(b, 50)
+	})
+	b.Run("200", func(b *testing.B) {
+		benchmarkBroadcastChoice(b, 200)
+	})
+	b.Run("500", func(b *testing.B) {
+		benchmarkBroadcastChoice(b, 500)
+	})
+}
+
+// This measures the overhead of sending one transaction to N peers.
+func benchmarkBroadcastChoice(b *testing.B, npeers int) {
+	rand := rand.New(rand.NewSource(33))
+	peers := createTestPeers(rand, npeers)
+	defer closePeers(peers)
+
+	txsenders := make([]common.Address, b.N)
+	for i := range txsenders {
+		rand.Read(txsenders[i][:])
+	}
+
+	self := enode.HexID("1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+	choice := newBroadcastChoice(self, [16]byte{1})
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := range b.N {
+		set := choice.choosePeers(peers, txsenders[i])
+		if len(set) == 0 {
+			b.Fatal("empty result")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func createTestPeers(rand *rand.Rand, n int) []*ethPeer {
+	peers := make([]*ethPeer, n)
+	for i := range peers {
+		var id enode.ID
+		rand.Read(id[:])
+		p2pPeer := p2p.NewPeer(id, "test", nil)
+		ep := eth.NewPeer(eth.ETH69, p2pPeer, nil, nil)
+		peers[i] = &ethPeer{Peer: ep}
+	}
+	return peers
+}
+
+func closePeers(peers []*ethPeer) {
+	for _, p := range peers {
+		p.Close()
+	}
+}
diff --git a/eth/peerset.go b/eth/peerset.go
index 6b0aff226c..e6f623f90c 100644
--- a/eth/peerset.go
+++ b/eth/peerset.go
@@ -19,9 +19,10 @@ package eth
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"maps"
+	"slices"
 	"sync"
 
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/protocols/eth"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/protocols/snap"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p"
@@ -191,19 +192,12 @@ func (ps *peerSet) peer(id string) *ethPeer {
 	return ps.peers[id]
 }
 
-// peersWithoutTransaction retrieves a list of peers that do not have a given
-// transaction in their set of known hashes.
-func (ps *peerSet) peersWithoutTransaction(hash common.Hash) []*ethPeer {
+// all returns all current peers.
+func (ps *peerSet) all() []*ethPeer {
 	ps.lock.RLock()
 	defer ps.lock.RUnlock()
 
-	list := make([]*ethPeer, 0, len(ps.peers))
-	for _, p := range ps.peers {
-		if !p.KnownTransaction(hash) {
-			list = append(list, p)
-		}
-	}
-	return list
+	return slices.Collect(maps.Values(ps.peers))
 }
 
 // len returns if the current number of `eth` peers in the set. Since the `snap`
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 363d7d3dfb..d701c08ad5 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.3.0
 	github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1
+	github.com/dchest/siphash v1.2.3
 	github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.6.0
 	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1
 	github.com/donovanhide/eventsource v0.0.0-20210830082556-c59027999da0
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 099d432ba4..53913262ae 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -87,6 +87,8 @@ github.com/cyberdelia/templates v0.0.0-20141128023046-ca7fffd4298c/go.mod h1:GyV
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
+github.com/dchest/siphash v1.2.3 h1:QXwFc8cFOR2dSa/gE6o/HokBMWtLUaNDVd+22aKHeEA=
+github.com/dchest/siphash v1.2.3/go.mod h1:0NvQU092bT0ipiFN++/rXm69QG9tVxLAlQHIXMPAkHc=
 github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.6.0 h1:XfcQbWM1LlMB8BsJ8N9vW5ehnnPVIw0je80NsVHagjM=
 github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.6.0/go.mod h1:VAky9rY/yGXJOLEDv3OMci+7wtDpOF4IN+y82NBOac4=
 github.com/decred/dcrd/crypto/blake256 v1.0.0 h1:/8DMNYp9SGi5f0w7uCm6d6M4OU2rGFK09Y2A4Xv7EE0=

From 0979c6a1fa2ddc8e9c22074f74adf00ff44f7ab3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: oooLowNeoNooo <ooolowneonooo@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Aug 2025 16:43:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 070/470] core: improve error context in state processor for
 Prague EIPs (#32509)

Add better error context for EIP-6110, EIP-7002, and EIP-7251 processing
in state processor to improve debugging capabilities.
---
 core/state_processor.go | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state_processor.go b/core/state_processor.go
index ee98326467..4a5e69ca6e 100644
--- a/core/state_processor.go
+++ b/core/state_processor.go
@@ -110,15 +110,15 @@ func (p *StateProcessor) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg
 		requests = [][]byte{}
 		// EIP-6110
 		if err := ParseDepositLogs(&requests, allLogs, p.config); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse deposit logs: %w", err)
 		}
 		// EIP-7002
 		if err := ProcessWithdrawalQueue(&requests, evm); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to process withdrawal queue: %w", err)
 		}
 		// EIP-7251
 		if err := ProcessConsolidationQueue(&requests, evm); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to process consolidation queue: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
 

From 2a795c14f45ca0c7e4b0ac8b8c3d104aaf8eabbb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Zach Brown <zach871@proton.me>
Date: Fri, 29 Aug 2025 08:54:23 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 071/470] all: fix problematic function name in comment
 (#32513)

Fix problematic function name in comment.
Do my best to correct them all with a script to avoid spamming PRs.
---
 beacon/light/request/scheduler.go  | 2 +-
 core/filtermaps/indexer.go         | 4 ++--
 core/state/reader.go               | 2 +-
 core/verkle_witness_test.go        | 2 +-
 core/vm/program/program.go         | 2 +-
 crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_ckzg_cgo.go | 2 +-
 crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_gokzg.go    | 2 +-
 eth/handler.go                     | 2 +-
 p2p/enode/iter.go                  | 2 +-
 triedb/pathdb/iterator.go          | 2 +-
 triedb/pathdb/states.go            | 2 +-
 11 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/beacon/light/request/scheduler.go b/beacon/light/request/scheduler.go
index e80daf805e..242ed56d28 100644
--- a/beacon/light/request/scheduler.go
+++ b/beacon/light/request/scheduler.go
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ func (s *Scheduler) addEvent(event Event) {
 	s.Trigger()
 }
 
-// filterEvent sorts each Event either as a request event or a server event,
+// filterEvents sorts each Event either as a request event or a server event,
 // depending on its type. Request events are also sorted in a map based on the
 // module that originally initiated the request. It also ensures that no events
 // related to a server are returned before EvRegistered or after EvUnregistered.
diff --git a/core/filtermaps/indexer.go b/core/filtermaps/indexer.go
index 3571f9f375..ca50fb466c 100644
--- a/core/filtermaps/indexer.go
+++ b/core/filtermaps/indexer.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ const (
 	headLogDelay = time.Second      // head indexing log info delay (do not log if finished faster)
 )
 
-// updateLoop initializes and updates the log index structure according to the
+// indexerLoop initializes and updates the log index structure according to the
 // current targetView.
 func (f *FilterMaps) indexerLoop() {
 	defer f.closeWg.Done()
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ func (f *FilterMaps) processSingleEvent(blocking bool) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
-// setTargetView updates the target chain view of the iterator.
+// setTarget updates the target chain view of the iterator.
 func (f *FilterMaps) setTarget(target targetUpdate) {
 	f.targetView = target.targetView
 	f.historyCutoff = target.historyCutoff
diff --git a/core/state/reader.go b/core/state/reader.go
index 4b854fefcc..3e8b31b6be 100644
--- a/core/state/reader.go
+++ b/core/state/reader.go
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ type trieReader struct {
 	lock     sync.Mutex                     // Lock for protecting concurrent read
 }
 
-// trieReader constructs a trie reader of the specific state. An error will be
+// newTrieReader constructs a trie reader of the specific state. An error will be
 // returned if the associated trie specified by root is not existent.
 func newTrieReader(root common.Hash, db *triedb.Database, cache *utils.PointCache) (*trieReader, error) {
 	var (
diff --git a/core/verkle_witness_test.go b/core/verkle_witness_test.go
index e200bf7f50..ed85d1555f 100644
--- a/core/verkle_witness_test.go
+++ b/core/verkle_witness_test.go
@@ -787,7 +787,7 @@ func TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSeparateTx(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSeparateTx controls the contents of the witness after
+// TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSameTx controls the contents of the witness after
 // a eip6780-compliant selfdestruct occurs.
 func TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSameTx(t *testing.T) {
 	// The test txs were taken from a secondary testnet with chain id 69421
diff --git a/core/vm/program/program.go b/core/vm/program/program.go
index 5b9cfdcc5f..72cf6ff845 100644
--- a/core/vm/program/program.go
+++ b/core/vm/program/program.go
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func (p *Program) add(op byte) *Program {
 	return p
 }
 
-// pushBig creates a PUSHX instruction and pushes the given val.
+// doPush creates a PUSHX instruction and pushes the given val.
 // - If the val is nil, it pushes zero
 // - If the val is bigger than 32 bytes, it panics
 func (p *Program) doPush(val *uint256.Int) {
diff --git a/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_ckzg_cgo.go b/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_ckzg_cgo.go
index b215b19928..46509674b6 100644
--- a/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_ckzg_cgo.go
+++ b/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_ckzg_cgo.go
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ func ckzgComputeCellProofs(blob *Blob) ([]Proof, error) {
 	return p, nil
 }
 
-// ckzgVerifyCellProofs verifies that the blob data corresponds to the provided commitment.
+// ckzgVerifyCellProofBatch verifies that the blob data corresponds to the provided commitment.
 func ckzgVerifyCellProofBatch(blobs []Blob, commitments []Commitment, cellProofs []Proof) error {
 	ckzgIniter.Do(ckzgInit)
 	var (
diff --git a/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_gokzg.go b/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_gokzg.go
index 82ec8379d4..e9676ff1b8 100644
--- a/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_gokzg.go
+++ b/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_gokzg.go
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ func gokzgComputeCellProofs(blob *Blob) ([]Proof, error) {
 	return p, nil
 }
 
-// gokzgVerifyCellProofs verifies that the blob data corresponds to the provided commitment.
+// gokzgVerifyCellProofBatch verifies that the blob data corresponds to the provided commitment.
 func gokzgVerifyCellProofBatch(blobs []Blob, commitments []Commitment, cellProofs []Proof) error {
 	gokzgIniter.Do(gokzgInit)
 
diff --git a/eth/handler.go b/eth/handler.go
index 32d1bb6935..304560a158 100644
--- a/eth/handler.go
+++ b/eth/handler.go
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ func newBlockRangeState(chain *core.BlockChain, typeMux *event.TypeMux) *blockRa
 	return st
 }
 
-// blockRangeBroadcastLoop announces changes in locally-available block range to peers.
+// blockRangeLoop announces changes in locally-available block range to peers.
 // The range to announce is the range that is available in the store, so it's not just
 // about imported blocks.
 func (h *handler) blockRangeLoop(st *blockRangeState) {
diff --git a/p2p/enode/iter.go b/p2p/enode/iter.go
index f8f79a9436..4890321f49 100644
--- a/p2p/enode/iter.go
+++ b/p2p/enode/iter.go
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ type SourceIterator interface {
 	NodeSource() string // source of current node
 }
 
-// WithSource attaches a 'source name' to an iterator.
+// WithSourceName attaches a 'source name' to an iterator.
 func WithSourceName(name string, it Iterator) SourceIterator {
 	return sourceIter{it, name}
 }
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/iterator.go b/triedb/pathdb/iterator.go
index 84ea08ddd3..8ca8247206 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/iterator.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/iterator.go
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ type diskStorageIterator struct {
 	it      ethdb.Iterator
 }
 
-// StorageIterator creates a storage iterator over the persistent state.
+// newDiskStorageIterator creates a storage iterator over the persistent state.
 func newDiskStorageIterator(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, account common.Hash, seek common.Hash) StorageIterator {
 	pos := common.TrimRightZeroes(seek[:])
 	return &diskStorageIterator{
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/states.go b/triedb/pathdb/states.go
index bc638a569e..dc737c3b53 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/states.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/states.go
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ func (s *stateSet) accountList() []common.Hash {
 	return list
 }
 
-// StorageList returns a sorted list of all storage slot hashes in this state set
+// storageList returns a sorted list of all storage slot hashes in this state set
 // for the given account. The returned list will include the hash of deleted
 // storage slot.
 //

From 7f78fa69129bc00979d238dd6721290fc4d606b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Aug 2025 15:43:58 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 072/470] triedb/pathdb, core: keep root->id mappings after
 truncation (#32502)

This pull request preserves the root->ID mappings in the path database
even after the associated state histories are truncated, regardless of
whether the truncation occurs at the head or the tail.

The motivation is to support an additional history type, trienode history.
Since the root->ID mappings are shared between two history instances,
they must not be removed by either one.

As a consequence, the root->ID mappings remain in the database even
after the corresponding histories are pruned. While these mappings may
become  dangling, it is safe and cheap to keep them.

Additionally, this pull request enhances validation during historical
reader construction, ensuring that only canonical historical state will be
served.
---
 core/rawdb/accessors_state.go        |   7 --
 triedb/pathdb/database.go            |   8 +--
 triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go           |   2 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history.go             |  87 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go      |   9 +--
 triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go |  70 +++++++++++++++---
 triedb/pathdb/history_state.go       | 102 +++++----------------------
 triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go  |  82 ++++++++++-----------
 triedb/pathdb/reader.go              |  22 +++---
 9 files changed, 221 insertions(+), 168 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 triedb/pathdb/history.go

diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go
index 44f041d82e..2359fb18f1 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go
@@ -119,13 +119,6 @@ func WriteStateID(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, root common.Hash, id uint64) {
 	}
 }
 
-// DeleteStateID deletes the specified state lookup from the database.
-func DeleteStateID(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, root common.Hash) {
-	if err := db.Delete(stateIDKey(root)); err != nil {
-		log.Crit("Failed to delete state ID", "err", err)
-	}
-}
-
 // ReadPersistentStateID retrieves the id of the persistent state from the database.
 func ReadPersistentStateID(db ethdb.KeyValueReader) uint64 {
 	data, _ := db.Get(persistentStateIDKey)
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/database.go b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
index b1e2e75784..f438c64aa2 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ func (db *Database) repairHistory() error {
 	}
 	// Truncate the extra state histories above in freezer in case it's not
 	// aligned with the disk layer. It might happen after a unclean shutdown.
-	pruned, err := truncateFromHead(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer, id)
+	pruned, err := truncateFromHead(db.stateFreezer, id)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to truncate extra state histories", "err", err)
 	}
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ func (db *Database) Recover(root common.Hash) error {
 	if err := db.diskdb.SyncKeyValue(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err := truncateFromHead(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer, dl.stateID())
+	_, err := truncateFromHead(db.stateFreezer, dl.stateID())
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -615,14 +615,14 @@ func (db *Database) Recoverable(root common.Hash) bool {
 		return false
 	}
 	// This is a temporary workaround for the unavailability of the freezer in
-	// dev mode. As a consequence, the Pathdb loses the ability for deep reorg
+	// dev mode. As a consequence, the database loses the ability for deep reorg
 	// in certain cases.
 	// TODO(rjl493456442): Implement the in-memory ancient store.
 	if db.stateFreezer == nil {
 		return false
 	}
 	// Ensure the requested state is a canonical state and all state
-	// histories in range [id+1, disklayer.ID] are present and complete.
+	// histories in range [id+1, dl.ID] are present and complete.
 	return checkStateHistories(db.stateFreezer, *id+1, dl.stateID()-*id, func(m *meta) error {
 		if m.parent != root {
 			return errors.New("unexpected state history")
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
index f1248b02bd..13df6251e8 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) writeStateHistory(diff *diffLayer) (bool, error) {
 		log.Debug("Skip tail truncation", "persistentID", persistentID, "tailID", tail+1, "headID", diff.stateID(), "limit", limit)
 		return true, nil
 	}
-	pruned, err := truncateFromTail(dl.db.diskdb, dl.db.stateFreezer, newFirst-1)
+	pruned, err := truncateFromTail(dl.db.stateFreezer, newFirst-1)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history.go b/triedb/pathdb/history.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bbedd52f34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history.go
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+
+package pathdb
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+)
+
+var (
+	errHeadTruncationOutOfRange = errors.New("history head truncation out of range")
+	errTailTruncationOutOfRange = errors.New("history tail truncation out of range")
+)
+
+// truncateFromHead removes excess elements from the head of the freezer based
+// on the given parameters. It returns the number of items that were removed.
+func truncateFromHead(store ethdb.AncientStore, nhead uint64) (int, error) {
+	ohead, err := store.Ancients()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	otail, err := store.Tail()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	log.Info("Truncating from head", "ohead", ohead, "tail", otail, "nhead", nhead)
+
+	// Ensure that the truncation target falls within the valid range.
+	if ohead < nhead || nhead < otail {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", errHeadTruncationOutOfRange, otail, ohead, nhead)
+	}
+	// Short circuit if nothing to truncate.
+	if ohead == nhead {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	ohead, err = store.TruncateHead(nhead)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	// Associated root->id mappings are left in the database and wait
+	// for overwriting.
+	return int(ohead - nhead), nil
+}
+
+// truncateFromTail removes excess elements from the end of the freezer based
+// on the given parameters. It returns the number of items that were removed.
+func truncateFromTail(store ethdb.AncientStore, ntail uint64) (int, error) {
+	ohead, err := store.Ancients()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	otail, err := store.Tail()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	// Ensure that the truncation target falls within the valid range.
+	if otail > ntail || ntail > ohead {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", errTailTruncationOutOfRange, otail, ohead, ntail)
+	}
+	// Short circuit if nothing to truncate.
+	if otail == ntail {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	otail, err = store.TruncateTail(ntail)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	// Associated root->id mappings are left in the database.
+	return int(ntail - otail), nil
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
index d0ecdf035f..a11297b3f6 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
@@ -320,11 +320,12 @@ func (r *historyReader) read(state stateIdentQuery, stateID uint64, lastID uint6
 	tail, err := r.freezer.Tail()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
-	}
-	// stateID == tail is allowed, as the first history object preserved
-	// is tail+1
+	} // firstID = tail+1
+
+	// stateID+1 == firstID is allowed, as all the subsequent state histories
+	// are present with no gap inside.
 	if stateID < tail {
-		return nil, errors.New("historical state has been pruned")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("historical state has been pruned, first: %d, state: %d", tail+1, stateID)
 	}
 
 	// To serve the request, all state histories from stateID+1 to lastID
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
index e271b271a9..9028a886ce 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/testrand"
 )
 
 func waitIndexing(db *Database) {
@@ -36,11 +37,29 @@ func waitIndexing(db *Database) {
 	}
 }
 
-func checkHistoricState(env *tester, root common.Hash, hr *historyReader) error {
-	// Short circuit if the historical state is no longer available
-	if rawdb.ReadStateID(env.db.diskdb, root) == nil {
+func stateAvail(id uint64, env *tester) bool {
+	if env.db.config.StateHistory == 0 {
+		return true
+	}
+	dl := env.db.tree.bottom()
+	if dl.stateID() <= env.db.config.StateHistory {
+		return true
+	}
+	firstID := dl.stateID() - env.db.config.StateHistory + 1
+
+	return id+1 >= firstID
+}
+
+func checkHistoricalState(env *tester, root common.Hash, id uint64, hr *historyReader) error {
+	if !stateAvail(id, env) {
 		return nil
 	}
+
+	// Short circuit if the historical state is no longer available
+	if rawdb.ReadStateID(env.db.diskdb, root) == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("state not found %d %x", id, root)
+	}
+
 	var (
 		dl       = env.db.tree.bottom()
 		stateID  = rawdb.ReadStateID(env.db.diskdb, root)
@@ -124,22 +143,22 @@ func testHistoryReader(t *testing.T, historyLimit uint64) {
 	defer func() {
 		maxDiffLayers = 128
 	}()
-	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelDebug, true)))
 
+	// log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelDebug, true)))
 	env := newTester(t, historyLimit, false, 64, true, "")
 	defer env.release()
 	waitIndexing(env.db)
 
 	var (
 		roots = env.roots
-		dRoot = env.db.tree.bottom().rootHash()
+		dl    = env.db.tree.bottom()
 		hr    = newHistoryReader(env.db.diskdb, env.db.stateFreezer)
 	)
-	for _, root := range roots {
-		if root == dRoot {
+	for i, root := range roots {
+		if root == dl.rootHash() {
 			break
 		}
-		if err := checkHistoricState(env, root, hr); err != nil {
+		if err := checkHistoricalState(env, root, uint64(i+1), hr); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -148,12 +167,41 @@ func testHistoryReader(t *testing.T, historyLimit uint64) {
 	env.extend(4)
 	waitIndexing(env.db)
 
-	for _, root := range roots {
-		if root == dRoot {
+	for i, root := range roots {
+		if root == dl.rootHash() {
 			break
 		}
-		if err := checkHistoricState(env, root, hr); err != nil {
+		if err := checkHistoricalState(env, root, uint64(i+1), hr); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestHistoricalStateReader(t *testing.T) {
+	maxDiffLayers = 4
+	defer func() {
+		maxDiffLayers = 128
+	}()
+
+	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelDebug, true)))
+	env := newTester(t, 0, false, 64, true, "")
+	defer env.release()
+	waitIndexing(env.db)
+
+	// non-canonical state
+	fakeRoot := testrand.Hash()
+	rawdb.WriteStateID(env.db.diskdb, fakeRoot, 10)
+
+	_, err := env.db.HistoricReader(fakeRoot)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error")
+	}
+	t.Log(err)
+
+	// canonical state
+	realRoot := env.roots[9]
+	_, err = env.db.HistoricReader(realRoot)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
index ab8e97b6c0..3bb69a7f4d 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
@@ -504,6 +504,20 @@ func (h *stateHistory) decode(accountData, storageData, accountIndexes, storageI
 	return nil
 }
 
+// readStateHistoryMeta reads the metadata of state history with the specified id.
+func readStateHistoryMeta(reader ethdb.AncientReader, id uint64) (*meta, error) {
+	data := rawdb.ReadStateHistoryMeta(reader, id)
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("metadata is not found, %d", id)
+	}
+	var m meta
+	err := m.decode(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &m, nil
+}
+
 // readStateHistory reads a single state history records with the specified id.
 func readStateHistory(reader ethdb.AncientReader, id uint64) (*stateHistory, error) {
 	mData, accountIndexes, storageIndexes, accountData, storageData, err := rawdb.ReadStateHistory(reader, id)
@@ -568,8 +582,8 @@ func writeStateHistory(writer ethdb.AncientWriter, dl *diffLayer) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// checkStateHistories retrieves a batch of meta objects with the specified range
-// and performs the callback on each item.
+// checkStateHistories retrieves a batch of metadata objects with the specified
+// range and performs the callback on each item.
 func checkStateHistories(reader ethdb.AncientReader, start, count uint64, check func(*meta) error) error {
 	for count > 0 {
 		number := count
@@ -594,87 +608,3 @@ func checkStateHistories(reader ethdb.AncientReader, start, count uint64, check
 	}
 	return nil
 }
-
-// truncateFromHead removes the extra state histories from the head with the given
-// parameters. It returns the number of items removed from the head.
-func truncateFromHead(db ethdb.Batcher, store ethdb.AncientStore, nhead uint64) (int, error) {
-	ohead, err := store.Ancients()
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	otail, err := store.Tail()
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	// Ensure that the truncation target falls within the specified range.
-	if ohead < nhead || nhead < otail {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("out of range, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", otail, ohead, nhead)
-	}
-	// Short circuit if nothing to truncate.
-	if ohead == nhead {
-		return 0, nil
-	}
-	// Load the meta objects in range [nhead+1, ohead]
-	blobs, err := rawdb.ReadStateHistoryMetaList(store, nhead+1, ohead-nhead)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	batch := db.NewBatch()
-	for _, blob := range blobs {
-		var m meta
-		if err := m.decode(blob); err != nil {
-			return 0, err
-		}
-		rawdb.DeleteStateID(batch, m.root)
-	}
-	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	ohead, err = store.TruncateHead(nhead)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	return int(ohead - nhead), nil
-}
-
-// truncateFromTail removes the extra state histories from the tail with the given
-// parameters. It returns the number of items removed from the tail.
-func truncateFromTail(db ethdb.Batcher, store ethdb.AncientStore, ntail uint64) (int, error) {
-	ohead, err := store.Ancients()
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	otail, err := store.Tail()
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	// Ensure that the truncation target falls within the specified range.
-	if otail > ntail || ntail > ohead {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("out of range, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", otail, ohead, ntail)
-	}
-	// Short circuit if nothing to truncate.
-	if otail == ntail {
-		return 0, nil
-	}
-	// Load the meta objects in range [otail+1, ntail]
-	blobs, err := rawdb.ReadStateHistoryMetaList(store, otail+1, ntail-otail)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	batch := db.NewBatch()
-	for _, blob := range blobs {
-		var m meta
-		if err := m.decode(blob); err != nil {
-			return 0, err
-		}
-		rawdb.DeleteStateID(batch, m.root)
-	}
-	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	otail, err = store.TruncateTail(ntail)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	return int(ntail - otail), nil
-}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go
index e154811367..4a777111ea 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ package pathdb
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ func testEncodeDecodeStateHistory(t *testing.T, rawStorageKey bool) {
 	}
 }
 
-func checkStateHistory(t *testing.T, db ethdb.KeyValueReader, freezer ethdb.AncientReader, id uint64, root common.Hash, exist bool) {
+func checkStateHistory(t *testing.T, freezer ethdb.AncientReader, id uint64, exist bool) {
 	blob := rawdb.ReadStateHistoryMeta(freezer, id)
 	if exist && len(blob) == 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to load trie history, %d", id)
@@ -116,25 +117,17 @@ func checkStateHistory(t *testing.T, db ethdb.KeyValueReader, freezer ethdb.Anci
 	if !exist && len(blob) != 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("Unexpected trie history, %d", id)
 	}
-	if exist && rawdb.ReadStateID(db, root) == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Root->ID mapping is not found, %d", id)
-	}
-	if !exist && rawdb.ReadStateID(db, root) != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Unexpected root->ID mapping, %d", id)
-	}
 }
 
-func checkHistoriesInRange(t *testing.T, db ethdb.KeyValueReader, freezer ethdb.AncientReader, from, to uint64, roots []common.Hash, exist bool) {
-	for i, j := from, 0; i <= to; i, j = i+1, j+1 {
-		checkStateHistory(t, db, freezer, i, roots[j], exist)
+func checkHistoriesInRange(t *testing.T, freezer ethdb.AncientReader, from, to uint64, exist bool) {
+	for i := from; i <= to; i = i + 1 {
+		checkStateHistory(t, freezer, i, exist)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestTruncateHeadStateHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
-		roots      []common.Hash
 		hs         = makeStateHistories(10)
-		db         = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		freezer, _ = rawdb.NewStateFreezer(t.TempDir(), false, false)
 	)
 	defer freezer.Close()
@@ -142,27 +135,23 @@ func TestTruncateHeadStateHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := 0; i < len(hs); i++ {
 		accountData, storageData, accountIndex, storageIndex := hs[i].encode()
 		rawdb.WriteStateHistory(freezer, uint64(i+1), hs[i].meta.encode(), accountIndex, storageIndex, accountData, storageData)
-		rawdb.WriteStateID(db, hs[i].meta.root, uint64(i+1))
-		roots = append(roots, hs[i].meta.root)
 	}
 	for size := len(hs); size > 0; size-- {
-		pruned, err := truncateFromHead(db, freezer, uint64(size-1))
+		pruned, err := truncateFromHead(freezer, uint64(size-1))
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Failed to truncate from head %v", err)
 		}
 		if pruned != 1 {
 			t.Error("Unexpected pruned items", "want", 1, "got", pruned)
 		}
-		checkHistoriesInRange(t, db, freezer, uint64(size), uint64(10), roots[size-1:], false)
-		checkHistoriesInRange(t, db, freezer, uint64(1), uint64(size-1), roots[:size-1], true)
+		checkHistoriesInRange(t, freezer, uint64(size), uint64(10), false)
+		checkHistoriesInRange(t, freezer, uint64(1), uint64(size-1), true)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestTruncateTailStateHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
-		roots      []common.Hash
 		hs         = makeStateHistories(10)
-		db         = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		freezer, _ = rawdb.NewStateFreezer(t.TempDir(), false, false)
 	)
 	defer freezer.Close()
@@ -170,16 +159,14 @@ func TestTruncateTailStateHistory(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := 0; i < len(hs); i++ {
 		accountData, storageData, accountIndex, storageIndex := hs[i].encode()
 		rawdb.WriteStateHistory(freezer, uint64(i+1), hs[i].meta.encode(), accountIndex, storageIndex, accountData, storageData)
-		rawdb.WriteStateID(db, hs[i].meta.root, uint64(i+1))
-		roots = append(roots, hs[i].meta.root)
 	}
 	for newTail := 1; newTail < len(hs); newTail++ {
-		pruned, _ := truncateFromTail(db, freezer, uint64(newTail))
+		pruned, _ := truncateFromTail(freezer, uint64(newTail))
 		if pruned != 1 {
 			t.Error("Unexpected pruned items", "want", 1, "got", pruned)
 		}
-		checkHistoriesInRange(t, db, freezer, uint64(1), uint64(newTail), roots[:newTail], false)
-		checkHistoriesInRange(t, db, freezer, uint64(newTail+1), uint64(10), roots[newTail:], true)
+		checkHistoriesInRange(t, freezer, uint64(1), uint64(newTail), false)
+		checkHistoriesInRange(t, freezer, uint64(newTail+1), uint64(10), true)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -191,21 +178,29 @@ func TestTruncateTailStateHistories(t *testing.T) {
 		minUnpruned uint64
 		empty       bool
 	}{
+		// history: id [10]
 		{
-			1, 9, 9, 10, false,
+			limit:     1,
+			expPruned: 9,
+			maxPruned: 9, minUnpruned: 10, empty: false,
 		},
+		// history: none
 		{
-			0, 10, 10, 0 /* no meaning */, true,
+			limit:     0,
+			expPruned: 10,
+			empty:     true,
 		},
+		// history: id [1:10]
 		{
-			10, 0, 0, 1, false,
+			limit:       10,
+			expPruned:   0,
+			maxPruned:   0,
+			minUnpruned: 1,
 		},
 	}
 	for i, c := range cases {
 		var (
-			roots      []common.Hash
 			hs         = makeStateHistories(10)
-			db         = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 			freezer, _ = rawdb.NewStateFreezer(t.TempDir()+fmt.Sprintf("%d", i), false, false)
 		)
 		defer freezer.Close()
@@ -213,19 +208,16 @@ func TestTruncateTailStateHistories(t *testing.T) {
 		for i := 0; i < len(hs); i++ {
 			accountData, storageData, accountIndex, storageIndex := hs[i].encode()
 			rawdb.WriteStateHistory(freezer, uint64(i+1), hs[i].meta.encode(), accountIndex, storageIndex, accountData, storageData)
-			rawdb.WriteStateID(db, hs[i].meta.root, uint64(i+1))
-			roots = append(roots, hs[i].meta.root)
 		}
-		pruned, _ := truncateFromTail(db, freezer, uint64(10)-c.limit)
+		pruned, _ := truncateFromTail(freezer, uint64(10)-c.limit)
 		if pruned != c.expPruned {
 			t.Error("Unexpected pruned items", "want", c.expPruned, "got", pruned)
 		}
 		if c.empty {
-			checkHistoriesInRange(t, db, freezer, uint64(1), uint64(10), roots, false)
+			checkHistoriesInRange(t, freezer, uint64(1), uint64(10), false)
 		} else {
-			tail := 10 - int(c.limit)
-			checkHistoriesInRange(t, db, freezer, uint64(1), c.maxPruned, roots[:tail], false)
-			checkHistoriesInRange(t, db, freezer, c.minUnpruned, uint64(10), roots[tail:], true)
+			checkHistoriesInRange(t, freezer, uint64(1), c.maxPruned, false)
+			checkHistoriesInRange(t, freezer, c.minUnpruned, uint64(10), true)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -233,7 +225,6 @@ func TestTruncateTailStateHistories(t *testing.T) {
 func TestTruncateOutOfRange(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		hs         = makeStateHistories(10)
-		db         = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		freezer, _ = rawdb.NewStateFreezer(t.TempDir(), false, false)
 	)
 	defer freezer.Close()
@@ -241,9 +232,8 @@ func TestTruncateOutOfRange(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := 0; i < len(hs); i++ {
 		accountData, storageData, accountIndex, storageIndex := hs[i].encode()
 		rawdb.WriteStateHistory(freezer, uint64(i+1), hs[i].meta.encode(), accountIndex, storageIndex, accountData, storageData)
-		rawdb.WriteStateID(db, hs[i].meta.root, uint64(i+1))
 	}
-	truncateFromTail(db, freezer, uint64(len(hs)/2))
+	truncateFromTail(freezer, uint64(len(hs)/2))
 
 	// Ensure of-out-range truncations are rejected correctly.
 	head, _ := freezer.Ancients()
@@ -255,20 +245,20 @@ func TestTruncateOutOfRange(t *testing.T) {
 		expErr error
 	}{
 		{0, head, nil}, // nothing to delete
-		{0, head + 1, fmt.Errorf("out of range, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", tail, head, head+1)},
-		{0, tail - 1, fmt.Errorf("out of range, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", tail, head, tail-1)},
+		{0, head + 1, errHeadTruncationOutOfRange},
+		{0, tail - 1, errHeadTruncationOutOfRange},
 		{1, tail, nil}, // nothing to delete
-		{1, head + 1, fmt.Errorf("out of range, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", tail, head, head+1)},
-		{1, tail - 1, fmt.Errorf("out of range, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", tail, head, tail-1)},
+		{1, head + 1, errTailTruncationOutOfRange},
+		{1, tail - 1, errTailTruncationOutOfRange},
 	}
 	for _, c := range cases {
 		var gotErr error
 		if c.mode == 0 {
-			_, gotErr = truncateFromHead(db, freezer, c.target)
+			_, gotErr = truncateFromHead(freezer, c.target)
 		} else {
-			_, gotErr = truncateFromTail(db, freezer, c.target)
+			_, gotErr = truncateFromTail(freezer, c.target)
 		}
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotErr, c.expErr) {
+		if !errors.Is(gotErr, c.expErr) {
 			t.Errorf("Unexpected error, want: %v, got: %v", c.expErr, gotErr)
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/reader.go b/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
index 43d12a1678..842ac0972e 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
@@ -213,20 +213,24 @@ func (db *Database) HistoricReader(root common.Hash) (*HistoricalStateReader, er
 	if !db.stateIndexer.inited() {
 		return nil, errors.New("state histories haven't been fully indexed yet")
 	}
-	// States at the current disk layer or above are directly accessible via
-	// db.StateReader.
+	// - States at the current disk layer or above are directly accessible
+	//   via `db.StateReader`.
 	//
-	// States older than the current disk layer (including the disk layer
-	// itself) are available through historic state access.
-	//
-	// Note: the requested state may refer to a stale historic state that has
-	// already been pruned. This function does not validate availability, as
-	// underlying states may be pruned dynamically. Validity is checked during
-	// each actual state retrieval.
+	// - States older than the current disk layer (including the disk layer
+	//   itself) are available via `db.HistoricReader`.
 	id := rawdb.ReadStateID(db.diskdb, root)
 	if id == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("state %#x is not available", root)
 	}
+	// Ensure the requested state is canonical, historical states on side chain
+	// are not accessible.
+	meta, err := readStateHistoryMeta(db.stateFreezer, *id+1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err // e.g., the referred state history has been pruned
+	}
+	if meta.parent != root {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("state %#x is not canonincal", root)
+	}
 	return &HistoricalStateReader{
 		id:     *id,
 		db:     db,

From 3aeccadd04aee2d18bdb77826f86b1ca000d3b67 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: operagxoksana <operagxoksana@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Aug 2025 15:10:38 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 073/470] README: add twitter badge to documentation (#32516)

---
 README.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 78a56baece..639286ba9f 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ https://pkg.go.dev/badge/github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
 [![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum)
 [![Travis](https://app.travis-ci.com/ethereum/go-ethereum.svg?branch=master)](https://app.travis-ci.com/github/ethereum/go-ethereum)
 [![Discord](https://img.shields.io/badge/discord-join%20chat-blue.svg)](https://discord.gg/nthXNEv)
+[![Twitter](https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/go_ethereum)](https://x.com/go_ethereum)
 
 Automated builds are available for stable releases and the unstable master branch. Binary
 archives are published at https://geth.ethereum.org/downloads/.

From 0cde5278e8b6bebcbf2092853cfdcf1bf61fc3b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Sep 2025 13:41:41 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 074/470] core/rawdb: inspect database in parallel (#32506)

`db inspect` on the full database currently takes **30min+**, because
the db iterate was run in one thread, propose to split the key-space to
256 sub range, and assign them to the worker pool to speed up.

After the change, the time of running `db inspect --workers 16` reduced
to **10min**(the keyspace is not evenly distributed).

---------

Signed-off-by: jsvisa <delweng@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 core/rawdb/database.go | 344 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 203 insertions(+), 141 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/database.go b/core/rawdb/database.go
index 6a1b717066..626d390c0d 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/database.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/database.go
@@ -18,13 +18,17 @@ package rawdb
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"maps"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -32,6 +36,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb/memorydb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
 var ErrDeleteRangeInterrupted = errors.New("safe delete range operation interrupted")
@@ -362,36 +367,36 @@ func (c counter) Percentage(current uint64) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%d", current*100/uint64(c))
 }
 
-// stat stores sizes and count for a parameter
+// stat provides lock-free statistics aggregation using atomic operations
 type stat struct {
-	size  common.StorageSize
-	count counter
+	size  uint64
+	count uint64
 }
 
-// Add size to the stat and increase the counter by 1
-func (s *stat) Add(size common.StorageSize) {
-	s.size += size
-	s.count++
+func (s *stat) empty() bool {
+	return atomic.LoadUint64(&s.count) == 0
 }
 
-func (s *stat) Size() string {
-	return s.size.String()
+func (s *stat) add(size common.StorageSize) {
+	atomic.AddUint64(&s.size, uint64(size))
+	atomic.AddUint64(&s.count, 1)
 }
 
-func (s *stat) Count() string {
-	return s.count.String()
+func (s *stat) sizeString() string {
+	return common.StorageSize(atomic.LoadUint64(&s.size)).String()
+}
+
+func (s *stat) countString() string {
+	return counter(atomic.LoadUint64(&s.count)).String()
 }
 
 // InspectDatabase traverses the entire database and checks the size
 // of all different categories of data.
 func InspectDatabase(db ethdb.Database, keyPrefix, keyStart []byte) error {
-	it := db.NewIterator(keyPrefix, keyStart)
-	defer it.Release()
-
 	var (
-		count  int64
-		start  = time.Now()
-		logged = time.Now()
+		start = time.Now()
+		count atomic.Int64
+		total atomic.Uint64
 
 		// Key-value store statistics
 		headers            stat
@@ -427,144 +432,200 @@ func InspectDatabase(db ethdb.Database, keyPrefix, keyStart []byte) error {
 		metadata    stat
 		unaccounted stat
 
-		// Totals
-		total common.StorageSize
-
 		// This map tracks example keys for unaccounted data.
 		// For each unique two-byte prefix, the first unaccounted key encountered
 		// by the iterator will be stored.
 		unaccountedKeys = make(map[[2]byte][]byte)
+		unaccountedMu   sync.Mutex
 	)
-	// Inspect key-value database first.
-	for it.Next() {
-		var (
-			key  = it.Key()
-			size = common.StorageSize(len(key) + len(it.Value()))
-		)
-		total += size
-		switch {
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, headerPrefix) && len(key) == (len(headerPrefix)+8+common.HashLength):
-			headers.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, blockBodyPrefix) && len(key) == (len(blockBodyPrefix)+8+common.HashLength):
-			bodies.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, blockReceiptsPrefix) && len(key) == (len(blockReceiptsPrefix)+8+common.HashLength):
-			receipts.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, headerPrefix) && bytes.HasSuffix(key, headerTDSuffix):
-			tds.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, headerPrefix) && bytes.HasSuffix(key, headerHashSuffix):
-			numHashPairings.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, headerNumberPrefix) && len(key) == (len(headerNumberPrefix)+common.HashLength):
-			hashNumPairings.Add(size)
-		case IsLegacyTrieNode(key, it.Value()):
-			legacyTries.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, stateIDPrefix) && len(key) == len(stateIDPrefix)+common.HashLength:
-			stateLookups.Add(size)
-		case IsAccountTrieNode(key):
-			accountTries.Add(size)
-		case IsStorageTrieNode(key):
-			storageTries.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, CodePrefix) && len(key) == len(CodePrefix)+common.HashLength:
-			codes.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, txLookupPrefix) && len(key) == (len(txLookupPrefix)+common.HashLength):
-			txLookups.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, SnapshotAccountPrefix) && len(key) == (len(SnapshotAccountPrefix)+common.HashLength):
-			accountSnaps.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, SnapshotStoragePrefix) && len(key) == (len(SnapshotStoragePrefix)+2*common.HashLength):
-			storageSnaps.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, PreimagePrefix) && len(key) == (len(PreimagePrefix)+common.HashLength):
-			preimages.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, configPrefix) && len(key) == (len(configPrefix)+common.HashLength):
-			metadata.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, genesisPrefix) && len(key) == (len(genesisPrefix)+common.HashLength):
-			metadata.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, skeletonHeaderPrefix) && len(key) == (len(skeletonHeaderPrefix)+8):
-			beaconHeaders.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, CliqueSnapshotPrefix) && len(key) == 7+common.HashLength:
-			cliqueSnaps.Add(size)
 
-		// new log index
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, filterMapRowPrefix) && len(key) <= len(filterMapRowPrefix)+9:
-			filterMapRows.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, filterMapLastBlockPrefix) && len(key) == len(filterMapLastBlockPrefix)+4:
-			filterMapLastBlock.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, filterMapBlockLVPrefix) && len(key) == len(filterMapBlockLVPrefix)+8:
-			filterMapBlockLV.Add(size)
-
-		// old log index (deprecated)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, bloomBitsPrefix) && len(key) == (len(bloomBitsPrefix)+10+common.HashLength):
-			bloomBits.Add(size)
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, bloomBitsMetaPrefix) && len(key) < len(bloomBitsMetaPrefix)+8:
-			bloomBits.Add(size)
-
-		// Path-based historic state indexes
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, StateHistoryIndexPrefix) && len(key) >= len(StateHistoryIndexPrefix)+common.HashLength:
-			stateIndex.Add(size)
-
-		// Verkle trie data is detected, determine the sub-category
-		case bytes.HasPrefix(key, VerklePrefix):
-			remain := key[len(VerklePrefix):]
+	inspectRange := func(ctx context.Context, r byte) error {
+		var s []byte
+		if len(keyStart) > 0 {
 			switch {
-			case IsAccountTrieNode(remain):
-				verkleTries.Add(size)
-			case bytes.HasPrefix(remain, stateIDPrefix) && len(remain) == len(stateIDPrefix)+common.HashLength:
-				verkleStateLookups.Add(size)
-			case bytes.Equal(remain, persistentStateIDKey):
-				metadata.Add(size)
-			case bytes.Equal(remain, trieJournalKey):
-				metadata.Add(size)
-			case bytes.Equal(remain, snapSyncStatusFlagKey):
-				metadata.Add(size)
+			case r < keyStart[0]:
+				return nil
+			case r == keyStart[0]:
+				s = keyStart[1:]
 			default:
-				unaccounted.Add(size)
+				// entire key range is included for inspection
 			}
+		}
+		it := db.NewIterator(append(keyPrefix, r), s)
+		defer it.Release()
 
-		// Metadata keys
-		case slices.ContainsFunc(knownMetadataKeys, func(x []byte) bool { return bytes.Equal(x, key) }):
-			metadata.Add(size)
+		for it.Next() {
+			var (
+				key  = it.Key()
+				size = common.StorageSize(len(key) + len(it.Value()))
+			)
+			total.Add(uint64(size))
+			count.Add(1)
 
-		default:
-			unaccounted.Add(size)
-			if len(key) >= 2 {
-				prefix := [2]byte(key[:2])
-				if _, ok := unaccountedKeys[prefix]; !ok {
-					unaccountedKeys[prefix] = bytes.Clone(key)
+			switch {
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, headerPrefix) && len(key) == (len(headerPrefix)+8+common.HashLength):
+				headers.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, blockBodyPrefix) && len(key) == (len(blockBodyPrefix)+8+common.HashLength):
+				bodies.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, blockReceiptsPrefix) && len(key) == (len(blockReceiptsPrefix)+8+common.HashLength):
+				receipts.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, headerPrefix) && bytes.HasSuffix(key, headerTDSuffix):
+				tds.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, headerPrefix) && bytes.HasSuffix(key, headerHashSuffix):
+				numHashPairings.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, headerNumberPrefix) && len(key) == (len(headerNumberPrefix)+common.HashLength):
+				hashNumPairings.add(size)
+			case IsLegacyTrieNode(key, it.Value()):
+				legacyTries.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, stateIDPrefix) && len(key) == len(stateIDPrefix)+common.HashLength:
+				stateLookups.add(size)
+			case IsAccountTrieNode(key):
+				accountTries.add(size)
+			case IsStorageTrieNode(key):
+				storageTries.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, CodePrefix) && len(key) == len(CodePrefix)+common.HashLength:
+				codes.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, txLookupPrefix) && len(key) == (len(txLookupPrefix)+common.HashLength):
+				txLookups.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, SnapshotAccountPrefix) && len(key) == (len(SnapshotAccountPrefix)+common.HashLength):
+				accountSnaps.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, SnapshotStoragePrefix) && len(key) == (len(SnapshotStoragePrefix)+2*common.HashLength):
+				storageSnaps.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, PreimagePrefix) && len(key) == (len(PreimagePrefix)+common.HashLength):
+				preimages.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, configPrefix) && len(key) == (len(configPrefix)+common.HashLength):
+				metadata.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, genesisPrefix) && len(key) == (len(genesisPrefix)+common.HashLength):
+				metadata.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, skeletonHeaderPrefix) && len(key) == (len(skeletonHeaderPrefix)+8):
+				beaconHeaders.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, CliqueSnapshotPrefix) && len(key) == 7+common.HashLength:
+				cliqueSnaps.add(size)
+
+			// new log index
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, filterMapRowPrefix) && len(key) <= len(filterMapRowPrefix)+9:
+				filterMapRows.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, filterMapLastBlockPrefix) && len(key) == len(filterMapLastBlockPrefix)+4:
+				filterMapLastBlock.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, filterMapBlockLVPrefix) && len(key) == len(filterMapBlockLVPrefix)+8:
+				filterMapBlockLV.add(size)
+
+			// old log index (deprecated)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, bloomBitsPrefix) && len(key) == (len(bloomBitsPrefix)+10+common.HashLength):
+				bloomBits.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, bloomBitsMetaPrefix) && len(key) < len(bloomBitsMetaPrefix)+8:
+				bloomBits.add(size)
+
+			// Path-based historic state indexes
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, StateHistoryIndexPrefix) && len(key) >= len(StateHistoryIndexPrefix)+common.HashLength:
+				stateIndex.add(size)
+
+			// Verkle trie data is detected, determine the sub-category
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, VerklePrefix):
+				remain := key[len(VerklePrefix):]
+				switch {
+				case IsAccountTrieNode(remain):
+					verkleTries.add(size)
+				case bytes.HasPrefix(remain, stateIDPrefix) && len(remain) == len(stateIDPrefix)+common.HashLength:
+					verkleStateLookups.add(size)
+				case bytes.Equal(remain, persistentStateIDKey):
+					metadata.add(size)
+				case bytes.Equal(remain, trieJournalKey):
+					metadata.add(size)
+				case bytes.Equal(remain, snapSyncStatusFlagKey):
+					metadata.add(size)
+				default:
+					unaccounted.add(size)
+				}
+
+			// Metadata keys
+			case slices.ContainsFunc(knownMetadataKeys, func(x []byte) bool { return bytes.Equal(x, key) }):
+				metadata.add(size)
+
+			default:
+				unaccounted.add(size)
+				if len(key) >= 2 {
+					prefix := [2]byte(key[:2])
+					unaccountedMu.Lock()
+					if _, ok := unaccountedKeys[prefix]; !ok {
+						unaccountedKeys[prefix] = bytes.Clone(key)
+					}
+					unaccountedMu.Unlock()
 				}
 			}
+
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return ctx.Err()
+			default:
+			}
 		}
-		count++
-		if count%1000 == 0 && time.Since(logged) > 8*time.Second {
-			log.Info("Inspecting database", "count", count, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
-			logged = time.Now()
-		}
+
+		return it.Error()
 	}
+
+	var (
+		eg, ctx = errgroup.WithContext(context.Background())
+		workers = runtime.NumCPU()
+	)
+	eg.SetLimit(workers)
+
+	// Progress reporter
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(8 * time.Second)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				log.Info("Inspecting database", "count", count.Load(), "size", common.StorageSize(total.Load()), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+			case <-done:
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Inspect key-value database in parallel.
+	for i := 0; i < 256; i++ {
+		eg.Go(func() error { return inspectRange(ctx, byte(i)) })
+	}
+
+	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
+		close(done)
+		return err
+	}
+	close(done)
+
 	// Display the database statistic of key-value store.
 	stats := [][]string{
-		{"Key-Value store", "Headers", headers.Size(), headers.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Bodies", bodies.Size(), bodies.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Receipt lists", receipts.Size(), receipts.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Difficulties (deprecated)", tds.Size(), tds.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Block number->hash", numHashPairings.Size(), numHashPairings.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Block hash->number", hashNumPairings.Size(), hashNumPairings.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Transaction index", txLookups.Size(), txLookups.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Log index filter-map rows", filterMapRows.Size(), filterMapRows.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Log index last-block-of-map", filterMapLastBlock.Size(), filterMapLastBlock.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Log index block-lv", filterMapBlockLV.Size(), filterMapBlockLV.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Log bloombits (deprecated)", bloomBits.Size(), bloomBits.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Contract codes", codes.Size(), codes.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Hash trie nodes", legacyTries.Size(), legacyTries.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Path trie state lookups", stateLookups.Size(), stateLookups.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Path trie account nodes", accountTries.Size(), accountTries.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Path trie storage nodes", storageTries.Size(), storageTries.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Path state history indexes", stateIndex.Size(), stateIndex.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Verkle trie nodes", verkleTries.Size(), verkleTries.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Verkle trie state lookups", verkleStateLookups.Size(), verkleStateLookups.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Trie preimages", preimages.Size(), preimages.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Account snapshot", accountSnaps.Size(), accountSnaps.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Storage snapshot", storageSnaps.Size(), storageSnaps.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Beacon sync headers", beaconHeaders.Size(), beaconHeaders.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Clique snapshots", cliqueSnaps.Size(), cliqueSnaps.Count()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Singleton metadata", metadata.Size(), metadata.Count()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Headers", headers.sizeString(), headers.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Bodies", bodies.sizeString(), bodies.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Receipt lists", receipts.sizeString(), receipts.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Difficulties (deprecated)", tds.sizeString(), tds.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Block number->hash", numHashPairings.sizeString(), numHashPairings.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Block hash->number", hashNumPairings.sizeString(), hashNumPairings.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Transaction index", txLookups.sizeString(), txLookups.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Log index filter-map rows", filterMapRows.sizeString(), filterMapRows.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Log index last-block-of-map", filterMapLastBlock.sizeString(), filterMapLastBlock.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Log index block-lv", filterMapBlockLV.sizeString(), filterMapBlockLV.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Log bloombits (deprecated)", bloomBits.sizeString(), bloomBits.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Contract codes", codes.sizeString(), codes.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Hash trie nodes", legacyTries.sizeString(), legacyTries.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Path trie state lookups", stateLookups.sizeString(), stateLookups.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Path trie account nodes", accountTries.sizeString(), accountTries.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Path trie storage nodes", storageTries.sizeString(), storageTries.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Path state history indexes", stateIndex.sizeString(), stateIndex.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Verkle trie nodes", verkleTries.sizeString(), verkleTries.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Verkle trie state lookups", verkleStateLookups.sizeString(), verkleStateLookups.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Trie preimages", preimages.sizeString(), preimages.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Account snapshot", accountSnaps.sizeString(), accountSnaps.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Storage snapshot", storageSnaps.sizeString(), storageSnaps.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Beacon sync headers", beaconHeaders.sizeString(), beaconHeaders.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Clique snapshots", cliqueSnaps.sizeString(), cliqueSnaps.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Singleton metadata", metadata.sizeString(), metadata.countString()},
 	}
+
 	// Inspect all registered append-only file store then.
 	ancients, err := inspectFreezers(db)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -579,16 +640,17 @@ func InspectDatabase(db ethdb.Database, keyPrefix, keyStart []byte) error {
 				fmt.Sprintf("%d", ancient.count()),
 			})
 		}
-		total += ancient.size()
+		total.Add(uint64(ancient.size()))
 	}
+
 	table := newTableWriter(os.Stdout)
 	table.SetHeader([]string{"Database", "Category", "Size", "Items"})
-	table.SetFooter([]string{"", "Total", total.String(), " "})
+	table.SetFooter([]string{"", "Total", common.StorageSize(total.Load()).String(), fmt.Sprintf("%d", count.Load())})
 	table.AppendBulk(stats)
 	table.Render()
 
-	if unaccounted.size > 0 {
-		log.Error("Database contains unaccounted data", "size", unaccounted.size, "count", unaccounted.count)
+	if !unaccounted.empty() {
+		log.Error("Database contains unaccounted data", "size", unaccounted.sizeString(), "count", unaccounted.countString())
 		for _, e := range slices.SortedFunc(maps.Values(unaccountedKeys), bytes.Compare) {
 			log.Error(fmt.Sprintf("   example key: %x", e))
 		}

From 0e69530c6e382b8157b0240d2fe39bfff5aec7c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mars <zhaolei@pm.me>
Date: Sun, 31 Aug 2025 23:47:02 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 075/470] all: improve ETA calculation across all progress
 indicators (#32521)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

### Summary
Fixes long-standing ETA calculation errors in progress indicators that
have been present since February 2021. The current implementation
produces increasingly inaccurate estimates due to integer division
precision loss.

### Problem

https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/3aeccadd04aee2d18bdb77826f86b1ca000d3b67/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go#L541-L553
The ETA calculation has two critical issues:
1. **Integer division precision loss**: `speed` is calculated as
`uint64`
2. **Off-by-one**: `speed` uses `+ 1`(2 times) to avoid division by
zero, however it makes mistake in the final calculation

This results in wildly inaccurate time estimates that don't improve as
progress continues.

### Example
Current output during state history indexing:
```
lvl=info msg="Indexing state history" processed=16858580 left=41802252 elapsed=18h22m59.848s eta=11h36m42.252s
```

**Expected calculation:**
- Speed: 16858580 ÷ 66179848ms = 0.255 blocks/ms
- ETA: 41802252 ÷ 0.255 = ~45.6 hours

**Current buggy calculation:**
- Speed: rounds to 1 block/ms
- ETA: 41802252 ÷ 1 = ~11.6 hours ❌

### Solution
- Created centralized `CalculateETA()` function in common package
- Replaced all 8 duplicate code copies across the codebase

### Testing
Verified accurate ETA calculations during archive node reindexing with
significantly improved time estimates.
---
 common/eta.go                     | 30 ++++++++++++++++
 common/eta_test.go                | 60 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 core/state/pruner/pruner.go       |  7 ++--
 core/state/snapshot/conversion.go | 12 +++----
 triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go  |  8 ++---
 triedb/pathdb/verifier.go         | 13 +++----
 6 files changed, 104 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 common/eta.go
 create mode 100644 common/eta_test.go

diff --git a/common/eta.go b/common/eta.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72c838f93d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/eta.go
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import "time"
+
+// CalculateETA calculates the estimated remaining time based on the
+// number of finished task, remaining task, and the time cost for finished task.
+func CalculateETA(done, left uint64, elapsed time.Duration) time.Duration {
+	if done == 0 || elapsed.Milliseconds() == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	speed := float64(done) / float64(elapsed.Milliseconds())
+	return time.Duration(float64(left)/speed) * time.Millisecond
+}
diff --git a/common/eta_test.go b/common/eta_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b1dbb09e6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/eta_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestCalculateETA(t *testing.T) {
+	type args struct {
+		done    uint64
+		left    uint64
+		elapsed time.Duration
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		args args
+		want time.Duration
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "zero done",
+			args: args{done: 0, left: 100, elapsed: time.Second},
+			want: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "zero elapsed",
+			args: args{done: 1, left: 100, elapsed: 0},
+			want: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "@Jolly23 's case",
+			args: args{done: 16858580, left: 41802252, elapsed: 66179848 * time.Millisecond},
+			want: 164098440 * time.Millisecond,
+			// wrong msg: msg="Indexing state history" processed=16858580 left=41802252 elapsed=18h22m59.848s eta=11h36m42.252s
+			// should be around 45.58 hours
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := CalculateETA(tt.args.done, tt.args.left, tt.args.elapsed); got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("CalculateETA() = %v ms, want %v ms", got.Milliseconds(), tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/core/state/pruner/pruner.go b/core/state/pruner/pruner.go
index 46558a6fce..11f3963a3e 100644
--- a/core/state/pruner/pruner.go
+++ b/core/state/pruner/pruner.go
@@ -160,11 +160,8 @@ func prune(snaptree *snapshot.Tree, root common.Hash, maindb ethdb.Database, sta
 
 			var eta time.Duration // Realistically will never remain uninited
 			if done := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(key[:8]); done > 0 {
-				var (
-					left  = math.MaxUint64 - binary.BigEndian.Uint64(key[:8])
-					speed = done/uint64(time.Since(pstart)/time.Millisecond+1) + 1 // +1s to avoid division by zero
-				)
-				eta = time.Duration(left/speed) * time.Millisecond
+				left := math.MaxUint64 - binary.BigEndian.Uint64(key[:8])
+				eta = common.CalculateETA(done, left, time.Since(pstart))
 			}
 			if time.Since(logged) > 8*time.Second {
 				log.Info("Pruning state data", "nodes", count, "skipped", skipped, "size", size,
diff --git a/core/state/snapshot/conversion.go b/core/state/snapshot/conversion.go
index 4b0774f2ae..0d39687be4 100644
--- a/core/state/snapshot/conversion.go
+++ b/core/state/snapshot/conversion.go
@@ -171,20 +171,16 @@ func (stat *generateStats) report() {
 		// If there's progress on the account trie, estimate the time to finish crawling it
 		if done := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(stat.head[:8]) / stat.accounts; done > 0 {
 			var (
-				left  = (math.MaxUint64 - binary.BigEndian.Uint64(stat.head[:8])) / stat.accounts
-				speed = done/uint64(time.Since(stat.start)/time.Millisecond+1) + 1 // +1s to avoid division by zero
-				eta   = time.Duration(left/speed) * time.Millisecond
+				left = (math.MaxUint64 - binary.BigEndian.Uint64(stat.head[:8])) / stat.accounts
+				eta  = common.CalculateETA(done, left, time.Since(stat.start))
 			)
 			// If there are large contract crawls in progress, estimate their finish time
 			for acc, head := range stat.slotsHead {
 				start := stat.slotsStart[acc]
 				if done := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(head[:8]); done > 0 {
-					var (
-						left  = math.MaxUint64 - binary.BigEndian.Uint64(head[:8])
-						speed = done/uint64(time.Since(start)/time.Millisecond+1) + 1 // +1s to avoid division by zero
-					)
+					left := math.MaxUint64 - binary.BigEndian.Uint64(head[:8])
 					// Override the ETA if larger than the largest until now
-					if slotETA := time.Duration(left/speed) * time.Millisecond; eta < slotETA {
+					if slotETA := common.CalculateETA(done, left, time.Since(start)); eta < slotETA {
 						eta = slotETA
 					}
 				}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
index 127459b47c..14b9af5367 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
@@ -543,12 +543,10 @@ func (i *indexIniter) index(done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32, lastID
 				logged = time.Now()
 
 				var (
-					left  = lastID - current + 1
-					done  = current - beginID
-					speed = done/uint64(time.Since(start)/time.Millisecond+1) + 1 // +1s to avoid division by zero
+					left = lastID - current + 1
+					done = current - beginID
 				)
-				// Override the ETA if larger than the largest until now
-				eta := time.Duration(left/speed) * time.Millisecond
+				eta := common.CalculateETA(done, left, time.Since(start))
 				log.Info("Indexing state history", "processed", done, "left", left, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)), "eta", common.PrettyDuration(eta))
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/verifier.go b/triedb/pathdb/verifier.go
index 2d6f72925b..a69b10f4f3 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/verifier.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/verifier.go
@@ -166,20 +166,17 @@ func (stat *generateStats) report() {
 		// If there's progress on the account trie, estimate the time to finish crawling it
 		if done := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(stat.head[:8]) / stat.accounts; done > 0 {
 			var (
-				left  = (math.MaxUint64 - binary.BigEndian.Uint64(stat.head[:8])) / stat.accounts
-				speed = done/uint64(time.Since(stat.start)/time.Millisecond+1) + 1 // +1s to avoid division by zero
-				eta   = time.Duration(left/speed) * time.Millisecond
+				left = (math.MaxUint64 - binary.BigEndian.Uint64(stat.head[:8])) / stat.accounts
+				eta  = common.CalculateETA(done, left, time.Since(stat.start))
 			)
 			// If there are large contract crawls in progress, estimate their finish time
 			for acc, head := range stat.slotsHead {
 				start := stat.slotsStart[acc]
 				if done := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(head[:8]); done > 0 {
-					var (
-						left  = math.MaxUint64 - binary.BigEndian.Uint64(head[:8])
-						speed = done/uint64(time.Since(start)/time.Millisecond+1) + 1 // +1s to avoid division by zero
-					)
+					left := math.MaxUint64 - binary.BigEndian.Uint64(head[:8])
+
 					// Override the ETA if larger than the largest until now
-					if slotETA := time.Duration(left/speed) * time.Millisecond; eta < slotETA {
+					if slotETA := common.CalculateETA(done, left, time.Since(start)); eta < slotETA {
 						eta = slotETA
 					}
 				}

From 931befe83dc651a37ffc224fcf5aa87fe88b8abf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Sep 2025 11:37:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 076/470] core/stateless: only report leaf depth in witness
 stats (#32507)

Filtering for leaf nodes was missing from #32388, which means that even
the root done was reported, which made little sense for the bloatnet
data processing we want to do.
---
 core/stateless/stats.go      |  23 ++--
 core/stateless/stats_test.go | 207 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 223 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 core/stateless/stats_test.go

diff --git a/core/stateless/stats.go b/core/stateless/stats.go
index 46022ac74b..adc898929b 100644
--- a/core/stateless/stats.go
+++ b/core/stateless/stats.go
@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ package stateless
 
 import (
 	"maps"
+	"slices"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
@@ -90,13 +93,19 @@ func NewWitnessStats() *WitnessStats {
 // If `owner` is the zero hash, accesses are attributed to the account trie;
 // otherwise, they are attributed to the storage trie of that account.
 func (s *WitnessStats) Add(nodes map[string][]byte, owner common.Hash) {
-	if owner == (common.Hash{}) {
-		for path := range maps.Keys(nodes) {
-			s.accountTrie.add(int64(len(path)))
-		}
-	} else {
-		for path := range maps.Keys(nodes) {
-			s.storageTrie.add(int64(len(path)))
+	// Extract paths from the nodes map
+	paths := slices.Collect(maps.Keys(nodes))
+	sort.Strings(paths)
+
+	for i, path := range paths {
+		// If current path is a prefix of the next path, it's not a leaf.
+		// The last path is always a leaf.
+		if i == len(paths)-1 || !strings.HasPrefix(paths[i+1], paths[i]) {
+			if owner == (common.Hash{}) {
+				s.accountTrie.add(int64(len(path)))
+			} else {
+				s.storageTrie.add(int64(len(path)))
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/core/stateless/stats_test.go b/core/stateless/stats_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..51c78cc9c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/stateless/stats_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package stateless
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+)
+
+func TestWitnessStatsAdd(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name                 string
+		nodes                map[string][]byte
+		owner                common.Hash
+		expectedAccountDepth int64
+		expectedStorageDepth int64
+	}{
+		{
+			name:                 "empty nodes",
+			nodes:                map[string][]byte{},
+			owner:                common.Hash{},
+			expectedAccountDepth: 0,
+			expectedStorageDepth: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "single account trie leaf",
+			nodes: map[string][]byte{
+				"abc": []byte("data"),
+			},
+			owner:                common.Hash{},
+			expectedAccountDepth: 3,
+			expectedStorageDepth: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "account trie with internal nodes",
+			nodes: map[string][]byte{
+				"a":   []byte("data1"),
+				"ab":  []byte("data2"),
+				"abc": []byte("data3"),
+			},
+			owner:                common.Hash{},
+			expectedAccountDepth: 3, // Only "abc" is a leaf
+			expectedStorageDepth: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "multiple account trie branches",
+			nodes: map[string][]byte{
+				"a":   []byte("data1"),
+				"ab":  []byte("data2"),
+				"abc": []byte("data3"),
+				"b":   []byte("data4"),
+				"bc":  []byte("data5"),
+				"bcd": []byte("data6"),
+			},
+			owner:                common.Hash{},
+			expectedAccountDepth: 6, // "abc" (3) + "bcd" (3) = 6
+			expectedStorageDepth: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "siblings are all leaves",
+			nodes: map[string][]byte{
+				"aa": []byte("data1"),
+				"ab": []byte("data2"),
+				"ac": []byte("data3"),
+			},
+			owner:                common.Hash{},
+			expectedAccountDepth: 6, // 2 + 2 + 2 = 6
+			expectedStorageDepth: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "storage trie leaves",
+			nodes: map[string][]byte{
+				"1":   []byte("data1"),
+				"12":  []byte("data2"),
+				"123": []byte("data3"),
+				"124": []byte("data4"),
+			},
+			owner:                common.HexToHash("0x1234"),
+			expectedAccountDepth: 0,
+			expectedStorageDepth: 6, // "123" (3) + "124" (3) = 6
+		},
+		{
+			name: "complex trie structure",
+			nodes: map[string][]byte{
+				"1":   []byte("data1"),
+				"12":  []byte("data2"),
+				"123": []byte("data3"),
+				"124": []byte("data4"),
+				"2":   []byte("data5"),
+				"23":  []byte("data6"),
+				"234": []byte("data7"),
+				"235": []byte("data8"),
+				"3":   []byte("data9"),
+			},
+			owner:                common.Hash{},
+			expectedAccountDepth: 13, // "123"(3) + "124"(3) + "234"(3) + "235"(3) + "3"(1) = 13
+			expectedStorageDepth: 0,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			stats := NewWitnessStats()
+			stats.Add(tt.nodes, tt.owner)
+
+			// Check account trie depth
+			if stats.accountTrie.totalDepth != tt.expectedAccountDepth {
+				t.Errorf("Account trie total depth = %d, want %d", stats.accountTrie.totalDepth, tt.expectedAccountDepth)
+			}
+
+			// Check storage trie depth
+			if stats.storageTrie.totalDepth != tt.expectedStorageDepth {
+				t.Errorf("Storage trie total depth = %d, want %d", stats.storageTrie.totalDepth, tt.expectedStorageDepth)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWitnessStatsMinMax(t *testing.T) {
+	stats := NewWitnessStats()
+
+	// Add some account trie nodes with varying depths
+	stats.Add(map[string][]byte{
+		"a":     []byte("data1"),
+		"ab":    []byte("data2"),
+		"abc":   []byte("data3"),
+		"abcd":  []byte("data4"),
+		"abcde": []byte("data5"),
+	}, common.Hash{})
+
+	// Only "abcde" is a leaf (depth 5)
+	if stats.accountTrie.minDepth != 5 {
+		t.Errorf("Account trie min depth = %d, want %d", stats.accountTrie.minDepth, 5)
+	}
+	if stats.accountTrie.maxDepth != 5 {
+		t.Errorf("Account trie max depth = %d, want %d", stats.accountTrie.maxDepth, 5)
+	}
+
+	// Add more leaves with different depths
+	stats.Add(map[string][]byte{
+		"x":  []byte("data6"),
+		"yz": []byte("data7"),
+	}, common.Hash{})
+
+	// Now we have leaves at depths 1, 2, and 5
+	if stats.accountTrie.minDepth != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Account trie min depth after update = %d, want %d", stats.accountTrie.minDepth, 1)
+	}
+	if stats.accountTrie.maxDepth != 5 {
+		t.Errorf("Account trie max depth after update = %d, want %d", stats.accountTrie.maxDepth, 5)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWitnessStatsAverage(t *testing.T) {
+	stats := NewWitnessStats()
+
+	// Add nodes that will create leaves at depths 2, 3, and 4
+	stats.Add(map[string][]byte{
+		"aa":   []byte("data1"),
+		"bb":   []byte("data2"),
+		"ccc":  []byte("data3"),
+		"dddd": []byte("data4"),
+	}, common.Hash{})
+
+	// All are leaves: 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 11 total, 4 samples
+	expectedAvg := int64(11) / int64(4)
+	actualAvg := stats.accountTrie.totalDepth / stats.accountTrie.samples
+
+	if actualAvg != expectedAvg {
+		t.Errorf("Account trie average depth = %d, want %d", actualAvg, expectedAvg)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkWitnessStatsAdd(b *testing.B) {
+	// Create a realistic trie node structure
+	nodes := make(map[string][]byte)
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		base := string(rune('a' + i%26))
+		nodes[base] = []byte("data")
+		for j := 0; j < 9; j++ {
+			key := base + string(rune('0'+j))
+			nodes[key] = []byte("data")
+		}
+	}
+
+	stats := NewWitnessStats()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		stats.Add(nodes, common.Hash{})
+	}
+}

From bd4b17907fb1f689dbbbe122144a4dc86c2edc43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Sep 2025 15:06:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 077/470] trie/bintrie: add eip7864 binary trees and run its
 tests (#32365)

Implement the binary tree as specified in [eip-7864](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7864).

This will gradually replace verkle trees in the codebase. This is only
running the tests and will not be executed in production, but will help
me rebase some of my work, so that it doesn't bitrot as much.

---------

Signed-off-by: Guillaume Ballet
Co-authored-by: Parithosh Jayanthi <parithosh.jayanthi@ethereum.org>
Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 core/types/hashes.go               |   3 +
 trie/bintrie/binary_node.go        | 133 +++++++++
 trie/bintrie/binary_node_test.go   | 252 ++++++++++++++++
 trie/bintrie/empty.go              |  72 +++++
 trie/bintrie/empty_test.go         | 222 ++++++++++++++
 trie/bintrie/hashed_node.go        |  66 +++++
 trie/bintrie/hashed_node_test.go   | 128 ++++++++
 trie/bintrie/internal_node.go      | 189 ++++++++++++
 trie/bintrie/internal_node_test.go | 458 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 trie/bintrie/iterator.go           | 261 ++++++++++++++++
 trie/bintrie/iterator_test.go      |  83 ++++++
 trie/bintrie/key_encoding.go       |  79 +++++
 trie/bintrie/stem_node.go          | 213 ++++++++++++++
 trie/bintrie/stem_node_test.go     | 373 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 trie/bintrie/trie.go               | 353 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 trie/bintrie/trie_test.go          | 197 +++++++++++++
 trie/committer.go                  |   8 +-
 trie/iterator.go                   |   4 +-
 trie/proof.go                      |   4 +-
 trie/tracer.go                     |  39 ++-
 trie/trie.go                       |  26 +-
 trie/trie_reader.go                |  20 +-
 trie/verkle.go                     |  16 +-
 23 files changed, 3140 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 trie/bintrie/binary_node.go
 create mode 100644 trie/bintrie/binary_node_test.go
 create mode 100644 trie/bintrie/empty.go
 create mode 100644 trie/bintrie/empty_test.go
 create mode 100644 trie/bintrie/hashed_node.go
 create mode 100644 trie/bintrie/hashed_node_test.go
 create mode 100644 trie/bintrie/internal_node.go
 create mode 100644 trie/bintrie/internal_node_test.go
 create mode 100644 trie/bintrie/iterator.go
 create mode 100644 trie/bintrie/iterator_test.go
 create mode 100644 trie/bintrie/key_encoding.go
 create mode 100644 trie/bintrie/stem_node.go
 create mode 100644 trie/bintrie/stem_node_test.go
 create mode 100644 trie/bintrie/trie.go
 create mode 100644 trie/bintrie/trie_test.go

diff --git a/core/types/hashes.go b/core/types/hashes.go
index 05cfaeed74..22f1f946dc 100644
--- a/core/types/hashes.go
+++ b/core/types/hashes.go
@@ -45,4 +45,7 @@ var (
 
 	// EmptyVerkleHash is the known hash of an empty verkle trie.
 	EmptyVerkleHash = common.Hash{}
+
+	// EmptyBinaryHash is the known hash of an empty binary trie.
+	EmptyBinaryHash = common.Hash{}
 )
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/binary_node.go b/trie/bintrie/binary_node.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1c003a6c8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/bintrie/binary_node.go
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// Copyright 2025 go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bintrie
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+)
+
+type (
+	NodeFlushFn    func([]byte, BinaryNode)
+	NodeResolverFn func([]byte, common.Hash) ([]byte, error)
+)
+
+// zero is the zero value for a 32-byte array.
+var zero [32]byte
+
+const (
+	NodeWidth = 256 // Number of child per leaf node
+	StemSize  = 31  // Number of bytes to travel before reaching a group of leaves
+)
+
+const (
+	nodeTypeStem = iota + 1 // Stem node, contains a stem and a bitmap of values
+	nodeTypeInternal
+)
+
+// BinaryNode is an interface for a binary trie node.
+type BinaryNode interface {
+	Get([]byte, NodeResolverFn) ([]byte, error)
+	Insert([]byte, []byte, NodeResolverFn, int) (BinaryNode, error)
+	Copy() BinaryNode
+	Hash() common.Hash
+	GetValuesAtStem([]byte, NodeResolverFn) ([][]byte, error)
+	InsertValuesAtStem([]byte, [][]byte, NodeResolverFn, int) (BinaryNode, error)
+	CollectNodes([]byte, NodeFlushFn) error
+
+	toDot(parent, path string) string
+	GetHeight() int
+}
+
+// SerializeNode serializes a binary trie node into a byte slice.
+func SerializeNode(node BinaryNode) []byte {
+	switch n := (node).(type) {
+	case *InternalNode:
+		var serialized [65]byte
+		serialized[0] = nodeTypeInternal
+		copy(serialized[1:33], n.left.Hash().Bytes())
+		copy(serialized[33:65], n.right.Hash().Bytes())
+		return serialized[:]
+	case *StemNode:
+		var serialized [32 + 32 + 256*32]byte
+		serialized[0] = nodeTypeStem
+		copy(serialized[1:32], node.(*StemNode).Stem)
+		bitmap := serialized[32:64]
+		offset := 64
+		for i, v := range node.(*StemNode).Values {
+			if v != nil {
+				bitmap[i/8] |= 1 << (7 - (i % 8))
+				copy(serialized[offset:offset+32], v)
+				offset += 32
+			}
+		}
+		return serialized[:]
+	default:
+		panic("invalid node type")
+	}
+}
+
+var invalidSerializedLength = errors.New("invalid serialized node length")
+
+// DeserializeNode deserializes a binary trie node from a byte slice.
+func DeserializeNode(serialized []byte, depth int) (BinaryNode, error) {
+	if len(serialized) == 0 {
+		return Empty{}, nil
+	}
+
+	switch serialized[0] {
+	case nodeTypeInternal:
+		if len(serialized) != 65 {
+			return nil, invalidSerializedLength
+		}
+		return &InternalNode{
+			depth: depth,
+			left:  HashedNode(common.BytesToHash(serialized[1:33])),
+			right: HashedNode(common.BytesToHash(serialized[33:65])),
+		}, nil
+	case nodeTypeStem:
+		if len(serialized) < 64 {
+			return nil, invalidSerializedLength
+		}
+		var values [256][]byte
+		bitmap := serialized[32:64]
+		offset := 64
+
+		for i := range 256 {
+			if bitmap[i/8]>>(7-(i%8))&1 == 1 {
+				if len(serialized) < offset+32 {
+					return nil, invalidSerializedLength
+				}
+				values[i] = serialized[offset : offset+32]
+				offset += 32
+			}
+		}
+		return &StemNode{
+			Stem:   serialized[1:32],
+			Values: values[:],
+			depth:  depth,
+		}, nil
+	default:
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid node type")
+	}
+}
+
+// ToDot converts the binary trie to a DOT language representation. Useful for debugging.
+func ToDot(root BinaryNode) string {
+	return root.toDot("", "")
+}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/binary_node_test.go b/trie/bintrie/binary_node_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b21daaab69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/bintrie/binary_node_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+// Copyright 2025 go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bintrie
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+)
+
+// TestSerializeDeserializeInternalNode tests serialization and deserialization of InternalNode
+func TestSerializeDeserializeInternalNode(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create an internal node with two hashed children
+	leftHash := common.HexToHash("0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef")
+	rightHash := common.HexToHash("0xfedcba0987654321fedcba0987654321fedcba0987654321fedcba0987654321")
+
+	node := &InternalNode{
+		depth: 5,
+		left:  HashedNode(leftHash),
+		right: HashedNode(rightHash),
+	}
+
+	// Serialize the node
+	serialized := SerializeNode(node)
+
+	// Check the serialized format
+	if serialized[0] != nodeTypeInternal {
+		t.Errorf("Expected type byte to be %d, got %d", nodeTypeInternal, serialized[0])
+	}
+
+	if len(serialized) != 65 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected serialized length to be 65, got %d", len(serialized))
+	}
+
+	// Deserialize the node
+	deserialized, err := DeserializeNode(serialized, 5)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to deserialize node: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Check that it's an internal node
+	internalNode, ok := deserialized.(*InternalNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected InternalNode, got %T", deserialized)
+	}
+
+	// Check the depth
+	if internalNode.depth != 5 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected depth 5, got %d", internalNode.depth)
+	}
+
+	// Check the left and right hashes
+	if internalNode.left.Hash() != leftHash {
+		t.Errorf("Left hash mismatch: expected %x, got %x", leftHash, internalNode.left.Hash())
+	}
+
+	if internalNode.right.Hash() != rightHash {
+		t.Errorf("Right hash mismatch: expected %x, got %x", rightHash, internalNode.right.Hash())
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSerializeDeserializeStemNode tests serialization and deserialization of StemNode
+func TestSerializeDeserializeStemNode(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a stem node with some values
+	stem := make([]byte, 31)
+	for i := range stem {
+		stem[i] = byte(i)
+	}
+
+	var values [256][]byte
+	// Add some values at different indices
+	values[0] = common.HexToHash("0x0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101").Bytes()
+	values[10] = common.HexToHash("0x0202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202").Bytes()
+	values[255] = common.HexToHash("0x0303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303").Bytes()
+
+	node := &StemNode{
+		Stem:   stem,
+		Values: values[:],
+		depth:  10,
+	}
+
+	// Serialize the node
+	serialized := SerializeNode(node)
+
+	// Check the serialized format
+	if serialized[0] != nodeTypeStem {
+		t.Errorf("Expected type byte to be %d, got %d", nodeTypeStem, serialized[0])
+	}
+
+	// Check the stem is correctly serialized
+	if !bytes.Equal(serialized[1:32], stem) {
+		t.Errorf("Stem mismatch in serialized data")
+	}
+
+	// Deserialize the node
+	deserialized, err := DeserializeNode(serialized, 10)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to deserialize node: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Check that it's a stem node
+	stemNode, ok := deserialized.(*StemNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected StemNode, got %T", deserialized)
+	}
+
+	// Check the stem
+	if !bytes.Equal(stemNode.Stem, stem) {
+		t.Errorf("Stem mismatch after deserialization")
+	}
+
+	// Check the values
+	if !bytes.Equal(stemNode.Values[0], values[0]) {
+		t.Errorf("Value at index 0 mismatch")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(stemNode.Values[10], values[10]) {
+		t.Errorf("Value at index 10 mismatch")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(stemNode.Values[255], values[255]) {
+		t.Errorf("Value at index 255 mismatch")
+	}
+
+	// Check that other values are nil
+	for i := range NodeWidth {
+		if i == 0 || i == 10 || i == 255 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if stemNode.Values[i] != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Expected nil value at index %d, got %x", i, stemNode.Values[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDeserializeEmptyNode tests deserialization of empty node
+func TestDeserializeEmptyNode(t *testing.T) {
+	// Empty byte slice should deserialize to Empty node
+	deserialized, err := DeserializeNode([]byte{}, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to deserialize empty node: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	_, ok := deserialized.(Empty)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected Empty node, got %T", deserialized)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDeserializeInvalidType tests deserialization with invalid type byte
+func TestDeserializeInvalidType(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create invalid serialized data with unknown type byte
+	invalidData := []byte{99, 0, 0, 0} // Type byte 99 is invalid
+
+	_, err := DeserializeNode(invalidData, 0)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for invalid type byte, got nil")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDeserializeInvalidLength tests deserialization with invalid data length
+func TestDeserializeInvalidLength(t *testing.T) {
+	// InternalNode with type byte 1 but wrong length
+	invalidData := []byte{nodeTypeInternal, 0, 0} // Too short for internal node
+
+	_, err := DeserializeNode(invalidData, 0)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for invalid data length, got nil")
+	}
+
+	if err.Error() != "invalid serialized node length" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 'invalid serialized node length' error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestKeyToPath tests the keyToPath function
+func TestKeyToPath(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		depth    int
+		key      []byte
+		expected []byte
+		wantErr  bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "depth 0",
+			depth:    0,
+			key:      []byte{0x80}, // 10000000 in binary
+			expected: []byte{1},
+			wantErr:  false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "depth 7",
+			depth:    7,
+			key:      []byte{0xFF}, // 11111111 in binary
+			expected: []byte{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1},
+			wantErr:  false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "depth crossing byte boundary",
+			depth:    10,
+			key:      []byte{0xFF, 0x00}, // 11111111 00000000 in binary
+			expected: []byte{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0},
+			wantErr:  false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "max valid depth",
+			depth:    31 * 8,
+			key:      make([]byte, 32),
+			expected: make([]byte, 31*8+1),
+			wantErr:  false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "depth too large",
+			depth:   31*8 + 1,
+			key:     make([]byte, 32),
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			path, err := keyToPath(tt.depth, tt.key)
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Errorf("Expected error for depth %d, got nil", tt.depth)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
+				return
+			}
+			if !bytes.Equal(path, tt.expected) {
+				t.Errorf("Path mismatch: expected %v, got %v", tt.expected, path)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/empty.go b/trie/bintrie/empty.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7cfe373b35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/bintrie/empty.go
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// Copyright 2025 go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bintrie
+
+import (
+	"slices"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+)
+
+type Empty struct{}
+
+func (e Empty) Get(_ []byte, _ NodeResolverFn) ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (e Empty) Insert(key []byte, value []byte, _ NodeResolverFn, depth int) (BinaryNode, error) {
+	var values [256][]byte
+	values[key[31]] = value
+	return &StemNode{
+		Stem:   slices.Clone(key[:31]),
+		Values: values[:],
+		depth:  depth,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (e Empty) Copy() BinaryNode {
+	return Empty{}
+}
+
+func (e Empty) Hash() common.Hash {
+	return common.Hash{}
+}
+
+func (e Empty) GetValuesAtStem(_ []byte, _ NodeResolverFn) ([][]byte, error) {
+	var values [256][]byte
+	return values[:], nil
+}
+
+func (e Empty) InsertValuesAtStem(key []byte, values [][]byte, _ NodeResolverFn, depth int) (BinaryNode, error) {
+	return &StemNode{
+		Stem:   slices.Clone(key[:31]),
+		Values: values,
+		depth:  depth,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (e Empty) CollectNodes(_ []byte, _ NodeFlushFn) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (e Empty) toDot(parent string, path string) string {
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (e Empty) GetHeight() int {
+	return 0
+}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/empty_test.go b/trie/bintrie/empty_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..574ae1830b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/bintrie/empty_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+// Copyright 2025 go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bintrie
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+)
+
+// TestEmptyGet tests the Get method
+func TestEmptyGet(t *testing.T) {
+	node := Empty{}
+
+	key := make([]byte, 32)
+	value, err := node.Get(key, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if value != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Expected nil value from empty node, got %x", value)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestEmptyInsert tests the Insert method
+func TestEmptyInsert(t *testing.T) {
+	node := Empty{}
+
+	key := make([]byte, 32)
+	key[0] = 0x12
+	key[31] = 0x34
+	value := common.HexToHash("0xabcd").Bytes()
+
+	newNode, err := node.Insert(key, value, nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to insert: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Should create a StemNode
+	stemNode, ok := newNode.(*StemNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected StemNode, got %T", newNode)
+	}
+
+	// Check the stem (first 31 bytes of key)
+	if !bytes.Equal(stemNode.Stem, key[:31]) {
+		t.Errorf("Stem mismatch: expected %x, got %x", key[:31], stemNode.Stem)
+	}
+
+	// Check the value at the correct index (last byte of key)
+	if !bytes.Equal(stemNode.Values[key[31]], value) {
+		t.Errorf("Value mismatch at index %d: expected %x, got %x", key[31], value, stemNode.Values[key[31]])
+	}
+
+	// Check that other values are nil
+	for i := 0; i < 256; i++ {
+		if i != int(key[31]) && stemNode.Values[i] != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Expected nil value at index %d, got %x", i, stemNode.Values[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestEmptyCopy tests the Copy method
+func TestEmptyCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	node := Empty{}
+
+	copied := node.Copy()
+	copiedEmpty, ok := copied.(Empty)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected Empty, got %T", copied)
+	}
+
+	// Both should be empty
+	if node != copiedEmpty {
+		// Empty is a zero-value struct, so copies should be equal
+		t.Errorf("Empty nodes should be equal")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestEmptyHash tests the Hash method
+func TestEmptyHash(t *testing.T) {
+	node := Empty{}
+
+	hash := node.Hash()
+
+	// Empty node should have zero hash
+	if hash != (common.Hash{}) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected zero hash for empty node, got %x", hash)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestEmptyGetValuesAtStem tests the GetValuesAtStem method
+func TestEmptyGetValuesAtStem(t *testing.T) {
+	node := Empty{}
+
+	stem := make([]byte, 31)
+	values, err := node.GetValuesAtStem(stem, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Should return an array of 256 nil values
+	if len(values) != 256 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 256 values, got %d", len(values))
+	}
+
+	for i, v := range values {
+		if v != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Expected nil value at index %d, got %x", i, v)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestEmptyInsertValuesAtStem tests the InsertValuesAtStem method
+func TestEmptyInsertValuesAtStem(t *testing.T) {
+	node := Empty{}
+
+	stem := make([]byte, 31)
+	stem[0] = 0x42
+
+	var values [256][]byte
+	values[0] = common.HexToHash("0x0101").Bytes()
+	values[10] = common.HexToHash("0x0202").Bytes()
+	values[255] = common.HexToHash("0x0303").Bytes()
+
+	newNode, err := node.InsertValuesAtStem(stem, values[:], nil, 5)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to insert values: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Should create a StemNode
+	stemNode, ok := newNode.(*StemNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected StemNode, got %T", newNode)
+	}
+
+	// Check the stem
+	if !bytes.Equal(stemNode.Stem, stem) {
+		t.Errorf("Stem mismatch: expected %x, got %x", stem, stemNode.Stem)
+	}
+
+	// Check the depth
+	if stemNode.depth != 5 {
+		t.Errorf("Depth mismatch: expected 5, got %d", stemNode.depth)
+	}
+
+	// Check the values
+	if !bytes.Equal(stemNode.Values[0], values[0]) {
+		t.Error("Value at index 0 mismatch")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(stemNode.Values[10], values[10]) {
+		t.Error("Value at index 10 mismatch")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(stemNode.Values[255], values[255]) {
+		t.Error("Value at index 255 mismatch")
+	}
+
+	// Check that values is the same slice (not a copy)
+	if &stemNode.Values[0] != &values[0] {
+		t.Error("Expected values to be the same slice reference")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestEmptyCollectNodes tests the CollectNodes method
+func TestEmptyCollectNodes(t *testing.T) {
+	node := Empty{}
+
+	var collected []BinaryNode
+	flushFn := func(path []byte, n BinaryNode) {
+		collected = append(collected, n)
+	}
+
+	err := node.CollectNodes([]byte{0, 1, 0}, flushFn)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Should not collect anything for empty node
+	if len(collected) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected no collected nodes for empty, got %d", len(collected))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestEmptyToDot tests the toDot method
+func TestEmptyToDot(t *testing.T) {
+	node := Empty{}
+
+	dot := node.toDot("parent", "010")
+
+	// Should return empty string for empty node
+	if dot != "" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected empty string for empty node toDot, got %s", dot)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestEmptyGetHeight tests the GetHeight method
+func TestEmptyGetHeight(t *testing.T) {
+	node := Empty{}
+
+	height := node.GetHeight()
+
+	// Empty node should have height 0
+	if height != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected height 0 for empty node, got %d", height)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/hashed_node.go b/trie/bintrie/hashed_node.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f9fd66a59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/bintrie/hashed_node.go
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Copyright 2025 go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bintrie
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+)
+
+type HashedNode common.Hash
+
+func (h HashedNode) Get(_ []byte, _ NodeResolverFn) ([]byte, error) {
+	panic("not implemented") // TODO: Implement
+}
+
+func (h HashedNode) Insert(key []byte, value []byte, resolver NodeResolverFn, depth int) (BinaryNode, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("insert not implemented for hashed node")
+}
+
+func (h HashedNode) Copy() BinaryNode {
+	nh := common.Hash(h)
+	return HashedNode(nh)
+}
+
+func (h HashedNode) Hash() common.Hash {
+	return common.Hash(h)
+}
+
+func (h HashedNode) GetValuesAtStem(_ []byte, _ NodeResolverFn) ([][]byte, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("attempted to get values from an unresolved node")
+}
+
+func (h HashedNode) InsertValuesAtStem(key []byte, values [][]byte, resolver NodeResolverFn, depth int) (BinaryNode, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("insertValuesAtStem not implemented for hashed node")
+}
+
+func (h HashedNode) toDot(parent string, path string) string {
+	me := fmt.Sprintf("hash%s", path)
+	ret := fmt.Sprintf("%s [label=\"%x\"]\n", me, h)
+	ret = fmt.Sprintf("%s %s -> %s\n", ret, parent, me)
+	return ret
+}
+
+func (h HashedNode) CollectNodes([]byte, NodeFlushFn) error {
+	return errors.New("collectNodes not implemented for hashed node")
+}
+
+func (h HashedNode) GetHeight() int {
+	panic("tried to get the height of a hashed node, this is a bug")
+}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/hashed_node_test.go b/trie/bintrie/hashed_node_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c19ae0c57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/bintrie/hashed_node_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// Copyright 2025 go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bintrie
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+)
+
+// TestHashedNodeHash tests the Hash method
+func TestHashedNodeHash(t *testing.T) {
+	hash := common.HexToHash("0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef")
+	node := HashedNode(hash)
+
+	// Hash should return the stored hash
+	if node.Hash() != hash {
+		t.Errorf("Hash mismatch: expected %x, got %x", hash, node.Hash())
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHashedNodeCopy tests the Copy method
+func TestHashedNodeCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	hash := common.HexToHash("0xabcdef")
+	node := HashedNode(hash)
+
+	copied := node.Copy()
+	copiedHash, ok := copied.(HashedNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected HashedNode, got %T", copied)
+	}
+
+	// Hash should be the same
+	if common.Hash(copiedHash) != hash {
+		t.Errorf("Hash mismatch after copy: expected %x, got %x", hash, copiedHash)
+	}
+
+	// But should be a different object
+	if &node == &copiedHash {
+		t.Error("Copy returned same object reference")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHashedNodeInsert tests that Insert returns an error
+func TestHashedNodeInsert(t *testing.T) {
+	node := HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x1234"))
+
+	key := make([]byte, 32)
+	value := make([]byte, 32)
+
+	_, err := node.Insert(key, value, nil, 0)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for Insert on HashedNode")
+	}
+
+	if err.Error() != "insert not implemented for hashed node" {
+		t.Errorf("Unexpected error message: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHashedNodeGetValuesAtStem tests that GetValuesAtStem returns an error
+func TestHashedNodeGetValuesAtStem(t *testing.T) {
+	node := HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x1234"))
+
+	stem := make([]byte, 31)
+	_, err := node.GetValuesAtStem(stem, nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for GetValuesAtStem on HashedNode")
+	}
+
+	if err.Error() != "attempted to get values from an unresolved node" {
+		t.Errorf("Unexpected error message: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHashedNodeInsertValuesAtStem tests that InsertValuesAtStem returns an error
+func TestHashedNodeInsertValuesAtStem(t *testing.T) {
+	node := HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x1234"))
+
+	stem := make([]byte, 31)
+	values := make([][]byte, 256)
+
+	_, err := node.InsertValuesAtStem(stem, values, nil, 0)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for InsertValuesAtStem on HashedNode")
+	}
+
+	if err.Error() != "insertValuesAtStem not implemented for hashed node" {
+		t.Errorf("Unexpected error message: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHashedNodeToDot tests the toDot method for visualization
+func TestHashedNodeToDot(t *testing.T) {
+	hash := common.HexToHash("0x1234")
+	node := HashedNode(hash)
+
+	dot := node.toDot("parent", "010")
+
+	// Should contain the hash value and parent connection
+	expectedHash := "hash010"
+	if !contains(dot, expectedHash) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected dot output to contain %s", expectedHash)
+	}
+
+	if !contains(dot, "parent -> hash010") {
+		t.Error("Expected dot output to contain parent connection")
+	}
+}
+
+// Helper function
+func contains(s, substr string) bool {
+	return len(s) >= len(substr) && s != "" && len(substr) > 0
+}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/internal_node.go b/trie/bintrie/internal_node.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f3ddd1aab0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/bintrie/internal_node.go
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+// Copyright 2025 go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bintrie
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+)
+
+func keyToPath(depth int, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if depth > 31*8 {
+		return nil, errors.New("node too deep")
+	}
+	path := make([]byte, 0, depth+1)
+	for i := range depth + 1 {
+		bit := key[i/8] >> (7 - (i % 8)) & 1
+		path = append(path, bit)
+	}
+	return path, nil
+}
+
+// InternalNode is a binary trie internal node.
+type InternalNode struct {
+	left, right BinaryNode
+	depth       int
+}
+
+// GetValuesAtStem retrieves the group of values located at the given stem key.
+func (bt *InternalNode) GetValuesAtStem(stem []byte, resolver NodeResolverFn) ([][]byte, error) {
+	if bt.depth > 31*8 {
+		return nil, errors.New("node too deep")
+	}
+
+	bit := stem[bt.depth/8] >> (7 - (bt.depth % 8)) & 1
+	var child *BinaryNode
+	if bit == 0 {
+		child = &bt.left
+	} else {
+		child = &bt.right
+	}
+
+	if hn, ok := (*child).(HashedNode); ok {
+		path, err := keyToPath(bt.depth, stem)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("GetValuesAtStem resolve error: %w", err)
+		}
+		data, err := resolver(path, common.Hash(hn))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("GetValuesAtStem resolve error: %w", err)
+		}
+		node, err := DeserializeNode(data, bt.depth+1)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("GetValuesAtStem node deserialization error: %w", err)
+		}
+		*child = node
+	}
+	return (*child).GetValuesAtStem(stem, resolver)
+}
+
+// Get retrieves the value for the given key.
+func (bt *InternalNode) Get(key []byte, resolver NodeResolverFn) ([]byte, error) {
+	values, err := bt.GetValuesAtStem(key[:31], resolver)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get error: %w", err)
+	}
+	return values[key[31]], nil
+}
+
+// Insert inserts a new key-value pair into the trie.
+func (bt *InternalNode) Insert(key []byte, value []byte, resolver NodeResolverFn, depth int) (BinaryNode, error) {
+	var values [256][]byte
+	values[key[31]] = value
+	return bt.InsertValuesAtStem(key[:31], values[:], resolver, depth)
+}
+
+// Copy creates a deep copy of the node.
+func (bt *InternalNode) Copy() BinaryNode {
+	return &InternalNode{
+		left:  bt.left.Copy(),
+		right: bt.right.Copy(),
+		depth: bt.depth,
+	}
+}
+
+// Hash returns the hash of the node.
+func (bt *InternalNode) Hash() common.Hash {
+	h := sha256.New()
+	if bt.left != nil {
+		h.Write(bt.left.Hash().Bytes())
+	} else {
+		h.Write(zero[:])
+	}
+	if bt.right != nil {
+		h.Write(bt.right.Hash().Bytes())
+	} else {
+		h.Write(zero[:])
+	}
+	return common.BytesToHash(h.Sum(nil))
+}
+
+// InsertValuesAtStem inserts a full value group at the given stem in the internal node.
+// Already-existing values will be overwritten.
+func (bt *InternalNode) InsertValuesAtStem(stem []byte, values [][]byte, resolver NodeResolverFn, depth int) (BinaryNode, error) {
+	var (
+		child *BinaryNode
+		err   error
+	)
+	bit := stem[bt.depth/8] >> (7 - (bt.depth % 8)) & 1
+	if bit == 0 {
+		child = &bt.left
+	} else {
+		child = &bt.right
+	}
+	*child, err = (*child).InsertValuesAtStem(stem, values, resolver, depth+1)
+	return bt, err
+}
+
+// CollectNodes collects all child nodes at a given path, and flushes it
+// into the provided node collector.
+func (bt *InternalNode) CollectNodes(path []byte, flushfn NodeFlushFn) error {
+	if bt.left != nil {
+		var p [256]byte
+		copy(p[:], path)
+		childpath := p[:len(path)]
+		childpath = append(childpath, 0)
+		if err := bt.left.CollectNodes(childpath, flushfn); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if bt.right != nil {
+		var p [256]byte
+		copy(p[:], path)
+		childpath := p[:len(path)]
+		childpath = append(childpath, 1)
+		if err := bt.right.CollectNodes(childpath, flushfn); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	flushfn(path, bt)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetHeight returns the height of the node.
+func (bt *InternalNode) GetHeight() int {
+	var (
+		leftHeight  int
+		rightHeight int
+	)
+	if bt.left != nil {
+		leftHeight = bt.left.GetHeight()
+	}
+	if bt.right != nil {
+		rightHeight = bt.right.GetHeight()
+	}
+	return 1 + max(leftHeight, rightHeight)
+}
+
+func (bt *InternalNode) toDot(parent, path string) string {
+	me := fmt.Sprintf("internal%s", path)
+	ret := fmt.Sprintf("%s [label=\"I: %x\"]\n", me, bt.Hash())
+	if len(parent) > 0 {
+		ret = fmt.Sprintf("%s %s -> %s\n", ret, parent, me)
+	}
+
+	if bt.left != nil {
+		ret = fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", ret, bt.left.toDot(me, fmt.Sprintf("%s%02x", path, 0)))
+	}
+	if bt.right != nil {
+		ret = fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", ret, bt.right.toDot(me, fmt.Sprintf("%s%02x", path, 1)))
+	}
+	return ret
+}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/internal_node_test.go b/trie/bintrie/internal_node_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..158d8b7147
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/bintrie/internal_node_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,458 @@
+// Copyright 2025 go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bintrie
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+)
+
+// TestInternalNodeGet tests the Get method
+func TestInternalNodeGet(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a simple tree structure
+	leftStem := make([]byte, 31)
+	rightStem := make([]byte, 31)
+	rightStem[0] = 0x80 // First bit is 1
+
+	var leftValues, rightValues [256][]byte
+	leftValues[0] = common.HexToHash("0x0101").Bytes()
+	rightValues[0] = common.HexToHash("0x0202").Bytes()
+
+	node := &InternalNode{
+		depth: 0,
+		left: &StemNode{
+			Stem:   leftStem,
+			Values: leftValues[:],
+			depth:  1,
+		},
+		right: &StemNode{
+			Stem:   rightStem,
+			Values: rightValues[:],
+			depth:  1,
+		},
+	}
+
+	// Get value from left subtree
+	leftKey := make([]byte, 32)
+	leftKey[31] = 0
+	value, err := node.Get(leftKey, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to get left value: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(value, leftValues[0]) {
+		t.Errorf("Left value mismatch: expected %x, got %x", leftValues[0], value)
+	}
+
+	// Get value from right subtree
+	rightKey := make([]byte, 32)
+	rightKey[0] = 0x80
+	rightKey[31] = 0
+	value, err = node.Get(rightKey, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to get right value: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(value, rightValues[0]) {
+		t.Errorf("Right value mismatch: expected %x, got %x", rightValues[0], value)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInternalNodeGetWithResolver tests Get with HashedNode resolution
+func TestInternalNodeGetWithResolver(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create an internal node with a hashed child
+	hashedChild := HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x1234"))
+
+	node := &InternalNode{
+		depth: 0,
+		left:  hashedChild,
+		right: Empty{},
+	}
+
+	// Mock resolver that returns a stem node
+	resolver := func(path []byte, hash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+		if hash == common.Hash(hashedChild) {
+			stem := make([]byte, 31)
+			var values [256][]byte
+			values[5] = common.HexToHash("0xabcd").Bytes()
+			stemNode := &StemNode{
+				Stem:   stem,
+				Values: values[:],
+				depth:  1,
+			}
+			return SerializeNode(stemNode), nil
+		}
+		return nil, errors.New("node not found")
+	}
+
+	// Get value through the hashed node
+	key := make([]byte, 32)
+	key[31] = 5
+	value, err := node.Get(key, resolver)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to get value: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	expectedValue := common.HexToHash("0xabcd").Bytes()
+	if !bytes.Equal(value, expectedValue) {
+		t.Errorf("Value mismatch: expected %x, got %x", expectedValue, value)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInternalNodeInsert tests the Insert method
+func TestInternalNodeInsert(t *testing.T) {
+	// Start with an internal node with empty children
+	node := &InternalNode{
+		depth: 0,
+		left:  Empty{},
+		right: Empty{},
+	}
+
+	// Insert a value into the left subtree
+	leftKey := make([]byte, 32)
+	leftKey[31] = 10
+	leftValue := common.HexToHash("0x0101").Bytes()
+
+	newNode, err := node.Insert(leftKey, leftValue, nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to insert: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	internalNode, ok := newNode.(*InternalNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected InternalNode, got %T", newNode)
+	}
+
+	// Check that left child is now a StemNode
+	leftStem, ok := internalNode.left.(*StemNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected left child to be StemNode, got %T", internalNode.left)
+	}
+
+	// Check the inserted value
+	if !bytes.Equal(leftStem.Values[10], leftValue) {
+		t.Errorf("Value mismatch: expected %x, got %x", leftValue, leftStem.Values[10])
+	}
+
+	// Right child should still be Empty
+	_, ok = internalNode.right.(Empty)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Errorf("Expected right child to remain Empty, got %T", internalNode.right)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInternalNodeCopy tests the Copy method
+func TestInternalNodeCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create an internal node with stem children
+	leftStem := &StemNode{
+		Stem:   make([]byte, 31),
+		Values: make([][]byte, 256),
+		depth:  1,
+	}
+	leftStem.Values[0] = common.HexToHash("0x0101").Bytes()
+
+	rightStem := &StemNode{
+		Stem:   make([]byte, 31),
+		Values: make([][]byte, 256),
+		depth:  1,
+	}
+	rightStem.Stem[0] = 0x80
+	rightStem.Values[0] = common.HexToHash("0x0202").Bytes()
+
+	node := &InternalNode{
+		depth: 0,
+		left:  leftStem,
+		right: rightStem,
+	}
+
+	// Create a copy
+	copied := node.Copy()
+	copiedInternal, ok := copied.(*InternalNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected InternalNode, got %T", copied)
+	}
+
+	// Check depth
+	if copiedInternal.depth != node.depth {
+		t.Errorf("Depth mismatch: expected %d, got %d", node.depth, copiedInternal.depth)
+	}
+
+	// Check that children are copied
+	copiedLeft, ok := copiedInternal.left.(*StemNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected left child to be StemNode, got %T", copiedInternal.left)
+	}
+
+	copiedRight, ok := copiedInternal.right.(*StemNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected right child to be StemNode, got %T", copiedInternal.right)
+	}
+
+	// Verify deep copy (children should be different objects)
+	if copiedLeft == leftStem {
+		t.Error("Left child not properly copied")
+	}
+	if copiedRight == rightStem {
+		t.Error("Right child not properly copied")
+	}
+
+	// But values should be equal
+	if !bytes.Equal(copiedLeft.Values[0], leftStem.Values[0]) {
+		t.Error("Left child value mismatch after copy")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(copiedRight.Values[0], rightStem.Values[0]) {
+		t.Error("Right child value mismatch after copy")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInternalNodeHash tests the Hash method
+func TestInternalNodeHash(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create an internal node
+	node := &InternalNode{
+		depth: 0,
+		left:  HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x1111")),
+		right: HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x2222")),
+	}
+
+	hash1 := node.Hash()
+
+	// Hash should be deterministic
+	hash2 := node.Hash()
+	if hash1 != hash2 {
+		t.Errorf("Hash not deterministic: %x != %x", hash1, hash2)
+	}
+
+	// Changing a child should change the hash
+	node.left = HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x3333"))
+	hash3 := node.Hash()
+	if hash1 == hash3 {
+		t.Error("Hash didn't change after modifying left child")
+	}
+
+	// Test with nil children (should use zero hash)
+	nodeWithNil := &InternalNode{
+		depth: 0,
+		left:  nil,
+		right: HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x4444")),
+	}
+	hashWithNil := nodeWithNil.Hash()
+	if hashWithNil == (common.Hash{}) {
+		t.Error("Hash shouldn't be zero even with nil child")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInternalNodeGetValuesAtStem tests GetValuesAtStem method
+func TestInternalNodeGetValuesAtStem(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a tree with values at different stems
+	leftStem := make([]byte, 31)
+	rightStem := make([]byte, 31)
+	rightStem[0] = 0x80
+
+	var leftValues, rightValues [256][]byte
+	leftValues[0] = common.HexToHash("0x0101").Bytes()
+	leftValues[10] = common.HexToHash("0x0102").Bytes()
+	rightValues[0] = common.HexToHash("0x0201").Bytes()
+	rightValues[20] = common.HexToHash("0x0202").Bytes()
+
+	node := &InternalNode{
+		depth: 0,
+		left: &StemNode{
+			Stem:   leftStem,
+			Values: leftValues[:],
+			depth:  1,
+		},
+		right: &StemNode{
+			Stem:   rightStem,
+			Values: rightValues[:],
+			depth:  1,
+		},
+	}
+
+	// Get values from left stem
+	values, err := node.GetValuesAtStem(leftStem, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to get left values: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(values[0], leftValues[0]) {
+		t.Error("Left value at index 0 mismatch")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(values[10], leftValues[10]) {
+		t.Error("Left value at index 10 mismatch")
+	}
+
+	// Get values from right stem
+	values, err = node.GetValuesAtStem(rightStem, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to get right values: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(values[0], rightValues[0]) {
+		t.Error("Right value at index 0 mismatch")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(values[20], rightValues[20]) {
+		t.Error("Right value at index 20 mismatch")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInternalNodeInsertValuesAtStem tests InsertValuesAtStem method
+func TestInternalNodeInsertValuesAtStem(t *testing.T) {
+	// Start with an internal node with empty children
+	node := &InternalNode{
+		depth: 0,
+		left:  Empty{},
+		right: Empty{},
+	}
+
+	// Insert values at a stem in the left subtree
+	stem := make([]byte, 31)
+	var values [256][]byte
+	values[5] = common.HexToHash("0x0505").Bytes()
+	values[10] = common.HexToHash("0x1010").Bytes()
+
+	newNode, err := node.InsertValuesAtStem(stem, values[:], nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to insert values: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	internalNode, ok := newNode.(*InternalNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected InternalNode, got %T", newNode)
+	}
+
+	// Check that left child is now a StemNode with the values
+	leftStem, ok := internalNode.left.(*StemNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected left child to be StemNode, got %T", internalNode.left)
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(leftStem.Values[5], values[5]) {
+		t.Error("Value at index 5 mismatch")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(leftStem.Values[10], values[10]) {
+		t.Error("Value at index 10 mismatch")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInternalNodeCollectNodes tests CollectNodes method
+func TestInternalNodeCollectNodes(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create an internal node with two stem children
+	leftStem := &StemNode{
+		Stem:   make([]byte, 31),
+		Values: make([][]byte, 256),
+		depth:  1,
+	}
+
+	rightStem := &StemNode{
+		Stem:   make([]byte, 31),
+		Values: make([][]byte, 256),
+		depth:  1,
+	}
+	rightStem.Stem[0] = 0x80
+
+	node := &InternalNode{
+		depth: 0,
+		left:  leftStem,
+		right: rightStem,
+	}
+
+	var collectedPaths [][]byte
+	var collectedNodes []BinaryNode
+
+	flushFn := func(path []byte, n BinaryNode) {
+		pathCopy := make([]byte, len(path))
+		copy(pathCopy, path)
+		collectedPaths = append(collectedPaths, pathCopy)
+		collectedNodes = append(collectedNodes, n)
+	}
+
+	err := node.CollectNodes([]byte{1}, flushFn)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to collect nodes: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Should have collected 3 nodes: left stem, right stem, and the internal node itself
+	if len(collectedNodes) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 3 collected nodes, got %d", len(collectedNodes))
+	}
+
+	// Check paths
+	expectedPaths := [][]byte{
+		{1, 0}, // left child
+		{1, 1}, // right child
+		{1},    // internal node itself
+	}
+
+	for i, expectedPath := range expectedPaths {
+		if !bytes.Equal(collectedPaths[i], expectedPath) {
+			t.Errorf("Path %d mismatch: expected %v, got %v", i, expectedPath, collectedPaths[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInternalNodeGetHeight tests GetHeight method
+func TestInternalNodeGetHeight(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a tree with different heights
+	// Left subtree: depth 2 (internal -> stem)
+	// Right subtree: depth 1 (stem)
+	leftInternal := &InternalNode{
+		depth: 1,
+		left: &StemNode{
+			Stem:   make([]byte, 31),
+			Values: make([][]byte, 256),
+			depth:  2,
+		},
+		right: Empty{},
+	}
+
+	rightStem := &StemNode{
+		Stem:   make([]byte, 31),
+		Values: make([][]byte, 256),
+		depth:  1,
+	}
+
+	node := &InternalNode{
+		depth: 0,
+		left:  leftInternal,
+		right: rightStem,
+	}
+
+	height := node.GetHeight()
+	// Height should be max(left height, right height) + 1
+	// Left height: 2, Right height: 1, so total: 3
+	if height != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected height 3, got %d", height)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInternalNodeDepthTooLarge tests handling of excessive depth
+func TestInternalNodeDepthTooLarge(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create an internal node at max depth
+	node := &InternalNode{
+		depth: 31*8 + 1,
+		left:  Empty{},
+		right: Empty{},
+	}
+
+	stem := make([]byte, 31)
+	_, err := node.GetValuesAtStem(stem, nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for excessive depth")
+	}
+	if err.Error() != "node too deep" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 'node too deep' error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/iterator.go b/trie/bintrie/iterator.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a6bab2bcfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/bintrie/iterator.go
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bintrie
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+)
+
+var errIteratorEnd = errors.New("end of iteration")
+
+type binaryNodeIteratorState struct {
+	Node  BinaryNode
+	Index int
+}
+
+type binaryNodeIterator struct {
+	trie    *BinaryTrie
+	current BinaryNode
+	lastErr error
+
+	stack []binaryNodeIteratorState
+}
+
+func newBinaryNodeIterator(t *BinaryTrie, _ []byte) (trie.NodeIterator, error) {
+	if t.Hash() == zero {
+		return &binaryNodeIterator{trie: t, lastErr: errIteratorEnd}, nil
+	}
+	it := &binaryNodeIterator{trie: t, current: t.root}
+	// it.err = it.seek(start)
+	return it, nil
+}
+
+// Next moves the iterator to the next node. If the parameter is false, any child
+// nodes will be skipped.
+func (it *binaryNodeIterator) Next(descend bool) bool {
+	if it.lastErr == errIteratorEnd {
+		it.lastErr = errIteratorEnd
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if len(it.stack) == 0 {
+		it.stack = append(it.stack, binaryNodeIteratorState{Node: it.trie.root})
+		it.current = it.trie.root
+
+		return true
+	}
+
+	switch node := it.current.(type) {
+	case *InternalNode:
+		// index: 0 = nothing visited, 1=left visited, 2=right visited
+		context := &it.stack[len(it.stack)-1]
+
+		// recurse into both children
+		if context.Index == 0 {
+			if _, isempty := node.left.(Empty); node.left != nil && !isempty {
+				it.stack = append(it.stack, binaryNodeIteratorState{Node: node.left})
+				it.current = node.left
+				return it.Next(descend)
+			}
+
+			context.Index++
+		}
+
+		if context.Index == 1 {
+			if _, isempty := node.right.(Empty); node.right != nil && !isempty {
+				it.stack = append(it.stack, binaryNodeIteratorState{Node: node.right})
+				it.current = node.right
+				return it.Next(descend)
+			}
+
+			context.Index++
+		}
+
+		// Reached the end of this node, go back to the parent, if
+		// this isn't root.
+		if len(it.stack) == 1 {
+			it.lastErr = errIteratorEnd
+			return false
+		}
+		it.stack = it.stack[:len(it.stack)-1]
+		it.current = it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Node
+		it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Index++
+		return it.Next(descend)
+	case *StemNode:
+		// Look for the next non-empty value
+		for i := it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Index; i < 256; i++ {
+			if node.Values[i] != nil {
+				it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Index = i + 1
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+
+		// go back to parent to get the next leaf
+		it.stack = it.stack[:len(it.stack)-1]
+		it.current = it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Node
+		it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Index++
+		return it.Next(descend)
+	case HashedNode:
+		// resolve the node
+		data, err := it.trie.nodeResolver(it.Path(), common.Hash(node))
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		it.current, err = DeserializeNode(data, len(it.stack)-1)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+
+		// update the stack and parent with the resolved node
+		it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Node = it.current
+		parent := &it.stack[len(it.stack)-2]
+		if parent.Index == 0 {
+			parent.Node.(*InternalNode).left = it.current
+		} else {
+			parent.Node.(*InternalNode).right = it.current
+		}
+		return it.Next(descend)
+	case Empty:
+		// do nothing
+		return false
+	default:
+		panic("invalid node type")
+	}
+}
+
+// Error returns the error status of the iterator.
+func (it *binaryNodeIterator) Error() error {
+	if it.lastErr == errIteratorEnd {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return it.lastErr
+}
+
+// Hash returns the hash of the current node.
+func (it *binaryNodeIterator) Hash() common.Hash {
+	return it.current.Hash()
+}
+
+// Parent returns the hash of the parent of the current node. The hash may be the one
+// grandparent if the immediate parent is an internal node with no hash.
+func (it *binaryNodeIterator) Parent() common.Hash {
+	return it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Node.Hash()
+}
+
+// Path returns the hex-encoded path to the current node.
+// Callers must not retain references to the return value after calling Next.
+// For leaf nodes, the last element of the path is the 'terminator symbol' 0x10.
+func (it *binaryNodeIterator) Path() []byte {
+	if it.Leaf() {
+		return it.LeafKey()
+	}
+	var path []byte
+	for i, state := range it.stack {
+		// skip the last byte
+		if i >= len(it.stack)-1 {
+			break
+		}
+		path = append(path, byte(state.Index))
+	}
+	return path
+}
+
+// NodeBlob returns the serialized bytes of the current node.
+func (it *binaryNodeIterator) NodeBlob() []byte {
+	return SerializeNode(it.current)
+}
+
+// Leaf returns true iff the current node is a leaf node.
+func (it *binaryNodeIterator) Leaf() bool {
+	_, ok := it.current.(*StemNode)
+	return ok
+}
+
+// LeafKey returns the key of the leaf. The method panics if the iterator is not
+// positioned at a leaf. Callers must not retain references to the value after
+// calling Next.
+func (it *binaryNodeIterator) LeafKey() []byte {
+	leaf, ok := it.current.(*StemNode)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("Leaf() called on an binary node iterator not at a leaf location")
+	}
+	return leaf.Key(it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Index - 1)
+}
+
+// LeafBlob returns the content of the leaf. The method panics if the iterator
+// is not positioned at a leaf. Callers must not retain references to the value
+// after calling Next.
+func (it *binaryNodeIterator) LeafBlob() []byte {
+	leaf, ok := it.current.(*StemNode)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("LeafBlob() called on an binary node iterator not at a leaf location")
+	}
+	return leaf.Values[it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Index-1]
+}
+
+// LeafProof returns the Merkle proof of the leaf. The method panics if the
+// iterator is not positioned at a leaf. Callers must not retain references
+// to the value after calling Next.
+func (it *binaryNodeIterator) LeafProof() [][]byte {
+	sn, ok := it.current.(*StemNode)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("LeafProof() called on an binary node iterator not at a leaf location")
+	}
+
+	proof := make([][]byte, 0, len(it.stack)+NodeWidth)
+
+	// Build proof by walking up the stack and collecting sibling hashes
+	for i := range it.stack[:len(it.stack)-2] {
+		state := it.stack[i]
+		internalNode := state.Node.(*InternalNode) // should panic if the node isn't an InternalNode
+
+		// Add the sibling hash to the proof
+		if state.Index == 0 {
+			// We came from left, so include right sibling
+			proof = append(proof, internalNode.right.Hash().Bytes())
+		} else {
+			// We came from right, so include left sibling
+			proof = append(proof, internalNode.left.Hash().Bytes())
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Add the stem and siblings
+	proof = append(proof, sn.Stem)
+	for _, v := range sn.Values {
+		proof = append(proof, v)
+	}
+
+	return proof
+}
+
+// AddResolver sets an intermediate database to use for looking up trie nodes
+// before reaching into the real persistent layer.
+//
+// This is not required for normal operation, rather is an optimization for
+// cases where trie nodes can be recovered from some external mechanism without
+// reading from disk. In those cases, this resolver allows short circuiting
+// accesses and returning them from memory.
+//
+// Before adding a similar mechanism to any other place in Geth, consider
+// making trie.Database an interface and wrapping at that level. It's a huge
+// refactor, but it could be worth it if another occurrence arises.
+func (it *binaryNodeIterator) AddResolver(trie.NodeResolver) {
+	// Not implemented, but should not panic
+}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/iterator_test.go b/trie/bintrie/iterator_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8773e9e0c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/bintrie/iterator_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bintrie
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/hashdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+func newTestDatabase(diskdb ethdb.Database, scheme string) *triedb.Database {
+	config := &triedb.Config{Preimages: true}
+	if scheme == rawdb.HashScheme {
+		config.HashDB = &hashdb.Config{CleanCacheSize: 0}
+	} else {
+		config.PathDB = &pathdb.Config{TrieCleanSize: 0, StateCleanSize: 0}
+	}
+	return triedb.NewDatabase(diskdb, config)
+}
+
+func TestBinaryIterator(t *testing.T) {
+	trie, err := NewBinaryTrie(types.EmptyVerkleHash, newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.PathScheme))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	account0 := &types.StateAccount{
+		Nonce:    1,
+		Balance:  uint256.NewInt(2),
+		Root:     types.EmptyRootHash,
+		CodeHash: nil,
+	}
+	// NOTE: the code size isn't written to the trie via TryUpdateAccount
+	// so it will be missing from the test nodes.
+	trie.UpdateAccount(common.Address{}, account0, 0)
+	account1 := &types.StateAccount{
+		Nonce:    1337,
+		Balance:  uint256.NewInt(2000),
+		Root:     types.EmptyRootHash,
+		CodeHash: nil,
+	}
+	// This address is meant to hash to a value that has the same first byte as 0xbf
+	var clash = common.HexToAddress("69fd8034cdb20934dedffa7dccb4fb3b8062a8be")
+	trie.UpdateAccount(clash, account1, 0)
+
+	// Manually go over every node to check that we get all
+	// the correct nodes.
+	it, err := trie.NodeIterator(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	var leafcount int
+	for it.Next(true) {
+		t.Logf("Node: %x", it.Path())
+		if it.Leaf() {
+			leafcount++
+			t.Logf("\tLeaf: %x", it.LeafKey())
+		}
+	}
+	if leafcount != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid leaf count: %d != 6", leafcount)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/key_encoding.go b/trie/bintrie/key_encoding.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..13c2057371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/bintrie/key_encoding.go
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// Copyright 2025 go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bintrie
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+const (
+	BasicDataLeafKey        = 0
+	CodeHashLeafKey         = 1
+	BasicDataCodeSizeOffset = 5
+	BasicDataNonceOffset    = 8
+	BasicDataBalanceOffset  = 16
+)
+
+var (
+	zeroHash   = common.Hash{}
+	codeOffset = uint256.NewInt(128)
+)
+
+func GetBinaryTreeKey(addr common.Address, key []byte) []byte {
+	hasher := sha256.New()
+	hasher.Write(zeroHash[:12])
+	hasher.Write(addr[:])
+	hasher.Write(key[:31])
+	k := hasher.Sum(nil)
+	k[31] = key[31]
+	return k
+}
+
+func GetBinaryTreeKeyCodeHash(addr common.Address) []byte {
+	var k [32]byte
+	k[31] = CodeHashLeafKey
+	return GetBinaryTreeKey(addr, k[:])
+}
+
+func GetBinaryTreeKeyStorageSlot(address common.Address, key []byte) []byte {
+	var k [32]byte
+
+	// Case when the key belongs to the account header
+	if bytes.Equal(key[:31], zeroHash[:31]) && key[31] < 64 {
+		k[31] = 64 + key[31]
+		return GetBinaryTreeKey(address, k[:])
+	}
+
+	// Set the main storage offset
+	// note that the first 64 bytes of the main offset storage
+	// are unreachable, which is consistent with the spec and
+	// what verkle does.
+	k[0] = 1 // 1 << 248
+	copy(k[1:], key[:31])
+	k[31] = key[31]
+
+	return GetBinaryTreeKey(address, k[:])
+}
+
+func GetBinaryTreeKeyCodeChunk(address common.Address, chunknr *uint256.Int) []byte {
+	chunkOffset := new(uint256.Int).Add(codeOffset, chunknr).Bytes()
+	return GetBinaryTreeKey(address, chunkOffset)
+}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/stem_node.go b/trie/bintrie/stem_node.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..50c06c9761
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/bintrie/stem_node.go
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+// Copyright 2025 go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bintrie
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"slices"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+)
+
+// StemNode represents a group of `NodeWith` values sharing the same stem.
+type StemNode struct {
+	Stem   []byte   // Stem path to get to 256 values
+	Values [][]byte // All values, indexed by the last byte of the key.
+	depth  int      // Depth of the node
+}
+
+// Get retrieves the value for the given key.
+func (bt *StemNode) Get(key []byte, _ NodeResolverFn) ([]byte, error) {
+	panic("this should not be called directly")
+}
+
+// Insert inserts a new key-value pair into the node.
+func (bt *StemNode) Insert(key []byte, value []byte, _ NodeResolverFn, depth int) (BinaryNode, error) {
+	if !bytes.Equal(bt.Stem, key[:31]) {
+		bitStem := bt.Stem[bt.depth/8] >> (7 - (bt.depth % 8)) & 1
+
+		n := &InternalNode{depth: bt.depth}
+		bt.depth++
+		var child, other *BinaryNode
+		if bitStem == 0 {
+			n.left = bt
+			child = &n.left
+			other = &n.right
+		} else {
+			n.right = bt
+			child = &n.right
+			other = &n.left
+		}
+
+		bitKey := key[n.depth/8] >> (7 - (n.depth % 8)) & 1
+		if bitKey == bitStem {
+			var err error
+			*child, err = (*child).Insert(key, value, nil, depth+1)
+			if err != nil {
+				return n, fmt.Errorf("insert error: %w", err)
+			}
+			*other = Empty{}
+		} else {
+			var values [256][]byte
+			values[key[31]] = value
+			*other = &StemNode{
+				Stem:   slices.Clone(key[:31]),
+				Values: values[:],
+				depth:  depth + 1,
+			}
+		}
+		return n, nil
+	}
+	if len(value) != 32 {
+		return bt, errors.New("invalid insertion: value length")
+	}
+	bt.Values[key[31]] = value
+	return bt, nil
+}
+
+// Copy creates a deep copy of the node.
+func (bt *StemNode) Copy() BinaryNode {
+	var values [256][]byte
+	for i, v := range bt.Values {
+		values[i] = slices.Clone(v)
+	}
+	return &StemNode{
+		Stem:   slices.Clone(bt.Stem),
+		Values: values[:],
+		depth:  bt.depth,
+	}
+}
+
+// GetHeight returns the height of the node.
+func (bt *StemNode) GetHeight() int {
+	return 1
+}
+
+// Hash returns the hash of the node.
+func (bt *StemNode) Hash() common.Hash {
+	var data [NodeWidth]common.Hash
+	for i, v := range bt.Values {
+		if v != nil {
+			h := sha256.Sum256(v)
+			data[i] = common.BytesToHash(h[:])
+		}
+	}
+
+	h := sha256.New()
+	for level := 1; level <= 8; level++ {
+		for i := range NodeWidth / (1 << level) {
+			h.Reset()
+
+			if data[i*2] == (common.Hash{}) && data[i*2+1] == (common.Hash{}) {
+				data[i] = common.Hash{}
+				continue
+			}
+
+			h.Write(data[i*2][:])
+			h.Write(data[i*2+1][:])
+			data[i] = common.Hash(h.Sum(nil))
+		}
+	}
+
+	h.Reset()
+	h.Write(bt.Stem)
+	h.Write([]byte{0})
+	h.Write(data[0][:])
+	return common.BytesToHash(h.Sum(nil))
+}
+
+// CollectNodes collects all child nodes at a given path, and flushes it
+// into the provided node collector.
+func (bt *StemNode) CollectNodes(path []byte, flush NodeFlushFn) error {
+	flush(path, bt)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetValuesAtStem retrieves the group of values located at the given stem key.
+func (bt *StemNode) GetValuesAtStem(_ []byte, _ NodeResolverFn) ([][]byte, error) {
+	return bt.Values[:], nil
+}
+
+// InsertValuesAtStem inserts a full value group at the given stem in the internal node.
+// Already-existing values will be overwritten.
+func (bt *StemNode) InsertValuesAtStem(key []byte, values [][]byte, _ NodeResolverFn, depth int) (BinaryNode, error) {
+	if !bytes.Equal(bt.Stem, key[:31]) {
+		bitStem := bt.Stem[bt.depth/8] >> (7 - (bt.depth % 8)) & 1
+
+		n := &InternalNode{depth: bt.depth}
+		bt.depth++
+		var child, other *BinaryNode
+		if bitStem == 0 {
+			n.left = bt
+			child = &n.left
+			other = &n.right
+		} else {
+			n.right = bt
+			child = &n.right
+			other = &n.left
+		}
+
+		bitKey := key[n.depth/8] >> (7 - (n.depth % 8)) & 1
+		if bitKey == bitStem {
+			var err error
+			*child, err = (*child).InsertValuesAtStem(key, values, nil, depth+1)
+			if err != nil {
+				return n, fmt.Errorf("insert error: %w", err)
+			}
+			*other = Empty{}
+		} else {
+			*other = &StemNode{
+				Stem:   slices.Clone(key[:31]),
+				Values: values,
+				depth:  n.depth + 1,
+			}
+		}
+		return n, nil
+	}
+
+	// same stem, just merge the two value lists
+	for i, v := range values {
+		if v != nil {
+			bt.Values[i] = v
+		}
+	}
+	return bt, nil
+}
+
+func (bt *StemNode) toDot(parent, path string) string {
+	me := fmt.Sprintf("stem%s", path)
+	ret := fmt.Sprintf("%s [label=\"stem=%x c=%x\"]\n", me, bt.Stem, bt.Hash())
+	ret = fmt.Sprintf("%s %s -> %s\n", ret, parent, me)
+	for i, v := range bt.Values {
+		if v != nil {
+			ret = fmt.Sprintf("%s%s%x [label=\"%x\"]\n", ret, me, i, v)
+			ret = fmt.Sprintf("%s%s -> %s%x\n", ret, me, me, i)
+		}
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
+// Key returns the full key for the given index.
+func (bt *StemNode) Key(i int) []byte {
+	var ret [32]byte
+	copy(ret[:], bt.Stem)
+	ret[StemSize] = byte(i)
+	return ret[:]
+}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/stem_node_test.go b/trie/bintrie/stem_node_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e0ffd5c3c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/bintrie/stem_node_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+// Copyright 2025 go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bintrie
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+)
+
+// TestStemNodeInsertSameStem tests inserting values with the same stem
+func TestStemNodeInsertSameStem(t *testing.T) {
+	stem := make([]byte, 31)
+	for i := range stem {
+		stem[i] = byte(i)
+	}
+
+	var values [256][]byte
+	values[0] = common.HexToHash("0x0101").Bytes()
+
+	node := &StemNode{
+		Stem:   stem,
+		Values: values[:],
+		depth:  0,
+	}
+
+	// Insert another value with the same stem but different last byte
+	key := make([]byte, 32)
+	copy(key[:31], stem)
+	key[31] = 10
+	value := common.HexToHash("0x0202").Bytes()
+
+	newNode, err := node.Insert(key, value, nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to insert: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Should still be a StemNode
+	stemNode, ok := newNode.(*StemNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected StemNode, got %T", newNode)
+	}
+
+	// Check that both values are present
+	if !bytes.Equal(stemNode.Values[0], values[0]) {
+		t.Errorf("Value at index 0 mismatch")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(stemNode.Values[10], value) {
+		t.Errorf("Value at index 10 mismatch")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStemNodeInsertDifferentStem tests inserting values with different stems
+func TestStemNodeInsertDifferentStem(t *testing.T) {
+	stem1 := make([]byte, 31)
+	for i := range stem1 {
+		stem1[i] = 0x00
+	}
+
+	var values [256][]byte
+	values[0] = common.HexToHash("0x0101").Bytes()
+
+	node := &StemNode{
+		Stem:   stem1,
+		Values: values[:],
+		depth:  0,
+	}
+
+	// Insert with a different stem (first bit different)
+	key := make([]byte, 32)
+	key[0] = 0x80 // First bit is 1 instead of 0
+	value := common.HexToHash("0x0202").Bytes()
+
+	newNode, err := node.Insert(key, value, nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to insert: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Should now be an InternalNode
+	internalNode, ok := newNode.(*InternalNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected InternalNode, got %T", newNode)
+	}
+
+	// Check depth
+	if internalNode.depth != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected depth 0, got %d", internalNode.depth)
+	}
+
+	// Original stem should be on the left (bit 0)
+	leftStem, ok := internalNode.left.(*StemNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected left child to be StemNode, got %T", internalNode.left)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(leftStem.Stem, stem1) {
+		t.Errorf("Left stem mismatch")
+	}
+
+	// New stem should be on the right (bit 1)
+	rightStem, ok := internalNode.right.(*StemNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected right child to be StemNode, got %T", internalNode.right)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(rightStem.Stem, key[:31]) {
+		t.Errorf("Right stem mismatch")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStemNodeInsertInvalidValueLength tests inserting value with invalid length
+func TestStemNodeInsertInvalidValueLength(t *testing.T) {
+	stem := make([]byte, 31)
+	var values [256][]byte
+
+	node := &StemNode{
+		Stem:   stem,
+		Values: values[:],
+		depth:  0,
+	}
+
+	// Try to insert value with wrong length
+	key := make([]byte, 32)
+	copy(key[:31], stem)
+	invalidValue := []byte{1, 2, 3} // Not 32 bytes
+
+	_, err := node.Insert(key, invalidValue, nil, 0)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for invalid value length")
+	}
+
+	if err.Error() != "invalid insertion: value length" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 'invalid insertion: value length' error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStemNodeCopy tests the Copy method
+func TestStemNodeCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	stem := make([]byte, 31)
+	for i := range stem {
+		stem[i] = byte(i)
+	}
+
+	var values [256][]byte
+	values[0] = common.HexToHash("0x0101").Bytes()
+	values[255] = common.HexToHash("0x0202").Bytes()
+
+	node := &StemNode{
+		Stem:   stem,
+		Values: values[:],
+		depth:  10,
+	}
+
+	// Create a copy
+	copied := node.Copy()
+	copiedStem, ok := copied.(*StemNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected StemNode, got %T", copied)
+	}
+
+	// Check that values are equal but not the same slice
+	if !bytes.Equal(copiedStem.Stem, node.Stem) {
+		t.Errorf("Stem mismatch after copy")
+	}
+	if &copiedStem.Stem[0] == &node.Stem[0] {
+		t.Error("Stem slice not properly cloned")
+	}
+
+	// Check values
+	if !bytes.Equal(copiedStem.Values[0], node.Values[0]) {
+		t.Errorf("Value at index 0 mismatch after copy")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(copiedStem.Values[255], node.Values[255]) {
+		t.Errorf("Value at index 255 mismatch after copy")
+	}
+
+	// Check that value slices are cloned
+	if copiedStem.Values[0] != nil && &copiedStem.Values[0][0] == &node.Values[0][0] {
+		t.Error("Value slice not properly cloned")
+	}
+
+	// Check depth
+	if copiedStem.depth != node.depth {
+		t.Errorf("Depth mismatch: expected %d, got %d", node.depth, copiedStem.depth)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStemNodeHash tests the Hash method
+func TestStemNodeHash(t *testing.T) {
+	stem := make([]byte, 31)
+	var values [256][]byte
+	values[0] = common.HexToHash("0x0101").Bytes()
+
+	node := &StemNode{
+		Stem:   stem,
+		Values: values[:],
+		depth:  0,
+	}
+
+	hash1 := node.Hash()
+
+	// Hash should be deterministic
+	hash2 := node.Hash()
+	if hash1 != hash2 {
+		t.Errorf("Hash not deterministic: %x != %x", hash1, hash2)
+	}
+
+	// Changing a value should change the hash
+	node.Values[1] = common.HexToHash("0x0202").Bytes()
+	hash3 := node.Hash()
+	if hash1 == hash3 {
+		t.Error("Hash didn't change after modifying values")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStemNodeGetValuesAtStem tests GetValuesAtStem method
+func TestStemNodeGetValuesAtStem(t *testing.T) {
+	stem := make([]byte, 31)
+	for i := range stem {
+		stem[i] = byte(i)
+	}
+
+	var values [256][]byte
+	values[0] = common.HexToHash("0x0101").Bytes()
+	values[10] = common.HexToHash("0x0202").Bytes()
+	values[255] = common.HexToHash("0x0303").Bytes()
+
+	node := &StemNode{
+		Stem:   stem,
+		Values: values[:],
+		depth:  0,
+	}
+
+	// GetValuesAtStem with matching stem
+	retrievedValues, err := node.GetValuesAtStem(stem, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to get values: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Check that all values match
+	for i := 0; i < 256; i++ {
+		if !bytes.Equal(retrievedValues[i], values[i]) {
+			t.Errorf("Value mismatch at index %d", i)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// GetValuesAtStem with different stem also returns the same values
+	// (implementation ignores the stem parameter)
+	differentStem := make([]byte, 31)
+	differentStem[0] = 0xFF
+
+	retrievedValues2, err := node.GetValuesAtStem(differentStem, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to get values with different stem: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Should still return the same values (stem is ignored)
+	for i := 0; i < 256; i++ {
+		if !bytes.Equal(retrievedValues2[i], values[i]) {
+			t.Errorf("Value mismatch at index %d with different stem", i)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStemNodeInsertValuesAtStem tests InsertValuesAtStem method
+func TestStemNodeInsertValuesAtStem(t *testing.T) {
+	stem := make([]byte, 31)
+	var values [256][]byte
+	values[0] = common.HexToHash("0x0101").Bytes()
+
+	node := &StemNode{
+		Stem:   stem,
+		Values: values[:],
+		depth:  0,
+	}
+
+	// Insert new values at the same stem
+	var newValues [256][]byte
+	newValues[1] = common.HexToHash("0x0202").Bytes()
+	newValues[2] = common.HexToHash("0x0303").Bytes()
+
+	newNode, err := node.InsertValuesAtStem(stem, newValues[:], nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to insert values: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	stemNode, ok := newNode.(*StemNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected StemNode, got %T", newNode)
+	}
+
+	// Check that all values are present
+	if !bytes.Equal(stemNode.Values[0], values[0]) {
+		t.Error("Original value at index 0 missing")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(stemNode.Values[1], newValues[1]) {
+		t.Error("New value at index 1 missing")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(stemNode.Values[2], newValues[2]) {
+		t.Error("New value at index 2 missing")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStemNodeGetHeight tests GetHeight method
+func TestStemNodeGetHeight(t *testing.T) {
+	node := &StemNode{
+		Stem:   make([]byte, 31),
+		Values: make([][]byte, 256),
+		depth:  0,
+	}
+
+	height := node.GetHeight()
+	if height != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected height 1, got %d", height)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStemNodeCollectNodes tests CollectNodes method
+func TestStemNodeCollectNodes(t *testing.T) {
+	stem := make([]byte, 31)
+	var values [256][]byte
+	values[0] = common.HexToHash("0x0101").Bytes()
+
+	node := &StemNode{
+		Stem:   stem,
+		Values: values[:],
+		depth:  0,
+	}
+
+	var collectedPaths [][]byte
+	var collectedNodes []BinaryNode
+
+	flushFn := func(path []byte, n BinaryNode) {
+		// Make a copy of the path
+		pathCopy := make([]byte, len(path))
+		copy(pathCopy, path)
+		collectedPaths = append(collectedPaths, pathCopy)
+		collectedNodes = append(collectedNodes, n)
+	}
+
+	err := node.CollectNodes([]byte{0, 1, 0}, flushFn)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to collect nodes: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Should have collected one node (itself)
+	if len(collectedNodes) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 1 collected node, got %d", len(collectedNodes))
+	}
+
+	// Check that the collected node is the same
+	if collectedNodes[0] != node {
+		t.Error("Collected node doesn't match original")
+	}
+
+	// Check the path
+	if !bytes.Equal(collectedPaths[0], []byte{0, 1, 0}) {
+		t.Errorf("Path mismatch: expected [0, 1, 0], got %v", collectedPaths[0])
+	}
+}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/trie.go b/trie/bintrie/trie.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a8bd325f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/bintrie/trie.go
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+// Copyright 2025 go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bintrie
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/database"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+var errInvalidRootType = errors.New("invalid root type")
+
+// NewBinaryNode creates a new empty binary trie
+func NewBinaryNode() BinaryNode {
+	return Empty{}
+}
+
+// BinaryTrie is the implementation of https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7864.
+type BinaryTrie struct {
+	root   BinaryNode
+	reader *trie.Reader
+	tracer *trie.PrevalueTracer
+}
+
+// ToDot converts the binary trie to a DOT language representation. Useful for debugging.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) ToDot() string {
+	t.root.Hash()
+	return ToDot(t.root)
+}
+
+// NewBinaryTrie creates a new binary trie.
+func NewBinaryTrie(root common.Hash, db database.NodeDatabase) (*BinaryTrie, error) {
+	reader, err := trie.NewReader(root, common.Hash{}, db)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	t := &BinaryTrie{
+		root:   NewBinaryNode(),
+		reader: reader,
+		tracer: trie.NewPrevalueTracer(),
+	}
+	// Parse the root node if it's not empty
+	if root != types.EmptyBinaryHash && root != types.EmptyRootHash {
+		blob, err := t.nodeResolver(nil, root)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		node, err := DeserializeNode(blob, 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		t.root = node
+	}
+	return t, nil
+}
+
+// nodeResolver is a node resolver that reads nodes from the flatdb.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) nodeResolver(path []byte, hash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+	// empty nodes will be serialized as common.Hash{}, so capture
+	// this special use case.
+	if hash == (common.Hash{}) {
+		return nil, nil // empty node
+	}
+	blob, err := t.reader.Node(path, hash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	t.tracer.Put(path, blob)
+	return blob, nil
+}
+
+// GetKey returns the sha3 preimage of a hashed key that was previously used
+// to store a value.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) GetKey(key []byte) []byte {
+	return key
+}
+
+// GetWithHashedKey returns the value, assuming that the key has already
+// been hashed.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) GetWithHashedKey(key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	return t.root.Get(key, t.nodeResolver)
+}
+
+// GetAccount returns the account information for the given address.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) GetAccount(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+	var (
+		values [][]byte
+		err    error
+		acc    = &types.StateAccount{}
+		key    = GetBinaryTreeKey(addr, zero[:])
+	)
+	switch r := t.root.(type) {
+	case *InternalNode:
+		values, err = r.GetValuesAtStem(key[:31], t.nodeResolver)
+	case *StemNode:
+		values = r.Values
+	case Empty:
+		return nil, nil
+	default:
+		// This will cover HashedNode but that should be fine since the
+		// root node should always be resolved.
+		return nil, errInvalidRootType
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("GetAccount (%x) error: %v", addr, err)
+	}
+
+	// The following code is required for the MPT->Binary conversion.
+	// An account can be partially migrated, where storage slots were moved to the binary
+	// but not yet the account. This means some account information as (header) storage slots
+	// are in the binary trie but basic account information must be read in the base tree (MPT).
+	// TODO: we can simplify this logic depending if the conversion is in progress or finished.
+	emptyAccount := true
+	for i := 0; values != nil && i <= CodeHashLeafKey && emptyAccount; i++ {
+		emptyAccount = emptyAccount && values[i] == nil
+	}
+	if emptyAccount {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// If the account has been deleted, then values[10] will be 0 and not nil. If it has
+	// been recreated after that, then its code keccak will NOT be 0. So return `nil` if
+	// the nonce, and values[10], and code keccak is 0.
+	if bytes.Equal(values[BasicDataLeafKey], zero[:]) && len(values) > 10 && len(values[10]) > 0 && bytes.Equal(values[CodeHashLeafKey], zero[:]) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	acc.Nonce = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(values[BasicDataLeafKey][BasicDataNonceOffset:])
+	var balance [16]byte
+	copy(balance[:], values[BasicDataLeafKey][BasicDataBalanceOffset:])
+	acc.Balance = new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(balance[:])
+	acc.CodeHash = values[CodeHashLeafKey]
+
+	return acc, nil
+}
+
+// GetStorage returns the value for key stored in the trie. The value bytes must
+// not be modified by the caller. If a node was not found in the database, a
+// trie.MissingNodeError is returned.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) GetStorage(addr common.Address, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	return t.root.Get(GetBinaryTreeKey(addr, key), t.nodeResolver)
+}
+
+// UpdateAccount updates the account information for the given address.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) UpdateAccount(addr common.Address, acc *types.StateAccount, codeLen int) error {
+	var (
+		err       error
+		basicData [32]byte
+		values    = make([][]byte, NodeWidth)
+		stem      = GetBinaryTreeKey(addr, zero[:])
+	)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(basicData[BasicDataCodeSizeOffset-1:], uint32(codeLen))
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(basicData[BasicDataNonceOffset:], acc.Nonce)
+
+	// Because the balance is a max of 16 bytes, truncate
+	// the extra values. This happens in devmode, where
+	// 0xff**32 is allocated to the developer account.
+	balanceBytes := acc.Balance.Bytes()
+	// TODO: reduce the size of the allocation in devmode, then panic instead
+	// of truncating.
+	if len(balanceBytes) > 16 {
+		balanceBytes = balanceBytes[16:]
+	}
+	copy(basicData[32-len(balanceBytes):], balanceBytes[:])
+	values[BasicDataLeafKey] = basicData[:]
+	values[CodeHashLeafKey] = acc.CodeHash[:]
+
+	t.root, err = t.root.InsertValuesAtStem(stem, values, t.nodeResolver, 0)
+	return err
+}
+
+// UpdateStem updates the values for the given stem key.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) UpdateStem(key []byte, values [][]byte) error {
+	var err error
+	t.root, err = t.root.InsertValuesAtStem(key, values, t.nodeResolver, 0)
+	return err
+}
+
+// UpdateStorage associates key with value in the trie. If value has length zero, any
+// existing value is deleted from the trie. The value bytes must not be modified
+// by the caller while they are stored in the trie. If a node was not found in the
+// database, a trie.MissingNodeError is returned.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) UpdateStorage(address common.Address, key, value []byte) error {
+	k := GetBinaryTreeKeyStorageSlot(address, key)
+	var v [32]byte
+	if len(value) >= 32 {
+		copy(v[:], value[:32])
+	} else {
+		copy(v[32-len(value):], value[:])
+	}
+	root, err := t.root.Insert(k, v[:], t.nodeResolver, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("UpdateStorage (%x) error: %v", address, err)
+	}
+	t.root = root
+	return nil
+}
+
+// DeleteAccount is a no-op as it is disabled in stateless.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) DeleteAccount(addr common.Address) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// DeleteStorage removes any existing value for key from the trie. If a node was not
+// found in the database, a trie.MissingNodeError is returned.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) DeleteStorage(addr common.Address, key []byte) error {
+	k := GetBinaryTreeKey(addr, key)
+	var zero [32]byte
+	root, err := t.root.Insert(k, zero[:], t.nodeResolver, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("DeleteStorage (%x) error: %v", addr, err)
+	}
+	t.root = root
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Hash returns the root hash of the trie. It does not write to the database and
+// can be used even if the trie doesn't have one.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) Hash() common.Hash {
+	return t.root.Hash()
+}
+
+// Commit writes all nodes to the trie's memory database, tracking the internal
+// and external (for account tries) references.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) Commit(_ bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
+	root := t.root.(*InternalNode)
+	nodeset := trienode.NewNodeSet(common.Hash{})
+
+	err := root.CollectNodes(nil, func(path []byte, node BinaryNode) {
+		serialized := SerializeNode(node)
+		nodeset.AddNode(path, trienode.NewNodeWithPrev(common.Hash{}, serialized, t.tracer.Get(path)))
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("CollectNodes failed: %v", err))
+	}
+	// Serialize root commitment form
+	return t.Hash(), nodeset
+}
+
+// NodeIterator returns an iterator that returns nodes of the trie. Iteration
+// starts at the key after the given start key.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) NodeIterator(startKey []byte) (trie.NodeIterator, error) {
+	return newBinaryNodeIterator(t, nil)
+}
+
+// Prove constructs a Merkle proof for key. The result contains all encoded nodes
+// on the path to the value at key. The value itself is also included in the last
+// node and can be retrieved by verifying the proof.
+//
+// If the trie does not contain a value for key, the returned proof contains all
+// nodes of the longest existing prefix of the key (at least the root), ending
+// with the node that proves the absence of the key.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) Prove(key []byte, proofDb ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error {
+	panic("not implemented")
+}
+
+// Copy creates a deep copy of the trie.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) Copy() *BinaryTrie {
+	return &BinaryTrie{
+		root:   t.root.Copy(),
+		reader: t.reader,
+		tracer: t.tracer.Copy(),
+	}
+}
+
+// IsVerkle returns true if the trie is a Verkle tree.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) IsVerkle() bool {
+	// TODO @gballet This is technically NOT a verkle tree, but it has the same
+	// behavior and basic structure, so for all intents and purposes, it can be
+	// treated as such. Rename this when verkle gets removed.
+	return true
+}
+
+// UpdateContractCode updates the contract code into the trie.
+//
+// Note: the basic data leaf needs to have been previously created for this to work
+func (t *BinaryTrie) UpdateContractCode(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash, code []byte) error {
+	var (
+		chunks = trie.ChunkifyCode(code)
+		values [][]byte
+		key    []byte
+		err    error
+	)
+	for i, chunknr := 0, uint64(0); i < len(chunks); i, chunknr = i+32, chunknr+1 {
+		groupOffset := (chunknr + 128) % 256
+		if groupOffset == 0 /* start of new group */ || chunknr == 0 /* first chunk in header group */ {
+			values = make([][]byte, NodeWidth)
+			var offset [32]byte
+			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(offset[24:], chunknr+128)
+			key = GetBinaryTreeKey(addr, offset[:])
+		}
+		values[groupOffset] = chunks[i : i+32]
+
+		if groupOffset == 255 || len(chunks)-i <= 32 {
+			err = t.UpdateStem(key[:31], values)
+
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("UpdateContractCode (addr=%x) error: %w", addr[:], err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// PrefetchAccount attempts to resolve specific accounts from the database
+// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) PrefetchAccount(addresses []common.Address) error {
+	for _, addr := range addresses {
+		if _, err := t.GetAccount(addr); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// PrefetchStorage attempts to resolve specific storage slots from the database
+// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) PrefetchStorage(addr common.Address, keys [][]byte) error {
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		if _, err := t.GetStorage(addr, key); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Witness returns a set containing all trie nodes that have been accessed.
+func (t *BinaryTrie) Witness() map[string][]byte {
+	panic("not implemented")
+}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/trie_test.go b/trie/bintrie/trie_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..84f7689549
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/bintrie/trie_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+// Copyright 2025 go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package bintrie
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+)
+
+var (
+	zeroKey  = [32]byte{}
+	oneKey   = common.HexToHash("0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101")
+	twoKey   = common.HexToHash("0202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202")
+	threeKey = common.HexToHash("0303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303")
+	fourKey  = common.HexToHash("0404040404040404040404040404040404040404040404040404040404040404")
+	ffKey    = common.HexToHash("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")
+)
+
+func TestSingleEntry(t *testing.T) {
+	tree := NewBinaryNode()
+	tree, err := tree.Insert(zeroKey[:], oneKey[:], nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if tree.GetHeight() != 1 {
+		t.Fatal("invalid depth")
+	}
+	expected := common.HexToHash("aab1060e04cb4f5dc6f697ae93156a95714debbf77d54238766adc5709282b6f")
+	got := tree.Hash()
+	if got != expected {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid tree root, got %x, want %x", got, expected)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTwoEntriesDiffFirstBit(t *testing.T) {
+	var err error
+	tree := NewBinaryNode()
+	tree, err = tree.Insert(zeroKey[:], oneKey[:], nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	tree, err = tree.Insert(common.HexToHash("8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000").Bytes(), twoKey[:], nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if tree.GetHeight() != 2 {
+		t.Fatal("invalid height")
+	}
+	if tree.Hash() != common.HexToHash("dfc69c94013a8b3c65395625a719a87534a7cfd38719251ad8c8ea7fe79f065e") {
+		t.Fatal("invalid tree root")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOneStemColocatedValues(t *testing.T) {
+	var err error
+	tree := NewBinaryNode()
+	tree, err = tree.Insert(common.HexToHash("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003").Bytes(), oneKey[:], nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	tree, err = tree.Insert(common.HexToHash("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004").Bytes(), twoKey[:], nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	tree, err = tree.Insert(common.HexToHash("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009").Bytes(), threeKey[:], nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	tree, err = tree.Insert(common.HexToHash("00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000FF").Bytes(), fourKey[:], nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if tree.GetHeight() != 1 {
+		t.Fatal("invalid height")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTwoStemColocatedValues(t *testing.T) {
+	var err error
+	tree := NewBinaryNode()
+	// stem: 0...0
+	tree, err = tree.Insert(common.HexToHash("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003").Bytes(), oneKey[:], nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	tree, err = tree.Insert(common.HexToHash("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004").Bytes(), twoKey[:], nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// stem: 10...0
+	tree, err = tree.Insert(common.HexToHash("8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003").Bytes(), oneKey[:], nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	tree, err = tree.Insert(common.HexToHash("8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004").Bytes(), twoKey[:], nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if tree.GetHeight() != 2 {
+		t.Fatal("invalid height")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTwoKeysMatchFirst42Bits(t *testing.T) {
+	var err error
+	tree := NewBinaryNode()
+	// key1 and key 2 have the same prefix of 42 bits (b0*42+b1+b1) and differ after.
+	key1 := common.HexToHash("0000000000C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0").Bytes()
+	key2 := common.HexToHash("0000000000E00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000").Bytes()
+	tree, err = tree.Insert(key1, oneKey[:], nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	tree, err = tree.Insert(key2, twoKey[:], nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if tree.GetHeight() != 1+42+1 {
+		t.Fatal("invalid height")
+	}
+}
+func TestInsertDuplicateKey(t *testing.T) {
+	var err error
+	tree := NewBinaryNode()
+	tree, err = tree.Insert(oneKey[:], oneKey[:], nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	tree, err = tree.Insert(oneKey[:], twoKey[:], nil, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if tree.GetHeight() != 1 {
+		t.Fatal("invalid height")
+	}
+	// Verify that the value is updated
+	if !bytes.Equal(tree.(*StemNode).Values[1], twoKey[:]) {
+		t.Fatal("invalid height")
+	}
+}
+func TestLargeNumberOfEntries(t *testing.T) {
+	var err error
+	tree := NewBinaryNode()
+	for i := range 256 {
+		var key [32]byte
+		key[0] = byte(i)
+		tree, err = tree.Insert(key[:], ffKey[:], nil, 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	height := tree.GetHeight()
+	if height != 1+8 {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid height, wanted %d, got %d", 1+8, height)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMerkleizeMultipleEntries(t *testing.T) {
+	var err error
+	tree := NewBinaryNode()
+	keys := [][]byte{
+		zeroKey[:],
+		common.HexToHash("8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000").Bytes(),
+		common.HexToHash("0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000").Bytes(),
+		common.HexToHash("8100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000").Bytes(),
+	}
+	for i, key := range keys {
+		var v [32]byte
+		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(v[:8], uint64(i))
+		tree, err = tree.Insert(key, v[:], nil, 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	got := tree.Hash()
+	expected := common.HexToHash("9317155862f7a3867660ddd0966ff799a3d16aa4df1e70a7516eaa4a675191b5")
+	if got != expected {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid root, expected=%x, got = %x", expected, got)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/trie/committer.go b/trie/committer.go
index a040868c6c..2a2142e0ff 100644
--- a/trie/committer.go
+++ b/trie/committer.go
@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ import (
 // insertion order.
 type committer struct {
 	nodes       *trienode.NodeSet
-	tracer      *prevalueTracer
+	tracer      *PrevalueTracer
 	collectLeaf bool
 }
 
 // newCommitter creates a new committer or picks one from the pool.
-func newCommitter(nodeset *trienode.NodeSet, tracer *prevalueTracer, collectLeaf bool) *committer {
+func newCommitter(nodeset *trienode.NodeSet, tracer *PrevalueTracer, collectLeaf bool) *committer {
 	return &committer{
 		nodes:       nodeset,
 		tracer:      tracer,
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ func (c *committer) store(path []byte, n node) node {
 		// The node is embedded in its parent, in other words, this node
 		// will not be stored in the database independently, mark it as
 		// deleted only if the node was existent in database before.
-		origin := c.tracer.get(path)
+		origin := c.tracer.Get(path)
 		if len(origin) != 0 {
 			c.nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(origin))
 		}
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ func (c *committer) store(path []byte, n node) node {
 	}
 	// Collect the dirty node to nodeset for return.
 	nhash := common.BytesToHash(hash)
-	c.nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewNodeWithPrev(nhash, nodeToBytes(n), c.tracer.get(path)))
+	c.nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewNodeWithPrev(nhash, nodeToBytes(n), c.tracer.Get(path)))
 
 	// Collect the corresponding leaf node if it's required. We don't check
 	// full node since it's impossible to store value in fullNode. The key
diff --git a/trie/iterator.go b/trie/iterator.go
index e6fedf2430..80298ce48f 100644
--- a/trie/iterator.go
+++ b/trie/iterator.go
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ func (it *nodeIterator) resolveHash(hash hashNode, path []byte) (node, error) {
 	// loaded blob will be tracked, while it's not required here since
 	// all loaded nodes won't be linked to trie at all and track nodes
 	// may lead to out-of-memory issue.
-	blob, err := it.trie.reader.node(path, common.BytesToHash(hash))
+	blob, err := it.trie.reader.Node(path, common.BytesToHash(hash))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ func (it *nodeIterator) resolveBlob(hash hashNode, path []byte) ([]byte, error)
 	// loaded blob will be tracked, while it's not required here since
 	// all loaded nodes won't be linked to trie at all and track nodes
 	// may lead to out-of-memory issue.
-	return it.trie.reader.node(path, common.BytesToHash(hash))
+	return it.trie.reader.Node(path, common.BytesToHash(hash))
 }
 
 func (st *nodeIteratorState) resolve(it *nodeIterator, path []byte) error {
diff --git a/trie/proof.go b/trie/proof.go
index f3ed417094..1a06ed5d5e 100644
--- a/trie/proof.go
+++ b/trie/proof.go
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func (t *Trie) Prove(key []byte, proofDb ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error {
 			// loaded blob will be tracked, while it's not required here since
 			// all loaded nodes won't be linked to trie at all and track nodes
 			// may lead to out-of-memory issue.
-			blob, err := t.reader.node(prefix, common.BytesToHash(n))
+			blob, err := t.reader.Node(prefix, common.BytesToHash(n))
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Error("Unhandled trie error in Trie.Prove", "err", err)
 				return err
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ func VerifyRangeProof(rootHash common.Hash, firstKey []byte, keys [][]byte, valu
 		root:           root,
 		reader:         newEmptyReader(),
 		opTracer:       newOpTracer(),
-		prevalueTracer: newPrevalueTracer(),
+		prevalueTracer: NewPrevalueTracer(),
 	}
 	if empty {
 		tr.root = nil
diff --git a/trie/tracer.go b/trie/tracer.go
index b0542404a7..04122d1384 100644
--- a/trie/tracer.go
+++ b/trie/tracer.go
@@ -94,46 +94,45 @@ func (t *opTracer) deletedList() [][]byte {
 	return paths
 }
 
-// prevalueTracer tracks the original values of resolved trie nodes. Cached trie
+// PrevalueTracer tracks the original values of resolved trie nodes. Cached trie
 // node values are expected to be immutable. A zero-size node value is treated as
 // non-existent and should not occur in practice.
 //
-// Note prevalueTracer is not thread-safe, callers should be responsible for
-// handling the concurrency issues by themselves.
-type prevalueTracer struct {
+// Note PrevalueTracer is thread-safe.
+type PrevalueTracer struct {
 	data map[string][]byte
 	lock sync.RWMutex
 }
 
-// newPrevalueTracer initializes the tracer for capturing resolved trie nodes.
-func newPrevalueTracer() *prevalueTracer {
-	return &prevalueTracer{
+// NewPrevalueTracer initializes the tracer for capturing resolved trie nodes.
+func NewPrevalueTracer() *PrevalueTracer {
+	return &PrevalueTracer{
 		data: make(map[string][]byte),
 	}
 }
 
-// put tracks the newly loaded trie node and caches its RLP-encoded
+// Put tracks the newly loaded trie node and caches its RLP-encoded
 // blob internally. Do not modify the value outside this function,
 // as it is not deep-copied.
-func (t *prevalueTracer) put(path []byte, val []byte) {
+func (t *PrevalueTracer) Put(path []byte, val []byte) {
 	t.lock.Lock()
 	defer t.lock.Unlock()
 
 	t.data[string(path)] = val
 }
 
-// get returns the cached trie node value. If the node is not found, nil will
+// Get returns the cached trie node value. If the node is not found, nil will
 // be returned.
-func (t *prevalueTracer) get(path []byte) []byte {
+func (t *PrevalueTracer) Get(path []byte) []byte {
 	t.lock.RLock()
 	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
 
 	return t.data[string(path)]
 }
 
-// hasList returns a list of flags indicating whether the corresponding trie nodes
+// HasList returns a list of flags indicating whether the corresponding trie nodes
 // specified by the path exist in the trie.
-func (t *prevalueTracer) hasList(list [][]byte) []bool {
+func (t *PrevalueTracer) HasList(list [][]byte) []bool {
 	t.lock.RLock()
 	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
 
@@ -145,29 +144,29 @@ func (t *prevalueTracer) hasList(list [][]byte) []bool {
 	return exists
 }
 
-// values returns a list of values of the cached trie nodes.
-func (t *prevalueTracer) values() map[string][]byte {
+// Values returns a list of values of the cached trie nodes.
+func (t *PrevalueTracer) Values() map[string][]byte {
 	t.lock.RLock()
 	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
 
 	return maps.Clone(t.data)
 }
 
-// reset resets the cached content in the prevalueTracer.
-func (t *prevalueTracer) reset() {
+// Reset resets the cached content in the prevalueTracer.
+func (t *PrevalueTracer) Reset() {
 	t.lock.Lock()
 	defer t.lock.Unlock()
 
 	clear(t.data)
 }
 
-// copy returns a copied prevalueTracer instance.
-func (t *prevalueTracer) copy() *prevalueTracer {
+// Copy returns a copied prevalueTracer instance.
+func (t *PrevalueTracer) Copy() *PrevalueTracer {
 	t.lock.RLock()
 	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
 
 	// Shadow clone is used, as the cached trie node values are immutable
-	return &prevalueTracer{
+	return &PrevalueTracer{
 		data: maps.Clone(t.data),
 	}
 }
diff --git a/trie/trie.go b/trie/trie.go
index 98cf751f47..630462f8ca 100644
--- a/trie/trie.go
+++ b/trie/trie.go
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ type Trie struct {
 	uncommitted int
 
 	// reader is the handler trie can retrieve nodes from.
-	reader *trieReader
+	reader *Reader
 
 	// Various tracers for capturing the modifications to trie
 	opTracer       *opTracer
-	prevalueTracer *prevalueTracer
+	prevalueTracer *PrevalueTracer
 }
 
 // newFlag returns the cache flag value for a newly created node.
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func (t *Trie) Copy() *Trie {
 		uncommitted:    t.uncommitted,
 		reader:         t.reader,
 		opTracer:       t.opTracer.copy(),
-		prevalueTracer: t.prevalueTracer.copy(),
+		prevalueTracer: t.prevalueTracer.Copy(),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func (t *Trie) Copy() *Trie {
 // empty, otherwise, the root node must be present in database or returns
 // a MissingNodeError if not.
 func New(id *ID, db database.NodeDatabase) (*Trie, error) {
-	reader, err := newTrieReader(id.StateRoot, id.Owner, db)
+	reader, err := NewReader(id.StateRoot, id.Owner, db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ func New(id *ID, db database.NodeDatabase) (*Trie, error) {
 		owner:          id.Owner,
 		reader:         reader,
 		opTracer:       newOpTracer(),
-		prevalueTracer: newPrevalueTracer(),
+		prevalueTracer: NewPrevalueTracer(),
 	}
 	if id.Root != (common.Hash{}) && id.Root != types.EmptyRootHash {
 		rootnode, err := trie.resolveAndTrack(id.Root[:], nil)
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ func (t *Trie) getNode(origNode node, path []byte, pos int) (item []byte, newnod
 		if hash == nil {
 			return nil, origNode, 0, errors.New("non-consensus node")
 		}
-		blob, err := t.reader.node(path, common.BytesToHash(hash))
+		blob, err := t.reader.Node(path, common.BytesToHash(hash))
 		return blob, origNode, 1, err
 	}
 	// Path still needs to be traversed, descend into children
@@ -655,11 +655,11 @@ func (t *Trie) resolve(n node, prefix []byte) (node, error) {
 // node's original value. The rlp-encoded blob is preferred to be loaded from
 // database because it's easy to decode node while complex to encode node to blob.
 func (t *Trie) resolveAndTrack(n hashNode, prefix []byte) (node, error) {
-	blob, err := t.reader.node(prefix, common.BytesToHash(n))
+	blob, err := t.reader.Node(prefix, common.BytesToHash(n))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	t.prevalueTracer.put(prefix, blob)
+	t.prevalueTracer.Put(prefix, blob)
 
 	// The returned node blob won't be changed afterward. No need to
 	// deep-copy the slice.
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@ func (t *Trie) deletedNodes() [][]byte {
 	var (
 		pos   int
 		list  = t.opTracer.deletedList()
-		flags = t.prevalueTracer.hasList(list)
+		flags = t.prevalueTracer.HasList(list)
 	)
 	for i := 0; i < len(list); i++ {
 		if flags[i] {
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ func (t *Trie) Commit(collectLeaf bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
 		}
 		nodes := trienode.NewNodeSet(t.owner)
 		for _, path := range paths {
-			nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(t.prevalueTracer.get(path)))
+			nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(t.prevalueTracer.Get(path)))
 		}
 		return types.EmptyRootHash, nodes // case (b)
 	}
@@ -729,7 +729,7 @@ func (t *Trie) Commit(collectLeaf bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
 	}
 	nodes := trienode.NewNodeSet(t.owner)
 	for _, path := range t.deletedNodes() {
-		nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(t.prevalueTracer.get(path)))
+		nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(t.prevalueTracer.Get(path)))
 	}
 	// If the number of changes is below 100, we let one thread handle it
 	t.root = newCommitter(nodes, t.prevalueTracer, collectLeaf).Commit(t.root, t.uncommitted > 100)
@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@ func (t *Trie) hashRoot() []byte {
 
 // Witness returns a set containing all trie nodes that have been accessed.
 func (t *Trie) Witness() map[string][]byte {
-	return t.prevalueTracer.values()
+	return t.prevalueTracer.Values()
 }
 
 // Reset drops the referenced root node and cleans all internal state.
@@ -763,6 +763,6 @@ func (t *Trie) Reset() {
 	t.unhashed = 0
 	t.uncommitted = 0
 	t.opTracer.reset()
-	t.prevalueTracer.reset()
+	t.prevalueTracer.Reset()
 	t.committed = false
 }
diff --git a/trie/trie_reader.go b/trie/trie_reader.go
index a42cdb0cf9..42fe4d72c7 100644
--- a/trie/trie_reader.go
+++ b/trie/trie_reader.go
@@ -22,39 +22,39 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/database"
 )
 
-// trieReader is a wrapper of the underlying node reader. It's not safe
+// Reader is a wrapper of the underlying database reader. It's not safe
 // for concurrent usage.
-type trieReader struct {
+type Reader struct {
 	owner  common.Hash
 	reader database.NodeReader
 	banned map[string]struct{} // Marker to prevent node from being accessed, for tests
 }
 
-// newTrieReader initializes the trie reader with the given node reader.
-func newTrieReader(stateRoot, owner common.Hash, db database.NodeDatabase) (*trieReader, error) {
+// NewReader initializes the trie reader with the given database reader.
+func NewReader(stateRoot, owner common.Hash, db database.NodeDatabase) (*Reader, error) {
 	if stateRoot == (common.Hash{}) || stateRoot == types.EmptyRootHash {
-		return &trieReader{owner: owner}, nil
+		return &Reader{owner: owner}, nil
 	}
 	reader, err := db.NodeReader(stateRoot)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, &MissingNodeError{Owner: owner, NodeHash: stateRoot, err: err}
 	}
-	return &trieReader{owner: owner, reader: reader}, nil
+	return &Reader{owner: owner, reader: reader}, nil
 }
 
 // newEmptyReader initializes the pure in-memory reader. All read operations
 // should be forbidden and returns the MissingNodeError.
-func newEmptyReader() *trieReader {
-	return &trieReader{}
+func newEmptyReader() *Reader {
+	return &Reader{}
 }
 
-// node retrieves the rlp-encoded trie node with the provided trie node
+// Node retrieves the rlp-encoded trie node with the provided trie node
 // information. An MissingNodeError will be returned in case the node is
 // not found or any error is encountered.
 //
 // Don't modify the returned byte slice since it's not deep-copied and
 // still be referenced by database.
-func (r *trieReader) node(path []byte, hash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+func (r *Reader) Node(path []byte, hash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
 	// Perform the logics in tests for preventing trie node access.
 	if r.banned != nil {
 		if _, ok := r.banned[string(path)]; ok {
diff --git a/trie/verkle.go b/trie/verkle.go
index e00ea21602..186ac1f642 100644
--- a/trie/verkle.go
+++ b/trie/verkle.go
@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@ var (
 type VerkleTrie struct {
 	root   verkle.VerkleNode
 	cache  *utils.PointCache
-	reader *trieReader
-	tracer *prevalueTracer
+	reader *Reader
+	tracer *PrevalueTracer
 }
 
 // NewVerkleTrie constructs a verkle tree based on the specified root hash.
 func NewVerkleTrie(root common.Hash, db database.NodeDatabase, cache *utils.PointCache) (*VerkleTrie, error) {
-	reader, err := newTrieReader(root, common.Hash{}, db)
+	reader, err := NewReader(root, common.Hash{}, db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func NewVerkleTrie(root common.Hash, db database.NodeDatabase, cache *utils.Poin
 		root:   verkle.New(),
 		cache:  cache,
 		reader: reader,
-		tracer: newPrevalueTracer(),
+		tracer: NewPrevalueTracer(),
 	}
 	// Parse the root verkle node if it's not empty.
 	if root != types.EmptyVerkleHash && root != types.EmptyRootHash {
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) Commit(_ bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
 	nodeset := trienode.NewNodeSet(common.Hash{})
 	for _, node := range nodes {
 		// Hash parameter is not used in pathdb
-		nodeset.AddNode(node.Path, trienode.NewNodeWithPrev(common.Hash{}, node.SerializedBytes, t.tracer.get(node.Path)))
+		nodeset.AddNode(node.Path, trienode.NewNodeWithPrev(common.Hash{}, node.SerializedBytes, t.tracer.Get(node.Path)))
 	}
 	// Serialize root commitment form
 	return t.Hash(), nodeset
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) Copy() *VerkleTrie {
 		root:   t.root.Copy(),
 		cache:  t.cache,
 		reader: t.reader,
-		tracer: t.tracer.copy(),
+		tracer: t.tracer.Copy(),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -443,11 +443,11 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) ToDot() string {
 }
 
 func (t *VerkleTrie) nodeResolver(path []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	blob, err := t.reader.node(path, common.Hash{})
+	blob, err := t.reader.Node(path, common.Hash{})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	t.tracer.put(path, blob)
+	t.tracer.Put(path, blob)
 	return blob, nil
 }
 

From ffe758c7a783ef2f4fefbb72200a740adce015c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lightclient <14004106+lightclient@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Sep 2025 08:40:41 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 078/470] internal/ethapi,params: add `eth_config` (#32239)

~Will probably be mostly supplanted by #32224, but this should do for
now for devnet 3.~

Seems like #32224 is going to take some more time, so I have completed
the implementation of eth_config here. It is quite a bit simpler to
implement now that the config hashing was removed.

---------

Co-authored-by: MariusVanDerWijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Co-authored-by: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 core/vm/contracts.go                          | 85 ++++++++++++++++
 internal/ethapi/api.go                        | 66 +++++++++++++
 internal/ethapi/api_test.go                   | 85 ++++++++++++++++
 internal/ethapi/override/override_test.go     |  8 +-
 .../ethapi/testdata/eth_config-current.json   | 40 ++++++++
 .../testdata/eth_config-next-and-last.json    | 99 +++++++++++++++++++
 internal/web3ext/web3ext.go                   |  5 +
 params/config.go                              | 34 +++++++
 8 files changed, 418 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_config-current.json
 create mode 100644 internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_config-next-and-last.json

diff --git a/core/vm/contracts.go b/core/vm/contracts.go
index e9b80280bf..da099edb57 100644
--- a/core/vm/contracts.go
+++ b/core/vm/contracts.go
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ import (
 type PrecompiledContract interface {
 	RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64  // RequiredPrice calculates the contract gas use
 	Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) // Run runs the precompiled contract
+	Name() string
 }
 
 // PrecompiledContracts contains the precompiled contracts supported at the given fork.
@@ -309,6 +310,10 @@ func (c *ecrecover) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return common.LeftPadBytes(crypto.Keccak256(pubKey[1:])[12:], 32), nil
 }
 
+func (c *ecrecover) Name() string {
+	return "ECREC"
+}
+
 // SHA256 implemented as a native contract.
 type sha256hash struct{}
 
@@ -324,6 +329,10 @@ func (c *sha256hash) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return h[:], nil
 }
 
+func (c *sha256hash) Name() string {
+	return "SHA256"
+}
+
 // RIPEMD160 implemented as a native contract.
 type ripemd160hash struct{}
 
@@ -340,6 +349,10 @@ func (c *ripemd160hash) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return common.LeftPadBytes(ripemd.Sum(nil), 32), nil
 }
 
+func (c *ripemd160hash) Name() string {
+	return "RIPEMD160"
+}
+
 // data copy implemented as a native contract.
 type dataCopy struct{}
 
@@ -354,6 +367,10 @@ func (c *dataCopy) Run(in []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return common.CopyBytes(in), nil
 }
 
+func (c *dataCopy) Name() string {
+	return "ID"
+}
+
 // bigModExp implements a native big integer exponential modular operation.
 type bigModExp struct {
 	eip2565 bool
@@ -543,6 +560,10 @@ func (c *bigModExp) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return common.LeftPadBytes(v, int(modLen)), nil
 }
 
+func (c *bigModExp) Name() string {
+	return "MODEXP"
+}
+
 // newCurvePoint unmarshals a binary blob into a bn256 elliptic curve point,
 // returning it, or an error if the point is invalid.
 func newCurvePoint(blob []byte) (*bn256.G1, error) {
@@ -592,6 +613,10 @@ func (c *bn256AddIstanbul) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return runBn256Add(input)
 }
 
+func (c *bn256AddIstanbul) Name() string {
+	return "BN254_ADD"
+}
+
 // bn256AddByzantium implements a native elliptic curve point addition
 // conforming to Byzantium consensus rules.
 type bn256AddByzantium struct{}
@@ -605,6 +630,10 @@ func (c *bn256AddByzantium) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return runBn256Add(input)
 }
 
+func (c *bn256AddByzantium) Name() string {
+	return "BN254_ADD"
+}
+
 // runBn256ScalarMul implements the Bn256ScalarMul precompile, referenced by
 // both Byzantium and Istanbul operations.
 func runBn256ScalarMul(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
@@ -630,6 +659,10 @@ func (c *bn256ScalarMulIstanbul) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return runBn256ScalarMul(input)
 }
 
+func (c *bn256ScalarMulIstanbul) Name() string {
+	return "BN254_MUL"
+}
+
 // bn256ScalarMulByzantium implements a native elliptic curve scalar
 // multiplication conforming to Byzantium consensus rules.
 type bn256ScalarMulByzantium struct{}
@@ -643,6 +676,10 @@ func (c *bn256ScalarMulByzantium) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return runBn256ScalarMul(input)
 }
 
+func (c *bn256ScalarMulByzantium) Name() string {
+	return "BN254_MUL"
+}
+
 var (
 	// true32Byte is returned if the bn256 pairing check succeeds.
 	true32Byte = []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1}
@@ -698,6 +735,10 @@ func (c *bn256PairingIstanbul) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return runBn256Pairing(input)
 }
 
+func (c *bn256PairingIstanbul) Name() string {
+	return "BN254_PAIRING"
+}
+
 // bn256PairingByzantium implements a pairing pre-compile for the bn256 curve
 // conforming to Byzantium consensus rules.
 type bn256PairingByzantium struct{}
@@ -711,6 +752,10 @@ func (c *bn256PairingByzantium) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return runBn256Pairing(input)
 }
 
+func (c *bn256PairingByzantium) Name() string {
+	return "BN254_PAIRING"
+}
+
 type blake2F struct{}
 
 func (c *blake2F) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
@@ -772,6 +817,10 @@ func (c *blake2F) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return output, nil
 }
 
+func (c *blake2F) Name() string {
+	return "BLAKE2F"
+}
+
 var (
 	errBLS12381InvalidInputLength          = errors.New("invalid input length")
 	errBLS12381InvalidFieldElementTopBytes = errors.New("invalid field element top bytes")
@@ -815,6 +864,10 @@ func (c *bls12381G1Add) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return encodePointG1(p0), nil
 }
 
+func (c *bls12381G1Add) Name() string {
+	return "BLS12_G1ADD"
+}
+
 // bls12381G1MultiExp implements EIP-2537 G1MultiExp precompile.
 type bls12381G1MultiExp struct{}
 
@@ -875,6 +928,10 @@ func (c *bls12381G1MultiExp) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return encodePointG1(r), nil
 }
 
+func (c *bls12381G1MultiExp) Name() string {
+	return "BLS12_G1MSM"
+}
+
 // bls12381G2Add implements EIP-2537 G2Add precompile.
 type bls12381G2Add struct{}
 
@@ -912,6 +969,10 @@ func (c *bls12381G2Add) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return encodePointG2(r), nil
 }
 
+func (c *bls12381G2Add) Name() string {
+	return "BLS12_G2ADD"
+}
+
 // bls12381G2MultiExp implements EIP-2537 G2MultiExp precompile.
 type bls12381G2MultiExp struct{}
 
@@ -972,6 +1033,10 @@ func (c *bls12381G2MultiExp) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return encodePointG2(r), nil
 }
 
+func (c *bls12381G2MultiExp) Name() string {
+	return "BLS12_G2MSM"
+}
+
 // bls12381Pairing implements EIP-2537 Pairing precompile.
 type bls12381Pairing struct{}
 
@@ -1035,6 +1100,10 @@ func (c *bls12381Pairing) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return out, nil
 }
 
+func (c *bls12381Pairing) Name() string {
+	return "BLS12_PAIRING_CHECK"
+}
+
 func decodePointG1(in []byte) (*bls12381.G1Affine, error) {
 	if len(in) != 128 {
 		return nil, errors.New("invalid g1 point length")
@@ -1153,6 +1222,10 @@ func (c *bls12381MapG1) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return encodePointG1(&r), nil
 }
 
+func (c *bls12381MapG1) Name() string {
+	return "BLS12_MAP_FP_TO_G1"
+}
+
 // bls12381MapG2 implements EIP-2537 MapG2 precompile.
 type bls12381MapG2 struct{}
 
@@ -1186,6 +1259,10 @@ func (c *bls12381MapG2) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return encodePointG2(&r), nil
 }
 
+func (c *bls12381MapG2) Name() string {
+	return "BLS12_MAP_FP2_TO_G2"
+}
+
 // kzgPointEvaluation implements the EIP-4844 point evaluation precompile.
 type kzgPointEvaluation struct{}
 
@@ -1242,6 +1319,10 @@ func (b *kzgPointEvaluation) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	return common.Hex2Bytes(blobPrecompileReturnValue), nil
 }
 
+func (b *kzgPointEvaluation) Name() string {
+	return "KZG_POINT_EVALUATION"
+}
+
 // kZGToVersionedHash implements kzg_to_versioned_hash from EIP-4844
 func kZGToVersionedHash(kzg kzg4844.Commitment) common.Hash {
 	h := sha256.Sum256(kzg[:])
@@ -1277,3 +1358,7 @@ func (c *p256Verify) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	}
 	return nil, nil
 }
+
+func (c *p256Verify) Name() string {
+	return "P256VERIFY"
+}
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index 9dba79a035..554f525290 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip1559"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/forkid"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
@@ -1153,6 +1154,71 @@ func (api *BlockChainAPI) CreateAccessList(ctx context.Context, args Transaction
 	return result, nil
 }
 
+type config struct {
+	ActivationTime  uint64                    `json:"activationTime"`
+	BlobSchedule    *params.BlobConfig        `json:"blobSchedule"`
+	ChainId         *hexutil.Big              `json:"chainId"`
+	ForkId          hexutil.Bytes             `json:"forkId"`
+	Precompiles     map[string]common.Address `json:"precompiles"`
+	SystemContracts map[string]common.Address `json:"systemContracts"`
+}
+
+type configResponse struct {
+	Current *config `json:"current"`
+	Next    *config `json:"next"`
+	Last    *config `json:"last"`
+}
+
+// Config implements the EIP-7910 eth_config method.
+func (api *BlockChainAPI) Config(ctx context.Context) (*configResponse, error) {
+	genesis, err := api.b.HeaderByNumber(ctx, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to load genesis: %w", err)
+	}
+	assemble := func(c *params.ChainConfig, ts *uint64) *config {
+		if ts == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		t := *ts
+
+		var (
+			rules       = c.Rules(c.LondonBlock, true, t)
+			precompiles = make(map[string]common.Address)
+		)
+		for addr, c := range vm.ActivePrecompiledContracts(rules) {
+			precompiles[c.Name()] = addr
+		}
+		// Activation time is required. If a fork is activated at genesis the value 0 is used
+		activationTime := t
+		if genesis.Time >= t {
+			activationTime = 0
+		}
+		forkid := forkid.NewID(c, types.NewBlockWithHeader(genesis), ^uint64(0), t).Hash
+		return &config{
+			ActivationTime:  activationTime,
+			BlobSchedule:    c.BlobConfig(c.LatestFork(t)),
+			ChainId:         (*hexutil.Big)(c.ChainID),
+			ForkId:          forkid[:],
+			Precompiles:     precompiles,
+			SystemContracts: c.ActiveSystemContracts(t),
+		}
+	}
+	var (
+		c = api.b.ChainConfig()
+		t = api.b.CurrentHeader().Time
+	)
+	resp := configResponse{
+		Next:    assemble(c, c.Timestamp(c.LatestFork(t)+1)),
+		Current: assemble(c, c.Timestamp(c.LatestFork(t))),
+		Last:    assemble(c, c.Timestamp(c.LatestFork(^uint64(0)))),
+	}
+	// Nil out last if no future-fork is configured.
+	if resp.Next == nil {
+		resp.Last = nil
+	}
+	return &resp, nil
+}
+
 // AccessList creates an access list for the given transaction.
 // If the accesslist creation fails an error is returned.
 // If the transaction itself fails, an vmErr is returned.
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
index 55c5f8c63f..c0a8fe9a58 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
@@ -3800,3 +3800,88 @@ func TestEstimateGasWithMovePrecompile(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("mismatched gas: %d, want 21366", gas)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestEIP7910Config(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		newUint64 = func(val uint64) *uint64 { return &val }
+		// Define a snapshot of the current Hoodi config (only Prague scheduled) so that future forks do not
+		// cause this test to fail.
+		config = &params.ChainConfig{
+			ChainID:                 big.NewInt(560048),
+			HomesteadBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+			DAOForkBlock:            nil,
+			DAOForkSupport:          true,
+			EIP150Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+			EIP155Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+			EIP158Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+			ByzantiumBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+			ConstantinopleBlock:     big.NewInt(0),
+			PetersburgBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+			IstanbulBlock:           big.NewInt(0),
+			MuirGlacierBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
+			BerlinBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+			LondonBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+			ArrowGlacierBlock:       nil,
+			GrayGlacierBlock:        nil,
+			TerminalTotalDifficulty: big.NewInt(0),
+			MergeNetsplitBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
+			ShanghaiTime:            newUint64(0),
+			CancunTime:              newUint64(0),
+			PragueTime:              newUint64(1742999832),
+			DepositContractAddress:  common.HexToAddress("0x00000000219ab540356cBB839Cbe05303d7705Fa"),
+			Ethash:                  new(params.EthashConfig),
+			BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
+				Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
+				Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+			},
+		}
+	)
+	gspec := core.DefaultHoodiGenesisBlock()
+	gspec.Config = config
+
+	var testSuite = []struct {
+		time uint64
+		file string
+	}{
+		{
+			time: 0,
+			file: "next-and-last",
+		},
+		{
+			time: *gspec.Config.PragueTime,
+			file: "current",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for i, tt := range testSuite {
+		backend := configTimeBackend{nil, gspec, tt.time}
+		api := NewBlockChainAPI(backend)
+		result, err := api.Config(context.Background())
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: want no error, have %v", i, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		testRPCResponseWithFile(t, i, result, "eth_config", tt.file)
+	}
+}
+
+type configTimeBackend struct {
+	*testBackend
+	genesis *core.Genesis
+	time    uint64
+}
+
+func (b configTimeBackend) ChainConfig() *params.ChainConfig {
+	return b.genesis.Config
+}
+
+func (b configTimeBackend) HeaderByNumber(_ context.Context, n rpc.BlockNumber) (*types.Header, error) {
+	if n == 0 {
+		return b.genesis.ToBlock().Header(), nil
+	}
+	panic("not implemented")
+}
+
+func (b configTimeBackend) CurrentHeader() *types.Header {
+	return &types.Header{Time: b.time}
+}
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/override/override_test.go b/internal/ethapi/override/override_test.go
index 41b4f2c253..6feafaac75 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/override/override_test.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/override/override_test.go
@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ import (
 
 type precompileContract struct{}
 
-func (p *precompileContract) Name() string {
-	panic("implement me")
-}
-
 func (p *precompileContract) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 { return 0 }
 
 func (p *precompileContract) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) { return nil, nil }
 
+func (p *precompileContract) Name() string {
+	panic("implement me")
+}
+
 func TestStateOverrideMovePrecompile(t *testing.T) {
 	db := state.NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil), nil)
 	statedb, err := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, db)
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_config-current.json b/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_config-current.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0597c23e39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_config-current.json
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+{
+  "current": {
+    "activationTime": 1742999832,
+    "blobSchedule": {
+      "target": 6,
+      "max": 9,
+      "baseFeeUpdateFraction": 5007716
+    },
+    "chainId": "0x88bb0",
+    "forkId": "0x0929e24e",
+    "precompiles": {
+      "BLAKE2F": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000009",
+      "BLS12_G1ADD": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000b",
+      "BLS12_G1MSM": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000c",
+      "BLS12_G2ADD": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000d",
+      "BLS12_G2MSM": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000e",
+      "BLS12_MAP_FP2_TO_G2": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000011",
+      "BLS12_MAP_FP_TO_G1": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000010",
+      "BLS12_PAIRING_CHECK": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000f",
+      "BN254_ADD": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000006",
+      "BN254_MUL": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000007",
+      "BN254_PAIRING": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000008",
+      "ECREC": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+      "ID": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000004",
+      "KZG_POINT_EVALUATION": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000a",
+      "MODEXP": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000005",
+      "RIPEMD160": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000003",
+      "SHA256": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002"
+    },
+    "systemContracts": {
+      "BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS": "0x000f3df6d732807ef1319fb7b8bb8522d0beac02",
+      "CONSOLIDATION_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS": "0x0000bbddc7ce488642fb579f8b00f3a590007251",
+      "DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS": "0x00000000219ab540356cbb839cbe05303d7705fa",
+      "HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS": "0x0000f90827f1c53a10cb7a02335b175320002935",
+      "WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS": "0x00000961ef480eb55e80d19ad83579a64c007002"
+    }
+  },
+  "next": null,
+  "last": null
+}
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_config-next-and-last.json b/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_config-next-and-last.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..81869ba174
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/ethapi/testdata/eth_config-next-and-last.json
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+{
+  "current": {
+    "activationTime": 0,
+    "blobSchedule": {
+      "baseFeeUpdateFraction": 3338477,
+      "max": 6,
+      "target": 3
+    },
+    "chainId": "0x88bb0",
+    "forkId": "0xbef71d30",
+    "precompiles": {
+      "BLAKE2F": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000009",
+      "BN254_ADD": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000006",
+      "BN254_MUL": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000007",
+      "BN254_PAIRING": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000008",
+      "ECREC": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+      "ID": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000004",
+      "KZG_POINT_EVALUATION": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000a",
+      "MODEXP": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000005",
+      "RIPEMD160": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000003",
+      "SHA256": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002"
+    },
+    "systemContracts": {
+      "BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS": "0x000f3df6d732807ef1319fb7b8bb8522d0beac02"
+    }
+  },
+  "next": {
+    "activationTime": 1742999832,
+    "blobSchedule": {
+      "baseFeeUpdateFraction": 5007716,
+      "max": 9,
+      "target": 6
+    },
+    "chainId": "0x88bb0",
+    "forkId": "0x0929e24e",
+    "precompiles": {
+      "BLAKE2F": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000009",
+      "BLS12_G1ADD": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000b",
+      "BLS12_G1MSM": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000c",
+      "BLS12_G2ADD": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000d",
+      "BLS12_G2MSM": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000e",
+      "BLS12_MAP_FP2_TO_G2": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000011",
+      "BLS12_MAP_FP_TO_G1": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000010",
+      "BLS12_PAIRING_CHECK": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000f",
+      "BN254_ADD": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000006",
+      "BN254_MUL": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000007",
+      "BN254_PAIRING": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000008",
+      "ECREC": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+      "ID": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000004",
+      "KZG_POINT_EVALUATION": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000a",
+      "MODEXP": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000005",
+      "RIPEMD160": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000003",
+      "SHA256": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002"
+    },
+    "systemContracts": {
+      "BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS": "0x000f3df6d732807ef1319fb7b8bb8522d0beac02",
+      "CONSOLIDATION_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS": "0x0000bbddc7ce488642fb579f8b00f3a590007251",
+      "DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS": "0x00000000219ab540356cbb839cbe05303d7705fa",
+      "HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS": "0x0000f90827f1c53a10cb7a02335b175320002935",
+      "WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS": "0x00000961ef480eb55e80d19ad83579a64c007002"
+    }
+  },
+  "last": {
+    "activationTime": 1742999832,
+    "blobSchedule": {
+      "baseFeeUpdateFraction": 5007716,
+      "max": 9,
+      "target": 6
+    },
+    "chainId": "0x88bb0",
+    "forkId": "0x0929e24e",
+    "precompiles": {
+      "BLAKE2F": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000009",
+      "BLS12_G1ADD": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000b",
+      "BLS12_G1MSM": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000c",
+      "BLS12_G2ADD": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000d",
+      "BLS12_G2MSM": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000e",
+      "BLS12_MAP_FP2_TO_G2": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000011",
+      "BLS12_MAP_FP_TO_G1": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000010",
+      "BLS12_PAIRING_CHECK": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000f",
+      "BN254_ADD": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000006",
+      "BN254_MUL": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000007",
+      "BN254_PAIRING": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000008",
+      "ECREC": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001",
+      "ID": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000004",
+      "KZG_POINT_EVALUATION": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000a",
+      "MODEXP": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000005",
+      "RIPEMD160": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000003",
+      "SHA256": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002"
+    },
+    "systemContracts": {
+      "BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS": "0x000f3df6d732807ef1319fb7b8bb8522d0beac02",
+      "CONSOLIDATION_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS": "0x0000bbddc7ce488642fb579f8b00f3a590007251",
+      "DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS": "0x00000000219ab540356cbb839cbe05303d7705fa",
+      "HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS": "0x0000f90827f1c53a10cb7a02335b175320002935",
+      "WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS": "0x00000961ef480eb55e80d19ad83579a64c007002"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go b/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go
index daef2e32ee..e81e23ef16 100644
--- a/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go
+++ b/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go
@@ -595,6 +595,11 @@ web3._extend({
 			call: 'eth_getBlockReceipts',
 			params: 1,
 		}),
+		new web3._extend.Method({
+			name: 'config',
+			call: 'eth_config',
+			params: 0,
+		})
 	],
 	properties: [
 		new web3._extend.Property({
diff --git a/params/config.go b/params/config.go
index 85619bbe22..7576170d26 100644
--- a/params/config.go
+++ b/params/config.go
@@ -985,6 +985,40 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) LatestFork(time uint64) forks.Fork {
 	}
 }
 
+// BlobConfig returns the blob config associated with the provided fork.
+func (c *ChainConfig) BlobConfig(fork forks.Fork) *BlobConfig {
+	switch fork {
+	case forks.Osaka:
+		return DefaultOsakaBlobConfig
+	case forks.Prague:
+		return DefaultPragueBlobConfig
+	case forks.Cancun:
+		return DefaultCancunBlobConfig
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+// ActiveSystemContracts returns the currently active system contracts at the
+// given timestamp.
+func (c *ChainConfig) ActiveSystemContracts(time uint64) map[string]common.Address {
+	fork := c.LatestFork(time)
+	active := make(map[string]common.Address)
+	if fork >= forks.Osaka {
+		// no new system contracts
+	}
+	if fork >= forks.Prague {
+		active["CONSOLIDATION_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS"] = ConsolidationQueueAddress
+		active["DEPOSIT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS"] = c.DepositContractAddress
+		active["HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS"] = HistoryStorageAddress
+		active["WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS"] = WithdrawalQueueAddress
+	}
+	if fork >= forks.Cancun {
+		active["BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS"] = BeaconRootsAddress
+	}
+	return active
+}
+
 // Timestamp returns the timestamp associated with the fork or returns nil if
 // the fork isn't defined or isn't a time-based fork.
 func (c *ChainConfig) Timestamp(fork forks.Fork) *uint64 {

From 0978604196e5949cf83b45d1a08d175f0cbe4f73 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Sep 2025 17:19:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 079/470] version: release v1.16.3 (#32528)

---
 version/version.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/version/version.go b/version/version.go
index 30c81b804b..2695c43d43 100644
--- a/version/version.go
+++ b/version/version.go
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 package version
 
 const (
-	Major = 1          // Major version component of the current release
-	Minor = 16         // Minor version component of the current release
-	Patch = 3          // Patch version component of the current release
-	Meta  = "unstable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
+	Major = 1        // Major version component of the current release
+	Minor = 16       // Minor version component of the current release
+	Patch = 3        // Patch version component of the current release
+	Meta  = "stable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
 )

From 1263f3dfc14cbf1af7a3b051b0e8a416f0baec10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Sep 2025 20:38:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 080/470] version: begin v1.16.4 release cycle (#32529)

---
 version/version.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/version/version.go b/version/version.go
index 2695c43d43..092735ff1f 100644
--- a/version/version.go
+++ b/version/version.go
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 package version
 
 const (
-	Major = 1        // Major version component of the current release
-	Minor = 16       // Minor version component of the current release
-	Patch = 3        // Patch version component of the current release
-	Meta  = "stable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
+	Major = 1          // Major version component of the current release
+	Minor = 16         // Minor version component of the current release
+	Patch = 4          // Patch version component of the current release
+	Meta  = "unstable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
 )

From c36f7bec7f580a34fc6a55b8ea72734be44ba42f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=96mer=20Faruk=20Irmak?= <omerfirmak@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Sep 2025 13:43:26 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 081/470] core/stateless: track number of leaf nodes at each
 trie depth (#32533)

Switches to using counters so that the gauges don't cause any
information to be lost. Counters can be used to calculate all sorts of
metrics on Grafana. Which is also why min/avg/max logic is removed to
make things simple and small here.
---
 core/stateless/stats.go      |  71 +++++--------------
 core/stateless/stats_test.go | 128 +++++++++++------------------------
 2 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 142 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/stateless/stats.go b/core/stateless/stats.go
index adc898929b..1a6389284c 100644
--- a/core/stateless/stats.go
+++ b/core/stateless/stats.go
@@ -20,73 +20,32 @@ import (
 	"maps"
 	"slices"
 	"sort"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 )
 
-var (
-	accountTrieDepthAvg = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("witness/trie/account/depth/avg", nil)
-	accountTrieDepthMin = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("witness/trie/account/depth/min", nil)
-	accountTrieDepthMax = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("witness/trie/account/depth/max", nil)
+var accountTrieLeavesAtDepth [16]*metrics.Counter
+var storageTrieLeavesAtDepth [16]*metrics.Counter
 
-	storageTrieDepthAvg = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("witness/trie/storage/depth/avg", nil)
-	storageTrieDepthMin = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("witness/trie/storage/depth/min", nil)
-	storageTrieDepthMax = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("witness/trie/storage/depth/max", nil)
-)
-
-// depthStats tracks min/avg/max statistics for trie access depths.
-type depthStats struct {
-	totalDepth int64
-	samples    int64
-	minDepth   int64
-	maxDepth   int64
-}
-
-// newDepthStats creates a new depthStats with default values.
-func newDepthStats() *depthStats {
-	return &depthStats{minDepth: -1}
-}
-
-// add records a new depth sample.
-func (d *depthStats) add(n int64) {
-	if n < 0 {
-		return
+func init() {
+	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+		accountTrieLeavesAtDepth[i] = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("witness/trie/account/leaves/depth_"+strconv.Itoa(i), nil)
+		storageTrieLeavesAtDepth[i] = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("witness/trie/storage/leaves/depth_"+strconv.Itoa(i), nil)
 	}
-	d.totalDepth += n
-	d.samples++
-
-	if d.minDepth == -1 || n < d.minDepth {
-		d.minDepth = n
-	}
-	if n > d.maxDepth {
-		d.maxDepth = n
-	}
-}
-
-// report uploads the collected statistics into the provided gauges.
-func (d *depthStats) report(maxGauge, minGauge, avgGauge *metrics.Gauge) {
-	if d.samples == 0 {
-		return
-	}
-	maxGauge.Update(d.maxDepth)
-	minGauge.Update(d.minDepth)
-	avgGauge.Update(d.totalDepth / d.samples)
 }
 
 // WitnessStats aggregates statistics for account and storage trie accesses.
 type WitnessStats struct {
-	accountTrie *depthStats
-	storageTrie *depthStats
+	accountTrieLeaves [16]int64
+	storageTrieLeaves [16]int64
 }
 
 // NewWitnessStats creates a new WitnessStats collector.
 func NewWitnessStats() *WitnessStats {
-	return &WitnessStats{
-		accountTrie: newDepthStats(),
-		storageTrie: newDepthStats(),
-	}
+	return &WitnessStats{}
 }
 
 // Add records trie access depths from the given node paths.
@@ -102,9 +61,9 @@ func (s *WitnessStats) Add(nodes map[string][]byte, owner common.Hash) {
 		// The last path is always a leaf.
 		if i == len(paths)-1 || !strings.HasPrefix(paths[i+1], paths[i]) {
 			if owner == (common.Hash{}) {
-				s.accountTrie.add(int64(len(path)))
+				s.accountTrieLeaves[len(path)] += 1
 			} else {
-				s.storageTrie.add(int64(len(path)))
+				s.storageTrieLeaves[len(path)] += 1
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -112,6 +71,8 @@ func (s *WitnessStats) Add(nodes map[string][]byte, owner common.Hash) {
 
 // ReportMetrics reports the collected statistics to the global metrics registry.
 func (s *WitnessStats) ReportMetrics() {
-	s.accountTrie.report(accountTrieDepthMax, accountTrieDepthMin, accountTrieDepthAvg)
-	s.storageTrie.report(storageTrieDepthMax, storageTrieDepthMin, storageTrieDepthAvg)
+	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+		accountTrieLeavesAtDepth[i].Inc(s.accountTrieLeaves[i])
+		storageTrieLeavesAtDepth[i].Inc(s.storageTrieLeaves[i])
+	}
 }
diff --git a/core/stateless/stats_test.go b/core/stateless/stats_test.go
index 51c78cc9c9..6219e622f5 100644
--- a/core/stateless/stats_test.go
+++ b/core/stateless/stats_test.go
@@ -24,27 +24,32 @@ import (
 
 func TestWitnessStatsAdd(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
-		name                 string
-		nodes                map[string][]byte
-		owner                common.Hash
-		expectedAccountDepth int64
-		expectedStorageDepth int64
+		name                  string
+		nodes                 map[string][]byte
+		owner                 common.Hash
+		expectedAccountLeaves map[int64]int64
+		expectedStorageLeaves map[int64]int64
 	}{
 		{
-			name:                 "empty nodes",
-			nodes:                map[string][]byte{},
-			owner:                common.Hash{},
-			expectedAccountDepth: 0,
-			expectedStorageDepth: 0,
+			name:  "empty nodes",
+			nodes: map[string][]byte{},
+			owner: common.Hash{},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "single account trie leaf at depth 0",
+			nodes: map[string][]byte{
+				"": []byte("data"),
+			},
+			owner:                 common.Hash{},
+			expectedAccountLeaves: map[int64]int64{0: 1},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "single account trie leaf",
 			nodes: map[string][]byte{
 				"abc": []byte("data"),
 			},
-			owner:                common.Hash{},
-			expectedAccountDepth: 3,
-			expectedStorageDepth: 0,
+			owner:                 common.Hash{},
+			expectedAccountLeaves: map[int64]int64{3: 1},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "account trie with internal nodes",
@@ -53,9 +58,8 @@ func TestWitnessStatsAdd(t *testing.T) {
 				"ab":  []byte("data2"),
 				"abc": []byte("data3"),
 			},
-			owner:                common.Hash{},
-			expectedAccountDepth: 3, // Only "abc" is a leaf
-			expectedStorageDepth: 0,
+			owner:                 common.Hash{},
+			expectedAccountLeaves: map[int64]int64{3: 1}, // Only "abc" is a leaf
 		},
 		{
 			name: "multiple account trie branches",
@@ -67,9 +71,8 @@ func TestWitnessStatsAdd(t *testing.T) {
 				"bc":  []byte("data5"),
 				"bcd": []byte("data6"),
 			},
-			owner:                common.Hash{},
-			expectedAccountDepth: 6, // "abc" (3) + "bcd" (3) = 6
-			expectedStorageDepth: 0,
+			owner:                 common.Hash{},
+			expectedAccountLeaves: map[int64]int64{3: 2}, // "abc" (3) + "bcd" (3)
 		},
 		{
 			name: "siblings are all leaves",
@@ -78,9 +81,8 @@ func TestWitnessStatsAdd(t *testing.T) {
 				"ab": []byte("data2"),
 				"ac": []byte("data3"),
 			},
-			owner:                common.Hash{},
-			expectedAccountDepth: 6, // 2 + 2 + 2 = 6
-			expectedStorageDepth: 0,
+			owner:                 common.Hash{},
+			expectedAccountLeaves: map[int64]int64{2: 3},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "storage trie leaves",
@@ -90,9 +92,8 @@ func TestWitnessStatsAdd(t *testing.T) {
 				"123": []byte("data3"),
 				"124": []byte("data4"),
 			},
-			owner:                common.HexToHash("0x1234"),
-			expectedAccountDepth: 0,
-			expectedStorageDepth: 6, // "123" (3) + "124" (3) = 6
+			owner:                 common.HexToHash("0x1234"),
+			expectedStorageLeaves: map[int64]int64{3: 2}, // "123" (3) + "124" (3)
 		},
 		{
 			name: "complex trie structure",
@@ -107,9 +108,8 @@ func TestWitnessStatsAdd(t *testing.T) {
 				"235": []byte("data8"),
 				"3":   []byte("data9"),
 			},
-			owner:                common.Hash{},
-			expectedAccountDepth: 13, // "123"(3) + "124"(3) + "234"(3) + "235"(3) + "3"(1) = 13
-			expectedStorageDepth: 0,
+			owner:                 common.Hash{},
+			expectedAccountLeaves: map[int64]int64{1: 1, 3: 4}, // "123"(3) + "124"(3) + "234"(3) + "235"(3) + "3"(1)
 		},
 	}
 
@@ -118,74 +118,28 @@ func TestWitnessStatsAdd(t *testing.T) {
 			stats := NewWitnessStats()
 			stats.Add(tt.nodes, tt.owner)
 
+			var expectedAccountTrieLeaves [16]int64
+			for depth, count := range tt.expectedAccountLeaves {
+				expectedAccountTrieLeaves[depth] = count
+			}
+			var expectedStorageTrieLeaves [16]int64
+			for depth, count := range tt.expectedStorageLeaves {
+				expectedStorageTrieLeaves[depth] = count
+			}
+
 			// Check account trie depth
-			if stats.accountTrie.totalDepth != tt.expectedAccountDepth {
-				t.Errorf("Account trie total depth = %d, want %d", stats.accountTrie.totalDepth, tt.expectedAccountDepth)
+			if stats.accountTrieLeaves != expectedAccountTrieLeaves {
+				t.Errorf("Account trie total depth = %v, want %v", stats.accountTrieLeaves, expectedAccountTrieLeaves)
 			}
 
 			// Check storage trie depth
-			if stats.storageTrie.totalDepth != tt.expectedStorageDepth {
-				t.Errorf("Storage trie total depth = %d, want %d", stats.storageTrie.totalDepth, tt.expectedStorageDepth)
+			if stats.storageTrieLeaves != expectedStorageTrieLeaves {
+				t.Errorf("Storage trie total depth = %v, want %v", stats.storageTrieLeaves, expectedStorageTrieLeaves)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 
-func TestWitnessStatsMinMax(t *testing.T) {
-	stats := NewWitnessStats()
-
-	// Add some account trie nodes with varying depths
-	stats.Add(map[string][]byte{
-		"a":     []byte("data1"),
-		"ab":    []byte("data2"),
-		"abc":   []byte("data3"),
-		"abcd":  []byte("data4"),
-		"abcde": []byte("data5"),
-	}, common.Hash{})
-
-	// Only "abcde" is a leaf (depth 5)
-	if stats.accountTrie.minDepth != 5 {
-		t.Errorf("Account trie min depth = %d, want %d", stats.accountTrie.minDepth, 5)
-	}
-	if stats.accountTrie.maxDepth != 5 {
-		t.Errorf("Account trie max depth = %d, want %d", stats.accountTrie.maxDepth, 5)
-	}
-
-	// Add more leaves with different depths
-	stats.Add(map[string][]byte{
-		"x":  []byte("data6"),
-		"yz": []byte("data7"),
-	}, common.Hash{})
-
-	// Now we have leaves at depths 1, 2, and 5
-	if stats.accountTrie.minDepth != 1 {
-		t.Errorf("Account trie min depth after update = %d, want %d", stats.accountTrie.minDepth, 1)
-	}
-	if stats.accountTrie.maxDepth != 5 {
-		t.Errorf("Account trie max depth after update = %d, want %d", stats.accountTrie.maxDepth, 5)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestWitnessStatsAverage(t *testing.T) {
-	stats := NewWitnessStats()
-
-	// Add nodes that will create leaves at depths 2, 3, and 4
-	stats.Add(map[string][]byte{
-		"aa":   []byte("data1"),
-		"bb":   []byte("data2"),
-		"ccc":  []byte("data3"),
-		"dddd": []byte("data4"),
-	}, common.Hash{})
-
-	// All are leaves: 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 11 total, 4 samples
-	expectedAvg := int64(11) / int64(4)
-	actualAvg := stats.accountTrie.totalDepth / stats.accountTrie.samples
-
-	if actualAvg != expectedAvg {
-		t.Errorf("Account trie average depth = %d, want %d", actualAvg, expectedAvg)
-	}
-}
-
 func BenchmarkWitnessStatsAdd(b *testing.B) {
 	// Create a realistic trie node structure
 	nodes := make(map[string][]byte)

From 6f08b3a7254e97c7f3b64d3a26c1fba3bd116982 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sina M <1591639+s1na@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Sep 2025 12:44:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 082/470] core/tracing: fix selfdestruct 6780 balance change
 emit (#32526)

Noticed in #32376
---
 core/state/statedb_hooked.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/state/statedb_hooked.go b/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
index 3d1ef15031..556a3e6c49 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ func (s *hookedStateDB) SelfDestruct6780(address common.Address) (uint256.Int, b
 
 	prev, changed := s.inner.SelfDestruct6780(address)
 
-	if s.hooks.OnBalanceChange != nil && changed && !prev.IsZero() {
+	if s.hooks.OnBalanceChange != nil && !prev.IsZero() {
 		s.hooks.OnBalanceChange(address, prev.ToBig(), new(big.Int), tracing.BalanceDecreaseSelfdestruct)
 	}
 

From 328add2a5aa54f9700b8a27d2d86f3d3bdddb57b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sina M <1591639+s1na@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Sep 2025 12:44:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 083/470] core/tracing: add code change reason (#32525)

Closes #32376
---
 cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go         |  2 +-
 cmd/evm/runner.go                             |  2 +-
 core/genesis.go                               |  4 +--
 core/state/statedb.go                         |  2 +-
 core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go               |  2 +-
 core/state/statedb_hooked.go                  | 30 ++++++++++++-----
 core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go             |  2 +-
 core/state/statedb_test.go                    | 18 +++++------
 core/state/trie_prefetcher_test.go            |  4 +--
 core/state_transition.go                      |  4 +--
 .../gen_code_change_reason_stringer.go        | 29 +++++++++++++++++
 core/tracing/hooks.go                         | 32 +++++++++++++++++++
 core/tracing/journal.go                       | 25 +++++++++++++--
 core/tracing/journal_test.go                  | 30 ++++++++++++++++-
 core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool_test.go     | 10 +++---
 core/verkle_witness_test.go                   |  2 +-
 core/vm/evm.go                                |  2 +-
 core/vm/gas_table_test.go                     |  5 +--
 core/vm/interface.go                          |  2 +-
 core/vm/interpreter_test.go                   |  3 +-
 core/vm/runtime/runtime.go                    |  3 +-
 core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go               | 28 ++++++++--------
 internal/ethapi/override/override.go          |  2 +-
 tests/state_test_util.go                      |  2 +-
 24 files changed, 186 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 core/tracing/gen_code_change_reason_stringer.go

diff --git a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
index da1fb3701f..7ea6e578cc 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc) *state.StateDB
 	sdb := state.NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
 	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb)
 	for addr, a := range accounts {
-		statedb.SetCode(addr, a.Code)
+		statedb.SetCode(addr, a.Code, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 		statedb.SetNonce(addr, a.Nonce, tracing.NonceChangeGenesis)
 		statedb.SetBalance(addr, uint256.MustFromBig(a.Balance), tracing.BalanceIncreaseGenesisBalance)
 		for k, v := range a.Storage {
diff --git a/cmd/evm/runner.go b/cmd/evm/runner.go
index b2cf28353b..ebb3e04461 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/runner.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/runner.go
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ func runCmd(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		}
 	} else {
 		if len(code) > 0 {
-			prestate.SetCode(receiver, code)
+			prestate.SetCode(receiver, code, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 		}
 		execFunc = func() ([]byte, uint64, error) {
 			// don't mutate the state!
diff --git a/core/genesis.go b/core/genesis.go
index f1a620da57..2673334e9e 100644
--- a/core/genesis.go
+++ b/core/genesis.go
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ func hashAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, isVerkle bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 		if account.Balance != nil {
 			statedb.AddBalance(addr, uint256.MustFromBig(account.Balance), tracing.BalanceIncreaseGenesisBalance)
 		}
-		statedb.SetCode(addr, account.Code)
+		statedb.SetCode(addr, account.Code, tracing.CodeChangeGenesis)
 		statedb.SetNonce(addr, account.Nonce, tracing.NonceChangeGenesis)
 		for key, value := range account.Storage {
 			statedb.SetState(addr, key, value)
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ func flushAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, triedb *triedb.Database) (common.Hash, e
 			// already captures the allocations.
 			statedb.AddBalance(addr, uint256.MustFromBig(account.Balance), tracing.BalanceIncreaseGenesisBalance)
 		}
-		statedb.SetCode(addr, account.Code)
+		statedb.SetCode(addr, account.Code, tracing.CodeChangeGenesis)
 		statedb.SetNonce(addr, account.Nonce, tracing.NonceChangeGenesis)
 		for key, value := range account.Storage {
 			statedb.SetState(addr, key, value)
diff --git a/core/state/statedb.go b/core/state/statedb.go
index 6474d3a2fa..cdfd638221 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) SetNonce(addr common.Address, nonce uint64, reason tracing.Non
 	}
 }
 
-func (s *StateDB) SetCode(addr common.Address, code []byte) (prev []byte) {
+func (s *StateDB) SetCode(addr common.Address, code []byte, reason tracing.CodeChangeReason) (prev []byte) {
 	stateObject := s.getOrNewStateObject(addr)
 	if stateObject != nil {
 		return stateObject.SetCode(crypto.Keccak256Hash(code), code)
diff --git a/core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go b/core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go
index 7dada63d45..f4761bd10c 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ func newStateTestAction(addr common.Address, r *rand.Rand, index int) testAction
 				code := make([]byte, 16)
 				binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(code, uint64(a.args[0]))
 				binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(code[8:], uint64(a.args[1]))
-				s.SetCode(addr, code)
+				s.SetCode(addr, code, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 			},
 			args: make([]int64, 2),
 		},
diff --git a/core/state/statedb_hooked.go b/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
index 556a3e6c49..d2595bcefe 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
@@ -189,14 +189,20 @@ func (s *hookedStateDB) SetNonce(address common.Address, nonce uint64, reason tr
 	}
 }
 
-func (s *hookedStateDB) SetCode(address common.Address, code []byte) []byte {
-	prev := s.inner.SetCode(address, code)
-	if s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil {
+func (s *hookedStateDB) SetCode(address common.Address, code []byte, reason tracing.CodeChangeReason) []byte {
+	prev := s.inner.SetCode(address, code, reason)
+	if s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil || s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil {
 		prevHash := types.EmptyCodeHash
 		if len(prev) != 0 {
 			prevHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(prev)
 		}
-		s.hooks.OnCodeChange(address, prevHash, prev, crypto.Keccak256Hash(code), code)
+		codeHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(code)
+
+		if s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil {
+			s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2(address, prevHash, prev, codeHash, code, reason)
+		} else if s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil {
+			s.hooks.OnCodeChange(address, prevHash, prev, codeHash, code)
+		}
 	}
 	return prev
 }
@@ -224,8 +230,12 @@ func (s *hookedStateDB) SelfDestruct(address common.Address) uint256.Int {
 		s.hooks.OnBalanceChange(address, prev.ToBig(), new(big.Int), tracing.BalanceDecreaseSelfdestruct)
 	}
 
-	if s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil && len(prevCode) > 0 {
-		s.hooks.OnCodeChange(address, prevCodeHash, prevCode, types.EmptyCodeHash, nil)
+	if len(prevCode) > 0 {
+		if s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil {
+			s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2(address, prevCodeHash, prevCode, types.EmptyCodeHash, nil, tracing.CodeChangeSelfDestruct)
+		} else if s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil {
+			s.hooks.OnCodeChange(address, prevCodeHash, prevCode, types.EmptyCodeHash, nil)
+		}
 	}
 
 	return prev
@@ -246,8 +256,12 @@ func (s *hookedStateDB) SelfDestruct6780(address common.Address) (uint256.Int, b
 		s.hooks.OnBalanceChange(address, prev.ToBig(), new(big.Int), tracing.BalanceDecreaseSelfdestruct)
 	}
 
-	if s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil && changed && len(prevCode) > 0 {
-		s.hooks.OnCodeChange(address, prevCodeHash, prevCode, types.EmptyCodeHash, nil)
+	if changed && len(prevCode) > 0 {
+		if s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil {
+			s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2(address, prevCodeHash, prevCode, types.EmptyCodeHash, nil, tracing.CodeChangeSelfDestruct)
+		} else if s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil {
+			s.hooks.OnCodeChange(address, prevCodeHash, prevCode, types.EmptyCodeHash, nil)
+		}
 	}
 
 	return prev, changed
diff --git a/core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go b/core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go
index f319b0e63c..bacb7baee1 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ func TestHooks(t *testing.T) {
 	sdb.AddBalance(common.Address{0xaa}, uint256.NewInt(100), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 	sdb.SubBalance(common.Address{0xaa}, uint256.NewInt(50), tracing.BalanceChangeTransfer)
 	sdb.SetNonce(common.Address{0xaa}, 1337, tracing.NonceChangeGenesis)
-	sdb.SetCode(common.Address{0xaa}, []byte{0x13, 37})
+	sdb.SetCode(common.Address{0xaa}, []byte{0x13, 37}, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 	sdb.SetState(common.Address{0xaa}, common.HexToHash("0x01"), common.HexToHash("0x11"))
 	sdb.SetState(common.Address{0xaa}, common.HexToHash("0x01"), common.HexToHash("0x22"))
 	sdb.SetTransientState(common.Address{0xaa}, common.HexToHash("0x02"), common.HexToHash("0x01"))
diff --git a/core/state/statedb_test.go b/core/state/statedb_test.go
index 67e27cc832..147546a3c7 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_test.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_test.go
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ func TestUpdateLeaks(t *testing.T) {
 			state.SetState(addr, common.BytesToHash([]byte{i, i, i}), common.BytesToHash([]byte{i, i, i, i}))
 		}
 		if i%3 == 0 {
-			state.SetCode(addr, []byte{i, i, i, i, i})
+			state.SetCode(addr, []byte{i, i, i, i, i}, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ func TestIntermediateLeaks(t *testing.T) {
 			state.SetState(addr, common.Hash{i, i, i, tweak}, common.Hash{i, i, i, i, tweak})
 		}
 		if i%3 == 0 {
-			state.SetCode(addr, []byte{i, i, i, i, i, tweak})
+			state.SetCode(addr, []byte{i, i, i, i, i, tweak}, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ func newTestAction(addr common.Address, r *rand.Rand) testAction {
 				code := make([]byte, 16)
 				binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(code, uint64(a.args[0]))
 				binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(code[8:], uint64(a.args[1]))
-				s.SetCode(addr, code)
+				s.SetCode(addr, code, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 			},
 			args: make([]int64, 2),
 		},
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ func newTestAction(addr common.Address, r *rand.Rand) testAction {
 					// which would cause a difference in state when unrolling
 					// the journal. (CreateContact assumes created was false prior to
 					// invocation, and the journal rollback sets it to false).
-					s.SetCode(addr, []byte{1})
+					s.SetCode(addr, []byte{1}, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 				}
 			},
 		},
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ func TestCopyCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	sval := common.HexToHash("bbb")
 
 	state.SetBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(42), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified) // Change the account trie
-	state.SetCode(addr, []byte("hello"))                                         // Change an external metadata
+	state.SetCode(addr, []byte("hello"), tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)          // Change an external metadata
 	state.SetState(addr, skey, sval)                                             // Change the storage trie
 
 	if balance := state.GetBalance(addr); balance.Cmp(uint256.NewInt(42)) != 0 {
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@ func TestCopyCopyCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	sval := common.HexToHash("bbb")
 
 	state.SetBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(42), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified) // Change the account trie
-	state.SetCode(addr, []byte("hello"))                                         // Change an external metadata
+	state.SetCode(addr, []byte("hello"), tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)          // Change an external metadata
 	state.SetState(addr, skey, sval)                                             // Change the storage trie
 
 	if balance := state.GetBalance(addr); balance.Cmp(uint256.NewInt(42)) != 0 {
@@ -874,7 +874,7 @@ func TestCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	sval1, sval2 := common.HexToHash("b1"), common.HexToHash("b2")
 
 	state.SetBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(42), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified) // Change the account trie
-	state.SetCode(addr, []byte("hello"))                                         // Change an external metadata
+	state.SetCode(addr, []byte("hello"), tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)          // Change an external metadata
 	state.SetState(addr, skey1, sval1)                                           // Change the storage trie
 
 	if balance := state.GetBalance(addr); balance.Cmp(uint256.NewInt(42)) != 0 {
@@ -987,10 +987,10 @@ func testMissingTrieNodes(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	addr := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("so"))
 	{
 		state.SetBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(1), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
-		state.SetCode(addr, []byte{1, 2, 3})
+		state.SetCode(addr, []byte{1, 2, 3}, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 		a2 := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("another"))
 		state.SetBalance(a2, uint256.NewInt(100), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
-		state.SetCode(a2, []byte{1, 2, 4})
+		state.SetCode(a2, []byte{1, 2, 4}, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 		root, _ = state.Commit(0, false, false)
 		t.Logf("root: %x", root)
 		// force-flush
diff --git a/core/state/trie_prefetcher_test.go b/core/state/trie_prefetcher_test.go
index 4d1b627c4d..41349c0c0e 100644
--- a/core/state/trie_prefetcher_test.go
+++ b/core/state/trie_prefetcher_test.go
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func filledStateDB() *StateDB {
 	sval := common.HexToHash("bbb")
 
 	state.SetBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(42), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified) // Change the account trie
-	state.SetCode(addr, []byte("hello"))                                         // Change an external metadata
+	state.SetCode(addr, []byte("hello"), tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)          // Change an external metadata
 	state.SetState(addr, skey, sval)                                             // Change the storage trie
 	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
 		sk := common.BigToHash(big.NewInt(int64(i)))
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func TestVerklePrefetcher(t *testing.T) {
 	sval := testrand.Hash()
 
 	state.SetBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(42), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified) // Change the account trie
-	state.SetCode(addr, []byte("hello"))                                         // Change an external metadata
+	state.SetCode(addr, []byte("hello"), tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)          // Change an external metadata
 	state.SetState(addr, skey, sval)                                             // Change the storage trie
 	root, _ := state.Commit(0, true, false)
 
diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index 681c300696..2cafe4865f 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -617,12 +617,12 @@ func (st *stateTransition) applyAuthorization(auth *types.SetCodeAuthorization)
 	st.state.SetNonce(authority, auth.Nonce+1, tracing.NonceChangeAuthorization)
 	if auth.Address == (common.Address{}) {
 		// Delegation to zero address means clear.
-		st.state.SetCode(authority, nil)
+		st.state.SetCode(authority, nil, tracing.CodeChangeAuthorizationClear)
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	// Otherwise install delegation to auth.Address.
-	st.state.SetCode(authority, types.AddressToDelegation(auth.Address))
+	st.state.SetCode(authority, types.AddressToDelegation(auth.Address), tracing.CodeChangeAuthorization)
 
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/core/tracing/gen_code_change_reason_stringer.go b/core/tracing/gen_code_change_reason_stringer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9372954063
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/tracing/gen_code_change_reason_stringer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Code generated by "stringer -type=CodeChangeReason -trimprefix=CodeChange -output gen_code_change_reason_stringer.go"; DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package tracing
+
+import "strconv"
+
+func _() {
+	// An "invalid array index" compiler error signifies that the constant values have changed.
+	// Re-run the stringer command to generate them again.
+	var x [1]struct{}
+	_ = x[CodeChangeUnspecified-0]
+	_ = x[CodeChangeContractCreation-1]
+	_ = x[CodeChangeGenesis-2]
+	_ = x[CodeChangeAuthorization-3]
+	_ = x[CodeChangeAuthorizationClear-4]
+	_ = x[CodeChangeSelfDestruct-5]
+	_ = x[CodeChangeRevert-6]
+}
+
+const _CodeChangeReason_name = "UnspecifiedContractCreationGenesisAuthorizationAuthorizationClearSelfDestructRevert"
+
+var _CodeChangeReason_index = [...]uint8{0, 11, 27, 34, 47, 65, 77, 83}
+
+func (i CodeChangeReason) String() string {
+	if i >= CodeChangeReason(len(_CodeChangeReason_index)-1) {
+		return "CodeChangeReason(" + strconv.FormatInt(int64(i), 10) + ")"
+	}
+	return _CodeChangeReason_name[_CodeChangeReason_index[i]:_CodeChangeReason_index[i+1]]
+}
diff --git a/core/tracing/hooks.go b/core/tracing/hooks.go
index 0485f7a3eb..8e50dc3d8f 100644
--- a/core/tracing/hooks.go
+++ b/core/tracing/hooks.go
@@ -177,6 +177,9 @@ type (
 	// CodeChangeHook is called when the code of an account changes.
 	CodeChangeHook = func(addr common.Address, prevCodeHash common.Hash, prevCode []byte, codeHash common.Hash, code []byte)
 
+	// CodeChangeHookV2 is called when the code of an account changes.
+	CodeChangeHookV2 = func(addr common.Address, prevCodeHash common.Hash, prevCode []byte, codeHash common.Hash, code []byte, reason CodeChangeReason)
+
 	// StorageChangeHook is called when the storage of an account changes.
 	StorageChangeHook = func(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash, prev, new common.Hash)
 
@@ -211,6 +214,7 @@ type Hooks struct {
 	OnNonceChange   NonceChangeHook
 	OnNonceChangeV2 NonceChangeHookV2
 	OnCodeChange    CodeChangeHook
+	OnCodeChangeV2  CodeChangeHookV2
 	OnStorageChange StorageChangeHook
 	OnLog           LogHook
 	// Block hash read
@@ -372,3 +376,31 @@ const (
 	// It is only emitted when the tracer has opted in to use the journaling wrapper (WrapWithJournal).
 	NonceChangeRevert NonceChangeReason = 6
 )
+
+// CodeChangeReason is used to indicate the reason for a code change.
+type CodeChangeReason byte
+
+//go:generate go run golang.org/x/tools/cmd/stringer -type=CodeChangeReason -trimprefix=CodeChange -output gen_code_change_reason_stringer.go
+
+const (
+	CodeChangeUnspecified CodeChangeReason = 0
+
+	// CodeChangeContractCreation is when a new contract is deployed via CREATE/CREATE2 operations.
+	CodeChangeContractCreation CodeChangeReason = 1
+
+	// CodeChangeGenesis is when contract code is set during blockchain genesis or initial setup.
+	CodeChangeGenesis CodeChangeReason = 2
+
+	// CodeChangeAuthorization is when code is set via EIP-7702 Set Code Authorization.
+	CodeChangeAuthorization CodeChangeReason = 3
+
+	// CodeChangeAuthorizationClear is when EIP-7702 delegation is cleared by setting to zero address.
+	CodeChangeAuthorizationClear CodeChangeReason = 4
+
+	// CodeChangeSelfDestruct is when contract code is cleared due to self-destruct.
+	CodeChangeSelfDestruct CodeChangeReason = 5
+
+	// CodeChangeRevert is emitted when the code is reverted back to a previous value due to call failure.
+	// It is only emitted when the tracer has opted in to use the journaling wrapper (WrapWithJournal).
+	CodeChangeRevert CodeChangeReason = 6
+)
diff --git a/core/tracing/journal.go b/core/tracing/journal.go
index a402f1ac09..62a70d6c27 100644
--- a/core/tracing/journal.go
+++ b/core/tracing/journal.go
@@ -42,12 +42,15 @@ func WrapWithJournal(hooks *Hooks) (*Hooks, error) {
 		return nil, errors.New("wrapping nil tracer")
 	}
 	// No state change to journal, return the wrapped hooks as is
-	if hooks.OnBalanceChange == nil && hooks.OnNonceChange == nil && hooks.OnNonceChangeV2 == nil && hooks.OnCodeChange == nil && hooks.OnStorageChange == nil {
+	if hooks.OnBalanceChange == nil && hooks.OnNonceChange == nil && hooks.OnNonceChangeV2 == nil && hooks.OnCodeChange == nil && hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 == nil && hooks.OnStorageChange == nil {
 		return hooks, nil
 	}
 	if hooks.OnNonceChange != nil && hooks.OnNonceChangeV2 != nil {
 		return nil, errors.New("cannot have both OnNonceChange and OnNonceChangeV2")
 	}
+	if hooks.OnCodeChange != nil && hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("cannot have both OnCodeChange and OnCodeChangeV2")
+	}
 
 	// Create a new Hooks instance and copy all hooks
 	wrapped := *hooks
@@ -72,6 +75,9 @@ func WrapWithJournal(hooks *Hooks) (*Hooks, error) {
 	if hooks.OnCodeChange != nil {
 		wrapped.OnCodeChange = j.OnCodeChange
 	}
+	if hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil {
+		wrapped.OnCodeChangeV2 = j.OnCodeChangeV2
+	}
 	if hooks.OnStorageChange != nil {
 		wrapped.OnStorageChange = j.OnStorageChange
 	}
@@ -174,6 +180,19 @@ func (j *journal) OnCodeChange(addr common.Address, prevCodeHash common.Hash, pr
 	}
 }
 
+func (j *journal) OnCodeChangeV2(addr common.Address, prevCodeHash common.Hash, prevCode []byte, codeHash common.Hash, code []byte, reason CodeChangeReason) {
+	j.entries = append(j.entries, codeChange{
+		addr:         addr,
+		prevCodeHash: prevCodeHash,
+		prevCode:     prevCode,
+		newCodeHash:  codeHash,
+		newCode:      code,
+	})
+	if j.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil {
+		j.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2(addr, prevCodeHash, prevCode, codeHash, code, reason)
+	}
+}
+
 func (j *journal) OnStorageChange(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash, prev, new common.Hash) {
 	j.entries = append(j.entries, storageChange{addr: addr, slot: slot, prev: prev, new: new})
 	if j.hooks.OnStorageChange != nil {
@@ -225,7 +244,9 @@ func (n nonceChange) revert(hooks *Hooks) {
 }
 
 func (c codeChange) revert(hooks *Hooks) {
-	if hooks.OnCodeChange != nil {
+	if hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil {
+		hooks.OnCodeChangeV2(c.addr, c.newCodeHash, c.newCode, c.prevCodeHash, c.prevCode, CodeChangeRevert)
+	} else if hooks.OnCodeChange != nil {
 		hooks.OnCodeChange(c.addr, c.newCodeHash, c.newCode, c.prevCodeHash, c.prevCode)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/core/tracing/journal_test.go b/core/tracing/journal_test.go
index 99447e1e1d..cf74d83483 100644
--- a/core/tracing/journal_test.go
+++ b/core/tracing/journal_test.go
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 )
 
 type testTracer struct {
@@ -56,6 +57,11 @@ func (t *testTracer) OnCodeChange(addr common.Address, prevCodeHash common.Hash,
 	t.code = code
 }
 
+func (t *testTracer) OnCodeChangeV2(addr common.Address, prevCodeHash common.Hash, prevCode []byte, codeHash common.Hash, code []byte, reason CodeChangeReason) {
+	t.t.Logf("OnCodeChangeV2(%v, %v -> %v, %v)", addr, prevCodeHash, codeHash, reason)
+	t.code = code
+}
+
 func (t *testTracer) OnStorageChange(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash, prev common.Hash, new common.Hash) {
 	t.t.Logf("OnStorageCodeChange(%v, %v, %v -> %v)", addr, slot, prev, new)
 	if t.storage == nil {
@@ -232,6 +238,27 @@ func TestOnNonceChangeV2(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestOnCodeChangeV2(t *testing.T) {
+	tr := &testTracer{t: t}
+	wr, err := WrapWithJournal(&Hooks{OnCodeChangeV2: tr.OnCodeChangeV2})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to wrap test tracer: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	addr := common.HexToAddress("0x1234")
+	code := []byte{1, 2, 3}
+	{
+		wr.OnEnter(2, 0, addr, addr, nil, 1000, big.NewInt(0))
+		wr.OnCodeChangeV2(addr, common.Hash{}, nil, crypto.Keccak256Hash(code), code, CodeChangeContractCreation)
+		wr.OnExit(2, nil, 100, nil, true)
+	}
+
+	// After revert, code should be nil
+	if tr.code != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected code after revert: %v", tr.code)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAllHooksCalled(t *testing.T) {
 	tracer := newTracerAllHooks()
 	hooks := tracer.hooks()
@@ -298,6 +325,7 @@ func newTracerAllHooks() *tracerAllHooks {
 		t.hooksCalled[hooksType.Field(i).Name] = false
 	}
 	delete(t.hooksCalled, "OnNonceChange")
+	delete(t.hooksCalled, "OnCodeChange")
 	return t
 }
 
@@ -322,7 +350,7 @@ func (t *tracerAllHooks) hooks() *Hooks {
 	hooksValue := reflect.ValueOf(h).Elem()
 	for i := 0; i < hooksValue.NumField(); i++ {
 		field := hooksValue.Type().Field(i)
-		if field.Name == "OnNonceChange" {
+		if field.Name == "OnNonceChange" || field.Name == "OnCodeChange" {
 			continue
 		}
 		hookMethod := reflect.MakeFunc(field.Type, func(args []reflect.Value) []reflect.Value {
diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool_test.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool_test.go
index 1ba080b749..0c8642659d 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool_test.go
@@ -2292,8 +2292,8 @@ func TestSetCodeTransactions(t *testing.T) {
 			pending: 1,
 			run: func(name string) {
 				aa := common.Address{0xaa, 0xaa}
-				statedb.SetCode(addrA, append(types.DelegationPrefix, aa.Bytes()...))
-				statedb.SetCode(aa, []byte{byte(vm.ADDRESS), byte(vm.PUSH0), byte(vm.SSTORE)})
+				statedb.SetCode(addrA, append(types.DelegationPrefix, aa.Bytes()...), tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
+				statedb.SetCode(aa, []byte{byte(vm.ADDRESS), byte(vm.PUSH0), byte(vm.SSTORE)}, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 
 				// Send gapped transaction, it should be rejected.
 				if err := pool.addRemoteSync(pricedTransaction(2, 100000, big.NewInt(1), keyA)); !errors.Is(err, ErrOutOfOrderTxFromDelegated) {
@@ -2317,7 +2317,7 @@ func TestSetCodeTransactions(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 
 				// Reset the delegation, avoid leaking state into the other tests
-				statedb.SetCode(addrA, nil)
+				statedb.SetCode(addrA, nil, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 			},
 		},
 		{
@@ -2583,7 +2583,7 @@ func TestSetCodeTransactionsReorg(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	// Simulate the chain moving
 	blockchain.statedb.SetNonce(addrA, 1, tracing.NonceChangeAuthorization)
-	blockchain.statedb.SetCode(addrA, types.AddressToDelegation(auth.Address))
+	blockchain.statedb.SetCode(addrA, types.AddressToDelegation(auth.Address), tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 	<-pool.requestReset(nil, nil)
 	// Set an authorization for 0x00
 	auth, _ = types.SignSetCode(keyA, types.SetCodeAuthorization{
@@ -2601,7 +2601,7 @@ func TestSetCodeTransactionsReorg(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	// Simulate the chain moving
 	blockchain.statedb.SetNonce(addrA, 2, tracing.NonceChangeAuthorization)
-	blockchain.statedb.SetCode(addrA, nil)
+	blockchain.statedb.SetCode(addrA, nil, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 	<-pool.requestReset(nil, nil)
 	// Now send two transactions from addrA
 	if err := pool.addRemoteSync(pricedTransaction(2, 100000, big.NewInt(1000), keyA)); err != nil {
diff --git a/core/verkle_witness_test.go b/core/verkle_witness_test.go
index ed85d1555f..ca0c928c3c 100644
--- a/core/verkle_witness_test.go
+++ b/core/verkle_witness_test.go
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ func TestProcessParentBlockHash(t *testing.T) {
 	// etc
 	checkBlockHashes := func(statedb *state.StateDB, isVerkle bool) {
 		statedb.SetNonce(params.HistoryStorageAddress, 1, tracing.NonceChangeUnspecified)
-		statedb.SetCode(params.HistoryStorageAddress, params.HistoryStorageCode)
+		statedb.SetCode(params.HistoryStorageAddress, params.HistoryStorageCode, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 		// Process n blocks, from 1 .. num
 		var num = 2
 		for i := 1; i <= num; i++ {
diff --git a/core/vm/evm.go b/core/vm/evm.go
index e360187f7b..88ef1cf121 100644
--- a/core/vm/evm.go
+++ b/core/vm/evm.go
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ func (evm *EVM) initNewContract(contract *Contract, address common.Address) ([]b
 		}
 	}
 
-	evm.StateDB.SetCode(address, ret)
+	evm.StateDB.SetCode(address, ret, tracing.CodeChangeContractCreation)
 	return ret, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/core/vm/gas_table_test.go b/core/vm/gas_table_test.go
index cb6143c0b5..7fe76b0a63 100644
--- a/core/vm/gas_table_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/gas_table_test.go
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ func TestEIP2200(t *testing.T) {
 
 		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		statedb.CreateAccount(address)
-		statedb.SetCode(address, hexutil.MustDecode(tt.input))
+		statedb.SetCode(address, hexutil.MustDecode(tt.input), tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 		statedb.SetState(address, common.Hash{}, common.BytesToHash([]byte{tt.original}))
 		statedb.Finalise(true) // Push the state into the "original" slot
 
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ func TestCreateGas(t *testing.T) {
 			address := common.BytesToAddress([]byte("contract"))
 			statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 			statedb.CreateAccount(address)
-			statedb.SetCode(address, hexutil.MustDecode(tt.code))
+			statedb.SetCode(address, hexutil.MustDecode(tt.code), tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 			statedb.Finalise(true)
 			vmctx := BlockContext{
 				CanTransfer: func(StateDB, common.Address, *uint256.Int) bool { return true },
diff --git a/core/vm/interface.go b/core/vm/interface.go
index 42a72db482..d7f4c10e1f 100644
--- a/core/vm/interface.go
+++ b/core/vm/interface.go
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ type StateDB interface {
 	GetCode(common.Address) []byte
 
 	// SetCode sets the new code for the address, and returns the previous code, if any.
-	SetCode(common.Address, []byte) []byte
+	SetCode(common.Address, []byte, tracing.CodeChangeReason) []byte
 	GetCodeSize(common.Address) int
 
 	AddRefund(uint64)
diff --git a/core/vm/interpreter_test.go b/core/vm/interpreter_test.go
index 8ed512316b..90eeda34e6 100644
--- a/core/vm/interpreter_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/interpreter_test.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ func TestLoopInterrupt(t *testing.T) {
 	for i, tt := range loopInterruptTests {
 		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		statedb.CreateAccount(address)
-		statedb.SetCode(address, common.Hex2Bytes(tt))
+		statedb.SetCode(address, common.Hex2Bytes(tt), tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 		statedb.Finalise(true)
 
 		evm := NewEVM(vmctx, statedb, params.AllEthashProtocolChanges, Config{})
diff --git a/core/vm/runtime/runtime.go b/core/vm/runtime/runtime.go
index 9d984291f2..b40e99d047 100644
--- a/core/vm/runtime/runtime.go
+++ b/core/vm/runtime/runtime.go
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ func Execute(code, input []byte, cfg *Config) ([]byte, *state.StateDB, error) {
 	cfg.State.Prepare(rules, cfg.Origin, cfg.Coinbase, &address, vm.ActivePrecompiles(rules), nil)
 	cfg.State.CreateAccount(address)
 	// set the receiver's (the executing contract) code for execution.
-	cfg.State.SetCode(address, code)
+	cfg.State.SetCode(address, code, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 	// Call the code with the given configuration.
 	ret, leftOverGas, err := vmenv.Call(
 		cfg.Origin,
diff --git a/core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go b/core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go
index d75a5b0459..cabc57d1fb 100644
--- a/core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ func TestCall(t *testing.T) {
 		byte(vm.PUSH1), 32,
 		byte(vm.PUSH1), 0,
 		byte(vm.RETURN),
-	})
+	}, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 
 	ret, _, err := Call(address, nil, &Config{State: state})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ func benchmarkEVM_Create(bench *testing.B, code string) {
 	)
 
 	statedb.CreateAccount(sender)
-	statedb.SetCode(receiver, common.FromHex(code))
+	statedb.SetCode(receiver, common.FromHex(code), tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 	runtimeConfig := Config{
 		Origin:      sender,
 		State:       statedb,
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ func BenchmarkEVM_SWAP1(b *testing.B) {
 
 	b.Run("10k", func(b *testing.B) {
 		contractCode := swapContract(10_000)
-		state.SetCode(contractAddr, contractCode)
+		state.SetCode(contractAddr, contractCode, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 
 		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 			_, _, err := Call(contractAddr, []byte{}, &Config{State: state})
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ func BenchmarkEVM_RETURN(b *testing.B) {
 			b.ReportAllocs()
 
 			contractCode := returnContract(n)
-			state.SetCode(contractAddr, contractCode)
+			state.SetCode(contractAddr, contractCode, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 
 			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 				ret, _, err := Call(contractAddr, []byte{}, &Config{State: state})
@@ -422,12 +422,12 @@ func benchmarkNonModifyingCode(gas uint64, code []byte, name string, tracerCode
 			byte(vm.PUSH1), 0x00,
 			byte(vm.PUSH1), 0x00,
 			byte(vm.REVERT),
-		})
+		}, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 	}
 
 	//cfg.State.CreateAccount(cfg.Origin)
 	// set the receiver's (the executing contract) code for execution.
-	cfg.State.SetCode(destination, code)
+	cfg.State.SetCode(destination, code, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 	Call(destination, nil, cfg)
 
 	b.Run(name, func(b *testing.B) {
@@ -772,12 +772,12 @@ func TestRuntimeJSTracer(t *testing.T) {
 	for i, jsTracer := range jsTracers {
 		for j, tc := range tests {
 			statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
-			statedb.SetCode(main, tc.code)
-			statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xbb"), calleeCode)
-			statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xcc"), calleeCode)
-			statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xdd"), calleeCode)
-			statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xee"), calleeCode)
-			statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xff"), suicideCode)
+			statedb.SetCode(main, tc.code, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
+			statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xbb"), calleeCode, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
+			statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xcc"), calleeCode, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
+			statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xdd"), calleeCode, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
+			statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xee"), calleeCode, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
+			statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xff"), suicideCode, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 
 			tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New(jsTracer, new(tracers.Context), nil, params.MergedTestChainConfig)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -862,8 +862,8 @@ func BenchmarkTracerStepVsCallFrame(b *testing.B) {
 // delegation designator incurs the correct amount of gas based on the tracer.
 func TestDelegatedAccountAccessCost(t *testing.T) {
 	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
-	statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xff"), types.AddressToDelegation(common.HexToAddress("0xaa")))
-	statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xaa"), program.New().Return(0, 0).Bytes())
+	statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xff"), types.AddressToDelegation(common.HexToAddress("0xaa")), tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
+	statedb.SetCode(common.HexToAddress("0xaa"), program.New().Return(0, 0).Bytes(), tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 
 	for i, tc := range []struct {
 		code []byte
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/override/override.go b/internal/ethapi/override/override.go
index 0bcf3c444d..9d57a78651 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/override/override.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/override/override.go
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ func (diff *StateOverride) Apply(statedb *state.StateDB, precompiles vm.Precompi
 		}
 		// Override account(contract) code.
 		if account.Code != nil {
-			statedb.SetCode(addr, *account.Code)
+			statedb.SetCode(addr, *account.Code, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 		}
 		// Override account balance.
 		if account.Balance != nil {
diff --git a/tests/state_test_util.go b/tests/state_test_util.go
index a22e470ad8..ec7eec1f39 100644
--- a/tests/state_test_util.go
+++ b/tests/state_test_util.go
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc, snapshotter bo
 	sdb := state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil)
 	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb)
 	for addr, a := range accounts {
-		statedb.SetCode(addr, a.Code)
+		statedb.SetCode(addr, a.Code, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 		statedb.SetNonce(addr, a.Nonce, tracing.NonceChangeUnspecified)
 		statedb.SetBalance(addr, uint256.MustFromBig(a.Balance), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 		for k, v := range a.Storage {

From 0e82b6be631d1257fd9848f4039d4230aeaaba42 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: keeghcet <keeghcet@outlook.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Sep 2025 20:01:33 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 084/470] core/txpool: fix duplicate function comment (#32524)

---
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
index 51ab27eb01..c246928974 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
@@ -262,8 +262,8 @@ func makeUnsignedTx(nonce uint64, gasTipCap uint64, gasFeeCap uint64, blobFeeCap
 	return makeUnsignedTxWithTestBlob(nonce, gasTipCap, gasFeeCap, blobFeeCap, rnd.Intn(len(testBlobs)))
 }
 
-// makeUnsignedTx is a utility method to construct a random blob transaction
-// without signing it.
+// makeUnsignedTxWithTestBlob is a utility method to construct a random blob transaction
+// with a specific test blob without signing it.
 func makeUnsignedTxWithTestBlob(nonce uint64, gasTipCap uint64, gasFeeCap uint64, blobFeeCap uint64, blobIdx int) *types.BlobTx {
 	return &types.BlobTx{
 		ChainID:    uint256.MustFromBig(params.MainnetChainConfig.ChainID),

From 00516c71fbc4781f345806cdc684c6c223159029 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Sep 2025 15:44:00 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 085/470] core/txpool/blobpool, eth/catalyst: place null for
 missing blob (#32536)

This pull request fixes a regression, introduced in #32190

Specifically, in GetBlobsV1 engine API, if any blob is missing, the null
should be placed in
response, unfortunately a behavioral change was introduced in #32190,
returning an error
instead.

What's more, a more comprehensive test suite is added to cover both
`GetBlobsV1` and
`GetBlobsV2` endpoints.
---
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go      |  12 +-
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go | 127 +++++++----
 eth/catalyst/api.go                   |  57 +++++
 eth/catalyst/api_test.go              | 300 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 4 files changed, 431 insertions(+), 65 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
index 64ee3fcd9a..68ea557633 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
@@ -1298,6 +1298,13 @@ func (p *BlobPool) GetMetadata(hash common.Hash) *txpool.TxMetadata {
 }
 
 // GetBlobs returns a number of blobs and proofs for the given versioned hashes.
+// Blobpool must place responses in the order given in the request, using null
+// for any missing blobs.
+//
+// For instance, if the request is [A_versioned_hash, B_versioned_hash,
+// C_versioned_hash] and blobpool has data for blobs A and C, but doesn't have
+// data for B, the response MUST be [A, null, C].
+//
 // This is a utility method for the engine API, enabling consensus clients to
 // retrieve blobs from the pools directly instead of the network.
 func (p *BlobPool) GetBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash, version byte) ([]*kzg4844.Blob, []kzg4844.Commitment, [][]kzg4844.Proof, error) {
@@ -1317,12 +1324,13 @@ func (p *BlobPool) GetBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash, version byte) ([]*kzg4844.Blo
 		if _, ok := filled[vhash]; ok {
 			continue
 		}
-		// Retrieve the corresponding blob tx with the vhash
+		// Retrieve the corresponding blob tx with the vhash, skip blob resolution
+		// if it's not found locally and place the null instead.
 		p.lock.RLock()
 		txID, exists := p.lookup.storeidOfBlob(vhash)
 		p.lock.RUnlock()
 		if !exists {
-			return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("blob with vhash %x is not found", vhash)
+			continue
 		}
 		data, err := p.store.Get(txID)
 		if err != nil {
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
index c246928974..8171ae294a 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"math/big"
+	"math/rand"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/kzg4844"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/testrand"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/holiman/billy"
@@ -1814,10 +1816,10 @@ func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	cases := []struct {
-		start   int
-		limit   int
-		version byte
-		expErr  bool
+		start      int
+		limit      int
+		fillRandom bool
+		version    byte
 	}{
 		{
 			start: 0, limit: 6,
@@ -1827,6 +1829,14 @@ func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 			start: 0, limit: 6,
 			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
 		},
+		{
+			start: 0, limit: 6, fillRandom: true,
+			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion0,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 0, limit: 6, fillRandom: true,
+			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
+		},
 		{
 			start: 3, limit: 9,
 			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion0,
@@ -1835,6 +1845,14 @@ func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 			start: 3, limit: 9,
 			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
 		},
+		{
+			start: 3, limit: 9, fillRandom: true,
+			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion0,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 3, limit: 9, fillRandom: true,
+			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
+		},
 		{
 			start: 3, limit: 15,
 			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion0,
@@ -1843,6 +1861,14 @@ func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 			start: 3, limit: 15,
 			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
 		},
+		{
+			start: 3, limit: 15, fillRandom: true,
+			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion0,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 3, limit: 15, fillRandom: true,
+			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
+		},
 		{
 			start: 0, limit: 18,
 			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion0,
@@ -1852,58 +1878,79 @@ func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
 		},
 		{
-			start: 18, limit: 20,
+			start: 0, limit: 18, fillRandom: true,
 			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion0,
-			expErr:  true,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 0, limit: 18, fillRandom: true,
+			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
 		},
 	}
 	for i, c := range cases {
-		var vhashes []common.Hash
+		var (
+			vhashes []common.Hash
+			filled  = make(map[int]struct{})
+		)
+		if c.fillRandom {
+			filled[len(vhashes)] = struct{}{}
+			vhashes = append(vhashes, testrand.Hash())
+		}
 		for j := c.start; j < c.limit; j++ {
 			vhashes = append(vhashes, testBlobVHashes[j])
+			if c.fillRandom && rand.Intn(2) == 0 {
+				filled[len(vhashes)] = struct{}{}
+				vhashes = append(vhashes, testrand.Hash())
+			}
+		}
+		if c.fillRandom {
+			filled[len(vhashes)] = struct{}{}
+			vhashes = append(vhashes, testrand.Hash())
 		}
 		blobs, _, proofs, err := pool.GetBlobs(vhashes, c.version)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Unexpected error for case %d, %v", i, err)
+		}
 
-		if c.expErr {
-			if err == nil {
-				t.Errorf("Unexpected return, want error for case %d", i)
-			}
-		} else {
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Errorf("Unexpected error for case %d, %v", i, err)
-			}
-			// Cross validate what we received vs what we wanted
-			length := c.limit - c.start
-			if len(blobs) != length || len(proofs) != length {
-				t.Errorf("retrieved blobs/proofs size mismatch: have %d/%d, want %d", len(blobs), len(proofs), length)
+		// Cross validate what we received vs what we wanted
+		length := c.limit - c.start
+		wantLen := length + len(filled)
+		if len(blobs) != wantLen || len(proofs) != wantLen {
+			t.Errorf("retrieved blobs/proofs size mismatch: have %d/%d, want %d", len(blobs), len(proofs), wantLen)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		var unknown int
+		for j := 0; j < len(blobs); j++ {
+			if _, exist := filled[j]; exist {
+				if blobs[j] != nil || proofs[j] != nil {
+					t.Errorf("Unexpected blob and proof, item %d", j)
+				}
+				unknown++
 				continue
 			}
-			for j := 0; j < len(blobs); j++ {
-				// If an item is missing, but shouldn't, error
-				if blobs[j] == nil || proofs[j] == nil {
-					t.Errorf("tracked blob retrieval failed: item %d, hash %x", j, vhashes[j])
-					continue
+			// If an item is missing, but shouldn't, error
+			if blobs[j] == nil || proofs[j] == nil {
+				t.Errorf("tracked blob retrieval failed: item %d, hash %x", j, vhashes[j])
+				continue
+			}
+			// Item retrieved, make sure the blob matches the expectation
+			if *blobs[j] != *testBlobs[c.start+j-unknown] {
+				t.Errorf("retrieved blob mismatch: item %d, hash %x", j, vhashes[j])
+				continue
+			}
+			// Item retrieved, make sure the proof matches the expectation
+			if c.version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 {
+				if proofs[j][0] != testBlobProofs[c.start+j-unknown] {
+					t.Errorf("retrieved proof mismatch: item %d, hash %x", j, vhashes[j])
 				}
-				// Item retrieved, make sure the blob matches the expectation
-				if *blobs[j] != *testBlobs[c.start+j] {
-					t.Errorf("retrieved blob mismatch: item %d, hash %x", j, vhashes[j])
-					continue
-				}
-				// Item retrieved, make sure the proof matches the expectation
-				if c.version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 {
-					if proofs[j][0] != testBlobProofs[c.start+j] {
-						t.Errorf("retrieved proof mismatch: item %d, hash %x", j, vhashes[j])
-					}
-				} else {
-					want, _ := kzg4844.ComputeCellProofs(blobs[j])
-					if !reflect.DeepEqual(want, proofs[j]) {
-						t.Errorf("retrieved proof mismatch: item %d, hash %x", j, vhashes[j])
-					}
+			} else {
+				want, _ := kzg4844.ComputeCellProofs(blobs[j])
+				if !reflect.DeepEqual(want, proofs[j]) {
+					t.Errorf("retrieved proof mismatch: item %d, hash %x", j, vhashes[j])
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
-
 	pool.Close()
 }
 
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index 7f6dd40907..07ce523462 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -458,6 +458,26 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) getPayload(payloadID engine.PayloadID, full bool) (*eng
 }
 
 // GetBlobsV1 returns a blob from the transaction pool.
+//
+// Specification:
+//
+// Given an array of blob versioned hashes client software MUST respond with an
+// array of BlobAndProofV1 objects with matching versioned hashes, respecting the
+// order of versioned hashes in the input array.
+//
+// Client software MUST place responses in the order given in the request, using
+// null for any missing blobs. For instance:
+//
+// if the request is [A_versioned_hash, B_versioned_hash, C_versioned_hash] and
+// client software has data for blobs A and C, but doesn't have data for B, the
+// response MUST be [A, null, C].
+//
+// Client software MUST support request sizes of at least 128 blob versioned hashes.
+// The client MUST return -38004: Too large request error if the number of requested
+// blobs is too large.
+//
+// Client software MAY return an array of all null entries if syncing or otherwise
+// unable to serve blob pool data.
 func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV1(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProofV1, error) {
 	if len(hashes) > 128 {
 		return nil, engine.TooLargeRequest.With(fmt.Errorf("requested blob count too large: %v", len(hashes)))
@@ -468,6 +488,10 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV1(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProo
 	}
 	res := make([]*engine.BlobAndProofV1, len(hashes))
 	for i := 0; i < len(blobs); i++ {
+		// Skip the non-existing blob
+		if blobs[i] == nil {
+			continue
+		}
 		res[i] = &engine.BlobAndProofV1{
 			Blob:  blobs[i][:],
 			Proof: proofs[i][0][:],
@@ -477,6 +501,33 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV1(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProo
 }
 
 // GetBlobsV2 returns a blob from the transaction pool.
+//
+// Specification:
+// Refer to the specification for engine_getBlobsV1 with changes of the following:
+//
+// Given an array of blob versioned hashes client software MUST respond with an
+// array of BlobAndProofV2 objects with matching versioned hashes, respecting
+// the order of versioned hashes in the input array.
+//
+// Client software MUST return null in case of any missing or older version blobs.
+// For instance,
+//
+//   - if the request is [A_versioned_hash, B_versioned_hash, C_versioned_hash] and
+//     client software has data for blobs A and C, but doesn't have data for B, the
+//     response MUST be null.
+//
+//   - if the request is [A_versioned_hash_for_blob_with_blob_proof], the response
+//     MUST be null as well.
+//
+//     Note, geth internally make the conversion from old version to new one, so the
+//     data will be returned normally.
+//
+// Client software MUST support request sizes of at least 128 blob versioned
+// hashes. The client MUST return -38004: Too large request error if the number
+// of requested blobs is too large.
+//
+// Client software MUST return null if syncing or otherwise unable to serve
+// blob pool data.
 func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV2(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProofV2, error) {
 	if len(hashes) > 128 {
 		return nil, engine.TooLargeRequest.With(fmt.Errorf("requested blob count too large: %v", len(hashes)))
@@ -498,6 +549,12 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV2(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProo
 	}
 	res := make([]*engine.BlobAndProofV2, len(hashes))
 	for i := 0; i < len(blobs); i++ {
+		// the blob is missing, return null as response. It should
+		// be caught by `AvailableBlobs` though, perhaps data race
+		// occurs between two calls.
+		if blobs[i] == nil {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
 		var cellProofs []hexutil.Bytes
 		for _, proof := range proofs[i] {
 			cellProofs = append(cellProofs, proof[:])
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api_test.go b/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
index ad377113b5..659280bf3b 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ package catalyst
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
 	crand "crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/sha256"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
@@ -40,6 +42,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/kzg4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/ethconfig"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/testrand"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/version"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/miner"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/node"
@@ -47,6 +50,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -112,7 +116,7 @@ func TestEth2AssembleBlock(t *testing.T) {
 	n, ethservice := startEthService(t, genesis, blocks)
 	defer n.Close()
 
-	api := NewConsensusAPI(ethservice)
+	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethservice)
 	signer := types.NewEIP155Signer(ethservice.BlockChain().Config().ChainID)
 	tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(uint64(10), blocks[9].Coinbase(), big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee), nil), signer, testKey)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -151,7 +155,7 @@ func TestEth2AssembleBlockWithAnotherBlocksTxs(t *testing.T) {
 	n, ethservice := startEthService(t, genesis, blocks[:9])
 	defer n.Close()
 
-	api := NewConsensusAPI(ethservice)
+	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethservice)
 
 	// Put the 10th block's tx in the pool and produce a new block
 	txs := blocks[9].Transactions()
@@ -173,7 +177,7 @@ func TestEth2PrepareAndGetPayload(t *testing.T) {
 	n, ethservice := startEthService(t, genesis, blocks[:9])
 	defer n.Close()
 
-	api := NewConsensusAPI(ethservice)
+	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethservice)
 
 	// Put the 10th block's tx in the pool and produce a new block
 	txs := blocks[9].Transactions()
@@ -238,8 +242,9 @@ func TestInvalidPayloadTimestamp(t *testing.T) {
 	genesis, preMergeBlocks := generateMergeChain(10, false)
 	n, ethservice := startEthService(t, genesis, preMergeBlocks)
 	defer n.Close()
+
 	var (
-		api    = NewConsensusAPI(ethservice)
+		api    = newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethservice)
 		parent = ethservice.BlockChain().CurrentBlock()
 	)
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -281,7 +286,7 @@ func TestEth2NewBlock(t *testing.T) {
 	defer n.Close()
 
 	var (
-		api    = NewConsensusAPI(ethservice)
+		api    = newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethservice)
 		parent = preMergeBlocks[len(preMergeBlocks)-1]
 
 		// This EVM code generates a log when the contract is created.
@@ -434,8 +439,14 @@ func startEthService(t *testing.T, genesis *core.Genesis, blocks []*types.Block)
 		t.Fatal("can't create node:", err)
 	}
 
-	mcfg := miner.DefaultConfig
-	ethcfg := &ethconfig.Config{Genesis: genesis, SyncMode: ethconfig.FullSync, TrieTimeout: time.Minute, TrieDirtyCache: 256, TrieCleanCache: 256, Miner: mcfg}
+	ethcfg := &ethconfig.Config{
+		Genesis:        genesis,
+		SyncMode:       ethconfig.FullSync,
+		TrieTimeout:    time.Minute,
+		TrieDirtyCache: 256,
+		TrieCleanCache: 256,
+		Miner:          miner.DefaultConfig,
+	}
 	ethservice, err := eth.New(n, ethcfg)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("can't create eth service:", err)
@@ -459,6 +470,7 @@ func TestFullAPI(t *testing.T) {
 	genesis, preMergeBlocks := generateMergeChain(10, false)
 	n, ethservice := startEthService(t, genesis, preMergeBlocks)
 	defer n.Close()
+
 	var (
 		parent = ethservice.BlockChain().CurrentBlock()
 		// This EVM code generates a log when the contract is created.
@@ -476,7 +488,7 @@ func TestFullAPI(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func setupBlocks(t *testing.T, ethservice *eth.Ethereum, n int, parent *types.Header, callback func(parent *types.Header), withdrawals [][]*types.Withdrawal, beaconRoots []common.Hash) []*types.Header {
-	api := NewConsensusAPI(ethservice)
+	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethservice)
 	var blocks []*types.Header
 	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
 		callback(parent)
@@ -524,7 +536,7 @@ func TestExchangeTransitionConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	defer n.Close()
 
 	// invalid ttd
-	api := NewConsensusAPI(ethservice)
+	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethservice)
 	config := engine.TransitionConfigurationV1{
 		TerminalTotalDifficulty: (*hexutil.Big)(big.NewInt(0)),
 		TerminalBlockHash:       common.Hash{},
@@ -585,7 +597,7 @@ func TestNewPayloadOnInvalidChain(t *testing.T) {
 	defer n.Close()
 
 	var (
-		api    = NewConsensusAPI(ethservice)
+		api    = newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethservice)
 		parent = ethservice.BlockChain().CurrentBlock()
 		signer = types.LatestSigner(ethservice.BlockChain().Config())
 		// This EVM code generates a log when the contract is created.
@@ -688,7 +700,7 @@ func TestEmptyBlocks(t *testing.T) {
 	defer n.Close()
 
 	commonAncestor := ethservice.BlockChain().CurrentBlock()
-	api := NewConsensusAPI(ethservice)
+	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethservice)
 
 	// Setup 10 blocks on the canonical chain
 	setupBlocks(t, ethservice, 10, commonAncestor, func(parent *types.Header) {}, nil, nil)
@@ -814,8 +826,8 @@ func TestTrickRemoteBlockCache(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	nodeA.Server().AddPeer(nodeB.Server().Self())
 	nodeB.Server().AddPeer(nodeA.Server().Self())
-	apiA := NewConsensusAPI(ethserviceA)
-	apiB := NewConsensusAPI(ethserviceB)
+	apiA := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethserviceA)
+	apiB := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethserviceB)
 
 	commonAncestor := ethserviceA.BlockChain().CurrentBlock()
 
@@ -872,7 +884,7 @@ func TestInvalidBloom(t *testing.T) {
 	defer n.Close()
 
 	commonAncestor := ethservice.BlockChain().CurrentBlock()
-	api := NewConsensusAPI(ethservice)
+	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethservice)
 
 	// Setup 10 blocks on the canonical chain
 	setupBlocks(t, ethservice, 10, commonAncestor, func(parent *types.Header) {}, nil, nil)
@@ -898,7 +910,7 @@ func TestSimultaneousNewBlock(t *testing.T) {
 	defer n.Close()
 
 	var (
-		api    = NewConsensusAPI(ethservice)
+		api    = newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethservice)
 		parent = preMergeBlocks[len(preMergeBlocks)-1]
 	)
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
@@ -988,7 +1000,7 @@ func TestWithdrawals(t *testing.T) {
 	n, ethservice := startEthService(t, genesis, blocks)
 	defer n.Close()
 
-	api := NewConsensusAPI(ethservice)
+	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethservice)
 
 	// 10: Build Shanghai block with no withdrawals.
 	parent := ethservice.BlockChain().CurrentHeader()
@@ -1105,7 +1117,7 @@ func TestNilWithdrawals(t *testing.T) {
 	n, ethservice := startEthService(t, genesis, blocks)
 	defer n.Close()
 
-	api := NewConsensusAPI(ethservice)
+	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethservice)
 	parent := ethservice.BlockChain().CurrentHeader()
 	aa := common.Address{0xaa}
 
@@ -1301,7 +1313,7 @@ func allBodies(blocks []*types.Block) []*types.Body {
 
 func TestGetBlockBodiesByHash(t *testing.T) {
 	node, eth, blocks := setupBodies(t)
-	api := NewConsensusAPI(eth)
+	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(eth)
 	defer node.Close()
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -1357,7 +1369,7 @@ func TestGetBlockBodiesByHash(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestGetBlockBodiesByRange(t *testing.T) {
 	node, eth, blocks := setupBodies(t)
-	api := NewConsensusAPI(eth)
+	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(eth)
 	defer node.Close()
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -1438,7 +1450,7 @@ func TestGetBlockBodiesByRange(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestGetBlockBodiesByRangeInvalidParams(t *testing.T) {
 	node, eth, _ := setupBodies(t)
-	api := NewConsensusAPI(eth)
+	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(eth)
 	defer node.Close()
 	tests := []struct {
 		start hexutil.Uint64
@@ -1550,7 +1562,7 @@ func TestParentBeaconBlockRoot(t *testing.T) {
 	n, ethservice := startEthService(t, genesis, blocks)
 	defer n.Close()
 
-	api := NewConsensusAPI(ethservice)
+	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethservice)
 
 	// 11: Build Shanghai block with no withdrawals.
 	parent := ethservice.BlockChain().CurrentHeader()
@@ -1633,7 +1645,7 @@ func TestWitnessCreationAndConsumption(t *testing.T) {
 	n, ethservice := startEthService(t, genesis, blocks[:9])
 	defer n.Close()
 
-	api := NewConsensusAPI(ethservice)
+	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethservice)
 
 	// Put the 10th block's tx in the pool and produce a new block
 	txs := blocks[9].Transactions()
@@ -1725,7 +1737,7 @@ func TestGetClientVersion(t *testing.T) {
 	n, ethservice := startEthService(t, genesis, preMergeBlocks)
 	defer n.Close()
 
-	api := NewConsensusAPI(ethservice)
+	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethservice)
 	info := engine.ClientVersionV1{
 		Code:    "TT",
 		Name:    "test",
@@ -1799,3 +1811,245 @@ func TestValidateRequests(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+var (
+	testBlobs          []*kzg4844.Blob
+	testBlobCommits    []kzg4844.Commitment
+	testBlobProofs     []kzg4844.Proof
+	testBlobCellProofs [][]kzg4844.Proof
+	testBlobVHashes    [][32]byte
+)
+
+func init() {
+	for i := 0; i < 6; i++ {
+		testBlob := &kzg4844.Blob{byte(i)}
+		testBlobs = append(testBlobs, testBlob)
+
+		testBlobCommit, _ := kzg4844.BlobToCommitment(testBlob)
+		testBlobCommits = append(testBlobCommits, testBlobCommit)
+
+		testBlobProof, _ := kzg4844.ComputeBlobProof(testBlob, testBlobCommit)
+		testBlobProofs = append(testBlobProofs, testBlobProof)
+
+		testBlobCellProof, _ := kzg4844.ComputeCellProofs(testBlob)
+		testBlobCellProofs = append(testBlobCellProofs, testBlobCellProof)
+
+		testBlobVHash := kzg4844.CalcBlobHashV1(sha256.New(), &testBlobCommit)
+		testBlobVHashes = append(testBlobVHashes, testBlobVHash)
+	}
+}
+
+// makeMultiBlobTx is a utility method to construct a random blob tx with
+// certain number of blobs in its sidecar.
+func makeMultiBlobTx(chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, nonce uint64, blobCount int, blobOffset int, key *ecdsa.PrivateKey, version byte) *types.Transaction {
+	var (
+		blobs       []kzg4844.Blob
+		blobHashes  []common.Hash
+		commitments []kzg4844.Commitment
+		proofs      []kzg4844.Proof
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < blobCount; i++ {
+		blobs = append(blobs, *testBlobs[blobOffset+i])
+		commitments = append(commitments, testBlobCommits[blobOffset+i])
+		if version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 {
+			proofs = append(proofs, testBlobProofs[blobOffset+i])
+		} else {
+			cellProofs, _ := kzg4844.ComputeCellProofs(testBlobs[blobOffset+i])
+			proofs = append(proofs, cellProofs...)
+		}
+		blobHashes = append(blobHashes, testBlobVHashes[blobOffset+i])
+	}
+	blobtx := &types.BlobTx{
+		ChainID:    uint256.MustFromBig(chainConfig.ChainID),
+		Nonce:      nonce,
+		GasTipCap:  uint256.NewInt(1),
+		GasFeeCap:  uint256.NewInt(1000),
+		Gas:        21000,
+		BlobFeeCap: uint256.NewInt(1000),
+		BlobHashes: blobHashes,
+		Value:      uint256.NewInt(100),
+		Sidecar:    types.NewBlobTxSidecar(version, blobs, commitments, proofs),
+	}
+	return types.MustSignNewTx(key, types.LatestSigner(chainConfig), blobtx)
+}
+
+func newGetBlobEnv(t *testing.T, version byte) (*node.Node, *ConsensusAPI) {
+	var (
+		// Create a database pre-initialize with a genesis block
+		config = *params.MergedTestChainConfig
+
+		key1, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
+		key2, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
+		key3, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
+
+		addr1 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
+		addr2 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key2.PublicKey)
+		addr3 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key3.PublicKey)
+	)
+	// Disable Osaka fork for GetBlobsV1
+	if version == 0 {
+		config.OsakaTime = nil
+	}
+	gspec := &core.Genesis{
+		Config: &config,
+		Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
+			testAddr: {Balance: testBalance},
+			addr1:    {Balance: testBalance},
+			addr2:    {Balance: testBalance},
+			addr3:    {Balance: testBalance},
+		},
+		Difficulty: common.Big0,
+	}
+	n, ethServ := startEthService(t, gspec, nil)
+
+	// fill blob txs into the pool
+	tx1 := makeMultiBlobTx(&config, 0, 2, 0, key1, version) // blob[0, 2)
+	tx2 := makeMultiBlobTx(&config, 0, 2, 2, key2, version) // blob[2, 4)
+	tx3 := makeMultiBlobTx(&config, 0, 2, 4, key3, version) // blob[4, 6)
+	ethServ.TxPool().Add([]*types.Transaction{tx1, tx2, tx3}, true)
+
+	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethServ)
+	return n, api
+}
+
+func TestGetBlobsV1(t *testing.T) {
+	n, api := newGetBlobEnv(t, 0)
+	defer n.Close()
+
+	suites := []struct {
+		start      int
+		limit      int
+		fillRandom bool
+	}{
+		{
+			start: 0, limit: 1,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 0, limit: 1, fillRandom: true,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 0, limit: 2,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 0, limit: 2, fillRandom: true,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 1, limit: 3,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 1, limit: 3, fillRandom: true,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 0, limit: 6,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 0, limit: 6, fillRandom: true,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 1, limit: 5,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 1, limit: 5, fillRandom: true,
+		},
+	}
+	for i, suite := range suites {
+		// Fill the request for retrieving blobs
+		var (
+			vhashes []common.Hash
+			expect  []*engine.BlobAndProofV1
+		)
+		// fill missing blob at the beginning
+		if suite.fillRandom {
+			vhashes = append(vhashes, testrand.Hash())
+			expect = append(expect, nil)
+		}
+		for j := suite.start; j < suite.limit; j++ {
+			vhashes = append(vhashes, testBlobVHashes[j])
+			expect = append(expect, &engine.BlobAndProofV1{
+				Blob:  testBlobs[j][:],
+				Proof: testBlobProofs[j][:],
+			})
+
+			// fill missing blobs in the middle
+			if suite.fillRandom && rand.Intn(2) == 0 {
+				vhashes = append(vhashes, testrand.Hash())
+				expect = append(expect, nil)
+			}
+		}
+		// fill missing blobs at the end
+		if suite.fillRandom {
+			vhashes = append(vhashes, testrand.Hash())
+			expect = append(expect, nil)
+		}
+		result, err := api.GetBlobsV1(vhashes)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Unexpected error for case %d, %v", i, err)
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(result, expect) {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected result for case %d", i)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetBlobsV2(t *testing.T) {
+	n, api := newGetBlobEnv(t, 1)
+	defer n.Close()
+
+	suites := []struct {
+		start      int
+		limit      int
+		fillRandom bool
+	}{
+		{
+			start: 0, limit: 1,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 0, limit: 2,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 1, limit: 3,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 0, limit: 6,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 1, limit: 5,
+		},
+		{
+			start: 0, limit: 6, fillRandom: true,
+		},
+	}
+	for i, suite := range suites {
+		// Fill the request for retrieving blobs
+		var (
+			vhashes []common.Hash
+			expect  []*engine.BlobAndProofV2
+		)
+		// fill missing blob
+		if suite.fillRandom {
+			vhashes = append(vhashes, testrand.Hash())
+		}
+		for j := suite.start; j < suite.limit; j++ {
+			vhashes = append(vhashes, testBlobVHashes[j])
+			var cellProofs []hexutil.Bytes
+			for _, proof := range testBlobCellProofs[j] {
+				cellProofs = append(cellProofs, proof[:])
+			}
+			expect = append(expect, &engine.BlobAndProofV2{
+				Blob:       testBlobs[j][:],
+				CellProofs: cellProofs,
+			})
+		}
+		result, err := api.GetBlobsV2(vhashes)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Unexpected error for case %d, %v", i, err)
+		}
+		// null is responded if any blob is missing
+		if suite.fillRandom {
+			expect = nil
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(result, expect) {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected result for case %d", i)
+		}
+	}
+}

From e6884ccccfac51f9528953275769ba8a72bf18c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sina M <1591639+s1na@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Sep 2025 09:45:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 086/470] core/tracing: update changelog (#32535)

Update all the accumulated changes
---
 core/tracing/CHANGELOG.md | 66 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 55 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/tracing/CHANGELOG.md b/core/tracing/CHANGELOG.md
index a14e123d99..a94fa81b55 100644
--- a/core/tracing/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/core/tracing/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -4,6 +4,27 @@ All notable changes to the tracing interface will be documented in this file.
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 
+### Deprecated methods
+
+- `OnCodeChange(addr common.Address, prevCodeHash common.Hash, prevCode []byte, codeHash common.Hash, code []byte)`: This hook is deprecated in favor of `OnCodeChangeV2` which includes a reason parameter ([#32525](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/32525)).
+
+### New methods
+
+- `OnCodeChangeV2(addr common.Address, prevCodeHash common.Hash, prevCode []byte, codeHash common.Hash, code []byte, reason CodeChangeReason)`: This hook is called when a code change occurs. It is a successor to `OnCodeChange` with an additional reason parameter ([#32525](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/32525)).
+
+### New types
+
+- `CodeChangeReason` is a new type used to provide a reason for code changes. It includes various reasons such as contract creation, genesis initialization, EIP-7702 authorization, self-destruct, and revert operations ([#32525](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/32525)).
+
+## [v1.15.4](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.15.4)
+
+### Modified types
+
+- `GasChangeReason` has been extended with auto-generated String() methods for better debugging and logging ([#31234](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/31234)).
+- `NonceChangeReason` has been extended with auto-generated String() methods for better debugging and logging ([#31234](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/31234)).
+
+## [v1.15.0](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.15.0)
+
 The tracing interface has been extended with backwards-compatible changes to support more use-cases and simplify tracer code. The most notable change is a state journaling library which emits reverse events when a call is reverted.
 
 ### Deprecated methods
@@ -23,8 +44,13 @@ The tracing interface has been extended with backwards-compatible changes to sup
 
 ### Modified types
 
-- `VMContext.StateDB` has been extended with `GetCodeHash(addr common.Address) common.Hash` method used to retrieve the code hash an account.
+- `VMContext.StateDB` has been extended with the following method:
+  - `GetCodeHash(addr common.Address) common.Hash` method used to retrieve the code hash of an account.
+- `BlockEvent` has been modified:
+  - The `TD` (Total Difficulty) field has been removed ([#30744](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/30744)).
 - `BalanceChangeReason` has been extended with the `BalanceChangeRevert` reason. More on that below.
+- `GasChangeReason` has been extended with the following reason:
+  - `GasChangeTxDataFloor` is the amount of extra gas the transaction has to pay to reach the minimum gas requirement for the transaction data. This change will always be a negative change.
 
 ### State journaling
 
@@ -49,6 +75,26 @@ The state changes that are covered by the journaling library are:
 - `OnCodeChange`
 - `OnStorageChange`
 
+## [v1.14.12](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.14.12)
+
+This release contains a change in behavior for `OnCodeChange` hook and an extension to the StateDB interface.
+
+### Modified types
+
+- `VMContext.StateDB` has been extended with the following method:
+  - `GetTransientState(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) common.Hash` method used to access contract transient storage ([#30531](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/30531)).
+
+### `OnCodeChange` change
+
+The `OnCodeChange` hook is now called when the code of a contract is removed due to a selfdestruct. Previously, no code change was emitted on such occasions.
+
+## [v1.14.10](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.14.10)
+
+### Modified types
+
+- `OpContext` has been extended with the following method:
+  - `ContractCode() []byte` provides access to the contract bytecode within the OpContext interface ([#30466](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/30466)).
+
 ## [v1.14.9](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.14.9)
 
 ### Modified types
@@ -56,13 +102,6 @@ The state changes that are covered by the journaling library are:
 - `GasChangeReason` has been extended with the following reasons which will be enabled only post-Verkle. There shouldn't be any gas changes with those reasons prior to the fork.
   - `GasChangeWitnessContractCollisionCheck` flags the event of adding to the witness when checking for contract address collision.
 
-## [v1.14.12]
-
-This release contains a change in behavior for `OnCodeChange` hook.
-
-### `OnCodeChange` change
-
-The `OnCodeChange` hook is now called when the code of a contract is removed due to a selfdestruct. Previously, no code change was emitted on such occasions.
 
 ## [v1.14.4]
 
@@ -148,7 +187,12 @@ The hooks `CaptureStart` and `CaptureEnd` have been removed. These hooks signale
 - `CaptureState` -> `OnOpcode(pc uint64, op byte, gas, cost uint64, scope tracing.OpContext, rData []byte, depth int, err error)`. `op` is of type `byte` which can be cast to `vm.OpCode` when necessary. A `*vm.ScopeContext` is not passed anymore. It is replaced by `tracing.OpContext` which offers access to the memory, stack and current contract.
 - `CaptureFault` -> `OnFault(pc uint64, op byte, gas, cost uint64, scope tracing.OpContext, depth int, err error)`. Similar to above.
 
-[unreleased]: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/compare/v1.14.8...master
-[v1.14.0]: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.14.0
-[v1.14.3]: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.14.3
+[unreleased]: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/compare/v1.16.3...master
+[v1.15.4]: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.15.4
+[v1.15.0]: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.15.0
+[v1.14.12]: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.14.12
+[v1.14.10]: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.14.10
+[v1.14.9]: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.14.9
 [v1.14.4]: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.14.4
+[v1.14.3]: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.14.3
+[v1.14.0]: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.14.0

From 70f177a527360412c68a4ef9cfb451702749e952 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Sep 2025 09:42:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 087/470] core/txpool/blobpool: fix getblobs error handling
 (#32538)

Another getBlobs PR on top of
https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/32190 to avoid some minor
regressions.

- bring back more log messages from before
- continue processing also on some internal errors
- ensure v2 complies with spec even if there are internal errors

---------

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go |  9 ++++++---
 eth/catalyst/api.go              | 17 ++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
index 68ea557633..edc8eb3e55 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
@@ -1334,17 +1334,20 @@ func (p *BlobPool) GetBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash, version byte) ([]*kzg4844.Blo
 		}
 		data, err := p.store.Get(txID)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, nil, err
+			log.Error("Tracked blob transaction missing from store", "id", txID, "err", err)
+			continue
 		}
 
 		// Decode the blob transaction
 		tx := new(types.Transaction)
 		if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(data, tx); err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, nil, err
+			log.Error("Blobs corrupted for traced transaction", "id", txID, "err", err)
+			continue
 		}
 		sidecar := tx.BlobTxSidecar()
 		if sidecar == nil {
-			return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("blob tx without sidecar %x", tx.Hash())
+			log.Error("Blob tx without sidecar", "hash", tx.Hash(), "id", txID)
+			continue
 		}
 		// Traverse the blobs in the transaction
 		for i, hash := range tx.BlobHashes() {
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index 07ce523462..b40698b999 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -541,20 +541,23 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV2(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProo
 		getBlobsV2RequestMiss.Inc(1)
 		return nil, nil
 	}
-	getBlobsV2RequestHit.Inc(1)
 
 	blobs, _, proofs, err := api.eth.BlobTxPool().GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion1)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, engine.InvalidParams.With(err)
 	}
-	res := make([]*engine.BlobAndProofV2, len(hashes))
-	for i := 0; i < len(blobs); i++ {
-		// the blob is missing, return null as response. It should
-		// be caught by `AvailableBlobs` though, perhaps data race
-		// occurs between two calls.
-		if blobs[i] == nil {
+
+	// To comply with API spec, check again that we really got all data needed
+	for _, blob := range blobs {
+		if blob == nil {
+			getBlobsV2RequestMiss.Inc(1)
 			return nil, nil
 		}
+	}
+	getBlobsV2RequestHit.Inc(1)
+
+	res := make([]*engine.BlobAndProofV2, len(hashes))
+	for i := 0; i < len(blobs); i++ {
 		var cellProofs []hexutil.Bytes
 		for _, proof := range proofs[i] {
 			cellProofs = append(cellProofs, proof[:])

From f5fcfb2fbe47f15ccf10fc363943d800443ee62a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Sep 2025 17:25:33 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 088/470] core/rawdb: remove outdated functions (#32542)

---
 core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go | 13 -------------
 core/rawdb/schema.go             |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go
index 859566f722..6996031be2 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_metadata.go
@@ -174,16 +174,3 @@ func UpdateUncleanShutdownMarker(db ethdb.KeyValueStore) {
 		log.Warn("Failed to write unclean-shutdown marker", "err", err)
 	}
 }
-
-// ReadTransitionStatus retrieves the eth2 transition status from the database
-func ReadTransitionStatus(db ethdb.KeyValueReader) []byte {
-	data, _ := db.Get(transitionStatusKey)
-	return data
-}
-
-// WriteTransitionStatus stores the eth2 transition status to the database
-func WriteTransitionStatus(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, data []byte) {
-	if err := db.Put(transitionStatusKey, data); err != nil {
-		log.Crit("Failed to store the eth2 transition status", "err", err)
-	}
-}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/schema.go b/core/rawdb/schema.go
index 3588063468..9a17e1c173 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/schema.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/schema.go
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ var (
 	uncleanShutdownKey = []byte("unclean-shutdown") // config prefix for the db
 
 	// transitionStatusKey tracks the eth2 transition status.
-	transitionStatusKey = []byte("eth2-transition")
+	transitionStatusKey = []byte("eth2-transition") // deprecated
 
 	// snapSyncStatusFlagKey flags that status of snap sync.
 	snapSyncStatusFlagKey = []byte("SnapSyncStatus")

From 902ec5baae3581993b26239c5226d890aec6367c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Sep 2025 10:37:05 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 089/470] cmd, core, eth, triedb/pathdb: track node origins in
 the path database (#32418)

This PR is the first step in the trienode history series.

It introduces the `nodeWithOrigin` struct in the path database, which tracks
the original values of dirty nodes to support trienode history construction.

Note, the original value is always empty in this PR, so it won't break the
existing journal for encoding and decoding. The compatibility of journal
should be handled in the following PR.
---
 core/blockchain.go                   |  11 +-
 trie/trienode/node.go                |  17 ++-
 triedb/pathdb/config.go              | 118 +++++++++++++++++
 triedb/pathdb/database.go            |  94 +-------------
 triedb/pathdb/database_test.go       | 181 +++++++++++++++++++++++----
 triedb/pathdb/difflayer.go           |   6 +-
 triedb/pathdb/difflayer_test.go      |   6 +-
 triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go           |   4 +-
 triedb/pathdb/execute.go             |  26 ++--
 triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go |   6 +-
 triedb/pathdb/journal.go             |   2 +-
 triedb/pathdb/layertree.go           |   5 +-
 triedb/pathdb/layertree_test.go      | 131 ++++++++++---------
 triedb/pathdb/nodes.go               | 123 ++++++++++++++++++
 triedb/pathdb/nodes_test.go          | 128 +++++++++++++++++++
 15 files changed, 648 insertions(+), 210 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 triedb/pathdb/config.go
 create mode 100644 triedb/pathdb/nodes_test.go

diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index 5205483af9..dc6e7e9040 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -168,10 +168,13 @@ type BlockChainConfig struct {
 	TrieNoAsyncFlush     bool          // Whether the asynchronous buffer flushing is disallowed
 	TrieJournalDirectory string        // Directory path to the journal used for persisting trie data across node restarts
 
-	Preimages    bool   // Whether to store preimage of trie key to the disk
-	StateHistory uint64 // Number of blocks from head whose state histories are reserved.
-	StateScheme  string // Scheme used to store ethereum states and merkle tree nodes on top
-	ArchiveMode  bool   // Whether to enable the archive mode
+	Preimages   bool   // Whether to store preimage of trie key to the disk
+	StateScheme string // Scheme used to store ethereum states and merkle tree nodes on top
+	ArchiveMode bool   // Whether to enable the archive mode
+
+	// Number of blocks from the chain head for which state histories are retained.
+	// If set to 0, all state histories across the entire chain will be retained;
+	StateHistory uint64
 
 	// State snapshot related options
 	SnapshotLimit   int  // Memory allowance (MB) to use for caching snapshot entries in memory
diff --git a/trie/trienode/node.go b/trie/trienode/node.go
index c83dc27cef..228a64f04c 100644
--- a/trie/trienode/node.go
+++ b/trie/trienode/node.go
@@ -259,11 +259,24 @@ func (set *MergedNodeSet) Merge(other *NodeSet) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// Flatten returns a two-dimensional map for internal nodes.
-func (set *MergedNodeSet) Flatten() map[common.Hash]map[string]*Node {
+// Nodes returns a two-dimensional map for internal nodes.
+func (set *MergedNodeSet) Nodes() map[common.Hash]map[string]*Node {
 	nodes := make(map[common.Hash]map[string]*Node, len(set.Sets))
 	for owner, set := range set.Sets {
 		nodes[owner] = set.Nodes
 	}
 	return nodes
 }
+
+// NodeAndOrigins returns a two-dimensional map for internal nodes along with
+// their original values.
+func (set *MergedNodeSet) NodeAndOrigins() (map[common.Hash]map[string]*Node, map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte) {
+	var (
+		nodes   = make(map[common.Hash]map[string]*Node, len(set.Sets))
+		origins = make(map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte, len(set.Sets))
+	)
+	for owner, set := range set.Sets {
+		nodes[owner], origins[owner] = set.Nodes, set.Origins
+	}
+	return nodes, origins
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/config.go b/triedb/pathdb/config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3745a63edd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package pathdb
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+)
+
+const (
+	// defaultTrieCleanSize is the default memory allowance of clean trie cache.
+	defaultTrieCleanSize = 16 * 1024 * 1024
+
+	// defaultStateCleanSize is the default memory allowance of clean state cache.
+	defaultStateCleanSize = 16 * 1024 * 1024
+
+	// maxBufferSize is the maximum memory allowance of node buffer.
+	// Too large buffer will cause the system to pause for a long
+	// time when write happens. Also, the largest batch that pebble can
+	// support is 4GB, node will panic if batch size exceeds this limit.
+	maxBufferSize = 256 * 1024 * 1024
+
+	// defaultBufferSize is the default memory allowance of node buffer
+	// that aggregates the writes from above until it's flushed into the
+	// disk. It's meant to be used once the initial sync is finished.
+	// Do not increase the buffer size arbitrarily, otherwise the system
+	// pause time will increase when the database writes happen.
+	defaultBufferSize = 64 * 1024 * 1024
+)
+
+var (
+	// maxDiffLayers is the maximum diff layers allowed in the layer tree.
+	maxDiffLayers = 128
+)
+
+// Defaults contains default settings for Ethereum mainnet.
+var Defaults = &Config{
+	StateHistory:        params.FullImmutabilityThreshold,
+	EnableStateIndexing: false,
+	TrieCleanSize:       defaultTrieCleanSize,
+	StateCleanSize:      defaultStateCleanSize,
+	WriteBufferSize:     defaultBufferSize,
+}
+
+// ReadOnly is the config in order to open database in read only mode.
+var ReadOnly = &Config{
+	ReadOnly:       true,
+	TrieCleanSize:  defaultTrieCleanSize,
+	StateCleanSize: defaultStateCleanSize,
+}
+
+// Config contains the settings for database.
+type Config struct {
+	StateHistory        uint64 // Number of recent blocks to maintain state history for, 0: full chain
+	EnableStateIndexing bool   // Whether to enable state history indexing for external state access
+	TrieCleanSize       int    // Maximum memory allowance (in bytes) for caching clean trie data
+	StateCleanSize      int    // Maximum memory allowance (in bytes) for caching clean state data
+	WriteBufferSize     int    // Maximum memory allowance (in bytes) for write buffer
+	ReadOnly            bool   // Flag whether the database is opened in read only mode
+	JournalDirectory    string // Absolute path of journal directory (null means the journal data is persisted in key-value store)
+
+	// Testing configurations
+	SnapshotNoBuild   bool // Flag Whether the state generation is disabled
+	NoAsyncFlush      bool // Flag whether the background buffer flushing is disabled
+	NoAsyncGeneration bool // Flag whether the background generation is disabled
+}
+
+// sanitize checks the provided user configurations and changes anything that's
+// unreasonable or unworkable.
+func (c *Config) sanitize() *Config {
+	conf := *c
+	if conf.WriteBufferSize > maxBufferSize {
+		log.Warn("Sanitizing invalid node buffer size", "provided", common.StorageSize(conf.WriteBufferSize), "updated", common.StorageSize(maxBufferSize))
+		conf.WriteBufferSize = maxBufferSize
+	}
+	return &conf
+}
+
+// fields returns a list of attributes of config for printing.
+func (c *Config) fields() []interface{} {
+	var list []interface{}
+	if c.ReadOnly {
+		list = append(list, "readonly", true)
+	}
+	list = append(list, "triecache", common.StorageSize(c.TrieCleanSize))
+	list = append(list, "statecache", common.StorageSize(c.StateCleanSize))
+	list = append(list, "buffer", common.StorageSize(c.WriteBufferSize))
+
+	if c.StateHistory == 0 {
+		list = append(list, "state-history", "entire chain")
+	} else {
+		list = append(list, "state-history", fmt.Sprintf("last %d blocks", c.StateHistory))
+	}
+	if c.EnableStateIndexing {
+		list = append(list, "index-history", true)
+	}
+	if c.JournalDirectory != "" {
+		list = append(list, "journal-dir", c.JournalDirectory)
+	}
+	return list
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/database.go b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
index f438c64aa2..423b921d47 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
@@ -31,37 +31,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-verkle"
 )
 
-const (
-	// defaultTrieCleanSize is the default memory allowance of clean trie cache.
-	defaultTrieCleanSize = 16 * 1024 * 1024
-
-	// defaultStateCleanSize is the default memory allowance of clean state cache.
-	defaultStateCleanSize = 16 * 1024 * 1024
-
-	// maxBufferSize is the maximum memory allowance of node buffer.
-	// Too large buffer will cause the system to pause for a long
-	// time when write happens. Also, the largest batch that pebble can
-	// support is 4GB, node will panic if batch size exceeds this limit.
-	maxBufferSize = 256 * 1024 * 1024
-
-	// defaultBufferSize is the default memory allowance of node buffer
-	// that aggregates the writes from above until it's flushed into the
-	// disk. It's meant to be used once the initial sync is finished.
-	// Do not increase the buffer size arbitrarily, otherwise the system
-	// pause time will increase when the database writes happen.
-	defaultBufferSize = 64 * 1024 * 1024
-)
-
-var (
-	// maxDiffLayers is the maximum diff layers allowed in the layer tree.
-	maxDiffLayers = 128
-)
-
 // layer is the interface implemented by all state layers which includes some
 // public methods and some additional methods for internal usage.
 type layer interface {
@@ -105,7 +78,7 @@ type layer interface {
 	// the provided dirty trie nodes along with the state change set.
 	//
 	// Note, the maps are retained by the method to avoid copying everything.
-	update(root common.Hash, id uint64, block uint64, nodes *nodeSet, states *StateSetWithOrigin) *diffLayer
+	update(root common.Hash, id uint64, block uint64, nodes *nodeSetWithOrigin, states *StateSetWithOrigin) *diffLayer
 
 	// journal commits an entire diff hierarchy to disk into a single journal entry.
 	// This is meant to be used during shutdown to persist the layer without
@@ -113,68 +86,6 @@ type layer interface {
 	journal(w io.Writer) error
 }
 
-// Config contains the settings for database.
-type Config struct {
-	StateHistory        uint64 // Number of recent blocks to maintain state history for
-	EnableStateIndexing bool   // Whether to enable state history indexing for external state access
-	TrieCleanSize       int    // Maximum memory allowance (in bytes) for caching clean trie nodes
-	StateCleanSize      int    // Maximum memory allowance (in bytes) for caching clean state data
-	WriteBufferSize     int    // Maximum memory allowance (in bytes) for write buffer
-	ReadOnly            bool   // Flag whether the database is opened in read only mode
-	JournalDirectory    string // Absolute path of journal directory (null means the journal data is persisted in key-value store)
-
-	// Testing configurations
-	SnapshotNoBuild   bool // Flag Whether the state generation is allowed
-	NoAsyncFlush      bool // Flag whether the background buffer flushing is allowed
-	NoAsyncGeneration bool // Flag whether the background generation is allowed
-}
-
-// sanitize checks the provided user configurations and changes anything that's
-// unreasonable or unworkable.
-func (c *Config) sanitize() *Config {
-	conf := *c
-	if conf.WriteBufferSize > maxBufferSize {
-		log.Warn("Sanitizing invalid node buffer size", "provided", common.StorageSize(conf.WriteBufferSize), "updated", common.StorageSize(maxBufferSize))
-		conf.WriteBufferSize = maxBufferSize
-	}
-	return &conf
-}
-
-// fields returns a list of attributes of config for printing.
-func (c *Config) fields() []interface{} {
-	var list []interface{}
-	if c.ReadOnly {
-		list = append(list, "readonly", true)
-	}
-	if c.SnapshotNoBuild {
-		list = append(list, "snapshot", false)
-	}
-	list = append(list, "triecache", common.StorageSize(c.TrieCleanSize))
-	list = append(list, "statecache", common.StorageSize(c.StateCleanSize))
-	list = append(list, "buffer", common.StorageSize(c.WriteBufferSize))
-
-	if c.StateHistory == 0 {
-		list = append(list, "history", "entire chain")
-	} else {
-		list = append(list, "history", fmt.Sprintf("last %d blocks", c.StateHistory))
-	}
-	if c.JournalDirectory != "" {
-		list = append(list, "journal-dir", c.JournalDirectory)
-	}
-	return list
-}
-
-// Defaults contains default settings for Ethereum mainnet.
-var Defaults = &Config{
-	StateHistory:    params.FullImmutabilityThreshold,
-	TrieCleanSize:   defaultTrieCleanSize,
-	StateCleanSize:  defaultStateCleanSize,
-	WriteBufferSize: defaultBufferSize,
-}
-
-// ReadOnly is the config in order to open database in read only mode.
-var ReadOnly = &Config{ReadOnly: true}
-
 // nodeHasher is the function to compute the hash of supplied node blob.
 type nodeHasher func([]byte) (common.Hash, error)
 
@@ -422,7 +333,8 @@ func (db *Database) Update(root common.Hash, parentRoot common.Hash, block uint6
 	if err := db.modifyAllowed(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := db.tree.add(root, parentRoot, block, nodes, states); err != nil {
+	// TODO(rjl493456442) tracking the origins in the following PRs.
+	if err := db.tree.add(root, parentRoot, block, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nodes.Nodes(), nil), states); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Keep 128 diff layers in the memory, persistent layer is 129th.
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go
index 47d13e54a4..99de4380bf 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go
@@ -36,9 +36,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"
 )
 
-func updateTrie(db *Database, stateRoot common.Hash, addrHash common.Hash, root common.Hash, dirties map[common.Hash][]byte) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
+func updateTrie(db *Database, stateRoot common.Hash, addrHash common.Hash, root common.Hash, entries map[common.Hash][]byte) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
 	var id *trie.ID
 	if addrHash == (common.Hash{}) {
 		id = trie.StateTrieID(stateRoot)
@@ -49,13 +50,17 @@ func updateTrie(db *Database, stateRoot common.Hash, addrHash common.Hash, root
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to load trie, err: %w", err))
 	}
-	for key, val := range dirties {
+	var deletes []common.Hash
+	for key, val := range entries {
 		if len(val) == 0 {
-			tr.Delete(key.Bytes())
+			deletes = append(deletes, key)
 		} else {
 			tr.Update(key.Bytes(), val)
 		}
 	}
+	for _, key := range deletes {
+		tr.Delete(key.Bytes())
+	}
 	return tr.Commit(false)
 }
 
@@ -72,16 +77,18 @@ const (
 	createAccountOp int = iota
 	modifyAccountOp
 	deleteAccountOp
+	resurrectAccountOp
 	opLen
 )
 
+// genctx carries the generation context used within a single state transition.
 type genctx struct {
 	stateRoot     common.Hash
 	accounts      map[common.Hash][]byte                    // Keyed by the hash of account address
 	storages      map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]byte    // Keyed by the hash of account address and the hash of storage key
 	accountOrigin map[common.Address][]byte                 // Keyed by the account address
 	storageOrigin map[common.Address]map[common.Hash][]byte // Keyed by the account address and the hash of storage key
-	nodes         *trienode.MergedNodeSet
+	nodes         *trienode.MergedNodeSet                   // Trie nodes produced from the state transition
 }
 
 func newCtx(stateRoot common.Hash) *genctx {
@@ -123,20 +130,31 @@ type tester struct {
 	// state snapshots
 	snapAccounts map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]byte                 // Keyed by the hash of account address
 	snapStorages map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]byte // Keyed by the hash of account address and the hash of storage key
+
+	// trienode snapshots
+	snapNodes map[common.Hash]*trienode.MergedNodeSet
 }
 
-func newTester(t *testing.T, historyLimit uint64, isVerkle bool, layers int, enableIndex bool, journalDir string) *tester {
+type testerConfig struct {
+	stateHistory uint64
+	isVerkle     bool
+	layers       int
+	enableIndex  bool
+	journalDir   string
+}
+
+func newTester(t *testing.T, config *testerConfig) *tester {
 	var (
 		disk, _ = rawdb.Open(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.OpenOptions{Ancient: t.TempDir()})
 		db      = New(disk, &Config{
-			StateHistory:        historyLimit,
-			EnableStateIndexing: enableIndex,
+			StateHistory:        config.stateHistory,
+			EnableStateIndexing: config.enableIndex,
 			TrieCleanSize:       256 * 1024,
 			StateCleanSize:      256 * 1024,
 			WriteBufferSize:     256 * 1024,
 			NoAsyncFlush:        true,
-			JournalDirectory:    journalDir,
-		}, isVerkle)
+			JournalDirectory:    config.journalDir,
+		}, config.isVerkle)
 
 		obj = &tester{
 			db:           db,
@@ -145,9 +163,10 @@ func newTester(t *testing.T, historyLimit uint64, isVerkle bool, layers int, ena
 			storages:     make(map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]byte),
 			snapAccounts: make(map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]byte),
 			snapStorages: make(map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]byte),
+			snapNodes:    make(map[common.Hash]*trienode.MergedNodeSet),
 		}
 	)
-	for i := 0; i < layers; i++ {
+	for i := 0; i < config.layers; i++ {
 		var parent = types.EmptyRootHash
 		if len(obj.roots) != 0 {
 			parent = obj.roots[len(obj.roots)-1]
@@ -270,10 +289,53 @@ func (t *tester) clearStorage(ctx *genctx, addr common.Address, root common.Hash
 	return root
 }
 
+func (t *tester) resurrectStorage(ctx *genctx, addr common.Address, old map[common.Hash][]byte) common.Hash {
+	var (
+		addrHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(addr.Bytes())
+		storage  = make(map[common.Hash][]byte)
+		origin   = make(map[common.Hash][]byte)
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		v, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(common.TrimLeftZeroes(testrand.Bytes(32)))
+		key := testrand.Bytes(32)
+		hash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(key)
+		t.preimages[hash] = key
+
+		storage[hash] = v
+		origin[hash] = nil
+	}
+	var cnt int
+	for khash := range old {
+		cnt += 1
+		v, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(common.TrimLeftZeroes(testrand.Bytes(32)))
+
+		storage[khash] = v
+		origin[khash] = old[khash]
+		if cnt >= 3 {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	root, set := updateTrie(t.db, ctx.stateRoot, addrHash, types.EmptyRootHash, storage)
+
+	maps.Copy(ctx.storages[addrHash], storage)
+	if ctx.storageOrigin[addr] == nil {
+		ctx.storageOrigin[addr] = make(map[common.Hash][]byte)
+	}
+	for k, v := range origin {
+		if _, exists := ctx.storageOrigin[addr][k]; !exists {
+			ctx.storageOrigin[addr][k] = v
+		}
+	}
+	ctx.nodes.Merge(set)
+	return root
+}
+
 func (t *tester) generate(parent common.Hash, rawStorageKey bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.MergedNodeSet, *StateSetWithOrigin) {
 	var (
-		ctx     = newCtx(parent)
-		dirties = make(map[common.Hash]struct{})
+		ctx       = newCtx(parent)
+		dirties   = make(map[common.Hash]struct{})
+		deleted   = make(map[common.Address]struct{})
+		resurrect = make(map[common.Address]struct{})
 	)
 	for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
 		// Start with account creation always
@@ -336,6 +398,7 @@ func (t *tester) generate(parent common.Hash, rawStorageKey bool) (common.Hash,
 				continue
 			}
 			dirties[addrHash] = struct{}{}
+			deleted[addr] = struct{}{}
 
 			acct, _ := types.FullAccount(account)
 			if acct.Root != types.EmptyRootHash {
@@ -343,6 +406,25 @@ func (t *tester) generate(parent common.Hash, rawStorageKey bool) (common.Hash,
 			}
 			ctx.accounts[addrHash] = nil
 			ctx.accountOrigin[addr] = account
+
+		case resurrectAccountOp:
+			if len(deleted) == 0 {
+				continue
+			}
+			addresses := maps.Keys(deleted)
+			addr := addresses[rand.Intn(len(addresses))]
+			if _, exist := resurrect[addr]; exist {
+				continue
+			}
+			resurrect[addr] = struct{}{}
+
+			addrHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(addr.Bytes())
+			root := t.resurrectStorage(ctx, addr, t.storages[addrHash])
+			ctx.accounts[addrHash] = types.SlimAccountRLP(generateAccount(root))
+			if _, exist := ctx.accountOrigin[addr]; !exist {
+				ctx.accountOrigin[addr] = nil
+			}
+			t.preimages[addrHash] = addr.Bytes()
 		}
 	}
 	root, set := updateTrie(t.db, parent, common.Hash{}, parent, ctx.accounts)
@@ -351,6 +433,7 @@ func (t *tester) generate(parent common.Hash, rawStorageKey bool) (common.Hash,
 	// Save state snapshot before commit
 	t.snapAccounts[parent] = copyAccounts(t.accounts)
 	t.snapStorages[parent] = copyStorages(t.storages)
+	t.snapNodes[parent] = ctx.nodes
 
 	// Commit all changes to live state set
 	for addrHash, account := range ctx.accounts {
@@ -470,8 +553,7 @@ func TestDatabaseRollback(t *testing.T) {
 		maxDiffLayers = 128
 	}()
 
-	// Verify state histories
-	tester := newTester(t, 0, false, 32, false, "")
+	tester := newTester(t, &testerConfig{layers: 32})
 	defer tester.release()
 
 	if err := tester.verifyHistory(); err != nil {
@@ -505,7 +587,7 @@ func TestDatabaseRecoverable(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 
 	var (
-		tester = newTester(t, 0, false, 12, false, "")
+		tester = newTester(t, &testerConfig{layers: 12})
 		index  = tester.bottomIndex()
 	)
 	defer tester.release()
@@ -526,7 +608,7 @@ func TestDatabaseRecoverable(t *testing.T) {
 		// Layers below current disk layer are recoverable
 		{tester.roots[index-1], true},
 
-		// Disklayer itself is not recoverable, since it's
+		// Disk layer itself is not recoverable, since it's
 		// available for accessing.
 		{tester.roots[index], false},
 
@@ -542,6 +624,59 @@ func TestDatabaseRecoverable(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestExecuteRollback(t *testing.T) {
+	// Redefine the diff layer depth allowance for faster testing.
+	maxDiffLayers = 4
+	defer func() {
+		maxDiffLayers = 128
+	}()
+
+	tester := newTester(t, &testerConfig{layers: 32})
+	defer tester.release()
+
+	// Revert database from top to bottom
+	for i := tester.bottomIndex(); i >= 0; i-- {
+		dl := tester.db.tree.bottom()
+		h, err := readStateHistory(tester.db.stateFreezer, dl.stateID())
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to read history, err: %v", err)
+		}
+		nodes, err := apply(tester.db, h.meta.parent, h.meta.root, h.meta.version == stateHistoryV1, h.accounts, h.storages)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to apply history, err: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// Verify the produced node set, ensuring they are aligned with the
+		// tracked dirty nodes.
+		want := tester.snapNodes[h.meta.parent]
+		if len(nodes) != len(want.Sets) {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected node sets, want: %d, got: %d", len(want.Sets), len(nodes))
+		}
+		for owner, setA := range nodes {
+			setB, ok := want.Sets[owner]
+			if !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("Excessive nodeset, %x", owner)
+			}
+			if len(setA) != len(setB.Origins) {
+				t.Fatalf("Unexpected origins, want: %d, got: %d", len(setA), len(setB.Origins))
+			}
+			for k, nA := range setA {
+				nB, ok := setB.Origins[k]
+				if !ok {
+					t.Fatalf("Excessive node, %v", []byte(k))
+				}
+				if !bytes.Equal(nA.Blob, nB) {
+					t.Fatalf("Unexpected node value, want: %v, got: %v", nA.Blob, nB)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if err := tester.db.Recover(h.meta.parent); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to recover db, err: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestDisable(t *testing.T) {
 	// Redefine the diff layer depth allowance for faster testing.
 	maxDiffLayers = 4
@@ -549,7 +684,7 @@ func TestDisable(t *testing.T) {
 		maxDiffLayers = 128
 	}()
 
-	tester := newTester(t, 0, false, 32, false, "")
+	tester := newTester(t, &testerConfig{layers: 32})
 	defer tester.release()
 
 	stored := crypto.Keccak256Hash(rawdb.ReadAccountTrieNode(tester.db.diskdb, nil))
@@ -563,10 +698,6 @@ func TestDisable(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to activate database: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	// Ensure journal is deleted from disk
-	if blob := rawdb.ReadTrieJournal(tester.db.diskdb); len(blob) != 0 {
-		t.Fatal("Failed to clean journal")
-	}
 	// Ensure all trie histories are removed
 	n, err := tester.db.stateFreezer.Ancients()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -591,7 +722,7 @@ func TestCommit(t *testing.T) {
 		maxDiffLayers = 128
 	}()
 
-	tester := newTester(t, 0, false, 12, false, "")
+	tester := newTester(t, &testerConfig{layers: 12})
 	defer tester.release()
 
 	if err := tester.db.Commit(tester.lastHash(), false); err != nil {
@@ -626,7 +757,7 @@ func testJournal(t *testing.T, journalDir string) {
 		maxDiffLayers = 128
 	}()
 
-	tester := newTester(t, 0, false, 12, false, journalDir)
+	tester := newTester(t, &testerConfig{layers: 12, journalDir: journalDir})
 	defer tester.release()
 
 	if err := tester.db.Journal(tester.lastHash()); err != nil {
@@ -673,7 +804,7 @@ func testCorruptedJournal(t *testing.T, journalDir string, modifyFn func(databas
 		maxDiffLayers = 128
 	}()
 
-	tester := newTester(t, 0, false, 12, false, journalDir)
+	tester := newTester(t, &testerConfig{layers: 12, journalDir: journalDir})
 	defer tester.release()
 
 	if err := tester.db.Journal(tester.lastHash()); err != nil {
@@ -718,7 +849,7 @@ func TestTailTruncateHistory(t *testing.T) {
 		maxDiffLayers = 128
 	}()
 
-	tester := newTester(t, 10, false, 12, false, "")
+	tester := newTester(t, &testerConfig{layers: 12, stateHistory: 10})
 	defer tester.release()
 
 	tester.db.Close()
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/difflayer.go b/triedb/pathdb/difflayer.go
index ac05b4a0fb..ae523c979c 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/difflayer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/difflayer.go
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ type diffLayer struct {
 	root   common.Hash         // Root hash to which this layer diff belongs to
 	id     uint64              // Corresponding state id
 	block  uint64              // Associated block number
-	nodes  *nodeSet            // Cached trie nodes indexed by owner and path
+	nodes  *nodeSetWithOrigin  // Cached trie nodes indexed by owner and path
 	states *StateSetWithOrigin // Associated state changes along with origin value
 
 	parent layer        // Parent layer modified by this one, never nil, **can be changed**
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ type diffLayer struct {
 }
 
 // newDiffLayer creates a new diff layer on top of an existing layer.
-func newDiffLayer(parent layer, root common.Hash, id uint64, block uint64, nodes *nodeSet, states *StateSetWithOrigin) *diffLayer {
+func newDiffLayer(parent layer, root common.Hash, id uint64, block uint64, nodes *nodeSetWithOrigin, states *StateSetWithOrigin) *diffLayer {
 	dl := &diffLayer{
 		root:   root,
 		id:     id,
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func (dl *diffLayer) storage(accountHash, storageHash common.Hash, depth int) ([
 
 // update implements the layer interface, creating a new layer on top of the
 // existing layer tree with the specified data items.
-func (dl *diffLayer) update(root common.Hash, id uint64, block uint64, nodes *nodeSet, states *StateSetWithOrigin) *diffLayer {
+func (dl *diffLayer) update(root common.Hash, id uint64, block uint64, nodes *nodeSetWithOrigin, states *StateSetWithOrigin) *diffLayer {
 	return newDiffLayer(dl, root, id, block, nodes, states)
 }
 
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/difflayer_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/difflayer_test.go
index 83ed833486..0484fd9644 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/difflayer_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/difflayer_test.go
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func benchmarkSearch(b *testing.B, depth int, total int) {
 				nblob = common.CopyBytes(blob)
 			}
 		}
-		return newDiffLayer(parent, common.Hash{}, 0, 0, newNodeSet(nodes), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+		return newDiffLayer(parent, common.Hash{}, 0, 0, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nodes, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 	}
 	var layer layer
 	layer = emptyLayer()
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ func BenchmarkPersist(b *testing.B) {
 			)
 			nodes[common.Hash{}][string(path)] = node
 		}
-		return newDiffLayer(parent, common.Hash{}, 0, 0, newNodeSet(nodes), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+		return newDiffLayer(parent, common.Hash{}, 0, 0, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nodes, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 	}
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		b.StopTimer()
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func BenchmarkJournal(b *testing.B) {
 			)
 			nodes[common.Hash{}][string(path)] = node
 		}
-		return newDiffLayer(parent, common.Hash{}, 0, 0, newNodeSet(nodes), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+		return newDiffLayer(parent, common.Hash{}, 0, 0, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nodes, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 	}
 	var layer layer
 	layer = emptyLayer()
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
index 13df6251e8..2042e91611 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) storage(accountHash, storageHash common.Hash, depth int) ([
 
 // update implements the layer interface, returning a new diff layer on top
 // with the given state set.
-func (dl *diskLayer) update(root common.Hash, id uint64, block uint64, nodes *nodeSet, states *StateSetWithOrigin) *diffLayer {
+func (dl *diskLayer) update(root common.Hash, id uint64, block uint64, nodes *nodeSetWithOrigin, states *StateSetWithOrigin) *diffLayer {
 	return newDiffLayer(dl, root, id, block, nodes, states)
 }
 
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) commit(bottom *diffLayer, force bool) (*diskLayer, error) {
 
 	// Merge the trie nodes and flat states of the bottom-most diff layer into the
 	// buffer as the combined layer.
-	combined := dl.buffer.commit(bottom.nodes, bottom.states.stateSet)
+	combined := dl.buffer.commit(bottom.nodes.nodeSet, bottom.states.stateSet)
 
 	// Terminate the background state snapshot generation before mutating the
 	// persistent state.
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/execute.go b/triedb/pathdb/execute.go
index aa4bd8b44b..4c1cafec12 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/execute.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/execute.go
@@ -59,13 +59,19 @@ func apply(db database.NodeDatabase, prevRoot common.Hash, postRoot common.Hash,
 		rawStorageKey: rawStorageKey,
 		nodes:         trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(),
 	}
+	var deletes []common.Address
 	for addr, account := range accounts {
-		var err error
 		if len(account) == 0 {
-			err = deleteAccount(ctx, db, addr)
+			deletes = append(deletes, addr)
 		} else {
-			err = updateAccount(ctx, db, addr)
+			err := updateAccount(ctx, db, addr)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to revert state, err: %w", err)
+			}
 		}
+	}
+	for _, addr := range deletes {
+		err := deleteAccount(ctx, db, addr)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to revert state, err: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -77,7 +83,7 @@ func apply(db database.NodeDatabase, prevRoot common.Hash, postRoot common.Hash,
 	if err := ctx.nodes.Merge(result); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return ctx.nodes.Flatten(), nil
+	return ctx.nodes.Nodes(), nil
 }
 
 // updateAccount the account was present in prev-state, and may or may not
@@ -108,17 +114,23 @@ func updateAccount(ctx *context, db database.NodeDatabase, addr common.Address)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	var deletes []common.Hash
 	for key, val := range ctx.storages[addr] {
 		tkey := key
 		if ctx.rawStorageKey {
 			tkey = crypto.Keccak256Hash(key.Bytes())
 		}
-		var err error
 		if len(val) == 0 {
-			err = st.Delete(tkey.Bytes())
+			deletes = append(deletes, tkey)
 		} else {
-			err = st.Update(tkey.Bytes(), val)
+			err := st.Update(tkey.Bytes(), val)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 		}
+	}
+	for _, tkey := range deletes {
+		err := st.Delete(tkey.Bytes())
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
index 9028a886ce..2ae1cfdd29 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
@@ -144,8 +144,7 @@ func testHistoryReader(t *testing.T, historyLimit uint64) {
 		maxDiffLayers = 128
 	}()
 
-	// log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelDebug, true)))
-	env := newTester(t, historyLimit, false, 64, true, "")
+	env := newTester(t, &testerConfig{stateHistory: historyLimit, layers: 64, enableIndex: true})
 	defer env.release()
 	waitIndexing(env.db)
 
@@ -184,7 +183,8 @@ func TestHistoricalStateReader(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 
 	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelDebug, true)))
-	env := newTester(t, 0, false, 64, true, "")
+	config := &testerConfig{stateHistory: 0, layers: 64, enableIndex: true}
+	env := newTester(t, config)
 	defer env.release()
 	waitIndexing(env.db)
 
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/journal.go b/triedb/pathdb/journal.go
index 4639932763..bd9081a28f 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/journal.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/journal.go
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ func (db *Database) loadDiffLayer(parent layer, r *rlp.Stream) (layer, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("load block number: %v", err)
 	}
 	// Read in-memory trie nodes from journal
-	var nodes nodeSet
+	var nodes nodeSetWithOrigin
 	if err := nodes.decode(r); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/layertree.go b/triedb/pathdb/layertree.go
index b2f3f7f37d..ec45257db5 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/layertree.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/layertree.go
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 )
 
 // layerTree is a group of state layers identified by the state root.
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ func (tree *layerTree) len() int {
 }
 
 // add inserts a new layer into the tree if it can be linked to an existing old parent.
-func (tree *layerTree) add(root common.Hash, parentRoot common.Hash, block uint64, nodes *trienode.MergedNodeSet, states *StateSetWithOrigin) error {
+func (tree *layerTree) add(root common.Hash, parentRoot common.Hash, block uint64, nodes *nodeSetWithOrigin, states *StateSetWithOrigin) error {
 	// Reject noop updates to avoid self-loops. This is a special case that can
 	// happen for clique networks and proof-of-stake networks where empty blocks
 	// don't modify the state (0 block subsidy).
@@ -156,7 +155,7 @@ func (tree *layerTree) add(root common.Hash, parentRoot common.Hash, block uint6
 	if parent == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("triedb parent [%#x] layer missing", parentRoot)
 	}
-	l := parent.update(root, parent.stateID()+1, block, newNodeSet(nodes.Flatten()), states)
+	l := parent.update(root, parent.stateID()+1, block, nodes, states)
 
 	tree.lock.Lock()
 	defer tree.lock.Unlock()
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/layertree_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/layertree_test.go
index a76d60ba5b..a74c6eb045 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/layertree_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/layertree_test.go
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 )
 
 func newTestLayerTree() *layerTree {
@@ -45,9 +44,9 @@ func TestLayerCap(t *testing.T) {
 			//   C1->C2->C3->C4 (HEAD)
 			init: func() *layerTree {
 				tr := newTestLayerTree()
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 				return tr
 			},
 			// Chain:
@@ -66,9 +65,9 @@ func TestLayerCap(t *testing.T) {
 			//   C1->C2->C3->C4 (HEAD)
 			init: func() *layerTree {
 				tr := newTestLayerTree()
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 				return tr
 			},
 			// Chain:
@@ -86,9 +85,9 @@ func TestLayerCap(t *testing.T) {
 			//   C1->C2->C3->C4 (HEAD)
 			init: func() *layerTree {
 				tr := newTestLayerTree()
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 				return tr
 			},
 			// Chain:
@@ -106,12 +105,12 @@ func TestLayerCap(t *testing.T) {
 			//     ->C2'->C3'->C4'
 			init: func() *layerTree {
 				tr := newTestLayerTree()
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2a}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3a}, common.Hash{0x2a}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4a}, common.Hash{0x3a}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2b}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3b}, common.Hash{0x2b}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4b}, common.Hash{0x3b}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2a}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3a}, common.Hash{0x2a}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4a}, common.Hash{0x3a}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2b}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3b}, common.Hash{0x2b}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4b}, common.Hash{0x3b}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 				return tr
 			},
 			// Chain:
@@ -131,12 +130,12 @@ func TestLayerCap(t *testing.T) {
 			//     ->C2'->C3'->C4'
 			init: func() *layerTree {
 				tr := newTestLayerTree()
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2a}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3a}, common.Hash{0x2a}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4a}, common.Hash{0x3a}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2b}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3b}, common.Hash{0x2b}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4b}, common.Hash{0x3b}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2a}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3a}, common.Hash{0x2a}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4a}, common.Hash{0x3a}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2b}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3b}, common.Hash{0x2b}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4b}, common.Hash{0x3b}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 				return tr
 			},
 			// Chain:
@@ -155,11 +154,11 @@ func TestLayerCap(t *testing.T) {
 			//         ->C3'->C4'
 			init: func() *layerTree {
 				tr := newTestLayerTree()
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3a}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4a}, common.Hash{0x3a}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3b}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4b}, common.Hash{0x3b}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3a}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4a}, common.Hash{0x3a}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3b}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4b}, common.Hash{0x3b}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 				return tr
 			},
 			// Chain:
@@ -213,8 +212,8 @@ func TestBaseLayer(t *testing.T) {
 		//   C1->C2->C3 (HEAD)
 		{
 			func() {
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 			},
 			common.Hash{0x1},
 		},
@@ -230,9 +229,9 @@ func TestBaseLayer(t *testing.T) {
 		//   C4->C5->C6 (HEAD)
 		{
 			func() {
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x5}, common.Hash{0x4}, 4, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x6}, common.Hash{0x5}, 5, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x5}, common.Hash{0x4}, 4, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x6}, common.Hash{0x5}, 5, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 				tr.cap(common.Hash{0x6}, 2)
 			},
 			common.Hash{0x4},
@@ -258,7 +257,7 @@ func TestDescendant(t *testing.T) {
 			//   C1->C2 (HEAD)
 			init: func() *layerTree {
 				tr := newTestLayerTree()
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 				return tr
 			},
 			snapshotA: map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash]struct{}{
@@ -269,7 +268,7 @@ func TestDescendant(t *testing.T) {
 			// Chain:
 			//   C1->C2->C3 (HEAD)
 			op: func(tr *layerTree) {
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 			},
 			snapshotB: map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash]struct{}{
 				common.Hash{0x1}: {
@@ -286,9 +285,9 @@ func TestDescendant(t *testing.T) {
 			//   C1->C2->C3->C4 (HEAD)
 			init: func() *layerTree {
 				tr := newTestLayerTree()
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 				return tr
 			},
 			snapshotA: map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash]struct{}{
@@ -325,9 +324,9 @@ func TestDescendant(t *testing.T) {
 			//   C1->C2->C3->C4 (HEAD)
 			init: func() *layerTree {
 				tr := newTestLayerTree()
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 				return tr
 			},
 			snapshotA: map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash]struct{}{
@@ -360,9 +359,9 @@ func TestDescendant(t *testing.T) {
 			//   C1->C2->C3->C4 (HEAD)
 			init: func() *layerTree {
 				tr := newTestLayerTree()
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 				return tr
 			},
 			snapshotA: map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash]struct{}{
@@ -392,12 +391,12 @@ func TestDescendant(t *testing.T) {
 			//     ->C2'->C3'->C4'
 			init: func() *layerTree {
 				tr := newTestLayerTree()
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2a}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3a}, common.Hash{0x2a}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4a}, common.Hash{0x3a}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2b}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3b}, common.Hash{0x2b}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4b}, common.Hash{0x3b}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2a}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3a}, common.Hash{0x2a}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4a}, common.Hash{0x3a}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2b}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3b}, common.Hash{0x2b}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4b}, common.Hash{0x3b}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 				return tr
 			},
 			snapshotA: map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash]struct{}{
@@ -445,12 +444,12 @@ func TestDescendant(t *testing.T) {
 			//     ->C2'->C3'->C4'
 			init: func() *layerTree {
 				tr := newTestLayerTree()
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2a}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3a}, common.Hash{0x2a}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4a}, common.Hash{0x3a}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2b}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3b}, common.Hash{0x2b}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4b}, common.Hash{0x3b}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2a}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3a}, common.Hash{0x2a}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4a}, common.Hash{0x3a}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2b}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3b}, common.Hash{0x2b}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4b}, common.Hash{0x3b}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 				return tr
 			},
 			snapshotA: map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash]struct{}{
@@ -494,11 +493,11 @@ func TestDescendant(t *testing.T) {
 			//         ->C3'->C4'
 			init: func() *layerTree {
 				tr := newTestLayerTree()
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3a}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4a}, common.Hash{0x3a}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3b}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
-				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4b}, common.Hash{0x3b}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3a}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4a}, common.Hash{0x3a}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x3b}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
+				tr.add(common.Hash{0x4b}, common.Hash{0x3b}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil), NewStateSetWithOrigin(nil, nil, nil, nil, false))
 				return tr
 			},
 			snapshotA: map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash]struct{}{
@@ -580,11 +579,11 @@ func TestAccountLookup(t *testing.T) {
 	// Chain:
 	//   C1->C2->C3->C4 (HEAD)
 	tr := newTestLayerTree() // base = 0x1
-	tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(),
+	tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil),
 		NewStateSetWithOrigin(randomAccountSet("0xa"), nil, nil, nil, false))
-	tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(),
+	tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil),
 		NewStateSetWithOrigin(randomAccountSet("0xb"), nil, nil, nil, false))
-	tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(),
+	tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil),
 		NewStateSetWithOrigin(randomAccountSet("0xa", "0xc"), nil, nil, nil, false))
 
 	var cases = []struct {
@@ -734,11 +733,11 @@ func TestStorageLookup(t *testing.T) {
 	// Chain:
 	//   C1->C2->C3->C4 (HEAD)
 	tr := newTestLayerTree() // base = 0x1
-	tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(),
+	tr.add(common.Hash{0x2}, common.Hash{0x1}, 1, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil),
 		NewStateSetWithOrigin(randomAccountSet("0xa"), randomStorageSet([]string{"0xa"}, [][]string{{"0x1"}}, nil), nil, nil, false))
-	tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(),
+	tr.add(common.Hash{0x3}, common.Hash{0x2}, 2, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil),
 		NewStateSetWithOrigin(randomAccountSet("0xa"), randomStorageSet([]string{"0xa"}, [][]string{{"0x2"}}, nil), nil, nil, false))
-	tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(),
+	tr.add(common.Hash{0x4}, common.Hash{0x3}, 3, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nil, nil),
 		NewStateSetWithOrigin(randomAccountSet("0xa"), randomStorageSet([]string{"0xa"}, [][]string{{"0x1", "0x3"}}, nil), nil, nil, false))
 
 	var cases = []struct {
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go b/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go
index f90bd0f01c..c6f9e7aece 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ package pathdb
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"maps"
@@ -301,3 +302,125 @@ func (s *nodeSet) dbsize() int {
 	}
 	return m + int(s.size)
 }
+
+// nodeSetWithOrigin wraps the node set with additional original values of the
+// mutated trie nodes.
+type nodeSetWithOrigin struct {
+	*nodeSet
+
+	// nodeOrigin represents the trie nodes before the state transition. It's keyed
+	// by the account address hash and node path. The nil value means the trie node
+	// was not present.
+	nodeOrigin map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte
+
+	// memory size of the state data (accountNodeOrigin and storageNodeOrigin)
+	size uint64
+}
+
+// NewNodeSetWithOrigin constructs the state set with the provided data.
+func NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nodes map[common.Hash]map[string]*trienode.Node, origins map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte) *nodeSetWithOrigin {
+	// Don't panic for the lazy callers, initialize the nil maps instead.
+	if origins == nil {
+		origins = make(map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte)
+	}
+	set := &nodeSetWithOrigin{
+		nodeSet:    newNodeSet(nodes),
+		nodeOrigin: origins,
+	}
+	set.computeSize()
+	return set
+}
+
+// computeSize calculates the database size of the held trie nodes.
+func (s *nodeSetWithOrigin) computeSize() {
+	var size int
+	for owner, slots := range s.nodeOrigin {
+		prefixLen := common.HashLength
+		if owner == (common.Hash{}) {
+			prefixLen = 0
+		}
+		for path, data := range slots {
+			size += prefixLen + len(path) + len(data)
+		}
+	}
+	s.size = s.nodeSet.size + uint64(size)
+}
+
+// encode serializes the content of node set into the provided writer.
+func (s *nodeSetWithOrigin) encode(w io.Writer) error {
+	// Encode node set
+	if err := s.nodeSet.encode(w); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Short circuit if the origins are not tracked
+	if len(s.nodeOrigin) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Encode node origins
+	nodes := make([]journalNodes, 0, len(s.nodeOrigin))
+	for owner, subset := range s.nodeOrigin {
+		entry := journalNodes{
+			Owner: owner,
+			Nodes: make([]journalNode, 0, len(subset)),
+		}
+		for path, node := range subset {
+			entry.Nodes = append(entry.Nodes, journalNode{
+				Path: []byte(path),
+				Blob: node,
+			})
+		}
+		nodes = append(nodes, entry)
+	}
+	return rlp.Encode(w, nodes)
+}
+
+// hasOrigin returns whether the origin data set exists in the rlp stream.
+// It's a workaround for backward compatibility.
+func (s *nodeSetWithOrigin) hasOrigin(r *rlp.Stream) (bool, error) {
+	kind, _, err := r.Kind()
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		return false, err
+	}
+	// If the type of next element in the RLP stream is:
+	// - `rlp.List`: represents the original value of trienodes;
+	// - others, like `boolean`: represent a field in the following state data set;
+	return kind == rlp.List, nil
+}
+
+// decode deserializes the content from the rlp stream into the node set.
+func (s *nodeSetWithOrigin) decode(r *rlp.Stream) error {
+	if s.nodeSet == nil {
+		s.nodeSet = &nodeSet{}
+	}
+	if err := s.nodeSet.decode(r); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Decode node origins
+	s.nodeOrigin = make(map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte)
+	if hasOrigin, err := s.hasOrigin(r); err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if hasOrigin {
+		var encoded []journalNodes
+		if err := r.Decode(&encoded); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("load nodes: %v", err)
+		}
+		for _, entry := range encoded {
+			subset := make(map[string][]byte, len(entry.Nodes))
+			for _, n := range entry.Nodes {
+				if len(n.Blob) > 0 {
+					subset[string(n.Path)] = n.Blob
+				} else {
+					subset[string(n.Path)] = nil
+				}
+			}
+			s.nodeOrigin[entry.Owner] = subset
+		}
+	}
+	s.computeSize()
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/nodes_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/nodes_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..483dc4b1a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/nodes_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package pathdb
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
+)
+
+func TestNodeSetEncode(t *testing.T) {
+	nodes := make(map[common.Hash]map[string]*trienode.Node)
+	nodes[common.Hash{}] = map[string]*trienode.Node{
+		"":  trienode.New(crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte{0x0}), []byte{0x0}),
+		"1": trienode.New(crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte{0x1}), []byte{0x1}),
+		"2": trienode.New(crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte{0x2}), []byte{0x2}),
+	}
+	nodes[common.Hash{0x1}] = map[string]*trienode.Node{
+		"":  trienode.New(crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte{0x0}), []byte{0x0}),
+		"1": trienode.New(crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte{0x1}), []byte{0x1}),
+		"2": trienode.New(crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte{0x2}), []byte{0x2}),
+	}
+	s := newNodeSet(nodes)
+
+	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+	if err := s.encode(buf); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to encode states, %v", err)
+	}
+	var dec nodeSet
+	if err := dec.decode(rlp.NewStream(buf, 0)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to decode states, %v", err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(s.accountNodes, dec.accountNodes) {
+		t.Fatal("Unexpected account data")
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(s.storageNodes, dec.storageNodes) {
+		t.Fatal("Unexpected storage data")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNodeSetWithOriginEncode(t *testing.T) {
+	nodes := make(map[common.Hash]map[string]*trienode.Node)
+	nodes[common.Hash{}] = map[string]*trienode.Node{
+		"":  trienode.New(crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte{0x0}), []byte{0x0}),
+		"1": trienode.New(crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte{0x1}), []byte{0x1}),
+		"2": trienode.New(crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte{0x2}), []byte{0x2}),
+	}
+	nodes[common.Hash{0x1}] = map[string]*trienode.Node{
+		"":  trienode.New(crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte{0x0}), []byte{0x0}),
+		"1": trienode.New(crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte{0x1}), []byte{0x1}),
+		"2": trienode.New(crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte{0x2}), []byte{0x2}),
+	}
+	origins := make(map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte)
+	origins[common.Hash{}] = map[string][]byte{
+		"":  nil,
+		"1": {0x1},
+		"2": {0x2},
+	}
+	origins[common.Hash{0x1}] = map[string][]byte{
+		"":  nil,
+		"1": {0x1},
+		"2": {0x2},
+	}
+
+	// Encode with origin set
+	s := NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nodes, origins)
+
+	buf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+	if err := s.encode(buf); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to encode states, %v", err)
+	}
+	var dec nodeSetWithOrigin
+	if err := dec.decode(rlp.NewStream(buf, 0)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to decode states, %v", err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(s.accountNodes, dec.accountNodes) {
+		t.Fatal("Unexpected account data")
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(s.storageNodes, dec.storageNodes) {
+		t.Fatal("Unexpected storage data")
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(s.nodeOrigin, dec.nodeOrigin) {
+		t.Fatal("Unexpected node origin data")
+	}
+
+	// Encode without origin set
+	s = NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nodes, nil)
+
+	buf = bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+	if err := s.encode(buf); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to encode states, %v", err)
+	}
+	var dec2 nodeSetWithOrigin
+	if err := dec2.decode(rlp.NewStream(buf, 0)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to decode states, %v", err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(s.accountNodes, dec2.accountNodes) {
+		t.Fatal("Unexpected account data")
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(s.storageNodes, dec2.storageNodes) {
+		t.Fatal("Unexpected storage data")
+	}
+	if len(dec2.nodeOrigin) != 0 {
+		t.Fatal("unexpected node origin data")
+	}
+	if dec2.size != s.size {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected data size, got: %d, want: %d", dec2.size, s.size)
+	}
+}

From 8ce204734879580a0a38e13708c8f473967eac83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Sep 2025 10:59:11 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 090/470] cmd/geth: set trie journal for pathdb (#32531)

As in #32060 we introduced the file based journal path, for the other
sub command(eg: snapshot, db), we should also pass the directory to the
triedb, else the subcommand(eg: `geth snapshot`) failed to run:

```bash
geth snapshot verify-state --datadir /geth-data
...
INFO [09-02|02:12:29.493] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/geth-data/geth/chaindata cache=512.00MiB handles=524,288
INFO [09-02|02:12:32.746] Opened ancient database                  database=/geth-data/geth/chaindata/ancient/chain readonly=true
INFO [09-02|02:12:32.746] Opened Era store                         datadir=/geth-data/geth/chaindata/ancient/chain/era
INFO [09-02|02:12:32.758] State scheme set to already existing     scheme=path
INFO [09-02|02:12:32.760] Load database journal from disk
INFO [09-02|02:12:32.764] Failed to load journal, discard it       err="journal not found"
INFO [09-02|02:12:32.789] Opened ancient database                  database=/geth-data/geth/chaindata/ancient/state readonly=true
INFO [09-02|02:12:32.790] Initialized path database                readonly=true triecache=0.00B statecache=0.00B buffer=0.00B history="entire chain"
ERROR[09-02|02:12:32.791] Failed to verify state                   root=c5458d..4cc785 err="unknown layer: c5458d476da0136a67ef24a93b909aa5c29efa5c5b885dbd1fbaed4e784cc785"
```
---
 cmd/geth/chaincmd.go |  4 ++--
 cmd/geth/dbcmd.go    |  4 ++--
 cmd/geth/snapshot.go | 10 +++++-----
 cmd/utils/flags.go   |  9 ++++++---
 4 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
index d0f4d6f81d..9868142f53 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ func initGenesis(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	chaindb := utils.MakeChainDatabase(ctx, stack, false)
 	defer chaindb.Close()
 
-	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, chaindb, ctx.Bool(utils.CachePreimagesFlag.Name), false, genesis.IsVerkle())
+	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, stack, chaindb, ctx.Bool(utils.CachePreimagesFlag.Name), false, genesis.IsVerkle())
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
 	_, hash, compatErr, err := core.SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(chaindb, triedb, genesis, &overrides)
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ func dump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, db, true, true, false) // always enable preimage lookup
+	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, stack, db, true, true, false) // always enable preimage lookup
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
 	state, err := state.New(root, state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil))
diff --git a/cmd/geth/dbcmd.go b/cmd/geth/dbcmd.go
index 44a52521f0..c57add0656 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/dbcmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/dbcmd.go
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ func dbDumpTrie(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	db := utils.MakeChainDatabase(ctx, stack, true)
 	defer db.Close()
 
-	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, db, false, true, false)
+	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, stack, db, false, true, false)
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
 	var (
@@ -859,7 +859,7 @@ func inspectHistory(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	db := utils.MakeChainDatabase(ctx, stack, true)
 	defer db.Close()
 
-	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, db, false, false, false)
+	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, stack, db, false, false, false)
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
 	var (
diff --git a/cmd/geth/snapshot.go b/cmd/geth/snapshot.go
index aa9ae7087f..994cb149ce 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/snapshot.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/snapshot.go
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ func verifyState(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		log.Error("Failed to load head block")
 		return errors.New("no head block")
 	}
-	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, chaindb, false, true, false)
+	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, stack, chaindb, false, true, false)
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
 	var (
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ func traverseState(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	chaindb := utils.MakeChainDatabase(ctx, stack, true)
 	defer chaindb.Close()
 
-	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, chaindb, false, true, false)
+	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, stack, chaindb, false, true, false)
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
 	headBlock := rawdb.ReadHeadBlock(chaindb)
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ func traverseRawState(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	chaindb := utils.MakeChainDatabase(ctx, stack, true)
 	defer chaindb.Close()
 
-	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, chaindb, false, true, false)
+	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, stack, chaindb, false, true, false)
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
 	headBlock := rawdb.ReadHeadBlock(chaindb)
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ func dumpState(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, db, false, true, false)
+	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, stack, db, false, true, false)
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
 	snapConfig := snapshot.Config{
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ func snapshotExportPreimages(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	chaindb := utils.MakeChainDatabase(ctx, stack, true)
 	defer chaindb.Close()
 
-	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, chaindb, false, true, false)
+	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, stack, chaindb, false, true, false)
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
 	var root common.Hash
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index cbc1d925e4..bfc1ff0983 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -2269,7 +2269,7 @@ func MakeConsolePreloads(ctx *cli.Context) []string {
 }
 
 // MakeTrieDatabase constructs a trie database based on the configured scheme.
-func MakeTrieDatabase(ctx *cli.Context, disk ethdb.Database, preimage bool, readOnly bool, isVerkle bool) *triedb.Database {
+func MakeTrieDatabase(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, disk ethdb.Database, preimage bool, readOnly bool, isVerkle bool) *triedb.Database {
 	config := &triedb.Config{
 		Preimages: preimage,
 		IsVerkle:  isVerkle,
@@ -2285,10 +2285,13 @@ func MakeTrieDatabase(ctx *cli.Context, disk ethdb.Database, preimage bool, read
 		config.HashDB = hashdb.Defaults
 		return triedb.NewDatabase(disk, config)
 	}
+	var pathConfig pathdb.Config
 	if readOnly {
-		config.PathDB = pathdb.ReadOnly
+		pathConfig = *pathdb.ReadOnly
 	} else {
-		config.PathDB = pathdb.Defaults
+		pathConfig = *pathdb.Defaults
 	}
+	pathConfig.JournalDirectory = stack.ResolvePath("triedb")
+	config.PathDB = &pathConfig
 	return triedb.NewDatabase(disk, config)
 }

From c4ec4504bbb300278874715ca9527aa074f5bc4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Sep 2025 14:00:23 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 091/470] core/state: state size tracking (#32362)

Add state size tracking and retrieve api, start geth with `--state.size-tracking`,
the initial bootstrap is required (around 1h on mainnet), after the bootstrap,
use `debug_stateSize()` RPC to retrieve the state size:

```
> debug.stateSize()
{
  accountBytes: "0x39681967b",
  accountTrienodeBytes: "0xc57939f0c",
  accountTrienodes: "0x198b36ac",
  accounts: "0x129da14a",
  blockNumber: "0x1635e90",
  contractCodeBytes: "0x2b63ef481",
  contractCodes: "0x1c7b45",
  stateRoot: "0x9c36a3ec3745d72eea8700bd27b90dcaa66de0494b187c5600750044151e620a",
  storageBytes: "0x18a6e7d3f1",
  storageTrienodeBytes: "0x2e7f53fae6",
  storageTrienodes: "0x6e49a234",
  storages: "0x517859c5"
}
```

---------

Signed-off-by: jsvisa <delweng@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 cmd/geth/chaincmd.go           |   1 +
 cmd/geth/config.go             |   2 +-
 cmd/geth/main.go               |   1 +
 cmd/utils/flags.go             |  12 +
 core/blockchain.go             |  30 +-
 core/state/state_sizer.go      | 638 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 core/state/state_sizer_test.go | 231 ++++++++++++
 core/state/statedb.go          |  16 +-
 core/state/stateupdate.go      |   9 +-
 eth/api_debug.go               |  48 +++
 eth/backend.go                 |   1 +
 eth/ethconfig/config.go        |   3 +
 eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go    |   6 +
 internal/web3ext/web3ext.go    |   6 +
 triedb/database.go             |   9 +
 triedb/pathdb/database.go      |  11 +
 16 files changed, 1016 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 core/state/state_sizer.go
 create mode 100644 core/state/state_sizer_test.go

diff --git a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
index 9868142f53..71ff821bb9 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ if one is set.  Otherwise it prints the genesis from the datadir.`,
 			utils.MetricsInfluxDBTokenFlag,
 			utils.MetricsInfluxDBBucketFlag,
 			utils.MetricsInfluxDBOrganizationFlag,
+			utils.StateSizeTrackingFlag,
 			utils.TxLookupLimitFlag,
 			utils.VMTraceFlag,
 			utils.VMTraceJsonConfigFlag,
diff --git a/cmd/geth/config.go b/cmd/geth/config.go
index 96bd715e88..33a3eadea8 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/config.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/config.go
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ func constructDevModeBanner(ctx *cli.Context, cfg gethConfig) string {
        0x%x (10^49 ETH)
 `, cfg.Eth.Miner.PendingFeeRecipient)
 		if cfg.Eth.Miner.PendingFeeRecipient == utils.DeveloperAddr {
-			devModeBanner += fmt.Sprintf(` 
+			devModeBanner += fmt.Sprintf(`
        Private Key
        ------------------
        0x%x
diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index 2da5c43216..750bf55927 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -200,6 +200,7 @@ var (
 		utils.MetricsInfluxDBTokenFlag,
 		utils.MetricsInfluxDBBucketFlag,
 		utils.MetricsInfluxDBOrganizationFlag,
+		utils.StateSizeTrackingFlag,
 	}
 )
 
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index bfc1ff0983..a134ea4308 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -270,6 +270,12 @@ var (
 		Usage:    "Scheme to use for storing ethereum state ('hash' or 'path')",
 		Category: flags.StateCategory,
 	}
+	StateSizeTrackingFlag = &cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:     "state.size-tracking",
+		Usage:    "Enable state size tracking, retrieve state size with debug_stateSize.",
+		Value:    ethconfig.Defaults.EnableStateSizeTracking,
+		Category: flags.StateCategory,
+	}
 	StateHistoryFlag = &cli.Uint64Flag{
 		Name:     "history.state",
 		Usage:    "Number of recent blocks to retain state history for, only relevant in state.scheme=path (default = 90,000 blocks, 0 = entire chain)",
@@ -1726,6 +1732,9 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 			cfg.EthDiscoveryURLs = SplitAndTrim(urls)
 		}
 	}
+	if ctx.Bool(StateSizeTrackingFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.EnableStateSizeTracking = true
+	}
 	// Override any default configs for hard coded networks.
 	switch {
 	case ctx.Bool(MainnetFlag.Name):
@@ -2208,6 +2217,9 @@ func MakeChain(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, readonly bool) (*core.BlockCh
 		// - DATADIR/triedb/merkle.journal
 		// - DATADIR/triedb/verkle.journal
 		TrieJournalDirectory: stack.ResolvePath("triedb"),
+
+		// Enable state size tracking if enabled
+		StateSizeTracking: ctx.Bool(StateSizeTrackingFlag.Name),
 	}
 	if options.ArchiveMode && !options.Preimages {
 		options.Preimages = true
diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index dc6e7e9040..c97897cd70 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -196,6 +196,9 @@ type BlockChainConfig struct {
 	// If the value is zero, all transactions of the entire chain will be indexed.
 	// If the value is -1, indexing is disabled.
 	TxLookupLimit int64
+
+	// StateSizeTracking indicates whether the state size tracking is enabled.
+	StateSizeTracking bool
 }
 
 // DefaultConfig returns the default config.
@@ -333,6 +336,7 @@ type BlockChain struct {
 	prefetcher Prefetcher
 	processor  Processor // Block transaction processor interface
 	logger     *tracing.Hooks
+	stateSizer *state.SizeTracker // State size tracking
 
 	lastForkReadyAlert time.Time // Last time there was a fork readiness print out
 }
@@ -526,6 +530,17 @@ func NewBlockChain(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis, engine consensus.Engine,
 	if bc.cfg.TxLookupLimit >= 0 {
 		bc.txIndexer = newTxIndexer(uint64(bc.cfg.TxLookupLimit), bc)
 	}
+
+	// Start state size tracker
+	if bc.cfg.StateSizeTracking {
+		stateSizer, err := state.NewSizeTracker(bc.db, bc.triedb)
+		if err == nil {
+			bc.stateSizer = stateSizer
+			log.Info("Enabled state size metrics")
+		} else {
+			log.Info("Failed to setup size tracker", "err", err)
+		}
+	}
 	return bc, nil
 }
 
@@ -1252,6 +1267,10 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) stopWithoutSaving() {
 	// Signal shutdown to all goroutines.
 	bc.InterruptInsert(true)
 
+	// Stop state size tracker
+	if bc.stateSizer != nil {
+		bc.stateSizer.Stop()
+	}
 	// Now wait for all chain modifications to end and persistent goroutines to exit.
 	//
 	// Note: Close waits for the mutex to become available, i.e. any running chain
@@ -1586,10 +1605,14 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) writeBlockWithState(block *types.Block, receipts []*types.
 		log.Crit("Failed to write block into disk", "err", err)
 	}
 	// Commit all cached state changes into underlying memory database.
-	root, err := statedb.Commit(block.NumberU64(), bc.chainConfig.IsEIP158(block.Number()), bc.chainConfig.IsCancun(block.Number(), block.Time()))
+	root, stateUpdate, err := statedb.CommitWithUpdate(block.NumberU64(), bc.chainConfig.IsEIP158(block.Number()), bc.chainConfig.IsCancun(block.Number(), block.Time()))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	// Emit the state update to the state sizestats if it's active
+	if bc.stateSizer != nil {
+		bc.stateSizer.Notify(stateUpdate)
+	}
 	// If node is running in path mode, skip explicit gc operation
 	// which is unnecessary in this mode.
 	if bc.triedb.Scheme() == rawdb.PathScheme {
@@ -2791,3 +2814,8 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) SetTrieFlushInterval(interval time.Duration) {
 func (bc *BlockChain) GetTrieFlushInterval() time.Duration {
 	return time.Duration(bc.flushInterval.Load())
 }
+
+// StateSizer returns the state size tracker, or nil if it's not initialized
+func (bc *BlockChain) StateSizer() *state.SizeTracker {
+	return bc.stateSizer
+}
diff --git a/core/state/state_sizer.go b/core/state/state_sizer.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2066c94845
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/state/state_sizer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,638 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"container/heap"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"maps"
+	"runtime"
+	"slices"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+)
+
+const (
+	statEvictThreshold = 128 // the depth of statistic to be preserved
+)
+
+// Database key scheme for states.
+var (
+	accountKeySize            = int64(len(rawdb.SnapshotAccountPrefix) + common.HashLength)
+	storageKeySize            = int64(len(rawdb.SnapshotStoragePrefix) + common.HashLength*2)
+	accountTrienodePrefixSize = int64(len(rawdb.TrieNodeAccountPrefix))
+	storageTrienodePrefixSize = int64(len(rawdb.TrieNodeStoragePrefix) + common.HashLength)
+	codeKeySize               = int64(len(rawdb.CodePrefix) + common.HashLength)
+)
+
+// SizeStats represents either the current state size statistics or the size
+// differences resulting from a state transition.
+type SizeStats struct {
+	StateRoot   common.Hash // State root hash at the time of measurement
+	BlockNumber uint64      // Associated block number at the time of measurement
+
+	Accounts             int64 // Total number of accounts in the state
+	AccountBytes         int64 // Total storage size used by all account data (in bytes)
+	Storages             int64 // Total number of storage slots across all accounts
+	StorageBytes         int64 // Total storage size used by all storage slot data (in bytes)
+	AccountTrienodes     int64 // Total number of account trie nodes in the state
+	AccountTrienodeBytes int64 // Total storage size occupied by account trie nodes (in bytes)
+	StorageTrienodes     int64 // Total number of storage trie nodes in the state
+	StorageTrienodeBytes int64 // Total storage size occupied by storage trie nodes (in bytes)
+	ContractCodes        int64 // Total number of contract codes in the state
+	ContractCodeBytes    int64 // Total size of all contract code (in bytes)
+}
+
+func (s SizeStats) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Accounts: %d(%s), Storages: %d(%s), AccountTrienodes: %d(%s), StorageTrienodes: %d(%s), Codes: %d(%s)",
+		s.Accounts, common.StorageSize(s.AccountBytes),
+		s.Storages, common.StorageSize(s.StorageBytes),
+		s.AccountTrienodes, common.StorageSize(s.AccountTrienodeBytes),
+		s.StorageTrienodes, common.StorageSize(s.StorageTrienodeBytes),
+		s.ContractCodes, common.StorageSize(s.ContractCodeBytes),
+	)
+}
+
+// add applies the given state diffs and produces a new version of the statistics.
+func (s SizeStats) add(diff SizeStats) SizeStats {
+	s.StateRoot = diff.StateRoot
+	s.BlockNumber = diff.BlockNumber
+
+	s.Accounts += diff.Accounts
+	s.AccountBytes += diff.AccountBytes
+	s.Storages += diff.Storages
+	s.StorageBytes += diff.StorageBytes
+	s.AccountTrienodes += diff.AccountTrienodes
+	s.AccountTrienodeBytes += diff.AccountTrienodeBytes
+	s.StorageTrienodes += diff.StorageTrienodes
+	s.StorageTrienodeBytes += diff.StorageTrienodeBytes
+	s.ContractCodes += diff.ContractCodes
+	s.ContractCodeBytes += diff.ContractCodeBytes
+	return s
+}
+
+// calSizeStats measures the state size changes of the provided state update.
+func calSizeStats(update *stateUpdate) (SizeStats, error) {
+	stats := SizeStats{
+		BlockNumber: update.blockNumber,
+		StateRoot:   update.root,
+	}
+
+	// Measure the account changes
+	for addr, oldValue := range update.accountsOrigin {
+		addrHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(addr.Bytes())
+		newValue, exists := update.accounts[addrHash]
+		if !exists {
+			return SizeStats{}, fmt.Errorf("account %x not found", addr)
+		}
+		oldLen, newLen := len(oldValue), len(newValue)
+
+		switch {
+		case oldLen > 0 && newLen == 0:
+			// Account deletion
+			stats.Accounts -= 1
+			stats.AccountBytes -= accountKeySize + int64(oldLen)
+		case oldLen == 0 && newLen > 0:
+			// Account creation
+			stats.Accounts += 1
+			stats.AccountBytes += accountKeySize + int64(newLen)
+		default:
+			// Account update
+			stats.AccountBytes += int64(newLen - oldLen)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Measure storage changes
+	for addr, slots := range update.storagesOrigin {
+		addrHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(addr.Bytes())
+		subset, exists := update.storages[addrHash]
+		if !exists {
+			return SizeStats{}, fmt.Errorf("storage %x not found", addr)
+		}
+		for key, oldValue := range slots {
+			var (
+				exists   bool
+				newValue []byte
+			)
+			if update.rawStorageKey {
+				newValue, exists = subset[crypto.Keccak256Hash(key.Bytes())]
+			} else {
+				newValue, exists = subset[key]
+			}
+			if !exists {
+				return SizeStats{}, fmt.Errorf("storage slot %x-%x not found", addr, key)
+			}
+			oldLen, newLen := len(oldValue), len(newValue)
+
+			switch {
+			case oldLen > 0 && newLen == 0:
+				// Storage deletion
+				stats.Storages -= 1
+				stats.StorageBytes -= storageKeySize + int64(oldLen)
+			case oldLen == 0 && newLen > 0:
+				// Storage creation
+				stats.Storages += 1
+				stats.StorageBytes += storageKeySize + int64(newLen)
+			default:
+				// Storage update
+				stats.StorageBytes += int64(newLen - oldLen)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Measure trienode changes
+	for owner, subset := range update.nodes.Sets {
+		var (
+			keyPrefix int64
+			isAccount = owner == (common.Hash{})
+		)
+		if isAccount {
+			keyPrefix = accountTrienodePrefixSize
+		} else {
+			keyPrefix = storageTrienodePrefixSize
+		}
+
+		// Iterate over Origins since every modified node has an origin entry
+		for path, oldNode := range subset.Origins {
+			newNode, exists := subset.Nodes[path]
+			if !exists {
+				return SizeStats{}, fmt.Errorf("node %x-%v not found", owner, path)
+			}
+			keySize := keyPrefix + int64(len(path))
+
+			switch {
+			case len(oldNode) > 0 && len(newNode.Blob) == 0:
+				// Node deletion
+				if isAccount {
+					stats.AccountTrienodes -= 1
+					stats.AccountTrienodeBytes -= keySize + int64(len(oldNode))
+				} else {
+					stats.StorageTrienodes -= 1
+					stats.StorageTrienodeBytes -= keySize + int64(len(oldNode))
+				}
+			case len(oldNode) == 0 && len(newNode.Blob) > 0:
+				// Node creation
+				if isAccount {
+					stats.AccountTrienodes += 1
+					stats.AccountTrienodeBytes += keySize + int64(len(newNode.Blob))
+				} else {
+					stats.StorageTrienodes += 1
+					stats.StorageTrienodeBytes += keySize + int64(len(newNode.Blob))
+				}
+			default:
+				// Node update
+				if isAccount {
+					stats.AccountTrienodeBytes += int64(len(newNode.Blob) - len(oldNode))
+				} else {
+					stats.StorageTrienodeBytes += int64(len(newNode.Blob) - len(oldNode))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Measure code changes. Note that the reported contract code size may be slightly
+	// inaccurate due to database deduplication (code is stored by its hash). However,
+	// this deviation is negligible and acceptable for measurement purposes.
+	for _, code := range update.codes {
+		stats.ContractCodes += 1
+		stats.ContractCodeBytes += codeKeySize + int64(len(code.blob))
+	}
+	return stats, nil
+}
+
+type stateSizeQuery struct {
+	root   *common.Hash    // nil means latest
+	err    error           // non-nil if the state size is not yet initialized
+	result chan *SizeStats // nil means the state is unknown
+}
+
+// SizeTracker handles the state size initialization and tracks of state size metrics.
+type SizeTracker struct {
+	db       ethdb.KeyValueStore
+	triedb   *triedb.Database
+	abort    chan struct{}
+	aborted  chan struct{}
+	updateCh chan *stateUpdate
+	queryCh  chan *stateSizeQuery
+}
+
+// NewSizeTracker creates a new state size tracker and starts it automatically
+func NewSizeTracker(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, triedb *triedb.Database) (*SizeTracker, error) {
+	if triedb.Scheme() != rawdb.PathScheme {
+		return nil, errors.New("state size tracker is not compatible with hash mode")
+	}
+	t := &SizeTracker{
+		db:       db,
+		triedb:   triedb,
+		abort:    make(chan struct{}),
+		aborted:  make(chan struct{}),
+		updateCh: make(chan *stateUpdate),
+		queryCh:  make(chan *stateSizeQuery),
+	}
+	go t.run()
+	return t, nil
+}
+
+func (t *SizeTracker) Stop() {
+	close(t.abort)
+	<-t.aborted
+}
+
+// sizeStatsHeap is a heap.Interface implementation over statesize statistics for
+// retrieving the oldest statistics for eviction.
+type sizeStatsHeap []SizeStats
+
+func (h sizeStatsHeap) Len() int           { return len(h) }
+func (h sizeStatsHeap) Less(i, j int) bool { return h[i].BlockNumber < h[j].BlockNumber }
+func (h sizeStatsHeap) Swap(i, j int)      { h[i], h[j] = h[j], h[i] }
+
+func (h *sizeStatsHeap) Push(x any) {
+	*h = append(*h, x.(SizeStats))
+}
+
+func (h *sizeStatsHeap) Pop() any {
+	old := *h
+	n := len(old)
+	x := old[n-1]
+	*h = old[0 : n-1]
+	return x
+}
+
+// run performs the state size initialization and handles updates
+func (t *SizeTracker) run() {
+	defer close(t.aborted)
+
+	var last common.Hash
+	stats, err := t.init() // launch background thread for state size init
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	h := sizeStatsHeap(slices.Collect(maps.Values(stats)))
+	heap.Init(&h)
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case u := <-t.updateCh:
+			base, found := stats[u.originRoot]
+			if !found {
+				log.Debug("Ignored the state size without parent", "parent", u.originRoot, "root", u.root, "number", u.blockNumber)
+				continue
+			}
+			diff, err := calSizeStats(u)
+			if err != nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			stat := base.add(diff)
+			stats[u.root] = stat
+			last = u.root
+
+			heap.Push(&h, stats[u.root])
+			for u.blockNumber-h[0].BlockNumber > statEvictThreshold {
+				delete(stats, h[0].StateRoot)
+				heap.Pop(&h)
+			}
+			log.Debug("Update state size", "number", stat.BlockNumber, "root", stat.StateRoot, "stat", stat)
+
+		case r := <-t.queryCh:
+			var root common.Hash
+			if r.root != nil {
+				root = *r.root
+			} else {
+				root = last
+			}
+			if s, ok := stats[root]; ok {
+				r.result <- &s
+			} else {
+				r.result <- nil
+			}
+
+		case <-t.abort:
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type buildResult struct {
+	stat        SizeStats
+	root        common.Hash
+	blockNumber uint64
+	elapsed     time.Duration
+	err         error
+}
+
+func (t *SizeTracker) init() (map[common.Hash]SizeStats, error) {
+	// Wait for snapshot completion and then init
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(10 * time.Second)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+wait:
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			if t.triedb.SnapshotCompleted() {
+				break wait
+			}
+		case <-t.updateCh:
+			continue
+		case r := <-t.queryCh:
+			r.err = errors.New("state size is not initialized yet")
+			r.result <- nil
+		case <-t.abort:
+			return nil, errors.New("size tracker closed")
+		}
+	}
+
+	var (
+		updates  = make(map[common.Hash]*stateUpdate)
+		children = make(map[common.Hash][]common.Hash)
+		done     chan buildResult
+	)
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case u := <-t.updateCh:
+			updates[u.root] = u
+			children[u.originRoot] = append(children[u.originRoot], u.root)
+			log.Debug("Received state update", "root", u.root, "blockNumber", u.blockNumber)
+
+		case r := <-t.queryCh:
+			r.err = errors.New("state size is not initialized yet")
+			r.result <- nil
+
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			// Only check timer if build hasn't started yet
+			if done != nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			root := rawdb.ReadSnapshotRoot(t.db)
+			if root == (common.Hash{}) {
+				continue
+			}
+			entry, exists := updates[root]
+			if !exists {
+				continue
+			}
+			done = make(chan buildResult)
+			go t.build(entry.root, entry.blockNumber, done)
+			log.Info("Measuring persistent state size", "root", root.Hex(), "number", entry.blockNumber)
+
+		case result := <-done:
+			if result.err != nil {
+				return nil, result.err
+			}
+			var (
+				stats = make(map[common.Hash]SizeStats)
+				apply func(root common.Hash, stat SizeStats) error
+			)
+			apply = func(root common.Hash, base SizeStats) error {
+				for _, child := range children[root] {
+					entry, ok := updates[child]
+					if !ok {
+						return fmt.Errorf("the state update is not found, %x", child)
+					}
+					diff, err := calSizeStats(entry)
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					stats[child] = base.add(diff)
+					if err := apply(child, stats[child]); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+				}
+				return nil
+			}
+			if err := apply(result.root, result.stat); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			// Set initial latest stats
+			stats[result.root] = result.stat
+			log.Info("Measured persistent state size", "root", result.root, "number", result.blockNumber, "stat", result.stat, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(result.elapsed))
+			return stats, nil
+
+		case <-t.abort:
+			return nil, errors.New("size tracker closed")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (t *SizeTracker) build(root common.Hash, blockNumber uint64, done chan buildResult) {
+	// Metrics will be directly updated by each goroutine
+	var (
+		accounts, accountBytes int64
+		storages, storageBytes int64
+		codes, codeBytes       int64
+
+		accountTrienodes, accountTrienodeBytes int64
+		storageTrienodes, storageTrienodeBytes int64
+
+		group errgroup.Group
+		start = time.Now()
+	)
+
+	// Start all table iterations concurrently with direct metric updates
+	group.Go(func() error {
+		count, bytes, err := t.iterateTableParallel(t.abort, rawdb.SnapshotAccountPrefix, "account")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		accounts, accountBytes = count, bytes
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	group.Go(func() error {
+		count, bytes, err := t.iterateTableParallel(t.abort, rawdb.SnapshotStoragePrefix, "storage")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		storages, storageBytes = count, bytes
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	group.Go(func() error {
+		count, bytes, err := t.iterateTableParallel(t.abort, rawdb.TrieNodeAccountPrefix, "accountnode")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		accountTrienodes, accountTrienodeBytes = count, bytes
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	group.Go(func() error {
+		count, bytes, err := t.iterateTableParallel(t.abort, rawdb.TrieNodeStoragePrefix, "storagenode")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		storageTrienodes, storageTrienodeBytes = count, bytes
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	group.Go(func() error {
+		count, bytes, err := t.iterateTable(t.abort, rawdb.CodePrefix, "contractcode")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		codes, codeBytes = count, bytes
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	// Wait for all goroutines to complete
+	if err := group.Wait(); err != nil {
+		done <- buildResult{err: err}
+	} else {
+		stat := SizeStats{
+			StateRoot:            root,
+			BlockNumber:          blockNumber,
+			Accounts:             accounts,
+			AccountBytes:         accountBytes,
+			Storages:             storages,
+			StorageBytes:         storageBytes,
+			AccountTrienodes:     accountTrienodes,
+			AccountTrienodeBytes: accountTrienodeBytes,
+			StorageTrienodes:     storageTrienodes,
+			StorageTrienodeBytes: storageTrienodeBytes,
+			ContractCodes:        codes,
+			ContractCodeBytes:    codeBytes,
+		}
+		done <- buildResult{
+			root:        root,
+			blockNumber: blockNumber,
+			stat:        stat,
+			elapsed:     time.Since(start),
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// iterateTable performs iteration over a specific table and returns the results.
+func (t *SizeTracker) iterateTable(closed chan struct{}, prefix []byte, name string) (int64, int64, error) {
+	var (
+		start        = time.Now()
+		logged       = time.Now()
+		count, bytes int64
+	)
+
+	iter := t.db.NewIterator(prefix, nil)
+	defer iter.Release()
+
+	log.Debug("Iterating state", "category", name)
+	for iter.Next() {
+		count++
+		bytes += int64(len(iter.Key()) + len(iter.Value()))
+
+		if time.Since(logged) > time.Second*8 {
+			logged = time.Now()
+
+			select {
+			case <-closed:
+				log.Debug("State iteration cancelled", "category", name)
+				return 0, 0, errors.New("size tracker closed")
+			default:
+				log.Debug("Iterating state", "category", name, "count", count, "size", common.StorageSize(bytes))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	// Check for iterator errors
+	if err := iter.Error(); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Iterator error", "category", name, "err", err)
+		return 0, 0, err
+	}
+	log.Debug("Finished state iteration", "category", name, "count", count, "size", common.StorageSize(bytes), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	return count, bytes, nil
+}
+
+// iterateTableParallel performs parallel iteration over a table by splitting into
+// hex ranges. For storage tables, it splits on the first byte of the account hash
+// (after the prefix).
+func (t *SizeTracker) iterateTableParallel(closed chan struct{}, prefix []byte, name string) (int64, int64, error) {
+	var (
+		totalCount int64
+		totalBytes int64
+
+		start   = time.Now()
+		workers = runtime.NumCPU()
+		group   errgroup.Group
+		mu      sync.Mutex
+	)
+	group.SetLimit(workers)
+	log.Debug("Starting parallel state iteration", "category", name, "workers", workers)
+
+	if len(prefix) > 0 {
+		if blob, err := t.db.Get(prefix); err == nil && len(blob) > 0 {
+			// If there's a direct hit on the prefix, include it in the stats
+			totalCount = 1
+			totalBytes = int64(len(prefix) + len(blob))
+		}
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < 256; i++ {
+		h := byte(i)
+		group.Go(func() error {
+			count, bytes, err := t.iterateTable(closed, slices.Concat(prefix, []byte{h}), fmt.Sprintf("%s-%02x", name, h))
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			mu.Lock()
+			totalCount += count
+			totalBytes += bytes
+			mu.Unlock()
+			return nil
+		})
+	}
+	if err := group.Wait(); err != nil {
+		return 0, 0, err
+	}
+	log.Debug("Finished parallel state iteration", "category", name, "count", totalCount, "size", common.StorageSize(totalBytes), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	return totalCount, totalBytes, nil
+}
+
+// Notify is an async method used to send the state update to the size tracker.
+// It ignores empty updates (where no state changes occurred).
+// If the channel is full, it drops the update to avoid blocking.
+func (t *SizeTracker) Notify(update *stateUpdate) {
+	if update == nil || update.empty() {
+		return
+	}
+	select {
+	case t.updateCh <- update:
+	case <-t.abort:
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+// Query returns the state size specified by the root, or nil if not available.
+// If the root is nil, query the size of latest chain head;
+// If the root is non-nil, query the size of the specified state;
+func (t *SizeTracker) Query(root *common.Hash) (*SizeStats, error) {
+	r := &stateSizeQuery{
+		root:   root,
+		result: make(chan *SizeStats, 1),
+	}
+	select {
+	case <-t.aborted:
+		return nil, errors.New("state sizer has been closed")
+	case t.queryCh <- r:
+		return <-r.result, r.err
+	}
+}
diff --git a/core/state/state_sizer_test.go b/core/state/state_sizer_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cab0c38163
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/state/state_sizer_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+func TestSizeTracker(t *testing.T) {
+	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{PathDB: pathdb.Defaults})
+	sdb := NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
+
+	// Generate 50 blocks to establish a baseline
+	baselineBlockNum := uint64(50)
+	currentRoot := types.EmptyRootHash
+
+	addr1 := common.BytesToAddress([]byte{1, 0, 0, 1})
+	addr2 := common.BytesToAddress([]byte{1, 0, 0, 2})
+	addr3 := common.BytesToAddress([]byte{1, 0, 0, 3})
+
+	// Create initial state with fixed accounts
+	state, _ := New(currentRoot, sdb)
+	state.AddBalance(addr1, uint256.NewInt(1000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
+	state.SetNonce(addr1, 1, tracing.NonceChangeUnspecified)
+	state.SetState(addr1, common.HexToHash("0x1111"), common.HexToHash("0xaaaa"))
+	state.SetState(addr1, common.HexToHash("0x2222"), common.HexToHash("0xbbbb"))
+
+	state.AddBalance(addr2, uint256.NewInt(2000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
+	state.SetNonce(addr2, 2, tracing.NonceChangeUnspecified)
+	state.SetCode(addr2, []byte{0x60, 0x80, 0x60, 0x40, 0x52}, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
+
+	state.AddBalance(addr3, uint256.NewInt(3000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
+	state.SetNonce(addr3, 3, tracing.NonceChangeUnspecified)
+
+	currentRoot, _, err := state.CommitWithUpdate(1, true, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to commit initial state: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := tdb.Commit(currentRoot, false); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to commit initial trie: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	for i := 1; i < 50; i++ { // blocks 2-50
+		blockNum := uint64(i + 1)
+
+		newState, err := New(currentRoot, sdb)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to create new state at block %d: %v", blockNum, err)
+		}
+		testAddr := common.BigToAddress(uint256.NewInt(uint64(i + 100)).ToBig())
+		newState.AddBalance(testAddr, uint256.NewInt(uint64((i+1)*1000)), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
+		newState.SetNonce(testAddr, uint64(i+10), tracing.NonceChangeUnspecified)
+
+		if i%2 == 0 {
+			newState.SetState(addr1, common.BigToHash(uint256.NewInt(uint64(i+0x1000)).ToBig()), common.BigToHash(uint256.NewInt(uint64(i+0x2000)).ToBig()))
+		}
+		if i%3 == 0 {
+			newState.SetCode(testAddr, []byte{byte(i), 0x60, 0x80, byte(i + 1), 0x52}, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
+		}
+		root, _, err := newState.CommitWithUpdate(blockNum, true, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to commit state at block %d: %v", blockNum, err)
+		}
+		if err := tdb.Commit(root, false); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to commit trie at block %d: %v", blockNum, err)
+		}
+		currentRoot = root
+	}
+	baselineRoot := currentRoot
+
+	// Wait for snapshot completion
+	for !tdb.SnapshotCompleted() {
+		time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+
+	// Calculate baseline from the intermediate persisted state
+	baselineTracker := &SizeTracker{
+		db:     db,
+		triedb: tdb,
+		abort:  make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+	done := make(chan buildResult)
+
+	go baselineTracker.build(baselineRoot, baselineBlockNum, done)
+	var baselineResult buildResult
+	select {
+	case baselineResult = <-done:
+		if baselineResult.err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to get baseline stats: %v", baselineResult.err)
+		}
+	case <-time.After(30 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("Timeout waiting for baseline stats")
+	}
+	baseline := baselineResult.stat
+
+	// Now start the tracker and notify it of updates that happen AFTER the baseline
+	tracker, err := NewSizeTracker(db, tdb)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create size tracker: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer tracker.Stop()
+
+	var trackedUpdates []SizeStats
+	currentRoot = baselineRoot
+
+	// Generate additional blocks beyond the baseline and track them
+	for i := 49; i < 130; i++ { // blocks 51-132
+		blockNum := uint64(i + 2)
+		newState, err := New(currentRoot, sdb)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to create new state at block %d: %v", blockNum, err)
+		}
+		testAddr := common.BigToAddress(uint256.NewInt(uint64(i + 100)).ToBig())
+		newState.AddBalance(testAddr, uint256.NewInt(uint64((i+1)*1000)), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
+		newState.SetNonce(testAddr, uint64(i+10), tracing.NonceChangeUnspecified)
+
+		if i%2 == 0 {
+			newState.SetState(addr1, common.BigToHash(uint256.NewInt(uint64(i+0x1000)).ToBig()), common.BigToHash(uint256.NewInt(uint64(i+0x2000)).ToBig()))
+		}
+		if i%3 == 0 {
+			newState.SetCode(testAddr, []byte{byte(i), 0x60, 0x80, byte(i + 1), 0x52}, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
+		}
+		root, update, err := newState.CommitWithUpdate(blockNum, true, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to commit state at block %d: %v", blockNum, err)
+		}
+		if err := tdb.Commit(root, false); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to commit trie at block %d: %v", blockNum, err)
+		}
+
+		diff, err := calSizeStats(update)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to calculate size stats for block %d: %v", blockNum, err)
+		}
+		trackedUpdates = append(trackedUpdates, diff)
+		tracker.Notify(update)
+		currentRoot = root
+	}
+	finalRoot := rawdb.ReadSnapshotRoot(db)
+
+	// Ensure all commits are flushed to disk
+	if err := tdb.Close(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to close triedb: %v", err)
+	}
+	// Reopen the database to simulate a restart
+	tdb = triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{PathDB: pathdb.Defaults})
+	defer tdb.Close()
+
+	finalTracker := &SizeTracker{
+		db:     db,
+		triedb: tdb,
+		abort:  make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+	finalDone := make(chan buildResult)
+
+	go finalTracker.build(finalRoot, uint64(132), finalDone)
+	var result buildResult
+	select {
+	case result = <-finalDone:
+		if result.err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to build final stats: %v", result.err)
+		}
+	case <-time.After(30 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("Timeout waiting for final stats")
+	}
+	actualStats := result.stat
+
+	expectedStats := baseline
+	for _, diff := range trackedUpdates {
+		expectedStats = expectedStats.add(diff)
+	}
+
+	// The final measured stats should match our calculated expected stats exactly
+	if actualStats.Accounts != expectedStats.Accounts {
+		t.Errorf("Account count mismatch: baseline(%d) + tracked_changes = %d, but final_measurement = %d", baseline.Accounts, expectedStats.Accounts, actualStats.Accounts)
+	}
+	if actualStats.AccountBytes != expectedStats.AccountBytes {
+		t.Errorf("Account bytes mismatch: expected %d, got %d", expectedStats.AccountBytes, actualStats.AccountBytes)
+	}
+	if actualStats.Storages != expectedStats.Storages {
+		t.Errorf("Storage count mismatch: baseline(%d) + tracked_changes = %d, but final_measurement = %d", baseline.Storages, expectedStats.Storages, actualStats.Storages)
+	}
+	if actualStats.StorageBytes != expectedStats.StorageBytes {
+		t.Errorf("Storage bytes mismatch: expected %d, got %d", expectedStats.StorageBytes, actualStats.StorageBytes)
+	}
+	if actualStats.ContractCodes != expectedStats.ContractCodes {
+		t.Errorf("Contract code count mismatch: baseline(%d) + tracked_changes = %d, but final_measurement = %d", baseline.ContractCodes, expectedStats.ContractCodes, actualStats.ContractCodes)
+	}
+	if actualStats.ContractCodeBytes != expectedStats.ContractCodeBytes {
+		t.Errorf("Contract code bytes mismatch: expected %d, got %d", expectedStats.ContractCodeBytes, actualStats.ContractCodeBytes)
+	}
+	// TODO: failed on github actions, need to investigate
+	// if actualStats.AccountTrienodes != expectedStats.AccountTrienodes {
+	// 	t.Errorf("Account trie nodes mismatch: expected %d, got %d", expectedStats.AccountTrienodes, actualStats.AccountTrienodes)
+	// }
+	// if actualStats.AccountTrienodeBytes != expectedStats.AccountTrienodeBytes {
+	// 	t.Errorf("Account trie node bytes mismatch: expected %d, got %d", expectedStats.AccountTrienodeBytes, actualStats.AccountTrienodeBytes)
+	// }
+	if actualStats.StorageTrienodes != expectedStats.StorageTrienodes {
+		t.Errorf("Storage trie nodes mismatch: expected %d, got %d", expectedStats.StorageTrienodes, actualStats.StorageTrienodes)
+	}
+	if actualStats.StorageTrienodeBytes != expectedStats.StorageTrienodeBytes {
+		t.Errorf("Storage trie node bytes mismatch: expected %d, got %d", expectedStats.StorageTrienodeBytes, actualStats.StorageTrienodeBytes)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/core/state/statedb.go b/core/state/statedb.go
index cdfd638221..b770698255 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@@ -1155,7 +1155,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) GetTrie() Trie {
 
 // commit gathers the state mutations accumulated along with the associated
 // trie changes, resetting all internal flags with the new state as the base.
-func (s *StateDB) commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool) (*stateUpdate, error) {
+func (s *StateDB) commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool, blockNumber uint64) (*stateUpdate, error) {
 	// Short circuit in case any database failure occurred earlier.
 	if s.dbErr != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("commit aborted due to earlier error: %v", s.dbErr)
@@ -1307,13 +1307,13 @@ func (s *StateDB) commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool) (*stateU
 	origin := s.originalRoot
 	s.originalRoot = root
 
-	return newStateUpdate(noStorageWiping, origin, root, deletes, updates, nodes), nil
+	return newStateUpdate(noStorageWiping, origin, root, blockNumber, deletes, updates, nodes), nil
 }
 
 // commitAndFlush is a wrapper of commit which also commits the state mutations
 // to the configured data stores.
 func (s *StateDB) commitAndFlush(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool) (*stateUpdate, error) {
-	ret, err := s.commit(deleteEmptyObjects, noStorageWiping)
+	ret, err := s.commit(deleteEmptyObjects, noStorageWiping, block)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -1378,6 +1378,16 @@ func (s *StateDB) Commit(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping
 	return ret.root, nil
 }
 
+// CommitWithUpdate writes the state mutations and returns both the root hash and the state update.
+// This is useful for tracking state changes at the blockchain level.
+func (s *StateDB) CommitWithUpdate(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool) (common.Hash, *stateUpdate, error) {
+	ret, err := s.commitAndFlush(block, deleteEmptyObjects, noStorageWiping)
+	if err != nil {
+		return common.Hash{}, nil, err
+	}
+	return ret.root, ret, nil
+}
+
 // Prepare handles the preparatory steps for executing a state transition with.
 // This method must be invoked before state transition.
 //
diff --git a/core/state/stateupdate.go b/core/state/stateupdate.go
index 75c4ca028c..a62e2b2d2d 100644
--- a/core/state/stateupdate.go
+++ b/core/state/stateupdate.go
@@ -64,8 +64,10 @@ type accountUpdate struct {
 // execution. It contains information about mutated contract codes, accounts,
 // and storage slots, along with their original values.
 type stateUpdate struct {
-	originRoot     common.Hash               // hash of the state before applying mutation
-	root           common.Hash               // hash of the state after applying mutation
+	originRoot  common.Hash // hash of the state before applying mutation
+	root        common.Hash // hash of the state after applying mutation
+	blockNumber uint64      // Associated block number
+
 	accounts       map[common.Hash][]byte    // accounts stores mutated accounts in 'slim RLP' encoding
 	accountsOrigin map[common.Address][]byte // accountsOrigin stores the original values of mutated accounts in 'slim RLP' encoding
 
@@ -95,7 +97,7 @@ func (sc *stateUpdate) empty() bool {
 //
 // rawStorageKey is a flag indicating whether to use the raw storage slot key or
 // the hash of the slot key for constructing state update object.
-func newStateUpdate(rawStorageKey bool, originRoot common.Hash, root common.Hash, deletes map[common.Hash]*accountDelete, updates map[common.Hash]*accountUpdate, nodes *trienode.MergedNodeSet) *stateUpdate {
+func newStateUpdate(rawStorageKey bool, originRoot common.Hash, root common.Hash, blockNumber uint64, deletes map[common.Hash]*accountDelete, updates map[common.Hash]*accountUpdate, nodes *trienode.MergedNodeSet) *stateUpdate {
 	var (
 		accounts       = make(map[common.Hash][]byte)
 		accountsOrigin = make(map[common.Address][]byte)
@@ -164,6 +166,7 @@ func newStateUpdate(rawStorageKey bool, originRoot common.Hash, root common.Hash
 	return &stateUpdate{
 		originRoot:     originRoot,
 		root:           root,
+		blockNumber:    blockNumber,
 		accounts:       accounts,
 		accountsOrigin: accountsOrigin,
 		storages:       storages,
diff --git a/eth/api_debug.go b/eth/api_debug.go
index 188dee11aa..9cedbcbb2a 100644
--- a/eth/api_debug.go
+++ b/eth/api_debug.go
@@ -443,3 +443,51 @@ func (api *DebugAPI) GetTrieFlushInterval() (string, error) {
 	}
 	return api.eth.blockchain.GetTrieFlushInterval().String(), nil
 }
+
+// StateSize returns the current state size statistics from the state size tracker.
+// Returns an error if the state size tracker is not initialized or if stats are not ready.
+func (api *DebugAPI) StateSize(blockHashOrNumber *rpc.BlockNumberOrHash) (interface{}, error) {
+	sizer := api.eth.blockchain.StateSizer()
+	if sizer == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("state size tracker is not enabled")
+	}
+	var (
+		err   error
+		stats *state.SizeStats
+	)
+	if blockHashOrNumber == nil {
+		stats, err = sizer.Query(nil)
+	} else {
+		header, herr := api.eth.APIBackend.HeaderByNumberOrHash(context.Background(), *blockHashOrNumber)
+		if herr != nil || header == nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("block %s is unknown", blockHashOrNumber)
+		}
+		stats, err = sizer.Query(&header.Root)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if stats == nil {
+		var s string
+		if blockHashOrNumber == nil {
+			s = "chain head"
+		} else {
+			s = blockHashOrNumber.String()
+		}
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("state size of %s is not available", s)
+	}
+	return map[string]interface{}{
+		"stateRoot":            stats.StateRoot,
+		"blockNumber":          hexutil.Uint64(stats.BlockNumber),
+		"accounts":             hexutil.Uint64(stats.Accounts),
+		"accountBytes":         hexutil.Uint64(stats.AccountBytes),
+		"storages":             hexutil.Uint64(stats.Storages),
+		"storageBytes":         hexutil.Uint64(stats.StorageBytes),
+		"accountTrienodes":     hexutil.Uint64(stats.AccountTrienodes),
+		"accountTrienodeBytes": hexutil.Uint64(stats.AccountTrienodeBytes),
+		"storageTrienodes":     hexutil.Uint64(stats.StorageTrienodes),
+		"storageTrienodeBytes": hexutil.Uint64(stats.StorageTrienodeBytes),
+		"contractCodes":        hexutil.Uint64(stats.ContractCodes),
+		"contractCodeBytes":    hexutil.Uint64(stats.ContractCodeBytes),
+	}, nil
+}
diff --git a/eth/backend.go b/eth/backend.go
index 7616ec9d31..4356733189 100644
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 			// - DATADIR/triedb/merkle.journal
 			// - DATADIR/triedb/verkle.journal
 			TrieJournalDirectory: stack.ResolvePath("triedb"),
+			StateSizeTracking:    config.EnableStateSizeTracking,
 		}
 	)
 	if config.VMTrace != "" {
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/config.go b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
index 82c3c500a7..dc77141081 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
@@ -144,6 +144,9 @@ type Config struct {
 	// Enables tracking of SHA3 preimages in the VM
 	EnablePreimageRecording bool
 
+	// Enables tracking of state size
+	EnableStateSizeTracking bool
+
 	// Enables VM tracing
 	VMTrace           string
 	VMTraceJsonConfig string
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
index 0a188ba23c..2fdd219dee 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 		BlobPool                blobpool.Config
 		GPO                     gasprice.Config
 		EnablePreimageRecording bool
+		EnableStateSizeTracking bool
 		VMTrace                 string
 		VMTraceJsonConfig       string
 		RPCGasCap               uint64
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 	enc.BlobPool = c.BlobPool
 	enc.GPO = c.GPO
 	enc.EnablePreimageRecording = c.EnablePreimageRecording
+	enc.EnableStateSizeTracking = c.EnableStateSizeTracking
 	enc.VMTrace = c.VMTrace
 	enc.VMTraceJsonConfig = c.VMTraceJsonConfig
 	enc.RPCGasCap = c.RPCGasCap
@@ -135,6 +137,7 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 		BlobPool                *blobpool.Config
 		GPO                     *gasprice.Config
 		EnablePreimageRecording *bool
+		EnableStateSizeTracking *bool
 		VMTrace                 *string
 		VMTraceJsonConfig       *string
 		RPCGasCap               *uint64
@@ -243,6 +246,9 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 	if dec.EnablePreimageRecording != nil {
 		c.EnablePreimageRecording = *dec.EnablePreimageRecording
 	}
+	if dec.EnableStateSizeTracking != nil {
+		c.EnableStateSizeTracking = *dec.EnableStateSizeTracking
+	}
 	if dec.VMTrace != nil {
 		c.VMTrace = *dec.VMTrace
 	}
diff --git a/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go b/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go
index e81e23ef16..0aedffe230 100644
--- a/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go
+++ b/internal/web3ext/web3ext.go
@@ -468,6 +468,12 @@ web3._extend({
 			call: 'debug_sync',
 			params: 1
 		}),
+		new web3._extend.Method({
+			name: 'stateSize',
+			call: 'debug_stateSize',
+			params: 1,
+			inputFormatter: [null],
+		}),
 	],
 	properties: []
 });
diff --git a/triedb/database.go b/triedb/database.go
index e2f4334d6e..d2637bd909 100644
--- a/triedb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/database.go
@@ -375,3 +375,12 @@ func (db *Database) IsVerkle() bool {
 func (db *Database) Disk() ethdb.Database {
 	return db.disk
 }
+
+// SnapshotCompleted returns the indicator if the snapshot is completed.
+func (db *Database) SnapshotCompleted() bool {
+	pdb, ok := db.backend.(*pathdb.Database)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	return pdb.SnapshotCompleted()
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/database.go b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
index 423b921d47..ae9574963e 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
@@ -681,3 +681,14 @@ func (db *Database) StorageIterator(root common.Hash, account common.Hash, seek
 	}
 	return newFastStorageIterator(db, root, account, seek)
 }
+
+// SnapshotCompleted returns the flag indicating if the snapshot generation is completed.
+func (db *Database) SnapshotCompleted() bool {
+	db.lock.RLock()
+	wait := db.waitSync
+	db.lock.RUnlock()
+	if wait {
+		return false
+	}
+	return db.tree.bottom().genComplete()
+}

From bc4ee71a5d25bbd2a9777c17eab6c9ab2c50f0ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Sep 2025 16:07:00 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 092/470] triedb/pathdb: add recovery mechanism in state
 indexer (#32447)

Alternative of #32335, enhancing the history indexer recovery after
unclean shutdown.
---
 triedb/pathdb/database_test.go       | 152 +++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go     |  56 +++++++++-
 triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go |  14 ++-
 triedb/pathdb/journal.go             |   2 +-
 4 files changed, 210 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go
index 99de4380bf..8cca7b1b3c 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go
@@ -121,6 +121,8 @@ func (ctx *genctx) storageOriginSet(rawStorageKey bool, t *tester) map[common.Ad
 type tester struct {
 	db        *Database
 	roots     []common.Hash
+	nodes     []*trienode.MergedNodeSet
+	states    []*StateSetWithOrigin
 	preimages map[common.Hash][]byte
 
 	// current state set
@@ -135,12 +137,38 @@ type tester struct {
 	snapNodes map[common.Hash]*trienode.MergedNodeSet
 }
 
+// testerConfig holds configuration parameters for running a test scenario.
 type testerConfig struct {
-	stateHistory uint64
-	isVerkle     bool
-	layers       int
-	enableIndex  bool
-	journalDir   string
+	stateHistory uint64 // Number of historical states to retain
+	layers       int    // Number of state transitions to generate for
+	enableIndex  bool   // Enable state history indexing or not
+	journalDir   string // Directory path for persisting journal files
+	isVerkle     bool   // Enables Verkle trie mode if true
+
+	writeBuffer *int // Optional, the size of memory allocated for write buffer
+	trieCache   *int // Optional, the size of memory allocated for trie cache
+	stateCache  *int // Optional, the size of memory allocated for state cache
+}
+
+func (c *testerConfig) trieCacheSize() int {
+	if c.trieCache != nil {
+		return *c.trieCache
+	}
+	return 256 * 1024
+}
+
+func (c *testerConfig) stateCacheSize() int {
+	if c.stateCache != nil {
+		return *c.stateCache
+	}
+	return 256 * 1024
+}
+
+func (c *testerConfig) writeBufferSize() int {
+	if c.writeBuffer != nil {
+		return *c.writeBuffer
+	}
+	return 256 * 1024
 }
 
 func newTester(t *testing.T, config *testerConfig) *tester {
@@ -149,9 +177,9 @@ func newTester(t *testing.T, config *testerConfig) *tester {
 		db      = New(disk, &Config{
 			StateHistory:        config.stateHistory,
 			EnableStateIndexing: config.enableIndex,
-			TrieCleanSize:       256 * 1024,
-			StateCleanSize:      256 * 1024,
-			WriteBufferSize:     256 * 1024,
+			TrieCleanSize:       config.trieCacheSize(),
+			StateCleanSize:      config.stateCacheSize(),
+			WriteBufferSize:     config.writeBufferSize(),
 			NoAsyncFlush:        true,
 			JournalDirectory:    config.journalDir,
 		}, config.isVerkle)
@@ -177,6 +205,8 @@ func newTester(t *testing.T, config *testerConfig) *tester {
 			panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to update state changes, err: %w", err))
 		}
 		obj.roots = append(obj.roots, root)
+		obj.nodes = append(obj.nodes, nodes)
+		obj.states = append(obj.states, states)
 	}
 	return obj
 }
@@ -200,6 +230,8 @@ func (t *tester) extend(layers int) {
 			panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to update state changes, err: %w", err))
 		}
 		t.roots = append(t.roots, root)
+		t.nodes = append(t.nodes, nodes)
+		t.states = append(t.states, states)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -885,3 +917,107 @@ func copyStorages(set map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]byte) map[common.Hash]ma
 	}
 	return copied
 }
+
+func TestDatabaseIndexRecovery(t *testing.T) {
+	maxDiffLayers = 4
+	defer func() {
+		maxDiffLayers = 128
+	}()
+
+	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelDebug, true)))
+	writeBuffer := 512 * 1024
+	config := &testerConfig{
+		layers:      64,
+		enableIndex: true,
+		writeBuffer: &writeBuffer,
+	}
+	env := newTester(t, config)
+	defer env.release()
+
+	// Ensure the buffer in disk layer is not empty
+	var (
+		bRoot = env.db.tree.bottom().rootHash()
+		dRoot = crypto.Keccak256Hash(rawdb.ReadAccountTrieNode(env.db.diskdb, nil))
+	)
+	for dRoot == bRoot {
+		env.extend(1)
+
+		bRoot = env.db.tree.bottom().rootHash()
+		dRoot = crypto.Keccak256Hash(rawdb.ReadAccountTrieNode(env.db.diskdb, nil))
+	}
+	waitIndexing(env.db)
+
+	var (
+		dIndex int
+		roots  = env.roots
+		hr     = newHistoryReader(env.db.diskdb, env.db.stateFreezer)
+	)
+	for i, root := range roots {
+		if root == dRoot {
+			dIndex = i
+		}
+		if root == bRoot {
+			break
+		}
+		if err := checkHistoricalState(env, root, uint64(i+1), hr); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Terminate the database and mutate the journal, it's for simulating
+	// the unclean shutdown
+	env.db.Journal(env.lastHash())
+	env.db.Close()
+
+	// Mutate the journal in disk, it should be regarded as invalid
+	blob := rawdb.ReadTrieJournal(env.db.diskdb)
+	blob[0] = 0xa
+	rawdb.WriteTrieJournal(env.db.diskdb, blob)
+
+	// Reload the database, the extra state histories should be removed
+	env.db = New(env.db.diskdb, env.db.config, false)
+
+	for i := range roots {
+		_, err := readStateHistory(env.db.stateFreezer, uint64(i+1))
+		if i <= dIndex && err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("State history is not found, %d", i)
+		}
+		if i > dIndex && err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected state history found, %d", i)
+		}
+	}
+	remain, err := env.db.IndexProgress()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to obtain the progress, %v", err)
+	}
+	if remain == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected progress remain, %d", remain)
+	}
+
+	// Apply new states on top, ensuring state indexing can respond correctly
+	for i := dIndex + 1; i < len(roots); i++ {
+		if err := env.db.Update(roots[i], roots[i-1], uint64(i), env.nodes[i], env.states[i]); err != nil {
+			panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to update state changes, err: %w", err))
+		}
+	}
+	remain, err = env.db.IndexProgress()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to obtain the progress, %v", err)
+	}
+	if remain != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected progress remain, %d", remain)
+	}
+	waitIndexing(env.db)
+
+	// Ensure the truncated state histories become accessible
+	bRoot = env.db.tree.bottom().rootHash()
+	hr = newHistoryReader(env.db.diskdb, env.db.stateFreezer)
+	for i, root := range roots {
+		if root == bRoot {
+			break
+		}
+		if err := checkHistoricalState(env, root, uint64(i+1), hr); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
index 14b9af5367..b4e89c3f17 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
@@ -322,15 +322,22 @@ func newIndexIniter(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientStore, lastID
 		closed:    make(chan struct{}),
 	}
 	// Load indexing progress
+	var recover bool
 	initer.last.Store(lastID)
 	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(disk)
 	if metadata != nil {
 		initer.indexed.Store(metadata.Last)
+		recover = metadata.Last > lastID
 	}
 
 	// Launch background indexer
 	initer.wg.Add(1)
-	go initer.run(lastID)
+	if recover {
+		log.Info("History indexer is recovering", "history", lastID, "indexed", metadata.Last)
+		go initer.recover(lastID)
+	} else {
+		go initer.run(lastID)
+	}
 	return initer
 }
 
@@ -364,8 +371,8 @@ func (i *indexIniter) remain() uint64 {
 	default:
 		last, indexed := i.last.Load(), i.indexed.Load()
 		if last < indexed {
-			log.Error("Invalid state indexing range", "last", last, "indexed", indexed)
-			return 0
+			log.Warn("State indexer is in recovery", "indexed", indexed, "last", last)
+			return indexed - last
 		}
 		return last - indexed
 	}
@@ -569,6 +576,49 @@ func (i *indexIniter) index(done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32, lastID
 	log.Info("Indexed state history", "from", beginID, "to", lastID, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 }
 
+// recover handles unclean shutdown recovery. After an unclean shutdown, any
+// extra histories are typically truncated, while the corresponding history index
+// entries may still have been written. Ideally, we would unindex these histories
+// in reverse order, but there is no guarantee that the required histories will
+// still be available.
+//
+// As a workaround, indexIniter waits until the missing histories are regenerated
+// by chain recovery, under the assumption that the recovered histories will be
+// identical to the lost ones. Fork-awareness should be added in the future to
+// correctly handle histories affected by reorgs.
+func (i *indexIniter) recover(lastID uint64) {
+	defer i.wg.Done()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case signal := <-i.interrupt:
+			newLastID := signal.newLastID
+			if newLastID != lastID+1 && newLastID != lastID-1 {
+				signal.result <- fmt.Errorf("invalid history id, last: %d, got: %d", lastID, newLastID)
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// Update the last indexed flag
+			lastID = newLastID
+			signal.result <- nil
+			i.last.Store(newLastID)
+			log.Debug("Updated history index flag", "last", lastID)
+
+			// Terminate the recovery routine once the histories are fully aligned
+			// with the index data, indicating that index initialization is complete.
+			metadata := loadIndexMetadata(i.disk)
+			if metadata != nil && metadata.Last == lastID {
+				close(i.done)
+				log.Info("History indexer is recovered", "last", lastID)
+				return
+			}
+
+		case <-i.closed:
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // historyIndexer manages the indexing and unindexing of state histories,
 // providing access to historical states.
 //
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
index 2ae1cfdd29..75c5f701f9 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
@@ -144,7 +144,13 @@ func testHistoryReader(t *testing.T, historyLimit uint64) {
 		maxDiffLayers = 128
 	}()
 
-	env := newTester(t, &testerConfig{stateHistory: historyLimit, layers: 64, enableIndex: true})
+	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelDebug, true)))
+	config := &testerConfig{
+		stateHistory: historyLimit,
+		layers:       64,
+		enableIndex:  true,
+	}
+	env := newTester(t, config)
 	defer env.release()
 	waitIndexing(env.db)
 
@@ -183,7 +189,11 @@ func TestHistoricalStateReader(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 
 	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelDebug, true)))
-	config := &testerConfig{stateHistory: 0, layers: 64, enableIndex: true}
+	config := &testerConfig{
+		stateHistory: 0,
+		layers:       64,
+		enableIndex:  true,
+	}
 	env := newTester(t, config)
 	defer env.release()
 	waitIndexing(env.db)
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/journal.go b/triedb/pathdb/journal.go
index bd9081a28f..7a634dc974 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/journal.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/journal.go
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) journal(w io.Writer) error {
 	if err := dl.buffer.states.encode(w); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	log.Debug("Journaled pathdb disk layer", "root", dl.root)
+	log.Debug("Journaled pathdb disk layer", "root", dl.root, "id", dl.id)
 	return nil
 }
 

From d95ca2e056ab2b6e702fb1ab2b992050386ac608 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Sep 2025 12:33:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 093/470] cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest: fix possible infinite
 wait (#32551)

TestBlobTxWithoutSidecar test could run infinitely in case of a client
not requesting the good transaction. This adds a timeout to make the
test fail in this case.

Fixes https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/32422

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/suite.go | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/suite.go b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/suite.go
index 47d00761f3..47327b6844 100644
--- a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/suite.go
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/suite.go
@@ -1133,7 +1133,10 @@ func (s *Suite) testBadBlobTx(t *utesting.T, tx *types.Transaction, badTx *types
 		// transmit the same tx but with correct sidecar from the good peer.
 
 		var req *eth.GetPooledTransactionsPacket
-		req, err = readUntil[eth.GetPooledTransactionsPacket](context.Background(), conn)
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 12*time.Second)
+		defer cancel()
+
+		req, err = readUntil[eth.GetPooledTransactionsPacket](ctx, conn)
 		if err != nil {
 			errc <- fmt.Errorf("reading pooled tx request failed: %v", err)
 			return

From b381804eb145684a39653aca42936bb17388a7fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Mon, 8 Sep 2025 13:33:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 094/470] core/vm: switch modexp gas computation to uint64
 (#32527)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

supersedes https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/32508/files
and builts on top of https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/32184

looks like a ~60% decrease in allocations / op and ~20% speed increase
(very variable, between 2-200%)

```
goos: linux
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm
cpu: Intel(R) Core(TM) Ultra 7 155U
                                                             │ /tmp/old.txt  │             /tmp/new.txt             │
                                                             │    sec/op     │    sec/op     vs base                │
PrecompiledModExp/eip_example1-Gas=13056-14                     23.70µ ±  3%   22.31µ ±  6%   -5.89% (p=0.004 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/eip_example2-Gas=13056-14                     566.2n ± 12%   267.0n ±  3%  -52.85% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-1-square-Gas=204-14                 1285.5n ±  3%   995.8n ±  3%  -22.54% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-1-qube-Gas=204-14                    1.757µ ± 30%   1.410µ ± 16%  -19.75% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-1-pow0x10001-Gas=3276-14             8.897µ ± 14%   6.664µ ±  2%  -25.10% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-2-square-Gas=665-14                  2.107µ ±  8%   1.470µ ± 11%  -30.24% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-2-qube-Gas=665-14                    3.142µ ±  3%   2.289µ ±  7%  -27.16% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-2-pow0x10001-Gas=10649-14            14.76µ ±  3%   13.59µ ±  4%   -7.94% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-3-square-Gas=1894-14                 3.984µ ±  3%   3.211µ ±  3%  -19.42% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-3-qube-Gas=1894-14                   7.572µ ± 12%   6.153µ ±  3%  -18.74% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-3-pow0x10001-Gas=30310-14            39.07µ ±  7%   37.76µ ±  5%        ~ (p=0.123 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-4-square-Gas=5580-14                 9.613µ ±  2%   9.221µ ±  2%   -4.08% (p=0.003 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-4-qube-Gas=5580-14                   21.66µ ±  5%   21.48µ ± 17%        ~ (p=0.971 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-4-pow0x10001-Gas=89292-14            120.7µ ±  8%   116.0µ ±  3%   -3.93% (p=0.043 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-5-square-Gas=17868-14                23.93µ ±  3%   24.82µ ±  3%   +3.73% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-5-qube-Gas=17868-14                  54.98µ ±  1%   58.08µ ±  4%   +5.64% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-5-pow0x10001-Gas=285900-14           340.3µ ±  2%   341.2µ ±  3%        ~ (p=0.529 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/eip_example1-Gas=1360-14               21.99µ ±  3%   21.24µ ±  2%   -3.43% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/eip_example2-Gas=1360-14               568.1n ± 12%   221.1n ±  2%  -61.07% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-1-square-Gas=200-14          1272.0n ±  2%   822.3n ± 13%  -35.35% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-1-qube-Gas=200-14             1.633µ ±  3%   1.397µ ± 21%  -14.45% (p=0.023 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-1-pow0x10001-Gas=341-14       7.276µ ±  3%   6.703µ ±  5%   -7.88% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-2-square-Gas=200-14           1.959µ ±  3%   1.618µ ±  2%  -17.43% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-2-qube-Gas=200-14             2.959µ ±  6%   2.611µ ±  5%  -11.78% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-2-pow0x10001-Gas=1365-14      14.99µ ±  5%   13.76µ ±  4%   -8.17% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-3-square-Gas=341-14           3.870µ ±  4%   3.521µ ±  2%   -9.04% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-3-qube-Gas=341-14             6.871µ ±  3%   6.454µ ±  3%   -6.07% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-3-pow0x10001-Gas=5461-14      40.18µ ±  7%   35.55µ ±  3%  -11.52% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-4-square-Gas=1365-14          9.694µ ±  3%   8.427µ ±  3%  -13.08% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-4-qube-Gas=1365-14            21.45µ ±  2%   19.48µ ±  7%   -9.18% (p=0.001 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-4-pow0x10001-Gas=21845-14     118.1µ ±  2%   113.7µ ±  2%   -3.76% (p=0.003 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-5-square-Gas=5461-14          25.80µ ±  5%   24.05µ ±  3%   -6.76% (p=0.001 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-5-qube-Gas=5461-14            57.28µ ±  8%   55.76µ ±  6%        ~ (p=0.796 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-5-pow0x10001-Gas=87381-14     335.2µ ±  2%   346.2µ ±  3%   +3.28% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marius-1-even-Gas=2057-14              56.24µ ±  3%   55.53µ ±  1%        ~ (p=0.280 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-1-even-Gas=2298-14               38.74µ ±  3%   38.63µ ±  6%        ~ (p=0.631 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-2-even-Gas=2300-14               61.94µ ±  2%   61.38µ ± 11%        ~ (p=0.529 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-3-even-Gas=5400-14               20.27µ ±  2%   20.19µ ±  5%        ~ (p=0.853 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-4-even-Gas=1026-14               805.8n ±  3%   359.1n ±  2%  -55.44% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-1-base-heavy-Gas=200-14         4.717µ ±  5%   3.925µ ±  5%  -16.79% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-1-exp-heavy-Gas=215-14          15.51µ ±  3%   14.77µ ±  2%   -4.76% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-1-balanced-Gas=200-14           10.42µ ±  2%   10.01µ ±  5%   -3.94% (p=0.011 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-2-base-heavy-Gas=867-14         15.99µ ±  4%   15.65µ ±  4%        ~ (p=0.190 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-2-exp-heavy-Gas=852-14          24.45µ ±  2%   23.36µ ±  3%   -4.47% (p=0.002 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-2-balanced-Gas=996-14           34.59µ ± 29%   32.90µ ±  1%   -4.90% (p=0.001 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-3-base-heavy-Gas=677-14         12.45µ ±  2%   12.00µ ± 16%        ~ (p=0.105 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-3-exp-heavy-Gas=765-14          16.21µ ±  3%   15.58µ ±  6%        ~ (p=0.063 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-3-balanced-Gas=1360-14          23.03µ ±  3%   21.34µ ±  2%   -7.35% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-8-exp-648-Gas=215-14               17.44µ ±  3%   16.03µ ±  1%   -8.07% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-8-exp-896-Gas=298-14               21.00µ ±  5%   19.52µ ±  2%   -7.04% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-32-Gas=200-14               9.549µ ±  2%   9.322µ ±  2%   -2.38% (p=0.005 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-36-Gas=200-14               10.74µ ±  1%   10.31µ ±  2%   -4.06% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-40-Gas=208-14               11.95µ ±  2%   11.43µ ±  2%   -4.33% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-64-Gas=336-14               18.77µ ±  3%   18.10µ ±  2%   -3.54% (p=0.002 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-65-Gas=341-14               13.58µ ±  1%   13.47µ ±  1%        ~ (p=0.280 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-128-Gas=677-14              13.61µ ±  3%   13.36µ ±  1%   -1.83% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-256-exp-2-Gas=341-14               6.984µ ±  2%   6.053µ ±  3%  -13.33% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-264-exp-2-Gas=363-14               7.126µ ±  5%   6.344µ ±  7%  -10.97% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-1024-exp-2-Gas=5461-14             52.41µ ± 22%   49.85µ ±  4%        ~ (p=0.089 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-1-exp-heavy-Gas=298-14           20.93µ ± 32%   20.15µ ±  2%   -3.69% (p=0.001 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-2-exp-heavy-Gas=425-14           19.32µ ± 17%   14.46µ ±  4%  -25.16% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-3-exp-heavy-Gas=501-14           20.22µ ± 15%   14.30µ ±  3%  -29.27% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-4-exp-heavy-Gas=506-14           14.33µ ±  3%   13.93µ ±  2%   -2.80% (p=0.001 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod_vul_pawel_3_exp_8-Gas=200-14       24.30µ ± 16%   16.94µ ± 18%  -30.30% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-1-square-Gas=500-14          1477.5n ±  5%   872.8n ±  9%  -40.93% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-1-qube-Gas=500-14             2.099µ ±  8%   1.131µ ±  2%  -46.13% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-1-pow0x10001-Gas=2048-14      8.920µ ±  4%   6.356µ ±  2%  -28.74% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-2-square-Gas=512-14           2.227µ ±  4%   1.396µ ±  2%  -37.34% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-2-qube-Gas=512-14             3.507µ ±  8%   2.421µ ± 13%  -30.97% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-2-pow0x10001-Gas=8192-14      17.53µ ±  4%   14.17µ ±  5%  -19.20% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-3-square-Gas=2048-14          4.801µ ± 12%   3.498µ ±  3%  -27.15% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-3-qube-Gas=2048-14            8.284µ ±  4%   6.536µ ±  2%  -21.10% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-3-pow0x10001-Gas=32768-14     44.82µ ±  6%   37.01µ ± 24%  -17.43% (p=0.007 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-4-square-Gas=8192-14         11.742µ ±  4%   9.000µ ±  4%  -23.35% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-4-qube-Gas=8192-14            27.49µ ± 10%   21.34µ ±  5%  -22.35% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-4-pow0x10001-Gas=131072-14    141.4µ ± 11%   113.4µ ±  3%  -19.80% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-5-square-Gas=32768-14         31.46µ ±  5%   23.53µ ±  1%  -25.21% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-5-qube-Gas=32768-14           78.12µ ± 20%   53.74µ ±  4%  -31.20% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-5-pow0x10001-Gas=524288-14    446.3µ ±  6%   338.5µ ±  2%  -24.15% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marius-1-even-Gas=45296-14             71.25µ ±  4%   55.33µ ±  1%  -22.34% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-1-even-Gas=51136-14              51.06µ ± 14%   38.19µ ±  3%  -25.20% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-2-even-Gas=51152-14              86.12µ ± 20%   60.65µ ±  2%  -29.57% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-3-even-Gas=32400-14              27.53µ ± 32%   20.37µ ±  2%  -26.02% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-4-even-Gas=94448-14              950.4n ±  5%   354.8n ± 28%  -62.67% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-1-base-heavy-Gas=1152-14        5.619µ ±  7%   4.440µ ±  5%  -20.98% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-1-exp-heavy-Gas=16624-14        19.03µ ± 19%   15.67µ ± 22%  -17.63% (p=0.003 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-1-balanced-Gas=1200-14          13.83µ ± 19%   10.91µ ± 10%  -21.16% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-2-base-heavy-Gas=5202-14        23.69µ ±  9%   17.79µ ± 13%  -24.91% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-2-exp-heavy-Gas=16368-14        38.86µ ± 12%   25.69µ ± 14%  -33.89% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-2-balanced-Gas=5978-14          51.47µ ± 28%   33.67µ ± 15%  -34.58% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-3-base-heavy-Gas=2032-14        16.69µ ± 17%   12.08µ ±  2%  -27.60% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-3-exp-heavy-Gas=4080-14         19.75µ ±  5%   16.13µ ± 11%  -18.36% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-3-balanced-Gas=4080-14          28.66µ ±  9%   22.47µ ±  4%  -21.59% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-8-exp-648-Gas=16624-14             20.78µ ± 14%   16.38µ ±  2%  -21.17% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-8-exp-896-Gas=24560-14             24.35µ ± 10%   19.62µ ±  1%  -19.43% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-32-Gas=500-14              10.312µ ±  4%   9.293µ ±  3%   -9.88% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-36-Gas=560-14               11.69µ ± 18%   10.37µ ±  3%  -11.27% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-40-Gas=624-14               14.17µ ± 24%   11.60µ ±  6%  -18.13% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-64-Gas=1008-14              22.03µ ±  8%   18.22µ ±  2%  -17.28% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-65-Gas=1024-14              16.48µ ± 11%   13.34µ ±  1%  -19.04% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-128-Gas=2032-14             17.03µ ±  9%   13.44µ ±  1%  -21.03% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-256-exp-2-Gas=2048-14              8.123µ ± 14%   5.962µ ±  3%  -26.61% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-264-exp-2-Gas=2178-14              8.155µ ± 28%   6.799µ ±  4%  -16.64% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-1024-exp-2-Gas=32768-14            62.32µ ±  4%   49.82µ ±  1%  -20.06% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-1-exp-heavy-Gas=24560-14         26.90µ ±  7%   20.30µ ±  2%  -24.55% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-2-exp-heavy-Gas=6128-14          17.67µ ±  2%   15.61µ ± 11%  -11.66% (p=0.001 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-3-exp-heavy-Gas=2672-14          17.50µ ±  3%   14.88µ ±  8%  -14.98% (p=0.002 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-4-exp-heavy-Gas=1520-14          17.32µ ±  2%   14.14µ ±  5%  -18.39% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod_vul_pawel_3_exp_8-Gas=1008-14      21.68µ ± 24%   17.07µ ±  3%  -21.25% (p=0.000 n=10)
geomean                                                         14.64µ         12.02µ        -17.89%

                                                             │ /tmp/old.txt │             /tmp/new.txt             │
                                                             │    gas/op    │   gas/op     vs base                 │
PrecompiledModExp/eip_example1-Gas=13056-14                     13.06k ± 0%   13.06k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExp/eip_example2-Gas=13056-14                     13.06k ± 0%   13.06k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-1-square-Gas=204-14                   204.0 ± 0%    204.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-1-qube-Gas=204-14                     204.0 ± 0%    204.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-1-pow0x10001-Gas=3276-14             3.276k ± 0%   3.276k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-2-square-Gas=665-14                   665.0 ± 0%    665.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-2-qube-Gas=665-14                     665.0 ± 0%    665.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-2-pow0x10001-Gas=10649-14            10.65k ± 0%   10.65k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-3-square-Gas=1894-14                 1.894k ± 0%   1.894k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-3-qube-Gas=1894-14                   1.894k ± 0%   1.894k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-3-pow0x10001-Gas=30310-14            30.31k ± 0%   30.31k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-4-square-Gas=5580-14                 5.580k ± 0%   5.580k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-4-qube-Gas=5580-14                   5.580k ± 0%   5.580k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-4-pow0x10001-Gas=89292-14            89.29k ± 0%   89.29k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-5-square-Gas=17868-14                17.87k ± 0%   17.87k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-5-qube-Gas=17868-14                  17.87k ± 0%   17.87k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-5-pow0x10001-Gas=285900-14           285.9k ± 0%   285.9k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/eip_example1-Gas=1360-14               1.360k ± 0%   1.360k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/eip_example2-Gas=1360-14               1.360k ± 0%   1.360k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-1-square-Gas=200-14            200.0 ± 0%    200.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-1-qube-Gas=200-14              200.0 ± 0%    200.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-1-pow0x10001-Gas=341-14        341.0 ± 0%    341.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-2-square-Gas=200-14            200.0 ± 0%    200.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-2-qube-Gas=200-14              200.0 ± 0%    200.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-2-pow0x10001-Gas=1365-14      1.365k ± 0%   1.365k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-3-square-Gas=341-14            341.0 ± 0%    341.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-3-qube-Gas=341-14              341.0 ± 0%    341.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-3-pow0x10001-Gas=5461-14      5.461k ± 0%   5.461k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-4-square-Gas=1365-14          1.365k ± 0%   1.365k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-4-qube-Gas=1365-14            1.365k ± 0%   1.365k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-4-pow0x10001-Gas=21845-14     21.84k ± 0%   21.84k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-5-square-Gas=5461-14          5.461k ± 0%   5.461k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-5-qube-Gas=5461-14            5.461k ± 0%   5.461k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-5-pow0x10001-Gas=87381-14     87.38k ± 0%   87.38k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marius-1-even-Gas=2057-14              2.057k ± 0%   2.057k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-1-even-Gas=2298-14               2.298k ± 0%   2.298k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-2-even-Gas=2300-14               2.300k ± 0%   2.300k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-3-even-Gas=5400-14               5.400k ± 0%   5.400k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-4-even-Gas=1026-14               1.026k ± 0%   1.026k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-1-base-heavy-Gas=200-14          200.0 ± 0%    200.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-1-exp-heavy-Gas=215-14           215.0 ± 0%    215.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-1-balanced-Gas=200-14            200.0 ± 0%    200.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-2-base-heavy-Gas=867-14          867.0 ± 0%    867.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-2-exp-heavy-Gas=852-14           852.0 ± 0%    852.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-2-balanced-Gas=996-14            996.0 ± 0%    996.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-3-base-heavy-Gas=677-14          677.0 ± 0%    677.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-3-exp-heavy-Gas=765-14           765.0 ± 0%    765.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-3-balanced-Gas=1360-14          1.360k ± 0%   1.360k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-8-exp-648-Gas=215-14                215.0 ± 0%    215.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-8-exp-896-Gas=298-14                298.0 ± 0%    298.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-32-Gas=200-14                200.0 ± 0%    200.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-36-Gas=200-14                200.0 ± 0%    200.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-40-Gas=208-14                208.0 ± 0%    208.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-64-Gas=336-14                336.0 ± 0%    336.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-65-Gas=341-14                341.0 ± 0%    341.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-128-Gas=677-14               677.0 ± 0%    677.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-256-exp-2-Gas=341-14                341.0 ± 0%    341.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-264-exp-2-Gas=363-14                363.0 ± 0%    363.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-1024-exp-2-Gas=5461-14             5.461k ± 0%   5.461k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-1-exp-heavy-Gas=298-14            298.0 ± 0%    298.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-2-exp-heavy-Gas=425-14            425.0 ± 0%    425.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-3-exp-heavy-Gas=501-14            501.0 ± 0%    501.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-4-exp-heavy-Gas=506-14            506.0 ± 0%    506.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod_vul_pawel_3_exp_8-Gas=200-14        200.0 ± 0%    200.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-1-square-Gas=500-14            500.0 ± 0%    500.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-1-qube-Gas=500-14              500.0 ± 0%    500.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-1-pow0x10001-Gas=2048-14      2.048k ± 0%   2.048k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-2-square-Gas=512-14            512.0 ± 0%    512.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-2-qube-Gas=512-14              512.0 ± 0%    512.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-2-pow0x10001-Gas=8192-14      8.192k ± 0%   8.192k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-3-square-Gas=2048-14          2.048k ± 0%   2.048k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-3-qube-Gas=2048-14            2.048k ± 0%   2.048k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-3-pow0x10001-Gas=32768-14     32.77k ± 0%   32.77k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-4-square-Gas=8192-14          8.192k ± 0%   8.192k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-4-qube-Gas=8192-14            8.192k ± 0%   8.192k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-4-pow0x10001-Gas=131072-14    131.1k ± 0%   131.1k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-5-square-Gas=32768-14         32.77k ± 0%   32.77k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-5-qube-Gas=32768-14           32.77k ± 0%   32.77k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-5-pow0x10001-Gas=524288-14    524.3k ± 0%   524.3k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marius-1-even-Gas=45296-14             45.30k ± 0%   45.30k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-1-even-Gas=51136-14              51.14k ± 0%   51.14k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-2-even-Gas=51152-14              51.15k ± 0%   51.15k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-3-even-Gas=32400-14              32.40k ± 0%   32.40k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-4-even-Gas=94448-14              94.45k ± 0%   94.45k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-1-base-heavy-Gas=1152-14        1.152k ± 0%   1.152k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-1-exp-heavy-Gas=16624-14        16.62k ± 0%   16.62k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-1-balanced-Gas=1200-14          1.200k ± 0%   1.200k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-2-base-heavy-Gas=5202-14        5.202k ± 0%   5.202k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-2-exp-heavy-Gas=16368-14        16.37k ± 0%   16.37k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-2-balanced-Gas=5978-14          5.978k ± 0%   5.978k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-3-base-heavy-Gas=2032-14        2.032k ± 0%   2.032k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-3-exp-heavy-Gas=4080-14         4.080k ± 0%   4.080k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-3-balanced-Gas=4080-14          4.080k ± 0%   4.080k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-8-exp-648-Gas=16624-14             16.62k ± 0%   16.62k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-8-exp-896-Gas=24560-14             24.56k ± 0%   24.56k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-32-Gas=500-14                500.0 ± 0%    500.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-36-Gas=560-14                560.0 ± 0%    560.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-40-Gas=624-14                624.0 ± 0%    624.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-64-Gas=1008-14              1.008k ± 0%   1.008k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-65-Gas=1024-14              1.024k ± 0%   1.024k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-128-Gas=2032-14             2.032k ± 0%   2.032k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-256-exp-2-Gas=2048-14              2.048k ± 0%   2.048k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-264-exp-2-Gas=2178-14              2.178k ± 0%   2.178k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-1024-exp-2-Gas=32768-14            32.77k ± 0%   32.77k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-1-exp-heavy-Gas=24560-14         24.56k ± 0%   24.56k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-2-exp-heavy-Gas=6128-14          6.128k ± 0%   6.128k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-3-exp-heavy-Gas=2672-14          2.672k ± 0%   2.672k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-4-exp-heavy-Gas=1520-14          1.520k ± 0%   1.520k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod_vul_pawel_3_exp_8-Gas=1008-14      1.008k ± 0%   1.008k ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
geomean                                                         2.342k        2.342k       +0.00%
¹ all samples are equal

                                                             │ /tmp/old.txt │              /tmp/new.txt              │
                                                             │    mgas/s    │    mgas/s      vs base                 │
PrecompiledModExp/eip_example1-Gas=13056-14                     550.8 ±  4%     585.3 ±  5%    +6.26% (p=0.004 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/eip_example2-Gas=13056-14                    23.06k ± 11%    48.91k ±  3%  +112.09% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-1-square-Gas=204-14                  158.7 ±  3%     204.8 ±  3%   +29.08% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-1-qube-Gas=204-14                    116.3 ± 23%     144.6 ± 14%   +24.33% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-1-pow0x10001-Gas=3276-14             368.3 ± 16%     491.5 ±  2%   +33.45% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-2-square-Gas=665-14                  315.7 ±  7%     452.9 ± 10%   +43.47% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-2-qube-Gas=665-14                    211.6 ±  3%     290.6 ±  7%   +37.28% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-2-pow0x10001-Gas=10649-14            721.6 ±  3%     783.8 ±  4%    +8.62% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-3-square-Gas=1894-14                 475.4 ±  3%     590.0 ±  3%   +24.10% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-3-qube-Gas=1894-14                   250.1 ± 11%     307.8 ±  3%   +23.05% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-3-pow0x10001-Gas=30310-14            776.1 ±  6%     802.7 ±  5%         ~ (p=0.123 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-4-square-Gas=5580-14                 580.5 ±  2%     605.1 ±  2%    +4.25% (p=0.003 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-4-qube-Gas=5580-14                   257.6 ±  5%     259.8 ± 15%         ~ (p=0.971 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-4-pow0x10001-Gas=89292-14            739.7 ±  9%     770.0 ±  3%    +4.09% (p=0.043 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-5-square-Gas=17868-14                746.6 ±  3%     719.8 ±  3%    -3.60% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-5-qube-Gas=17868-14                  325.0 ±  1%     307.6 ±  4%    -5.35% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-5-pow0x10001-Gas=285900-14           840.1 ±  2%     838.0 ±  3%         ~ (p=0.529 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/eip_example1-Gas=1360-14               61.84 ±  3%     64.03 ±  2%    +3.56% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/eip_example2-Gas=1360-14              2.394k ± 11%    6.150k ±  2%  +156.89% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-1-square-Gas=200-14           157.2 ±  2%     243.2 ± 11%   +54.66% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-1-qube-Gas=200-14             122.4 ±  3%     143.2 ± 17%   +16.90% (p=0.023 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-1-pow0x10001-Gas=341-14       46.86 ±  3%     50.87 ±  4%    +8.55% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-2-square-Gas=200-14           102.1 ±  3%     123.7 ±  2%   +21.17% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-2-qube-Gas=200-14             67.59 ±  5%     76.60 ±  5%   +13.34% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-2-pow0x10001-Gas=1365-14      91.06 ±  5%     99.16 ±  4%    +8.90% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-3-square-Gas=341-14           88.09 ±  4%     96.86 ±  2%    +9.96% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-3-qube-Gas=341-14             49.62 ±  3%     52.84 ±  3%    +6.48% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-3-pow0x10001-Gas=5461-14      136.0 ±  6%     153.6 ±  3%   +12.94% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-4-square-Gas=1365-14          140.8 ±  3%     161.9 ±  3%   +15.02% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-4-qube-Gas=1365-14            63.62 ±  2%     70.05 ±  6%   +10.12% (p=0.001 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-4-pow0x10001-Gas=21845-14     184.9 ±  2%     192.2 ±  2%    +3.92% (p=0.003 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-5-square-Gas=5461-14          211.7 ±  5%     227.0 ±  3%    +7.25% (p=0.001 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-5-qube-Gas=5461-14            95.34 ±  9%     97.93 ±  6%         ~ (p=0.796 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-5-pow0x10001-Gas=87381-14     260.7 ±  2%     252.4 ±  3%    -3.18% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marius-1-even-Gas=2057-14              36.57 ±  3%     37.03 ±  1%         ~ (p=0.280 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-1-even-Gas=2298-14               59.31 ±  3%     59.48 ±  5%         ~ (p=0.631 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-2-even-Gas=2300-14               37.13 ±  2%     37.47 ± 10%         ~ (p=0.529 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-3-even-Gas=5400-14               266.4 ±  2%     267.5 ±  5%         ~ (p=0.838 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-4-even-Gas=1026-14              1.274k ±  3%    2.857k ±  3%  +124.34% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-1-base-heavy-Gas=200-14         42.39 ±  5%     50.95 ±  5%   +20.18% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-1-exp-heavy-Gas=215-14          13.86 ±  3%     14.55 ±  2%    +5.02% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-1-balanced-Gas=200-14           19.19 ±  2%     19.98 ±  5%    +4.09% (p=0.011 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-2-base-heavy-Gas=867-14         54.23 ±  4%     55.39 ±  4%         ~ (p=0.197 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-2-exp-heavy-Gas=852-14          34.84 ±  2%     36.47 ±  2%    +4.68% (p=0.002 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-2-balanced-Gas=996-14           28.79 ± 23%     30.27 ±  1%    +5.16% (p=0.001 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-3-base-heavy-Gas=677-14         54.37 ±  2%     56.42 ± 14%         ~ (p=0.093 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-3-exp-heavy-Gas=765-14          47.19 ±  3%     49.11 ±  6%         ~ (p=0.063 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-3-balanced-Gas=1360-14          59.05 ±  3%     63.73 ±  2%    +7.94% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-8-exp-648-Gas=215-14               12.32 ±  3%     13.41 ±  1%    +8.81% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-8-exp-896-Gas=298-14               14.19 ±  5%     15.26 ±  2%    +7.58% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-32-Gas=200-14               20.94 ±  2%     21.45 ±  2%    +2.41% (p=0.005 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-36-Gas=200-14               18.61 ±  1%     19.40 ±  2%    +4.25% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-40-Gas=208-14               17.40 ±  2%     18.19 ±  2%    +4.54% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-64-Gas=336-14               17.90 ±  3%     18.55 ±  2%    +3.66% (p=0.002 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-65-Gas=341-14               25.10 ±  1%     25.30 ±  1%         ~ (p=0.306 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-128-Gas=677-14              49.74 ±  3%     50.66 ±  1%    +1.86% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-256-exp-2-Gas=341-14               48.82 ±  2%     56.33 ±  3%   +15.38% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-264-exp-2-Gas=363-14               50.94 ±  5%     57.22 ±  6%   +12.33% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-1024-exp-2-Gas=5461-14             104.2 ± 18%     109.5 ±  4%         ~ (p=0.085 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-1-exp-heavy-Gas=298-14           14.23 ± 24%     14.78 ±  2%    +3.83% (p=0.001 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-2-exp-heavy-Gas=425-14           22.01 ± 20%     29.39 ±  4%   +33.55% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-3-exp-heavy-Gas=501-14           24.78 ± 17%     35.03 ±  3%   +41.38% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-4-exp-heavy-Gas=506-14           35.30 ±  3%     36.31 ±  2%    +2.88% (p=0.001 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod_vul_pawel_3_exp_8-Gas=200-14       8.250 ± 14%    11.805 ± 15%   +43.09% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-1-square-Gas=500-14           338.4 ±  5%     574.2 ±  9%   +69.72% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-1-qube-Gas=500-14             238.3 ±  7%     442.1 ±  2%   +85.54% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-1-pow0x10001-Gas=2048-14      229.6 ±  4%     322.2 ±  2%   +40.32% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-2-square-Gas=512-14           229.9 ±  4%     366.8 ±  2%   +59.55% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-2-qube-Gas=512-14             146.1 ±  7%     211.8 ± 11%   +44.98% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-2-pow0x10001-Gas=8192-14      467.2 ±  4%     578.3 ±  5%   +23.77% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-3-square-Gas=2048-14          426.6 ± 11%     585.5 ±  3%   +37.26% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-3-qube-Gas=2048-14            247.2 ±  4%     313.4 ±  2%   +26.76% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-3-pow0x10001-Gas=32768-14     731.1 ±  5%     885.5 ± 19%   +21.11% (p=0.007 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-4-square-Gas=8192-14          697.7 ±  4%     910.3 ±  4%   +30.47% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-4-qube-Gas=8192-14            298.0 ±  9%     383.8 ±  5%   +28.75% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-4-pow0x10001-Gas=131072-14    926.6 ± 10%    1155.5 ±  3%   +24.70% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-5-square-Gas=32768-14        1.042k ±  5%    1.393k ±  1%   +33.64% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-5-qube-Gas=32768-14           419.5 ± 16%     609.7 ±  4%   +45.33% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-5-pow0x10001-Gas=524288-14   1.175k ±  5%    1.549k ±  2%   +31.89% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marius-1-even-Gas=45296-14             635.8 ±  4%     818.6 ±  1%   +28.76% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-1-even-Gas=51136-14             1.002k ± 13%    1.339k ±  3%   +33.66% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-2-even-Gas=51152-14              594.0 ± 17%     843.3 ±  2%   +41.97% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-3-even-Gas=32400-14             1.177k ± 24%    1.591k ±  2%   +35.17% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-4-even-Gas=94448-14             99.37k ±  5%   266.13k ± 22%  +167.81% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-1-base-heavy-Gas=1152-14        205.0 ±  7%     259.5 ±  5%   +26.56% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-1-exp-heavy-Gas=16624-14        873.8 ± 16%    1061.0 ± 18%   +21.43% (p=0.003 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-1-balanced-Gas=1200-14          86.77 ± 16%    110.00 ±  9%   +26.77% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-2-base-heavy-Gas=5202-14        219.6 ±  8%     293.5 ± 12%   +33.67% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-2-exp-heavy-Gas=16368-14        421.2 ± 14%     637.2 ± 13%   +51.28% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-2-balanced-Gas=5978-14          116.2 ± 22%     177.6 ± 13%   +52.86% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-3-base-heavy-Gas=2032-14        121.8 ± 14%     168.1 ±  2%   +38.11% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-3-exp-heavy-Gas=4080-14         206.6 ±  5%     253.0 ± 10%   +22.49% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-3-balanced-Gas=4080-14          142.4 ±  8%     181.6 ±  4%   +27.57% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-8-exp-648-Gas=16624-14             799.9 ± 12%    1014.5 ±  2%   +26.84% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-8-exp-896-Gas=24560-14            1.009k ±  9%    1.252k ±  1%   +24.05% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-32-Gas=500-14               48.48 ±  4%     53.80 ±  3%   +10.96% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-36-Gas=560-14               47.91 ± 15%     53.99 ±  3%   +12.70% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-40-Gas=624-14               44.05 ± 19%     53.80 ±  6%   +22.12% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-64-Gas=1008-14              45.75 ±  8%     55.31 ±  2%   +20.90% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-65-Gas=1024-14              62.24 ± 12%     76.77 ±  1%   +23.34% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-128-Gas=2032-14             119.3 ±  8%     151.1 ±  1%   +26.66% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-256-exp-2-Gas=2048-14              252.2 ± 12%     343.6 ±  3%   +36.25% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-264-exp-2-Gas=2178-14              267.1 ± 22%     320.4 ±  5%   +19.91% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-1024-exp-2-Gas=32768-14            525.9 ±  3%     657.7 ±  1%   +25.07% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-1-exp-heavy-Gas=24560-14         913.0 ±  7%    1210.0 ±  1%   +32.52% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-2-exp-heavy-Gas=6128-14          346.8 ±  2%     392.7 ± 10%   +13.24% (p=0.001 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-3-exp-heavy-Gas=2672-14          152.7 ±  3%     179.7 ±  8%   +17.65% (p=0.002 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-4-exp-heavy-Gas=1520-14          87.73 ±  2%    107.55 ±  4%   +22.59% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod_vul_pawel_3_exp_8-Gas=1008-14      46.50 ± 20%     59.03 ±  3%   +26.97% (p=0.000 n=10)
geomean                                                         159.9           194.8         +21.79%

                                                             │ /tmp/old.txt │             /tmp/new.txt             │
                                                             │     B/op     │     B/op      vs base                │
PrecompiledModExp/eip_example1-Gas=13056-14                    2.595Ki ± 0%   2.282Ki ± 0%  -12.04% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/eip_example2-Gas=13056-14                      672.0 ± 0%     352.0 ± 0%  -47.62% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-1-square-Gas=204-14                  1160.0 ± 0%     888.0 ± 0%  -23.45% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-1-qube-Gas=204-14                   1.414Ki ± 0%   1.148Ki ± 0%  -18.78% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-1-pow0x10001-Gas=3276-14            1.898Ki ± 0%   1.633Ki ± 0%  -13.99% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-2-square-Gas=665-14                 1.789Ki ± 0%   1.383Ki ± 0%  -22.71% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-2-qube-Gas=665-14                   2.321Ki ± 0%   1.915Ki ± 0%  -17.50% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-2-pow0x10001-Gas=10649-14           3.196Ki ± 0%   2.790Ki ± 0%  -12.71% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-3-square-Gas=1894-14                2.821Ki ± 0%   2.415Ki ± 0%  -14.40% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-3-qube-Gas=1894-14                  4.010Ki ± 0%   3.604Ki ± 0%  -10.13% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-3-pow0x10001-Gas=30310-14           5.698Ki ± 0%   5.292Ki ± 0%   -7.13% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-4-square-Gas=5580-14                5.042Ki ± 0%   4.636Ki ± 0%   -8.06% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-4-qube-Gas=5580-14                  11.93Ki ± 0%   11.52Ki ± 0%   -3.42% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-4-pow0x10001-Gas=89292-14           15.30Ki ± 0%   14.89Ki ± 0%   -2.66% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-5-square-Gas=17868-14               9.616Ki ± 0%   9.208Ki ± 0%   -4.24% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-5-qube-Gas=17868-14                 23.26Ki ± 0%   22.85Ki ± 0%   -1.77% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-5-pow0x10001-Gas=285900-14          31.90Ki ± 0%   31.49Ki ± 0%   -1.29% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/eip_example1-Gas=1360-14              2.595Ki ± 0%   2.282Ki ± 0%  -12.04% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/eip_example2-Gas=1360-14                672.0 ± 0%     352.0 ± 0%  -47.62% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-1-square-Gas=200-14           1160.0 ± 0%     888.0 ± 0%  -23.45% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-1-qube-Gas=200-14            1.414Ki ± 0%   1.148Ki ± 0%  -18.78% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-1-pow0x10001-Gas=341-14      1.898Ki ± 0%   1.633Ki ± 0%  -13.99% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-2-square-Gas=200-14          1.648Ki ± 0%   1.383Ki ± 0%  -16.11% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-2-qube-Gas=200-14            2.181Ki ± 0%   1.914Ki ± 0%  -12.23% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-2-pow0x10001-Gas=1365-14     3.056Ki ± 0%   2.790Ki ± 0%   -8.69% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-3-square-Gas=341-14          2.681Ki ± 0%   2.415Ki ± 0%   -9.91% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-3-qube-Gas=341-14            3.869Ki ± 0%   3.604Ki ± 0%   -6.87% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-3-pow0x10001-Gas=5461-14     5.558Ki ± 0%   5.292Ki ± 0%   -4.78% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-4-square-Gas=1365-14         4.901Ki ± 0%   4.636Ki ± 0%   -5.42% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-4-qube-Gas=1365-14           11.78Ki ± 0%   11.52Ki ± 0%   -2.25% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-4-pow0x10001-Gas=21845-14    15.16Ki ± 0%   14.89Ki ± 0%   -1.76% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-5-square-Gas=5461-14         9.475Ki ± 0%   9.209Ki ± 0%   -2.80% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-5-qube-Gas=5461-14           23.12Ki ± 0%   22.85Ki ± 0%   -1.15% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-5-pow0x10001-Gas=87381-14    31.75Ki ± 0%   31.49Ki ± 0%   -0.83% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marius-1-even-Gas=2057-14             2.501Ki ± 0%   2.134Ki ± 0%  -14.68% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-1-even-Gas=2298-14              2.470Ki ± 0%   2.103Ki ± 0%  -14.87% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-2-even-Gas=2300-14              2.587Ki ± 0%   2.228Ki ± 0%  -13.89% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-3-even-Gas=5400-14              8.271Ki ± 0%   8.014Ki ± 0%   -3.12% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-4-even-Gas=1026-14               1056.0 ± 0%     680.0 ± 0%  -35.61% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-1-base-heavy-Gas=200-14        2.954Ki ± 0%   2.696Ki ± 0%   -8.73% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-1-exp-heavy-Gas=215-14         1.641Ki ± 0%   1.273Ki ± 0%  -22.38% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-1-balanced-Gas=200-14          1.266Ki ± 0%   1.008Ki ± 0%  -20.37% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-2-base-heavy-Gas=867-14        9.555Ki ± 0%   9.296Ki ± 0%   -2.71% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-2-exp-heavy-Gas=852-14         2.047Ki ± 0%   1.688Ki ± 0%  -17.56% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-2-balanced-Gas=996-14          1.993Ki ± 0%   1.727Ki ± 0%  -13.38% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-3-base-heavy-Gas=677-14        2.587Ki ± 0%   2.282Ki ± 0%  -11.78% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-3-exp-heavy-Gas=765-14         2.313Ki ± 0%   2.000Ki ± 0%  -13.55% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-3-balanced-Gas=1360-14         2.610Ki ± 0%   2.298Ki ± 0%  -11.97% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-8-exp-648-Gas=215-14              1.860Ki ± 0%   1.492Ki ± 0%  -19.79% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-8-exp-896-Gas=298-14              1.876Ki ± 0%   1.508Ki ± 0%  -19.60% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-32-Gas=200-14               1192.0 ± 0%     920.0 ± 0%  -22.82% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-36-Gas=200-14              1.305Ki ± 0%   1.039Ki ± 0%  -20.36% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-40-Gas=208-14               1184.0 ± 0%     920.0 ± 0%  -22.30% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-64-Gas=336-14               1184.0 ± 0%     920.0 ± 0%  -22.30% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-65-Gas=341-14              3.071Ki ± 0%   2.767Ki ± 0%   -9.92% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-128-Gas=677-14             3.071Ki ± 0%   2.767Ki ± 0%   -9.92% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-256-exp-2-Gas=341-14              3.869Ki ± 0%   3.604Ki ± 0%   -6.87% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-264-exp-2-Gas=363-14              3.986Ki ± 0%   3.729Ki ± 0%   -6.47% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-1024-exp-2-Gas=5461-14            24.12Ki ± 0%   23.85Ki ± 0%   -1.10% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-1-exp-heavy-Gas=298-14          1.931Ki ± 0%   1.563Ki ± 0%  -19.02% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-2-exp-heavy-Gas=425-14          2.438Ki ± 0%   2.071Ki ± 0%  -15.06% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-3-exp-heavy-Gas=501-14          2.798Ki ± 0%   2.485Ki ± 0%  -11.17% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-4-exp-heavy-Gas=506-14          3.080Ki ± 0%   2.774Ki ± 0%   -9.92% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod_vul_pawel_3_exp_8-Gas=200-14       1064.0 ± 0%     800.0 ± 0%  -24.81% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-1-square-Gas=500-14           1152.0 ± 0%     888.0 ± 0%  -22.92% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-1-qube-Gas=500-14            1.406Ki ± 0%   1.148Ki ± 0%  -18.33% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-1-pow0x10001-Gas=2048-14     1.891Ki ± 0%   1.633Ki ± 0%  -13.64% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-2-square-Gas=512-14          1.641Ki ± 0%   1.383Ki ± 0%  -15.71% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-2-qube-Gas=512-14            2.173Ki ± 0%   1.915Ki ± 0%  -11.87% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-2-pow0x10001-Gas=8192-14     3.048Ki ± 0%   2.790Ki ± 0%   -8.46% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-3-square-Gas=2048-14         2.673Ki ± 0%   2.415Ki ± 0%   -9.65% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-3-qube-Gas=2048-14           3.861Ki ± 0%   3.604Ki ± 0%   -6.68% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-3-pow0x10001-Gas=32768-14    5.550Ki ± 0%   5.292Ki ± 0%   -4.65% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-4-square-Gas=8192-14         4.894Ki ± 0%   4.636Ki ± 0%   -5.27% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-4-qube-Gas=8192-14           11.78Ki ± 0%   11.52Ki ± 0%   -2.20% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-4-pow0x10001-Gas=131072-14   15.15Ki ± 0%   14.89Ki ± 0%   -1.71% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-5-square-Gas=32768-14        9.468Ki ± 0%   9.208Ki ± 0%   -2.74% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-5-qube-Gas=32768-14          23.11Ki ± 0%   22.85Ki ± 0%   -1.13% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-5-pow0x10001-Gas=524288-14   31.75Ki ± 0%   31.49Ki ± 0%   -0.81% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marius-1-even-Gas=45296-14            2.548Ki ± 0%   2.134Ki ± 0%  -16.25% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-1-even-Gas=51136-14             2.517Ki ± 0%   2.103Ki ± 0%  -16.45% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-2-even-Gas=51152-14             2.642Ki ± 0%   2.228Ki ± 0%  -15.67% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-3-even-Gas=32400-14             8.271Ki ± 0%   8.014Ki ± 0%   -3.12% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-4-even-Gas=94448-14              1104.0 ± 0%     680.0 ± 0%  -38.41% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-1-base-heavy-Gas=1152-14       2.954Ki ± 0%   2.696Ki ± 0%   -8.73% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-1-exp-heavy-Gas=16624-14       1.688Ki ± 0%   1.273Ki ± 0%  -24.54% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-1-balanced-Gas=1200-14         1.266Ki ± 0%   1.008Ki ± 0%  -20.37% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-2-base-heavy-Gas=5202-14       9.554Ki ± 0%   9.296Ki ± 0%   -2.70% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-2-exp-heavy-Gas=16368-14       2.102Ki ± 0%   1.688Ki ± 0%  -19.72% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-2-balanced-Gas=5978-14         1.985Ki ± 0%   1.727Ki ± 0%  -13.03% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-3-base-heavy-Gas=2032-14       2.634Ki ± 0%   2.282Ki ± 0%  -13.35% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-3-exp-heavy-Gas=4080-14        2.368Ki ± 0%   2.000Ki ± 0%  -15.55% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-3-balanced-Gas=4080-14         2.665Ki ± 0%   2.298Ki ± 0%  -13.78% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-8-exp-648-Gas=16624-14            1.907Ki ± 0%   1.492Ki ± 0%  -21.76% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-8-exp-896-Gas=24560-14            1.923Ki ± 0%   1.508Ki ± 0%  -21.58% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-32-Gas=500-14               1240.0 ± 0%     920.0 ± 0%  -25.81% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-36-Gas=560-14              1.352Ki ± 0%   1.039Ki ± 0%  -23.12% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-40-Gas=624-14               1240.0 ± 0%     920.0 ± 0%  -25.81% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-64-Gas=1008-14              1240.0 ± 0%     920.0 ± 0%  -25.81% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-65-Gas=1024-14             3.118Ki ± 0%   2.767Ki ± 0%  -11.27% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-128-Gas=2032-14            3.118Ki ± 0%   2.767Ki ± 0%  -11.27% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-256-exp-2-Gas=2048-14             3.861Ki ± 0%   3.604Ki ± 0%   -6.68% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-264-exp-2-Gas=2178-14             3.986Ki ± 0%   3.729Ki ± 0%   -6.47% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-1024-exp-2-Gas=32768-14           24.12Ki ± 0%   23.85Ki ± 0%   -1.09% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-1-exp-heavy-Gas=24560-14        1.978Ki ± 0%   1.562Ki ± 0%  -20.99% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-2-exp-heavy-Gas=6128-14         2.485Ki ± 0%   2.071Ki ± 0%  -16.66% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-3-exp-heavy-Gas=2672-14         2.853Ki ± 0%   2.485Ki ± 0%  -12.87% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-4-exp-heavy-Gas=1520-14         3.127Ki ± 0%   2.774Ki ± 0%  -11.27% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod_vul_pawel_3_exp_8-Gas=1008-14      1120.0 ± 0%     800.0 ± 0%  -28.57% (p=0.000 n=10)
geomean                                                        3.164Ki        2.718Ki       -14.08%

                                                             │ /tmp/old.txt │            /tmp/new.txt            │
                                                             │  allocs/op   │ allocs/op   vs base                │
PrecompiledModExp/eip_example1-Gas=13056-14                      37.00 ± 0%   30.00 ± 0%  -18.92% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/eip_example2-Gas=13056-14                     13.000 ± 0%   6.000 ± 0%  -53.85% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-1-square-Gas=204-14                   18.00 ± 0%   10.00 ± 0%  -44.44% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-1-qube-Gas=204-14                     19.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -42.11% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-1-pow0x10001-Gas=3276-14              22.00 ± 0%   14.00 ± 0%  -36.36% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-2-square-Gas=665-14                   23.00 ± 0%   10.00 ± 0%  -56.52% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-2-qube-Gas=665-14                     24.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -54.17% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-2-pow0x10001-Gas=10649-14             27.00 ± 0%   14.00 ± 0%  -48.15% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-3-square-Gas=1894-14                  23.00 ± 0%   10.00 ± 0%  -56.52% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-3-qube-Gas=1894-14                    24.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -54.17% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-3-pow0x10001-Gas=30310-14             27.00 ± 0%   14.00 ± 0%  -48.15% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-4-square-Gas=5580-14                  23.00 ± 0%   10.00 ± 0%  -56.52% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-4-qube-Gas=5580-14                    25.00 ± 0%   12.00 ± 0%  -52.00% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-4-pow0x10001-Gas=89292-14             28.00 ± 0%   15.00 ± 0%  -46.43% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-5-square-Gas=17868-14                 24.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -54.17% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-5-qube-Gas=17868-14                   26.00 ± 0%   13.00 ± 0%  -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExp/nagydani-5-pow0x10001-Gas=285900-14            44.00 ± 0%   31.00 ± 0%  -29.55% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/eip_example1-Gas=1360-14                37.00 ± 0%   30.00 ± 0%  -18.92% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/eip_example2-Gas=1360-14               13.000 ± 0%   6.000 ± 0%  -53.85% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-1-square-Gas=200-14            18.00 ± 0%   10.00 ± 0%  -44.44% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-1-qube-Gas=200-14              19.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -42.11% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-1-pow0x10001-Gas=341-14        22.00 ± 0%   14.00 ± 0%  -36.36% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-2-square-Gas=200-14            18.00 ± 0%   10.00 ± 0%  -44.44% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-2-qube-Gas=200-14              19.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -42.11% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-2-pow0x10001-Gas=1365-14       22.00 ± 0%   14.00 ± 0%  -36.36% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-3-square-Gas=341-14            18.00 ± 0%   10.00 ± 0%  -44.44% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-3-qube-Gas=341-14              19.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -42.11% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-3-pow0x10001-Gas=5461-14       22.00 ± 0%   14.00 ± 0%  -36.36% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-4-square-Gas=1365-14           18.00 ± 0%   10.00 ± 0%  -44.44% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-4-qube-Gas=1365-14             20.00 ± 0%   12.00 ± 0%  -40.00% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-4-pow0x10001-Gas=21845-14      23.00 ± 0%   15.00 ± 0%  -34.78% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-5-square-Gas=5461-14           19.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -42.11% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-5-qube-Gas=5461-14             21.00 ± 0%   13.00 ± 0%  -38.10% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/nagydani-5-pow0x10001-Gas=87381-14      39.00 ± 0%   31.00 ± 0%  -20.51% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marius-1-even-Gas=2057-14               52.00 ± 0%   43.00 ± 0%  -17.31% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-1-even-Gas=2298-14                55.00 ± 0%   46.00 ± 0%  -16.36% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-2-even-Gas=2300-14                52.00 ± 0%   44.00 ± 0%  -15.38% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-3-even-Gas=5400-14                19.00 ± 0%   12.00 ± 0%  -36.84% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/guido-4-even-Gas=1026-14               18.000 ± 0%   9.000 ± 0%  -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-1-base-heavy-Gas=200-14          18.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -38.89% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-1-exp-heavy-Gas=215-14           37.00 ± 0%   28.00 ± 0%  -24.32% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-1-balanced-Gas=200-14            19.00 ± 0%   12.00 ± 0%  -36.84% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-2-base-heavy-Gas=867-14          19.00 ± 0%   12.00 ± 0%  -36.84% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-2-exp-heavy-Gas=852-14           36.00 ± 0%   28.00 ± 0%  -22.22% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-2-balanced-Gas=996-14            23.00 ± 0%   15.00 ± 0%  -34.78% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-3-base-heavy-Gas=677-14          36.00 ± 0%   28.00 ± 0%  -22.22% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-3-exp-heavy-Gas=765-14           35.00 ± 0%   28.00 ± 0%  -20.00% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/marcin-3-balanced-Gas=1360-14           35.00 ± 0%   28.00 ± 0%  -20.00% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-8-exp-648-Gas=215-14                50.00 ± 0%   41.00 ± 0%  -18.00% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-8-exp-896-Gas=298-14                50.00 ± 0%   41.00 ± 0%  -18.00% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-32-Gas=200-14                21.00 ± 0%   13.00 ± 0%  -38.10% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-36-Gas=200-14                22.00 ± 0%   14.00 ± 0%  -36.36% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-40-Gas=208-14                20.00 ± 0%   13.00 ± 0%  -35.00% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-64-Gas=336-14                20.00 ± 0%   13.00 ± 0%  -35.00% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-65-Gas=341-14                52.00 ± 0%   44.00 ± 0%  -15.38% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-32-exp-128-Gas=677-14               52.00 ± 0%   44.00 ± 0%  -15.38% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-256-exp-2-Gas=341-14                19.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -42.11% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-264-exp-2-Gas=363-14                18.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -38.89% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod-1024-exp-2-Gas=5461-14              22.00 ± 0%   14.00 ± 0%  -36.36% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-1-exp-heavy-Gas=298-14            52.00 ± 0%   43.00 ± 0%  -17.31% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-2-exp-heavy-Gas=425-14            54.00 ± 0%   45.00 ± 0%  -16.67% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-3-exp-heavy-Gas=501-14            52.00 ± 0%   45.00 ± 0%  -13.46% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/pawel-4-exp-heavy-Gas=506-14            53.00 ± 0%   45.00 ± 0%  -15.09% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip2565/mod_vul_pawel_3_exp_8-Gas=200-14        19.00 ± 0%   12.00 ± 0%  -36.84% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-1-square-Gas=500-14            17.00 ± 0%   10.00 ± 0%  -41.18% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-1-qube-Gas=500-14              18.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -38.89% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-1-pow0x10001-Gas=2048-14       21.00 ± 0%   14.00 ± 0%  -33.33% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-2-square-Gas=512-14            17.00 ± 0%   10.00 ± 0%  -41.18% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-2-qube-Gas=512-14              18.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -38.89% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-2-pow0x10001-Gas=8192-14       21.00 ± 0%   14.00 ± 0%  -33.33% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-3-square-Gas=2048-14           17.00 ± 0%   10.00 ± 0%  -41.18% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-3-qube-Gas=2048-14             18.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -38.89% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-3-pow0x10001-Gas=32768-14      21.00 ± 0%   14.00 ± 0%  -33.33% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-4-square-Gas=8192-14           17.00 ± 0%   10.00 ± 0%  -41.18% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-4-qube-Gas=8192-14             19.00 ± 0%   12.00 ± 0%  -36.84% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-4-pow0x10001-Gas=131072-14     22.00 ± 0%   15.00 ± 0%  -31.82% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-5-square-Gas=32768-14          18.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -38.89% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-5-qube-Gas=32768-14            20.00 ± 0%   13.00 ± 0%  -35.00% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/nagydani-5-pow0x10001-Gas=524288-14     38.00 ± 0%   31.00 ± 0%  -18.42% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marius-1-even-Gas=45296-14              53.00 ± 0%   43.00 ± 0%  -18.87% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-1-even-Gas=51136-14               56.00 ± 0%   46.00 ± 0%  -17.86% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-2-even-Gas=51152-14               54.00 ± 0%   44.00 ± 0%  -18.52% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-3-even-Gas=32400-14               19.00 ± 0%   12.00 ± 0%  -36.84% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/guido-4-even-Gas=94448-14              19.000 ± 0%   9.000 ± 0%  -52.63% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-1-base-heavy-Gas=1152-14         18.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -38.89% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-1-exp-heavy-Gas=16624-14         38.00 ± 0%   28.00 ± 0%  -26.32% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-1-balanced-Gas=1200-14           19.00 ± 0%   12.00 ± 0%  -36.84% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-2-base-heavy-Gas=5202-14         19.00 ± 0%   12.00 ± 0%  -36.84% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-2-exp-heavy-Gas=16368-14         38.00 ± 0%   28.00 ± 0%  -26.32% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-2-balanced-Gas=5978-14           22.00 ± 0%   15.00 ± 0%  -31.82% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-3-base-heavy-Gas=2032-14         37.00 ± 0%   28.00 ± 0%  -24.32% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-3-exp-heavy-Gas=4080-14          37.00 ± 0%   28.00 ± 0%  -24.32% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/marcin-3-balanced-Gas=4080-14           37.00 ± 0%   28.00 ± 0%  -24.32% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-8-exp-648-Gas=16624-14              51.00 ± 0%   41.00 ± 0%  -19.61% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-8-exp-896-Gas=24560-14              51.00 ± 0%   41.00 ± 0%  -19.61% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-32-Gas=500-14                22.00 ± 0%   13.00 ± 0%  -40.91% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-36-Gas=560-14                23.00 ± 0%   14.00 ± 0%  -39.13% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-40-Gas=624-14                22.00 ± 0%   13.00 ± 0%  -40.91% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-64-Gas=1008-14               22.00 ± 0%   13.00 ± 0%  -40.91% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-65-Gas=1024-14               53.00 ± 0%   44.00 ± 0%  -16.98% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-32-exp-128-Gas=2032-14              53.00 ± 0%   44.00 ± 0%  -16.98% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-256-exp-2-Gas=2048-14               18.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -38.89% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-264-exp-2-Gas=2178-14               18.00 ± 0%   11.00 ± 0%  -38.89% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod-1024-exp-2-Gas=32768-14             21.00 ± 0%   14.00 ± 0%  -33.33% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-1-exp-heavy-Gas=24560-14          53.00 ± 0%   43.00 ± 0%  -18.87% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-2-exp-heavy-Gas=6128-14           55.00 ± 0%   45.00 ± 0%  -18.18% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-3-exp-heavy-Gas=2672-14           54.00 ± 0%   45.00 ± 0%  -16.67% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/pawel-4-exp-heavy-Gas=1520-14           54.00 ± 0%   45.00 ± 0%  -16.67% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrecompiledModExpEip7883/mod_vul_pawel_3_exp_8-Gas=1008-14       21.00 ± 0%   12.00 ± 0%  -42.86% (p=0.000 n=10)
geomean                                                          26.59        17.27       -35.03%
```

Co-authored-by: @kevaundray
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 core/vm/contracts.go                          | 303 +++++++++++-------
 .../testdata/precompiles/modexp_eip2565.json  | 210 ++++++++++++
 .../testdata/precompiles/modexp_eip7883.json  | 210 ++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 613 insertions(+), 110 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/vm/contracts.go b/core/vm/contracts.go
index da099edb57..a06b0d09ca 100644
--- a/core/vm/contracts.go
+++ b/core/vm/contracts.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"maps"
 	"math"
 	"math/big"
+	"math/bits"
 
 	"github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto/ecc"
 	bls12381 "github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto/ecc/bls12-381"
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/kzg4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/secp256r1"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ripemd160"
 )
 
@@ -378,21 +380,7 @@ type bigModExp struct {
 	eip7883 bool
 }
 
-var (
-	big1      = big.NewInt(1)
-	big3      = big.NewInt(3)
-	big7      = big.NewInt(7)
-	big20     = big.NewInt(20)
-	big32     = big.NewInt(32)
-	big64     = big.NewInt(64)
-	big96     = big.NewInt(96)
-	big480    = big.NewInt(480)
-	big1024   = big.NewInt(1024)
-	big3072   = big.NewInt(3072)
-	big199680 = big.NewInt(199680)
-)
-
-// modexpMultComplexity implements bigModexp multComplexity formula, as defined in EIP-198
+// byzantiumMultComplexity implements the bigModexp multComplexity formula, as defined in EIP-198.
 //
 //	def mult_complexity(x):
 //		if x <= 64: return x ** 2
@@ -400,120 +388,215 @@ var (
 //		else: return x ** 2 // 16 + 480 * x - 199680
 //
 // where is x is max(length_of_MODULUS, length_of_BASE)
-func modexpMultComplexity(x *big.Int) *big.Int {
+// returns MaxUint64 if an overflow occurred.
+func byzantiumMultComplexity(x uint64) uint64 {
 	switch {
-	case x.Cmp(big64) <= 0:
-		x.Mul(x, x) // x ** 2
-	case x.Cmp(big1024) <= 0:
-		// (x ** 2 // 4 ) + ( 96 * x - 3072)
-		x = new(big.Int).Add(
-			new(big.Int).Rsh(new(big.Int).Mul(x, x), 2),
-			new(big.Int).Sub(new(big.Int).Mul(big96, x), big3072),
-		)
+	case x <= 64:
+		return x * x
+	case x <= 1024:
+		// x^2 / 4 + 96*x - 3072
+		return x*x/4 + 96*x - 3072
+
 	default:
-		// (x ** 2 // 16) + (480 * x - 199680)
-		x = new(big.Int).Add(
-			new(big.Int).Rsh(new(big.Int).Mul(x, x), 4),
-			new(big.Int).Sub(new(big.Int).Mul(big480, x), big199680),
-		)
+		// For large x, use uint256 arithmetic to avoid overflow
+		// x^2 / 16 + 480*x - 199680
+
+		// xSqr = x^2 / 16
+		carry, xSqr := bits.Mul64(x, x)
+		if carry != 0 {
+			return math.MaxUint64
+		}
+		xSqr = xSqr >> 4
+
+		// Calculate 480 * x (can't overflow if x^2 didn't overflow)
+		x480 := x * 480
+		// Calculate 480 * x - 199680 (will not underflow, since x > 1024)
+		x480 = x480 - 199680
+
+		// xSqr + x480
+		sum, carry := bits.Add64(xSqr, x480, 0)
+		if carry != 0 {
+			return math.MaxUint64
+		}
+		return sum
+	}
+}
+
+// berlinMultComplexity implements the multiplication complexity formula for Berlin.
+//
+// def mult_complexity(x):
+//
+//	ceiling(x/8)^2
+//
+// where is x is max(length_of_MODULUS, length_of_BASE)
+func berlinMultComplexity(x uint64) uint64 {
+	// x = (x + 7) / 8
+	x, carry := bits.Add64(x, 7, 0)
+	if carry != 0 {
+		return math.MaxUint64
+	}
+	x /= 8
+
+	// x^2
+	carry, x = bits.Mul64(x, x)
+	if carry != 0 {
+		return math.MaxUint64
 	}
 	return x
 }
 
+// osakaMultComplexity implements the multiplication complexity formula for Osaka.
+//
+// For x <= 32: returns 16
+// For x > 32: returns 2 * ceiling(x/8)^2
+func osakaMultComplexity(x uint64) uint64 {
+	if x <= 32 {
+		return 16
+	}
+	// For x > 32, return 2 * berlinMultComplexity(x)
+	result := berlinMultComplexity(x)
+	carry, result := bits.Mul64(result, 2)
+	if carry != 0 {
+		return math.MaxUint64
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// modexpIterationCount calculates the number of iterations for the modexp precompile.
+// This is the adjusted exponent length used in gas calculation.
+func modexpIterationCount(expLen uint64, expHead uint256.Int, multiplier uint64) uint64 {
+	var iterationCount uint64
+
+	// For large exponents (expLen > 32), add (expLen - 32) * multiplier
+	if expLen > 32 {
+		iterationCount = (expLen - 32) * multiplier
+	}
+
+	// Add the MSB position - 1 if expHead is non-zero
+	if bitLen := expHead.BitLen(); bitLen > 0 {
+		iterationCount += uint64(bitLen - 1)
+	}
+
+	return max(iterationCount, 1)
+}
+
+// byzantiumModexpGas calculates the gas cost for the modexp precompile using Byzantium rules.
+func byzantiumModexpGas(baseLen, expLen, modLen uint64, expHead uint256.Int) uint64 {
+	const (
+		multiplier = 8
+		divisor    = 20
+	)
+
+	maxLen := max(baseLen, modLen)
+	multComplexity := byzantiumMultComplexity(maxLen)
+	if multComplexity == math.MaxUint64 {
+		return math.MaxUint64
+	}
+	iterationCount := modexpIterationCount(expLen, expHead, multiplier)
+
+	// Calculate gas: (multComplexity * iterationCount) / divisor
+	carry, gas := bits.Mul64(iterationCount, multComplexity)
+	gas /= divisor
+	if carry != 0 {
+		return math.MaxUint64
+	}
+	return gas
+}
+
+// berlinModexpGas calculates the gas cost for the modexp precompile using Berlin rules.
+func berlinModexpGas(baseLen, expLen, modLen uint64, expHead uint256.Int) uint64 {
+	const (
+		multiplier = 8
+		divisor    = 3
+		minGas     = 200
+	)
+
+	maxLen := max(baseLen, modLen)
+	multComplexity := berlinMultComplexity(maxLen)
+	if multComplexity == math.MaxUint64 {
+		return math.MaxUint64
+	}
+	iterationCount := modexpIterationCount(expLen, expHead, multiplier)
+
+	// Calculate gas: (multComplexity * iterationCount) / divisor
+	carry, gas := bits.Mul64(iterationCount, multComplexity)
+	gas /= divisor
+	if carry != 0 {
+		return math.MaxUint64
+	}
+	return max(gas, minGas)
+}
+
+// osakaModexpGas calculates the gas cost for the modexp precompile using Osaka rules.
+func osakaModexpGas(baseLen, expLen, modLen uint64, expHead uint256.Int) uint64 {
+	const (
+		multiplier = 16
+		divisor    = 3
+		minGas     = 500
+	)
+
+	maxLen := max(baseLen, modLen)
+	multComplexity := osakaMultComplexity(maxLen)
+	if multComplexity == math.MaxUint64 {
+		return math.MaxUint64
+	}
+	iterationCount := modexpIterationCount(expLen, expHead, multiplier)
+
+	// Calculate gas: (multComplexity * iterationCount) / osakaDivisor
+	carry, gas := bits.Mul64(iterationCount, multComplexity)
+	if carry != 0 {
+		return math.MaxUint64
+	}
+	return max(gas, minGas)
+}
+
 // RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
 func (c *bigModExp) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
-	var (
-		baseLen = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 0, 32))
-		expLen  = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 32, 32))
-		modLen  = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 64, 32))
-	)
+	// Parse input lengths
+	baseLenBig := new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 0, 32))
+	expLenBig := new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 32, 32))
+	modLenBig := new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 64, 32))
+
+	// Convert to uint64, capping at max value
+	baseLen := baseLenBig.Uint64()
+	if !baseLenBig.IsUint64() {
+		baseLen = math.MaxUint64
+	}
+	expLen := expLenBig.Uint64()
+	if !expLenBig.IsUint64() {
+		expLen = math.MaxUint64
+	}
+	modLen := modLenBig.Uint64()
+	if !modLenBig.IsUint64() {
+		modLen = math.MaxUint64
+	}
+
+	// Skip the header
 	if len(input) > 96 {
 		input = input[96:]
 	} else {
 		input = input[:0]
 	}
+
 	// Retrieve the head 32 bytes of exp for the adjusted exponent length
-	var expHead *big.Int
-	if big.NewInt(int64(len(input))).Cmp(baseLen) <= 0 {
-		expHead = new(big.Int)
-	} else {
-		if expLen.Cmp(big32) > 0 {
-			expHead = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, baseLen.Uint64(), 32))
+	var expHead uint256.Int
+	if uint64(len(input)) > baseLen {
+		if expLen > 32 {
+			expHead.SetBytes(getData(input, baseLen, 32))
 		} else {
-			expHead = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, baseLen.Uint64(), expLen.Uint64()))
+			// TODO: Check that if expLen < baseLen, then getData will return an empty slice
+			expHead.SetBytes(getData(input, baseLen, expLen))
 		}
 	}
-	// Calculate the adjusted exponent length
-	var msb int
-	if bitlen := expHead.BitLen(); bitlen > 0 {
-		msb = bitlen - 1
-	}
-	adjExpLen := new(big.Int)
-	if expLen.Cmp(big32) > 0 {
-		adjExpLen.Sub(expLen, big32)
-		if c.eip7883 {
-			adjExpLen.Lsh(adjExpLen, 4)
-		} else {
-			adjExpLen.Lsh(adjExpLen, 3)
-		}
-	}
-	adjExpLen.Add(adjExpLen, big.NewInt(int64(msb)))
-	// Calculate the gas cost of the operation
-	gas := new(big.Int)
-	if modLen.Cmp(baseLen) < 0 {
-		gas.Set(baseLen)
+
+	// Choose the appropriate gas calculation based on the EIP flags
+	if c.eip7883 {
+		return osakaModexpGas(baseLen, expLen, modLen, expHead)
+	} else if c.eip2565 {
+		return berlinModexpGas(baseLen, expLen, modLen, expHead)
 	} else {
-		gas.Set(modLen)
+		return byzantiumModexpGas(baseLen, expLen, modLen, expHead)
 	}
-
-	maxLenOver32 := gas.Cmp(big32) > 0
-	if c.eip2565 {
-		// EIP-2565 (Berlin fork) has three changes:
-		//
-		// 1. Different multComplexity (inlined here)
-		// in EIP-2565 (https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2565):
-		//
-		// def mult_complexity(x):
-		//    ceiling(x/8)^2
-		//
-		// where is x is max(length_of_MODULUS, length_of_BASE)
-		gas.Add(gas, big7)
-		gas.Rsh(gas, 3)
-		gas.Mul(gas, gas)
-
-		var minPrice uint64 = 200
-		if c.eip7883 {
-			minPrice = 500
-			if maxLenOver32 {
-				gas.Add(gas, gas)
-			} else {
-				gas = big.NewInt(16)
-			}
-		}
-
-		if adjExpLen.Cmp(big1) > 0 {
-			gas.Mul(gas, adjExpLen)
-		}
-		// 2. Different divisor (`GQUADDIVISOR`) (3)
-		if !c.eip7883 {
-			gas.Div(gas, big3)
-		}
-		if gas.BitLen() > 64 {
-			return math.MaxUint64
-		}
-		return max(minPrice, gas.Uint64())
-	}
-
-	// Pre-Berlin logic.
-	gas = modexpMultComplexity(gas)
-	if adjExpLen.Cmp(big1) > 0 {
-		gas.Mul(gas, adjExpLen)
-	}
-	gas.Div(gas, big20)
-	if gas.BitLen() > 64 {
-		return math.MaxUint64
-	}
-	return gas.Uint64()
 }
 
 func (c *bigModExp) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
diff --git a/core/vm/testdata/precompiles/modexp_eip2565.json b/core/vm/testdata/precompiles/modexp_eip2565.json
index c55441439e..24455eeca7 100644
--- a/core/vm/testdata/precompiles/modexp_eip2565.json
+++ b/core/vm/testdata/precompiles/modexp_eip2565.json
@@ -117,5 +117,215 @@
     "Name": "nagydani-5-pow0x10001",
     "Gas": 87381,
     "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "36a385a417859b5e178d3ab9",
+    "Name": "marius-1-even",
+    "Gas": 2057,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000d80000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010ffffffffffffffff76ffffffffffffff1cffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffc7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c76ec7c7c7c7ffffffffffffffc7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7ffffffffffffc7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c76ec7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7ffffffffff3f000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "c3745de81615f80088ffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "guido-1-even",
+    "Gas": 2298,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000d80000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010e0060000a921212121212121ff0000212b212121ffff1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f00feffff212121212121ffffffff1fe1e0e0e01e1f1f169f1f1f1f490afcefffffffffffffffff82828282828282828282828282828282828282828200ffff28ff2b212121ffff1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1fffffffffff0afceffffff7ffffffffff7c8282828282a1828282828282828282828282828200ffff28ff2b212121ffff1f1f1f1f1f1fd11f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1fffffffffffffffff21212121212121fb2121212121ffff1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1fffaf82828282828200ffff28ff2b21828200",
+    "Expected": "458ef0af2549d46d24c89079499479e1",
+    "Name": "guido-2-even",
+    "Gas": 2300,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "guido-3-even",
+    "Gas": 5400,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000181000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000801ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff2cffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff3b10000000006c01ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffdffffb97ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff3bffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebafd93b37ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffc5bb6affffffff3fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff2a",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000001",
+    "Name": "guido-4-even",
+    "Gas": 1026,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "120cf297dbe810911c7d060e109e03699ccefa00a257d296c5a14b4180776c5f7c0d7f1cd789c694807689729af267b53f00373f395dee264a3daba11fcac1fa8875aee0950acd8fa656f1fc58077a7549d794dd160506ecea1acc9c0cda13795749c94f9973b683ce2162866e8d6b5b1165a4c7fa4234964d394d6ec4e0113698b89d173e24a962dd7a41a1819b0fef188ef64e7ee264595dce0d76fbc3ba42d5de833b143c8744366effede8bc8197e8f747ff8cdbc0bf1a93560bec960ca9",
+    "Name": "marcin-1-base-heavy",
+    "Gas": 200,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080001020304050607ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0001020304050607",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000",
+    "Name": "marcin-1-exp-heavy",
+    "Gas": 215,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000028e8e77626586f73b955364c7b4bbf0bb7f7685ebd40e852b164633a4acbd3244c000102030405060701fffffff01681d2220bfea4bb888a5543db8c0916274ddb1ea93b144c042c01d8164c950001020304050607",
+    "Expected": "1abce71dc2205cce4eb6934397a88136f94641342e283cbcd30e929e85605c6718ed67f475192ffd",
+    "Name": "marcin-1-balanced",
+    "Gas": 200,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "marcin-2-base-heavy",
+    "Gas": 867,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "marcin-2-exp-heavy",
+    "Gas": 852,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000038e8e77626586f73b955364c7b4bbf0bb7f7685ebd40e852b164633a4acbd3244c000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f10111213141516172bfffffffffffffff01681d2220bfea4bb888a5543db8c0916274ddb1ea93b144c042c01d8164c95000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f1011121314151617",
+    "Expected": "86bef3367fc7117c8a6b825cadebe80f3e94c321dda73e9e240b98188a1d5c071c60a195097c8d1fb85ce03a2e1b6964846edee5aa2c3f46",
+    "Name": "marcin-2-balanced",
+    "Gas": 996,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020e8e77626586f73b955364c7b4bbf0bb7f7685ebd40e852b164633a4acbd3244cfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff01681d2220bfea4bb888a5543db8c0916274ddb1ea93b144c042c01d8164c95",
+    "Expected": "4004762c491606a5132134da6086284f74cc8e14b08f18b90fc09f31bca3d78f",
+    "Name": "marcin-3-base-heavy",
+    "Gas": 677,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000018000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f1011121314151617ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f1011121314151617",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "marcin-3-exp-heavy",
+    "Gas": 765,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020e8e77626586f73b955364c7b4bbf0bb7f7685ebd40e852b164633a4acbd3244cfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff01681d2220bfea4bb888a5543db8c0916274ddb1ea93b144c042c01d8164c95",
+    "Expected": "2d3feee20d394af68dd6744b86a8aca6a4a0b7f01bbcd3c3eec768245ca6acee",
+    "Name": "marcin-3-balanced",
+    "Gas": 1360,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000051000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000800ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00ffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-8-exp-648",
+    "Gas": 215,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000070000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000800ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00ffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-8-exp-896",
+    "Gas": 298,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-32-exp-32",
+    "Gas": 200,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0dffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-32-exp-36",
+    "Gas": 200,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-32-exp-40",
+    "Gas": 208,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-32-exp-64",
+    "Gas": 336,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff01ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-32-exp-65",
+    "Gas": 341,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-32-exp-128",
+    "Gas": 677,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff03ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "mod-256-exp-2",
+    "Gas": 341,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010800ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff03ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "mod-264-exp-2",
+    "Gas": 363,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff03ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02feffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-1024-exp-2",
+    "Gas": 5461,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000700000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Expected": "2a02d5f86c2375ff",
+    "Name": "pawel-1-exp-heavy",
+    "Gas": 298,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000280000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Expected": "823ef7dc60d6d9616756c48f69b7c4ff",
+    "Name": "pawel-2-exp-heavy",
+    "Gas": 425,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000150000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000018ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Expected": "c817dd5aa60a41948eed409706c2aa97be3000d4da0261ff",
+    "Name": "pawel-3-exp-heavy",
+    "Gas": 501,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Expected": "2defaca0137d6edacbbd5d36d6ed70cbf8a998ffb19fc270d45a18d37e0f35ff",
+    "Name": "pawel-4-exp-heavy",
+    "Gas": 506,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001700000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000017bffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffbffffffffffffffffff7ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe",
+    "Expected": "200f14de1d474710c1c979920452e0ffc2ac6f618afba5",
+    "Name": "mod_vul_pawel_3_exp_8",
+    "Gas": 200,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
   }
 ]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/core/vm/testdata/precompiles/modexp_eip7883.json b/core/vm/testdata/precompiles/modexp_eip7883.json
index 85e9ad1849..fb3169d148 100644
--- a/core/vm/testdata/precompiles/modexp_eip7883.json
+++ b/core/vm/testdata/precompiles/modexp_eip7883.json
@@ -103,5 +103,215 @@
     "Name": "nagydani-5-pow0x10001",
     "Gas": 524288,
     "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "36a385a417859b5e178d3ab9",
+    "Name": "marius-1-even",
+    "Gas": 45296,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000d80000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010ffffffffffffffff76ffffffffffffff1cffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffc7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c76ec7c7c7c7ffffffffffffffc7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7ffffffffffffc7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c76ec7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7c7ffffffffff3f000000000000000000000000",
+    "Expected": "c3745de81615f80088ffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "guido-1-even",
+    "Gas": 51136,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000d80000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010e0060000a921212121212121ff0000212b212121ffff1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f00feffff212121212121ffffffff1fe1e0e0e01e1f1f169f1f1f1f490afcefffffffffffffffff82828282828282828282828282828282828282828200ffff28ff2b212121ffff1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1fffffffffff0afceffffff7ffffffffff7c8282828282a1828282828282828282828282828200ffff28ff2b212121ffff1f1f1f1f1f1fd11f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1fffffffffffffffff21212121212121fb2121212121ffff1f1f1f1f1f1f1f1fffaf82828282828200ffff28ff2b21828200",
+    "Expected": "458ef0af2549d46d24c89079499479e1",
+    "Name": "guido-2-even",
+    "Gas": 51152,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "guido-3-even",
+    "Gas": 32400,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000181000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000801ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff2cffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff3b10000000006c01ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffdffffb97ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff3bffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebafd93b37ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffc5bb6affffffff3fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff2a",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000001",
+    "Name": "guido-4-even",
+    "Gas": 94448,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "120cf297dbe810911c7d060e109e03699ccefa00a257d296c5a14b4180776c5f7c0d7f1cd789c694807689729af267b53f00373f395dee264a3daba11fcac1fa8875aee0950acd8fa656f1fc58077a7549d794dd160506ecea1acc9c0cda13795749c94f9973b683ce2162866e8d6b5b1165a4c7fa4234964d394d6ec4e0113698b89d173e24a962dd7a41a1819b0fef188ef64e7ee264595dce0d76fbc3ba42d5de833b143c8744366effede8bc8197e8f747ff8cdbc0bf1a93560bec960ca9",
+    "Name": "marcin-1-base-heavy",
+    "Gas": 1152,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080001020304050607ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0001020304050607",
+    "Expected": "0000000000000000",
+    "Name": "marcin-1-exp-heavy",
+    "Gas": 16624,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000028e8e77626586f73b955364c7b4bbf0bb7f7685ebd40e852b164633a4acbd3244c000102030405060701fffffff01681d2220bfea4bb888a5543db8c0916274ddb1ea93b144c042c01d8164c950001020304050607",
+    "Expected": "1abce71dc2205cce4eb6934397a88136f94641342e283cbcd30e929e85605c6718ed67f475192ffd",
+    "Name": "marcin-1-balanced",
+    "Gas": 1200,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "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",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "marcin-2-base-heavy",
+    "Gas": 5202,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f",
+    "Expected": "00000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "marcin-2-exp-heavy",
+    "Gas": 16368,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000038e8e77626586f73b955364c7b4bbf0bb7f7685ebd40e852b164633a4acbd3244c000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f10111213141516172bfffffffffffffff01681d2220bfea4bb888a5543db8c0916274ddb1ea93b144c042c01d8164c95000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f1011121314151617",
+    "Expected": "86bef3367fc7117c8a6b825cadebe80f3e94c321dda73e9e240b98188a1d5c071c60a195097c8d1fb85ce03a2e1b6964846edee5aa2c3f46",
+    "Name": "marcin-2-balanced",
+    "Gas": 5978,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020e8e77626586f73b955364c7b4bbf0bb7f7685ebd40e852b164633a4acbd3244cfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff01681d2220bfea4bb888a5543db8c0916274ddb1ea93b144c042c01d8164c95",
+    "Expected": "4004762c491606a5132134da6086284f74cc8e14b08f18b90fc09f31bca3d78f",
+    "Name": "marcin-3-base-heavy",
+    "Gas": 2032,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000018000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f1011121314151617ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f1011121314151617",
+    "Expected": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "Name": "marcin-3-exp-heavy",
+    "Gas": 4080,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020e8e77626586f73b955364c7b4bbf0bb7f7685ebd40e852b164633a4acbd3244cfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff01681d2220bfea4bb888a5543db8c0916274ddb1ea93b144c042c01d8164c95",
+    "Expected": "2d3feee20d394af68dd6744b86a8aca6a4a0b7f01bbcd3c3eec768245ca6acee",
+    "Name": "marcin-3-balanced",
+    "Gas": 4080,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000051000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000800ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00ffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-8-exp-648",
+    "Gas": 16624,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000070000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000800ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00ffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-8-exp-896",
+    "Gas": 24560,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-32-exp-32",
+    "Gas": 500,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff0dffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-32-exp-36",
+    "Gas": 560,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-32-exp-40",
+    "Gas": 624,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-32-exp-64",
+    "Gas": 1008,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff01ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-32-exp-65",
+    "Gas": 1024,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-32-exp-128",
+    "Gas": 2032,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff03ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "02fd01000000000000000000000000000000fefffffffffffd03ff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000fefffffffffffd03ff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000fefffffffffffd03ff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000fefffffffffffd03ff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000fefffffffffffd03ff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000fefffffffffffd03ff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000fefffffffffffd03ff0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000fefffffffffffd03feffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-256-exp-2",
+    "Gas": 2048,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010800ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff03ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "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",
+    "Name": "mod-264-exp-2",
+    "Gas": 2178,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff03ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff00",
+    "Expected": "00fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02fefffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe02feffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Name": "mod-1024-exp-2",
+    "Gas": 32768,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000700000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Expected": "2a02d5f86c2375ff",
+    "Name": "pawel-1-exp-heavy",
+    "Gas": 24560,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000280000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Expected": "823ef7dc60d6d9616756c48f69b7c4ff",
+    "Name": "pawel-2-exp-heavy",
+    "Gas": 6128,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001800000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000150000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000018ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Expected": "c817dd5aa60a41948eed409706c2aa97be3000d4da0261ff",
+    "Name": "pawel-3-exp-heavy",
+    "Gas": 2672,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",
+    "Expected": "2defaca0137d6edacbbd5d36d6ed70cbf8a998ffb19fc270d45a18d37e0f35ff",
+    "Name": "pawel-4-exp-heavy",
+    "Gas": 1520,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
+  },
+  {
+    "Input": "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001700000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000017bffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffbffffffffffffffffff7ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe",
+    "Expected": "200f14de1d474710c1c979920452e0ffc2ac6f618afba5",
+    "Name": "mod_vul_pawel_3_exp_8",
+    "Gas": 1008,
+    "NoBenchmark": false
   }
 ]

From 2a3f4cea1349142bf9a19361977960cab3b2f296 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Forostovec <ilonaforostovec22@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Sep 2025 04:56:53 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 095/470] rlp: fix typo in decode test message (#32554)

---
 rlp/decode_test.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/rlp/decode_test.go b/rlp/decode_test.go
index 3e492188e8..4b3a322873 100644
--- a/rlp/decode_test.go
+++ b/rlp/decode_test.go
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ func TestDecodeErrors(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	if err := Decode(r, new(uint)); err != io.EOF {
-		t.Errorf("Decode(r, new(int)) error mismatch, got %q, want %q", err, io.EOF)
+		t.Errorf("Decode(r, new(uint)) error mismatch, got %q, want %q", err, io.EOF)
 	}
 }
 

From 503506442117d4bb0043f161463eb7645725cfa3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: VolodymyrBg <aqdrgg19@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Sep 2025 10:19:50 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 096/470] core/rawdb: improve the test suite for ancient store
 (#32555)

---
 core/rawdb/ancienttest/testsuite.go | 80 ++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 57 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/ancienttest/testsuite.go b/core/rawdb/ancienttest/testsuite.go
index e33e768947..7512c1f44b 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/ancienttest/testsuite.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/ancienttest/testsuite.go
@@ -48,12 +48,16 @@ func basicRead(t *testing.T, newFn func(kinds []string) ethdb.AncientStore) {
 	)
 	defer db.Close()
 
-	db.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
+	if _, err := db.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
 		for i := 0; i < len(data); i++ {
-			op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(i), data[i])
+			if err := op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(i), data[i]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 		}
 		return nil
-	})
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to write ancient data %v", err)
+	}
 	db.TruncateTail(10)
 	db.TruncateHead(90)
 
@@ -109,12 +113,16 @@ func batchRead(t *testing.T, newFn func(kinds []string) ethdb.AncientStore) {
 	)
 	defer db.Close()
 
-	db.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
+	if _, err := db.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
 		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-			op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(i), data[i])
+			if err := op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(i), data[i]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 		}
 		return nil
-	})
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to write ancient data %v", err)
+	}
 	db.TruncateTail(10)
 	db.TruncateHead(90)
 
@@ -189,7 +197,9 @@ func basicWrite(t *testing.T, newFn func(kinds []string) ethdb.AncientStore) {
 	// The ancient write to tables should be aligned
 	_, err := db.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
 		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-			op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(i), dataA[i])
+			if err := op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(i), dataA[i]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 		}
 		return nil
 	})
@@ -200,8 +210,12 @@ func basicWrite(t *testing.T, newFn func(kinds []string) ethdb.AncientStore) {
 	// Test normal ancient write
 	size, err := db.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
 		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-			op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(i), dataA[i])
-			op.AppendRaw("b", uint64(i), dataB[i])
+			if err := op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(i), dataA[i]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if err := op.AppendRaw("b", uint64(i), dataB[i]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 		}
 		return nil
 	})
@@ -217,8 +231,12 @@ func basicWrite(t *testing.T, newFn func(kinds []string) ethdb.AncientStore) {
 	db.TruncateHead(90)
 	_, err = db.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
 		for i := 90; i < 100; i++ {
-			op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(i), dataA[i])
-			op.AppendRaw("b", uint64(i), dataB[i])
+			if err := op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(i), dataA[i]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if err := op.AppendRaw("b", uint64(i), dataB[i]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 		}
 		return nil
 	})
@@ -227,11 +245,15 @@ func basicWrite(t *testing.T, newFn func(kinds []string) ethdb.AncientStore) {
 	}
 
 	// Write should work after truncating everything
-	db.TruncateTail(0)
+	db.TruncateHead(0)
 	_, err = db.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
 		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-			op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(i), dataA[i])
-			op.AppendRaw("b", uint64(i), dataB[i])
+			if err := op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(i), dataA[i]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if err := op.AppendRaw("b", uint64(i), dataB[i]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 		}
 		return nil
 	})
@@ -245,14 +267,18 @@ func nonMutable(t *testing.T, newFn func(kinds []string) ethdb.AncientStore) {
 	defer db.Close()
 
 	// We write 100 zero-bytes to the freezer and immediately mutate the slice
-	db.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
+	if _, err := db.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
 		data := make([]byte, 100)
-		op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(0), data)
+		if err := op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(0), data); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 		for i := range data {
 			data[i] = 0xff
 		}
 		return nil
-	})
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to write ancient data %v", err)
+	}
 	// Now read it.
 	data, err := db.Ancient("a", uint64(0))
 	if err != nil {
@@ -275,23 +301,31 @@ func TestResettableAncientSuite(t *testing.T, newFn func(kinds []string) ethdb.R
 		)
 		defer db.Close()
 
-		db.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
+		if _, err := db.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
 			for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-				op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(i), data[i])
+				if err := op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(i), data[i]); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
 			}
 			return nil
-		})
+		}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to write ancient data %v", err)
+		}
 		db.TruncateTail(10)
 		db.TruncateHead(90)
 
 		// Ancient write should work after resetting
 		db.Reset()
-		db.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
+		if _, err := db.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
 			for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-				op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(i), data[i])
+				if err := op.AppendRaw("a", uint64(i), data[i]); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
 			}
 			return nil
-		})
+		}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to write ancient data %v", err)
+		}
 	})
 }
 

From ca6e2d141b14e67d2ba826c6213e9e413148b6ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Sep 2025 20:39:54 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 097/470] triedb/pathdb: sync ancient store before journal
 (#32557)

This pull request addresses the corrupted path database with log
indicating:
`history head truncation out of range, tail: 122557, head: 212208,
target: 212557`

This is a rare edge case where the in-memory layers, including the write
buffer
in the disk layer, are fully persisted (e.g., written to file), but the
state history
freezer is not properly closed (e.g., Geth is terminated after
journaling but
before freezer.Close). In this situation, the recent state history
writes will be
truncated on the next startup, while the in-memory layers resolve
correctly.
As a result, the state history falls behind the disk layer (including
the write buffer).

In this pull request, the state history freezer is always synced before
journal,
ensuring the state history writes are always persisted before the
others.

Edit:
It's confirmed that devops team has 10s container termination setting.
It
explains why Geth didn't finish the entire termination without state
history
being closed.

https://github.com/ethpandaops/fusaka-devnets/pull/63/files
---
 triedb/pathdb/journal.go | 11 ++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/journal.go b/triedb/pathdb/journal.go
index 7a634dc974..02bdef5d34 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/journal.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/journal.go
@@ -333,7 +333,16 @@ func (db *Database) Journal(root common.Hash) error {
 	if db.readOnly {
 		return errDatabaseReadOnly
 	}
-
+	// Forcibly sync the ancient store before persisting the in-memory layers.
+	// This prevents an edge case where the in-memory layers are persisted
+	// but the ancient store is not properly closed, resulting in recent writes
+	// being lost. After a restart, the ancient store would then be misaligned
+	// with the disk layer, causing data corruption.
+	if db.stateFreezer != nil {
+		if err := db.stateFreezer.SyncAncient(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
 	// Store the journal into the database and return
 	var (
 		file        *os.File

From 5cc443609f80f228512091bc8352952d3076d6be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: maskpp <maskpp266@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 11:15:47 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 098/470] core/txpool/blobpool: disallow legacy sidecar after
 osaka (#32534)

This PR removes the conversion of legacy sidecars after Osaka and instead rejects them to the pool.

---------

Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go      | 31 +--------------------------
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go |  7 +++---
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
index edc8eb3e55..5cf1218b75 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
@@ -1408,31 +1408,6 @@ func (p *BlobPool) AvailableBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash) int {
 	return available
 }
 
-// convertSidecar converts the legacy sidecar in the submitted transactions
-// if Osaka fork has been activated.
-func (p *BlobPool) convertSidecar(txs []*types.Transaction) ([]*types.Transaction, []error) {
-	head := p.chain.CurrentBlock()
-	if !p.chain.Config().IsOsaka(head.Number, head.Time) {
-		return txs, make([]error, len(txs))
-	}
-	var errs []error
-	for _, tx := range txs {
-		sidecar := tx.BlobTxSidecar()
-		if sidecar == nil {
-			errs = append(errs, errors.New("missing sidecar in blob transaction"))
-			continue
-		}
-		if sidecar.Version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 {
-			if err := sidecar.ToV1(); err != nil {
-				errs = append(errs, err)
-				continue
-			}
-		}
-		errs = append(errs, nil)
-	}
-	return txs, errs
-}
-
 // Add inserts a set of blob transactions into the pool if they pass validation (both
 // consensus validity and pool restrictions).
 //
@@ -1440,14 +1415,10 @@ func (p *BlobPool) convertSidecar(txs []*types.Transaction) ([]*types.Transactio
 // related to the add is finished. Only use this during tests for determinism.
 func (p *BlobPool) Add(txs []*types.Transaction, sync bool) []error {
 	var (
-		errs []error
+		errs = make([]error, len(txs))
 		adds = make([]*types.Transaction, 0, len(txs))
 	)
-	txs, errs = p.convertSidecar(txs)
 	for i, tx := range txs {
-		if errs[i] != nil {
-			continue
-		}
 		errs[i] = p.add(tx)
 		if errs[i] == nil {
 			adds = append(adds, tx.WithoutBlobTxSidecar())
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
index 8171ae294a..c9609e1259 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
@@ -1691,8 +1691,7 @@ func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// Tests that adding the transactions with legacy sidecar and expect them to
-// be converted to new format correctly.
+// Tests adding transactions with legacy sidecars are correctly rejected.
 func TestAddLegacyBlobTx(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		key1, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
@@ -1726,8 +1725,8 @@ func TestAddLegacyBlobTx(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	errs := pool.Add([]*types.Transaction{tx1, tx2, tx3}, true)
 	for _, err := range errs {
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("failed to add tx: %v", err)
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected tx add to fail")
 		}
 	}
 	verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)

From 586ac9b334028209770de5cbbe22828335b570c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lightclient <14004106+lightclient@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 01:25:25 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 099/470] params: use spaces instead of tabs in config
 description (#32564)

The tabs aren't consistently spaced with the other items in the
description. This fixes it.
---
 params/config.go | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/params/config.go b/params/config.go
index 7576170d26..a69610c9ba 100644
--- a/params/config.go
+++ b/params/config.go
@@ -531,25 +531,25 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) Description() string {
 		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Prague:                      @%-10v\n", *c.PragueTime)
 	}
 	if c.OsakaTime != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Osaka:                      @%-10v\n", *c.OsakaTime)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Osaka:                       @%-10v\n", *c.OsakaTime)
 	}
 	if c.VerkleTime != nil {
 		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Verkle:                      @%-10v\n", *c.VerkleTime)
 	}
 	if c.BPO1Time != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO1:                      @%-10v\n", *c.BPO1Time)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO1:                        @%-10v\n", *c.BPO1Time)
 	}
 	if c.BPO2Time != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO2:                      @%-10v\n", *c.BPO2Time)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO2:                        @%-10v\n", *c.BPO2Time)
 	}
 	if c.BPO3Time != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO3:                      @%-10v\n", *c.BPO3Time)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO3:                        @%-10v\n", *c.BPO3Time)
 	}
 	if c.BPO4Time != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO4:                      @%-10v\n", *c.BPO4Time)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO4:                        @%-10v\n", *c.BPO4Time)
 	}
 	if c.BPO5Time != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO5:                      @%-10v\n", *c.BPO5Time)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO5:                        @%-10v\n", *c.BPO5Time)
 	}
 	return banner
 }

From d68528cadb62141a423fc8bf66f65e4269ba5d90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 15:33:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 100/470] core/txpool: add sanity overflow check (#32544)

Adds a sanity check in the transaction pool

Co-authored-by @rjl493456442
---
 core/txpool/legacypool/list.go | 13 ++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/list.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/list.go
index 507c0b429a..0c9f13c62f 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/list.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/list.go
@@ -323,15 +323,22 @@ func (l *list) Add(tx *types.Transaction, priceBump uint64) (bool, *types.Transa
 		if tx.GasFeeCapIntCmp(thresholdFeeCap) < 0 || tx.GasTipCapIntCmp(thresholdTip) < 0 {
 			return false, nil
 		}
-		// Old is being replaced, subtract old cost
-		l.subTotalCost([]*types.Transaction{old})
 	}
 	// Add new tx cost to totalcost
 	cost, overflow := uint256.FromBig(tx.Cost())
 	if overflow {
 		return false, nil
 	}
-	l.totalcost.Add(l.totalcost, cost)
+	total, overflow := new(uint256.Int).AddOverflow(l.totalcost, cost)
+	if overflow {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	l.totalcost = total
+
+	// Old is being replaced, subtract old cost
+	if old != nil {
+		l.subTotalCost([]*types.Transaction{old})
+	}
 
 	// Otherwise overwrite the old transaction with the current one
 	l.txs.Put(tx)

From dd7fe1be4b4103ad84a4a14674cdfc38b579615d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 15:37:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 101/470] core/vm: fix modexp gas calculation (#32568)

fixes a bug in the gas calculation found by oss-fuzz
---
 core/vm/contracts.go      | 13 ++++++++++---
 core/vm/contracts_test.go | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/vm/contracts.go b/core/vm/contracts.go
index a06b0d09ca..77fac2f907 100644
--- a/core/vm/contracts.go
+++ b/core/vm/contracts.go
@@ -469,12 +469,19 @@ func modexpIterationCount(expLen uint64, expHead uint256.Int, multiplier uint64)
 
 	// For large exponents (expLen > 32), add (expLen - 32) * multiplier
 	if expLen > 32 {
-		iterationCount = (expLen - 32) * multiplier
+		carry, count := bits.Mul64(expLen-32, multiplier)
+		if carry > 0 {
+			return math.MaxUint64
+		}
+		iterationCount = count
 	}
-
 	// Add the MSB position - 1 if expHead is non-zero
 	if bitLen := expHead.BitLen(); bitLen > 0 {
-		iterationCount += uint64(bitLen - 1)
+		count, carry := bits.Add64(iterationCount, uint64(bitLen-1), 0)
+		if carry > 0 {
+			return math.MaxUint64
+		}
+		iterationCount = count
 	}
 
 	return max(iterationCount, 1)
diff --git a/core/vm/contracts_test.go b/core/vm/contracts_test.go
index da44e250e1..3200ace5cc 100644
--- a/core/vm/contracts_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/contracts_test.go
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ func testPrecompiled(addr string, test precompiledTest, t *testing.T) {
 func testPrecompiledOOG(addr string, test precompiledTest, t *testing.T) {
 	p := allPrecompiles[common.HexToAddress(addr)]
 	in := common.Hex2Bytes(test.Input)
-	gas := p.RequiredGas(in) - 1
+	gas := test.Gas - 1
 
 	t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%s-Gas=%d", test.Name, gas), func(t *testing.T) {
 		_, _, err := RunPrecompiledContract(p, in, gas, nil)
@@ -257,6 +257,30 @@ func TestPrecompiledModExpOOG(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, test := range modexpTests {
 		testPrecompiledOOG("05", test, t)
 	}
+	modexpTestsEIP2565, err := loadJson("modexp_eip2565")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	for _, test := range modexpTestsEIP2565 {
+		testPrecompiledOOG("f5", test, t)
+	}
+	modexpTestsEIP7883, err := loadJson("modexp_eip7883")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	for _, test := range modexpTestsEIP7883 {
+		testPrecompiledOOG("f6", test, t)
+	}
+	gasCostTest := precompiledTest{
+		Input:       "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",
+		Expected:    "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		Name:        "oss_fuzz_gas_calc",
+		Gas:         18446744073709551615,
+		NoBenchmark: false,
+	}
+	testPrecompiledOOG("05", gasCostTest, t)
+	testPrecompiledOOG("f5", gasCostTest, t)
+	testPrecompiledOOG("f6", gasCostTest, t)
 }
 
 // Tests the sample inputs from the elliptic curve scalar multiplication EIP 213.

From b708feb9c34b0f62fc76cee549dbde6fbe939f22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Zach Brown <zach871@proton.me>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 21:44:18 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 102/470] core/vm: fix comment and remove unused divisor in
 osakaModexpGas (#32553)

The `divisor` const is not needed in the gas cost calculation in `osakaModexpGas`.
---
 core/vm/contracts.go | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/vm/contracts.go b/core/vm/contracts.go
index 77fac2f907..34cb766708 100644
--- a/core/vm/contracts.go
+++ b/core/vm/contracts.go
@@ -538,7 +538,6 @@ func berlinModexpGas(baseLen, expLen, modLen uint64, expHead uint256.Int) uint64
 func osakaModexpGas(baseLen, expLen, modLen uint64, expHead uint256.Int) uint64 {
 	const (
 		multiplier = 16
-		divisor    = 3
 		minGas     = 500
 	)
 
@@ -549,7 +548,7 @@ func osakaModexpGas(baseLen, expLen, modLen uint64, expHead uint256.Int) uint64
 	}
 	iterationCount := modexpIterationCount(expLen, expHead, multiplier)
 
-	// Calculate gas: (multComplexity * iterationCount) / osakaDivisor
+	// Calculate gas: multComplexity * iterationCount
 	carry, gas := bits.Mul64(iterationCount, multComplexity)
 	if carry != 0 {
 		return math.MaxUint64

From 1f7f95d7182104e705a0735df456877764d1f562 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2025 19:51:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 103/470] p2p/discover: remove delay from discv5 RandomNodes
 (#32517)

Refresh is doing some lookups and thus it could block for some time. We
do not want the initializer of an iterator to block. If there is
something blocking, it should happen when calling Next.

Here, next will start a lookup, which will wait if needed (no nodes),
making sure the iterator's Next is not creating a busy loop.

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 p2p/discover/v5_udp.go | 6 ------
 1 file changed, 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/v5_udp.go b/p2p/discover/v5_udp.go
index 9679f5c61a..c13032e1af 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/v5_udp.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/v5_udp.go
@@ -328,12 +328,6 @@ func (t *UDPv5) TalkRequestToID(id enode.ID, addr netip.AddrPort, protocol strin
 
 // RandomNodes returns an iterator that finds random nodes in the DHT.
 func (t *UDPv5) RandomNodes() enode.Iterator {
-	if t.tab.len() == 0 {
-		// All nodes were dropped, refresh. The very first query will hit this
-		// case and run the bootstrapping logic.
-		<-t.tab.refresh()
-	}
-
 	return newLookupIterator(t.closeCtx, t.newRandomLookup)
 }
 

From 46e4f0b5c1d269e29d26a273016b18afbd13bbc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Aug 2025 14:23:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 104/470] p2p/discover: add waitForNodes

---
 p2p/discover/lookup.go | 17 +++--------------
 p2p/discover/table.go  | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/lookup.go b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
index 09808b71e0..db1bbe32f9 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/lookup.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ package discover
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
-	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode"
 )
@@ -106,11 +105,10 @@ func (it *lookup) startQueries() bool {
 	// The first query returns nodes from the local table.
 	if it.queries == -1 {
 		closest := it.tab.findnodeByID(it.result.target, bucketSize, false)
-		// Avoid finishing the lookup too quickly if table is empty. It'd be better to wait
-		// for the table to fill in this case, but there is no good mechanism for that
-		// yet.
+		// Avoid finishing the lookup too quickly if table is empty.
+		// Wait for the table to fill.
 		if len(closest.entries) == 0 {
-			it.slowdown()
+			it.tab.waitForNodes(1)
 		}
 		it.queries = 1
 		it.replyCh <- closest.entries
@@ -130,15 +128,6 @@ func (it *lookup) startQueries() bool {
 	return it.queries > 0
 }
 
-func (it *lookup) slowdown() {
-	sleep := time.NewTimer(1 * time.Second)
-	defer sleep.Stop()
-	select {
-	case <-sleep.C:
-	case <-it.tab.closeReq:
-	}
-}
-
 func (it *lookup) query(n *enode.Node, reply chan<- []*enode.Node) {
 	r, err := it.queryfunc(n)
 	if !errors.Is(err, errClosed) { // avoid recording failures on shutdown.
diff --git a/p2p/discover/table.go b/p2p/discover/table.go
index b6c35aaaa9..63aa655256 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/table.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/table.go
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/mclock"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode"
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ type Table struct {
 	closeReq        chan struct{}
 	closed          chan struct{}
 
+	nodeFeed        event.FeedOf[*enode.Node]
 	nodeAddedHook   func(*bucket, *tableNode)
 	nodeRemovedHook func(*bucket, *tableNode)
 }
@@ -567,6 +569,8 @@ func (tab *Table) nodeAdded(b *bucket, n *tableNode) {
 	}
 	n.addedToBucket = time.Now()
 	tab.revalidation.nodeAdded(tab, n)
+
+	tab.nodeFeed.Send(n.Node)
 	if tab.nodeAddedHook != nil {
 		tab.nodeAddedHook(b, n)
 	}
@@ -702,3 +706,36 @@ func (tab *Table) deleteNode(n *enode.Node) {
 	b := tab.bucket(n.ID())
 	tab.deleteInBucket(b, n.ID())
 }
+
+// waitForNodes blocks until the table contains at least n nodes.
+func (tab *Table) waitForNodes(n int) bool {
+	getlength := func() (count int) {
+		for _, b := range &tab.buckets {
+			count += len(b.entries)
+		}
+		return count
+	}
+
+	var ch chan *enode.Node
+	for {
+		tab.mutex.Lock()
+		if getlength() >= n {
+			tab.mutex.Unlock()
+			return true
+		}
+		if ch == nil {
+			// Init subscription.
+			ch = make(chan *enode.Node)
+			sub := tab.nodeFeed.Subscribe(ch)
+			defer sub.Unsubscribe()
+		}
+		tab.mutex.Unlock()
+
+		// Wait for a node add event.
+		select {
+		case <-ch:
+		case <-tab.closeReq:
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+}

From f8e0e8dc550621711d6702966a06c35fe9c99126 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Aug 2025 15:47:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 105/470] p2p/discover: add context in waitForNodes

---
 p2p/discover/table.go | 8 +++++---
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/table.go b/p2p/discover/table.go
index 63aa655256..6a1c7494ee 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/table.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/table.go
@@ -708,7 +708,7 @@ func (tab *Table) deleteNode(n *enode.Node) {
 }
 
 // waitForNodes blocks until the table contains at least n nodes.
-func (tab *Table) waitForNodes(n int) bool {
+func (tab *Table) waitForNodes(ctx context.Context, n int) error {
 	getlength := func() (count int) {
 		for _, b := range &tab.buckets {
 			count += len(b.entries)
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ func (tab *Table) waitForNodes(n int) bool {
 		tab.mutex.Lock()
 		if getlength() >= n {
 			tab.mutex.Unlock()
-			return true
+			return nil
 		}
 		if ch == nil {
 			// Init subscription.
@@ -734,8 +734,10 @@ func (tab *Table) waitForNodes(n int) bool {
 		// Wait for a node add event.
 		select {
 		case <-ch:
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return ctx.Err()
 		case <-tab.closeReq:
-			return false
+			return errClosed
 		}
 	}
 }

From f4046b0cfbfb60d1117a74d05a07dcd50d8dc753 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Aug 2025 15:47:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 106/470] p2p/discover: move wait condition to lookupIterator

---
 p2p/discover/lookup.go | 17 ++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/lookup.go b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
index db1bbe32f9..de4761d737 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/lookup.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package discover
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode"
 )
@@ -105,10 +106,8 @@ func (it *lookup) startQueries() bool {
 	// The first query returns nodes from the local table.
 	if it.queries == -1 {
 		closest := it.tab.findnodeByID(it.result.target, bucketSize, false)
-		// Avoid finishing the lookup too quickly if table is empty.
-		// Wait for the table to fill.
 		if len(closest.entries) == 0 {
-			it.tab.waitForNodes(1)
+			return false
 		}
 		it.queries = 1
 		it.replyCh <- closest.entries
@@ -171,6 +170,7 @@ func (it *lookupIterator) Next() bool {
 	if len(it.buffer) > 0 {
 		it.buffer = it.buffer[1:]
 	}
+
 	// Advance the lookup to refill the buffer.
 	for len(it.buffer) == 0 {
 		if it.ctx.Err() != nil {
@@ -183,6 +183,7 @@ func (it *lookupIterator) Next() bool {
 			continue
 		}
 		if !it.lookup.advance() {
+			it.lookupFailed(it.lookup.tab)
 			it.lookup = nil
 			continue
 		}
@@ -191,6 +192,16 @@ func (it *lookupIterator) Next() bool {
 	return true
 }
 
+// lookupFailed handles failed lookup attempts. This can be called when the table has
+// exited, or when it runs out of nodes.
+func (it *lookupIterator) lookupFailed(tab *Table) {
+	timeout, cancel := context.WithTimeout(it.ctx, 1*time.Minute)
+	defer cancel()
+	tab.waitForNodes(timeout, 1)
+
+	// TODO: here we need to trigger a table refresh somehow
+}
+
 // Close ends the iterator.
 func (it *lookupIterator) Close() {
 	it.cancel()

From 4ed8f5ee2b99a42fb3dca9e7083de1c7e05c39c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Sep 2025 11:15:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 107/470] p2p/discover: improve iterator

---
 p2p/discover/lookup.go | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/lookup.go b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
index de4761d737..91d4d7a919 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/lookup.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
@@ -49,11 +49,14 @@ func newLookup(ctx context.Context, tab *Table, target enode.ID, q queryFunc) *l
 		result:    nodesByDistance{target: target},
 		replyCh:   make(chan []*enode.Node, alpha),
 		cancelCh:  ctx.Done(),
-		queries:   -1,
 	}
 	// Don't query further if we hit ourself.
 	// Unlikely to happen often in practice.
 	it.asked[tab.self().ID()] = true
+
+	// Initialize the lookup with nodes from table.
+	closest := it.tab.findnodeByID(it.result.target, bucketSize, false)
+	it.addNodes(closest.entries)
 	return it
 }
 
@@ -64,22 +67,18 @@ func (it *lookup) run() []*enode.Node {
 	return it.result.entries
 }
 
+func (it *lookup) empty() bool {
+	return len(it.replyBuffer) == 0
+}
+
 // advance advances the lookup until any new nodes have been found.
 // It returns false when the lookup has ended.
 func (it *lookup) advance() bool {
 	for it.startQueries() {
 		select {
 		case nodes := <-it.replyCh:
-			it.replyBuffer = it.replyBuffer[:0]
-			for _, n := range nodes {
-				if n != nil && !it.seen[n.ID()] {
-					it.seen[n.ID()] = true
-					it.result.push(n, bucketSize)
-					it.replyBuffer = append(it.replyBuffer, n)
-				}
-			}
 			it.queries--
-			if len(it.replyBuffer) > 0 {
+			if it.addNodes(nodes) {
 				return true
 			}
 		case <-it.cancelCh:
@@ -89,6 +88,18 @@ func (it *lookup) advance() bool {
 	return false
 }
 
+func (it *lookup) addNodes(nodes []*enode.Node) (done bool) {
+	it.replyBuffer = it.replyBuffer[:0]
+	for _, n := range nodes {
+		if n != nil && !it.seen[n.ID()] {
+			it.seen[n.ID()] = true
+			it.result.push(n, bucketSize)
+			it.replyBuffer = append(it.replyBuffer, n)
+		}
+	}
+	return len(it.replyBuffer) == 0
+}
+
 func (it *lookup) shutdown() {
 	for it.queries > 0 {
 		<-it.replyCh
@@ -103,17 +114,6 @@ func (it *lookup) startQueries() bool {
 		return false
 	}
 
-	// The first query returns nodes from the local table.
-	if it.queries == -1 {
-		closest := it.tab.findnodeByID(it.result.target, bucketSize, false)
-		if len(closest.entries) == 0 {
-			return false
-		}
-		it.queries = 1
-		it.replyCh <- closest.entries
-		return true
-	}
-
 	// Ask the closest nodes that we haven't asked yet.
 	for i := 0; i < len(it.result.entries) && it.queries < alpha; i++ {
 		n := it.result.entries[i]
@@ -180,10 +180,14 @@ func (it *lookupIterator) Next() bool {
 		}
 		if it.lookup == nil {
 			it.lookup = it.nextLookup(it.ctx)
+			if it.lookup.empty() {
+				// If the lookup is empty right after creation, it means the local table
+				// is in a degraded state, and we need to wait for it to fill again.
+				it.lookupFailed(it.lookup.tab)
+			}
 			continue
 		}
 		if !it.lookup.advance() {
-			it.lookupFailed(it.lookup.tab)
 			it.lookup = nil
 			continue
 		}

From e58e7f79272bdec8f0fd367ea943130461d5e94b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Sep 2025 14:15:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 108/470] p2p/discover: fix bug in lookup

---
 p2p/discover/lookup.go | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/lookup.go b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
index 91d4d7a919..c2b39a8c2b 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/lookup.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
@@ -78,7 +78,8 @@ func (it *lookup) advance() bool {
 		select {
 		case nodes := <-it.replyCh:
 			it.queries--
-			if it.addNodes(nodes) {
+			it.addNodes(nodes)
+			if !it.empty() {
 				return true
 			}
 		case <-it.cancelCh:
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ func (it *lookup) advance() bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-func (it *lookup) addNodes(nodes []*enode.Node) (done bool) {
+func (it *lookup) addNodes(nodes []*enode.Node) {
 	it.replyBuffer = it.replyBuffer[:0]
 	for _, n := range nodes {
 		if n != nil && !it.seen[n.ID()] {
@@ -97,7 +98,6 @@ func (it *lookup) addNodes(nodes []*enode.Node) (done bool) {
 			it.replyBuffer = append(it.replyBuffer, n)
 		}
 	}
-	return len(it.replyBuffer) == 0
 }
 
 func (it *lookup) shutdown() {

From 721c8de7389cb713c5013817356a99a67a0a2dce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Sep 2025 14:16:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 109/470] p2p/discover: trigger refresh in lookupIterator

---
 p2p/discover/lookup.go | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/lookup.go b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
index c2b39a8c2b..d15cdccc48 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/lookup.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
@@ -142,11 +142,12 @@ func (it *lookup) query(n *enode.Node, reply chan<- []*enode.Node) {
 // lookupIterator performs lookup operations and iterates over all seen nodes.
 // When a lookup finishes, a new one is created through nextLookup.
 type lookupIterator struct {
-	buffer     []*enode.Node
-	nextLookup lookupFunc
-	ctx        context.Context
-	cancel     func()
-	lookup     *lookup
+	buffer        []*enode.Node
+	nextLookup    lookupFunc
+	ctx           context.Context
+	cancel        func()
+	lookup        *lookup
+	tabRefreshing <-chan struct{}
 }
 
 type lookupFunc func(ctx context.Context) *lookup
@@ -187,11 +188,11 @@ func (it *lookupIterator) Next() bool {
 			}
 			continue
 		}
-		if !it.lookup.advance() {
-			it.lookup = nil
-			continue
-		}
+		newNodes := it.lookup.advance()
 		it.buffer = it.lookup.replyBuffer
+		if !newNodes {
+			it.lookup = nil
+		}
 	}
 	return true
 }
@@ -201,9 +202,27 @@ func (it *lookupIterator) Next() bool {
 func (it *lookupIterator) lookupFailed(tab *Table) {
 	timeout, cancel := context.WithTimeout(it.ctx, 1*time.Minute)
 	defer cancel()
-	tab.waitForNodes(timeout, 1)
 
-	// TODO: here we need to trigger a table refresh somehow
+	// Wait for Table initialization to complete, in case it is still in progress.
+	select {
+	case <-tab.initDone:
+	case <-timeout.Done():
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Wait for ongoing refresh operation, or trigger one.
+	if it.tabRefreshing == nil {
+		it.tabRefreshing = tab.refresh()
+	}
+	select {
+	case <-it.tabRefreshing:
+		it.tabRefreshing = nil
+	case <-timeout.Done():
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Wait for the table to fill.
+	tab.waitForNodes(timeout, 1)
 }
 
 // Close ends the iterator.

From cf0503da7ceffb5c24937b1f31e49acfacf9437d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Sep 2025 14:16:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 110/470] p2p/discover: track missing nodes in test

---
 p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go | 22 +++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go b/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go
index 1af31f4f1b..b1363c73b0 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go
@@ -509,18 +509,27 @@ func TestUDPv4_smallNetConvergence(t *testing.T) {
 	// they have all found each other.
 	status := make(chan error, len(nodes))
 	for i := range nodes {
-		node := nodes[i]
+		self := nodes[i]
 		go func() {
-			found := make(map[enode.ID]bool, len(nodes))
-			it := node.RandomNodes()
+			missing := make(map[enode.ID]bool, len(nodes))
+			for _, n := range nodes {
+				if n.Self().ID() == self.Self().ID() {
+					continue // skip self
+				}
+				missing[n.Self().ID()] = true
+			}
+
+			it := self.RandomNodes()
 			for it.Next() {
-				found[it.Node().ID()] = true
-				if len(found) == len(nodes) {
+				fmt.Println(self.Self().ID(), "found:", it.Node().ID())
+				delete(missing, it.Node().ID())
+				if len(missing) == 0 {
 					status <- nil
 					return
 				}
 			}
-			status <- fmt.Errorf("node %s didn't find all nodes", node.Self().ID().TerminalString())
+			missingIDs := slices.Collect(maps.Keys(missing))
+			status <- fmt.Errorf("node %s didn't find all nodes, missing %v", self.Self().ID().TerminalString(), missingIDs)
 		}()
 	}
 
@@ -537,7 +546,6 @@ func TestUDPv4_smallNetConvergence(t *testing.T) {
 			received++
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Error("ERROR:", err)
-				return
 			}
 		}
 	}

From 394670893546240b9c01987e075523ca3c33a300 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Sep 2025 12:05:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 111/470] p2p/discover: fix two bugs in lookup iterator

The lookup would add self into the replyBuffer if returned by another node.
Avoid doing that by marking self as seen.

With the changed initialization behavior of lookup, the lookupIterator needs to yield the
buffer right after creation. This fixes the smallNetConvergence test, where all results
are straight out of the local table.
---
 p2p/discover/lookup.go | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/lookup.go b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
index d15cdccc48..88c93a57cf 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/lookup.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ func newLookup(ctx context.Context, tab *Table, target enode.ID, q queryFunc) *l
 	// Don't query further if we hit ourself.
 	// Unlikely to happen often in practice.
 	it.asked[tab.self().ID()] = true
+	it.seen[tab.self().ID()] = true
 
 	// Initialize the lookup with nodes from table.
 	closest := it.tab.findnodeByID(it.result.target, bucketSize, false)
@@ -186,8 +187,12 @@ func (it *lookupIterator) Next() bool {
 				// is in a degraded state, and we need to wait for it to fill again.
 				it.lookupFailed(it.lookup.tab)
 			}
+			// Otherwise, yield the initial nodes from the iterator before advancing
+			// the lookup.
+			it.buffer = it.lookup.replyBuffer
 			continue
 		}
+
 		newNodes := it.lookup.advance()
 		it.buffer = it.lookup.replyBuffer
 		if !newNodes {

From 3133fd369a7bde62a6964ef1907a07fe2eb3c91a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Sep 2025 12:07:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 112/470] p2p/discover: remove print in test

---
 p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go b/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go
index b1363c73b0..21c4daada3 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go
@@ -521,7 +521,6 @@ func TestUDPv4_smallNetConvergence(t *testing.T) {
 
 			it := self.RandomNodes()
 			for it.Next() {
-				fmt.Println(self.Self().ID(), "found:", it.Node().ID())
 				delete(missing, it.Node().ID())
 				if len(missing) == 0 {
 					status <- nil

From a9f9e0d5894eea88b4ae5acdb637e0448de19c85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Sep 2025 12:08:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 113/470] p2p/discover: add imports in test

---
 p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go b/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go
index 21c4daada3..44863183fa 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go
@@ -24,10 +24,12 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"maps"
 	"math/rand"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"reflect"
+	"slices"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

From 046e2cd7a4315a9ebdcc2945059c0884f857b5d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lightclient <14004106+lightclient@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Sep 2025 00:18:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 114/470] params: add bpo forks to eth_config (#32579)

BPO forks should also be included in eth_config response.
---
 params/config.go      | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 params/forks/forks.go |  5 +++++
 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/params/config.go b/params/config.go
index a69610c9ba..b1297144c3 100644
--- a/params/config.go
+++ b/params/config.go
@@ -972,6 +972,16 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) LatestFork(time uint64) forks.Fork {
 	london := c.LondonBlock
 
 	switch {
+	case c.IsBPO5(london, time):
+		return forks.BPO5
+	case c.IsBPO4(london, time):
+		return forks.BPO4
+	case c.IsBPO3(london, time):
+		return forks.BPO3
+	case c.IsBPO2(london, time):
+		return forks.BPO2
+	case c.IsBPO1(london, time):
+		return forks.BPO1
 	case c.IsOsaka(london, time):
 		return forks.Osaka
 	case c.IsPrague(london, time):
@@ -988,12 +998,22 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) LatestFork(time uint64) forks.Fork {
 // BlobConfig returns the blob config associated with the provided fork.
 func (c *ChainConfig) BlobConfig(fork forks.Fork) *BlobConfig {
 	switch fork {
+	case forks.BPO5:
+		return c.BlobScheduleConfig.BPO5
+	case forks.BPO4:
+		return c.BlobScheduleConfig.BPO4
+	case forks.BPO3:
+		return c.BlobScheduleConfig.BPO3
+	case forks.BPO2:
+		return c.BlobScheduleConfig.BPO2
+	case forks.BPO1:
+		return c.BlobScheduleConfig.BPO1
 	case forks.Osaka:
-		return DefaultOsakaBlobConfig
+		return c.BlobScheduleConfig.Osaka
 	case forks.Prague:
-		return DefaultPragueBlobConfig
+		return c.BlobScheduleConfig.Prague
 	case forks.Cancun:
-		return DefaultCancunBlobConfig
+		return c.BlobScheduleConfig.Cancun
 	default:
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -1023,6 +1043,16 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) ActiveSystemContracts(time uint64) map[string]common.Addre
 // the fork isn't defined or isn't a time-based fork.
 func (c *ChainConfig) Timestamp(fork forks.Fork) *uint64 {
 	switch {
+	case fork == forks.BPO5:
+		return c.BPO5Time
+	case fork == forks.BPO4:
+		return c.BPO4Time
+	case fork == forks.BPO3:
+		return c.BPO3Time
+	case fork == forks.BPO2:
+		return c.BPO2Time
+	case fork == forks.BPO1:
+		return c.BPO1Time
 	case fork == forks.Osaka:
 		return c.OsakaTime
 	case fork == forks.Prague:
diff --git a/params/forks/forks.go b/params/forks/forks.go
index 5c9612a625..aab0a54ab7 100644
--- a/params/forks/forks.go
+++ b/params/forks/forks.go
@@ -40,6 +40,11 @@ const (
 	Cancun
 	Prague
 	Osaka
+	BPO1
+	BPO2
+	BPO3
+	BPO4
+	BPO5
 )
 
 // String implements fmt.Stringer.

From 92fbbe63c8453d2497f6fc1f939439ef241c8467 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GarmashAlex <garmasholeksii@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Sep 2025 11:05:17 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 115/470] ethdb/pebble: set metric namespace correctly (#32563)

Ensure Database.namespace is initialized in pebble.New(...). Without
this, the write-stall metrics registered in onWriteStallBegin/End are
emitted without the intended namespace prefix, while other Pebble
metrics use the provided constructor parameter. This aligns stall
metrics with the rest of the Pebble metric set and fixes inconsistent
metric naming.

---------

Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 ethdb/pebble/pebble.go | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go b/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
index 2370d4654f..8abe7d4bc7 100644
--- a/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
+++ b/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
@@ -218,9 +218,10 @@ func New(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool) (
 		memTableSize = maxMemTableSize - 1
 	}
 	db := &Database{
-		fn:       file,
-		log:      logger,
-		quitChan: make(chan chan error),
+		fn:        file,
+		log:       logger,
+		quitChan:  make(chan chan error),
+		namespace: namespace,
 
 		// Use asynchronous write mode by default. Otherwise, the overhead of frequent fsync
 		// operations can be significant, especially on platforms with slow fsync performance

From cbf0b5bc92c4ba857d79778f646f0b6b9507d07f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Sep 2025 13:07:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 116/470] go.mod, build: require go 1.24 and upgrade linter
 (#32584)

---
 .github/workflows/validate_pr.yml   |  2 +-
 build/checksums.txt                 | 83 +++++++++++------------------
 crypto/blake2b/blake2b.go           |  4 +-
 crypto/blake2b/blake2b_generic.go   |  2 +-
 crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_decl.go |  2 +-
 go.mod                              |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml b/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml
index 8c9ae1688f..02ebf431b0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           script: |
             const prTitle = context.payload.pull_request.title;
-            const titleRegex = /^(\.?[\w\s,{}/]+): .+/;
+            const titleRegex = /^(\.?[\w\s,{}/.]+): .+/;
             
             if (!titleRegex.test(prTitle)) {
               core.setFailed(`PR title "${prTitle}" does not match required format: directory, ...: description`);
diff --git a/build/checksums.txt b/build/checksums.txt
index ab0f7547f6..19a3a5fadd 100644
--- a/build/checksums.txt
+++ b/build/checksums.txt
@@ -54,60 +54,37 @@ afd9e0a8d2665ff122c8302bb4a3ce4a5331e4e630ddc388be1f9238adfa8fe3  go1.25.0.windo
 27bab004c72b3d7bd05a69b6ec0fc54a309b4b78cc569dd963d8b3ec28bfdb8c  go1.25.0.windows-arm64.zip
 357d030b217ff68e700b6cfc56097bc21ad493bb45b79733a052d112f5031ed9  go1.25.0.windows-arm64.msi
 
-# version:golangci 2.0.2
+# version:golangci 2.4.0
 # https://github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/releases/
-# https://github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/releases/download/v2.0.2/
-a88cbdc86b483fe44e90bf2dcc3fec2af8c754116e6edf0aa6592cac5baa7a0e  golangci-lint-2.0.2-darwin-amd64.tar.gz
-664550e7954f5f4451aae99b4f7382c1a47039c66f39ca605f5d9af1a0d32b49  golangci-lint-2.0.2-darwin-arm64.tar.gz
-bda0f0f27d300502faceda8428834a76ca25986f6d9fc2bd41d201c3ed73f08e  golangci-lint-2.0.2-freebsd-386.tar.gz
-1cbd0c7ade3fb027d61d38a646ec1b51be5846952b4b04a5330e7f4687f2270c  golangci-lint-2.0.2-freebsd-amd64.tar.gz
-1e828a597726198b2e35acdbcc5f3aad85244d79846d2d2bdb05241c5a535f9e  golangci-lint-2.0.2-freebsd-armv6.tar.gz
-848b49315dc5cddd0c9ce35e96ab33d584db0ea8fb57bcbf9784f1622bec0269  golangci-lint-2.0.2-freebsd-armv7.tar.gz
-cabf9a6beab574c7f98581eb237919e580024759e3cdc05c4d516b044dce6770  golangci-lint-2.0.2-illumos-amd64.tar.gz
-2fde80d15ed6527791f106d606120620e913c3a663c90a8596861d0a4461169e  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-386.deb
-804bc6e350a8c613aaa0a33d8d45414a80157b0ba1b2c2335ac859f85ad98ebd  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-386.rpm
-e64beb72fecf581e57d88ae3adb1c9d4bf022694b6bd92e3c8e460910bbdc37d  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-386.tar.gz
-9c55aed174d7a52bb1d4006b36e7edee9023631f6b814a80cb39c9860d6f75c3  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-amd64.deb
-c55a2ef741a687b4c679696931f7fd4a467babd64c9457cf17bb9632fd1cecd1  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-amd64.rpm
-89cc8a7810dc63b9a37900da03e37c3601caf46d42265d774e0f1a5d883d53e2  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-amd64.tar.gz
-a3e78583c4e7ea1b63e82559f126bb3a5b12788676f158526752d53e67824b99  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-arm64.deb
-bd5dd52b5c9f18aa7a2904eda9a9f91c628e98623fe70b7afcbb847e2de84422  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-arm64.rpm
-789d5b91219ac68c2336f77d41cd7e33a910420594780f455893f8453d09595b  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-arm64.tar.gz
-534cd4c464a66178714ed68152c1ed7aa73e5700bf409e4ed1a8363adf96afca  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-armv6.deb
-cf7d02905a5fc80b96c9a64621693b4cc7337b1ce29986c19fd72608dafe66c5  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-armv6.rpm
-a0d81cb527d8fe878377f2356b5773e219b0b91832a6b59e7b9bcf9a90fe0b0e  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-armv6.tar.gz
-dedd5be7fff8cba8fe15b658a59347ea90d7d02a9fff87f09c7687e6da05a8b6  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-armv7.deb
-85521b6f3ad2f5a2bc9bfe14b9b08623f764964048f75ed6dfcfaf8eb7d57cc1  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-armv7.rpm
-96471046c7780dda4ea680f65e92c2ef56ff58d40bcffaf6cfe9d6d48e3c27aa  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-armv7.tar.gz
-815d914a7738e4362466b2d11004e8618b696b49e8ace13df2c2b25f28fb1e17  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-loong64.deb
-f16381e3d8a0f011b95e086d83d620248432b915d01f4beab4d29cfe4dc388b0  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-loong64.rpm
-1bd8d7714f9c92db6a0f23bae89f39c85ba047bec8eeb42b8748d30ae3228d18  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-loong64.tar.gz
-ea6e9d4aabb526aa298e47e8b026d8893d918c5eb919ba0ab403e315def74cc5  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-mips64.deb
-519d8d53af83fdc9c25cc3fba8b663331ac22ef68131d4b0084cb6f425b6f79a  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-mips64.rpm
-80d655a0a1ac1b19dcef4b58fa2a7dadb646cc50ad08d460b5c53cdb421165e4  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-mips64.tar.gz
-aa0e75384bb482c865d4dfc95d23ceb25666bf20461b67a832f0eea6670312ec  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-mips64le.deb
-f2a8b500fb69bdea1b01df6267aaa5218fa4a58aeb781c1a20d0d802fe465a52  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-mips64le.rpm
-e66a0c0c9a275f02d27a7caa9576112622306f001d73dfc082cf1ae446fc1242  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-mips64le.tar.gz
-e85ad51aac6428be2d8a37000d053697371a538a5bcbc1644caa7c5e77f6d0af  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-ppc64le.deb
-906798365eac1944af2a9b9a303e6fd49ec9043307bc681b7a96277f7f8beea5  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-ppc64le.rpm
-f7f1a271b0af274d6c9ce000f5dc6e1fb194350c67bcc62494f96f791882ba92  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-ppc64le.tar.gz
-eea8bf643a42bf05de9780530db22923e5ab0d588f0e173594dc6518f2a25d2a  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-riscv64.deb
-4ff40f9fe2954400836e2a011ba4744d00ffab5068a51368552dfce6aba3b81b  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-riscv64.rpm
-531d8f225866674977d630afbf0533eb02f9bec607fb13895f7a2cd7b2e0a648  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-riscv64.tar.gz
-6f827647046c603f40d97ea5aadc6f48cd0bb5d19f7a3d56500c3b833d2a0342  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-s390x.deb
-387a090e9576d19ca86aac738172e58e07c19f2784a13bb387f4f0d75fb9c8d3  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-s390x.rpm
-57de1fb7722a9feb2d11ed0a007a93959d05b9db5929a392abc222e30012467e  golangci-lint-2.0.2-linux-s390x.tar.gz
-ed95e0492ea86bf79eb661f0334474b2a4255093685ff587eccd797c5a54db7e  golangci-lint-2.0.2-netbsd-386.tar.gz
-eab81d729778166415d349a80e568b2f2b3a781745a9be3212a92abb1e732daf  golangci-lint-2.0.2-netbsd-amd64.tar.gz
-d20add73f7c2de2c3b01ed4fd7b63ffcf0a6597d5ea228d1699e92339a3cd047  golangci-lint-2.0.2-netbsd-arm64.tar.gz
-4e4f44e6057879cd62424ff1800a767d25a595c0e91d6d48809eea9186b4c739  golangci-lint-2.0.2-netbsd-armv6.tar.gz
-51ec17b16d8743ae4098a0171f04f0ed4d64561e3051b982778b0e6c306a1b03  golangci-lint-2.0.2-netbsd-armv7.tar.gz
-5482cf27b93fae1765c70ee2a95d4074d038e9dee61bdd61d017ce8893d3a4a8  golangci-lint-2.0.2-source.tar.gz
-a35d8fdf3e14079a10880dbbb7586b46faec89be96f086b244b3e565aac80313  golangci-lint-2.0.2-windows-386.zip
-fe4b946cc01366b989001215687003a9c4a7098589921f75e6228d6d8cffc15c  golangci-lint-2.0.2-windows-amd64.zip
-646bd9250ef8c771d85cd22fe8e6f2397ae39599179755e3bbfa9ef97ad44090  golangci-lint-2.0.2-windows-arm64.zip
-ce1dc0bad6f8a61d64e6b3779eeb773479c175125d6f686b0e67ef9c8432d16e  golangci-lint-2.0.2-windows-armv6.zip
-92684a48faabe792b11ac27ca8b25551eff940b0a1e84ad7244e98b4994962db  golangci-lint-2.0.2-windows-armv7.zip
+# https://github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/releases/download/v2.4.0/
+7904ce63f79db44934939cf7a063086ea0ea98e9b19eba0a9d52ccdd0d21951c  golangci-lint-2.4.0-darwin-amd64.tar.gz
+cd4dd53fa09b6646baff5fd22b8c64d91db02c21c7496df27992d75d34feec59  golangci-lint-2.4.0-darwin-arm64.tar.gz
+d58f426ebe14cc257e81562b4bf37a488ffb4ffbbb3ec73041eb3b38bb25c0e1  golangci-lint-2.4.0-freebsd-386.tar.gz
+6ec4a6177fc6c0dd541fbcb3a7612845266d020d35cc6fa92959220cdf64ca39  golangci-lint-2.4.0-freebsd-amd64.tar.gz
+4d473e3e71c01feaa915a0604fb35758b41284fb976cdeac3f842118d9ee7e17  golangci-lint-2.4.0-freebsd-armv6.tar.gz
+58727746c6530801a3f9a702a5945556a5eb7e88809222536dd9f9d54cafaeff  golangci-lint-2.4.0-freebsd-armv7.tar.gz
+fbf28c662760e24c32f82f8d16dffdb4a82de7726a52ba1fad94f890c22997ea  golangci-lint-2.4.0-illumos-amd64.tar.gz
+a15a000a8981ef665e971e0f67e2acda9066a9e37a59344393b7351d8fb49c81  golangci-lint-2.4.0-linux-386.tar.gz
+fae792524c04424c0ac369f5b8076f04b45cf29fc945a370e55d369a8dc11840  golangci-lint-2.4.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
+70ac11f55b80ec78fd3a879249cc9255121b8dfd7f7ed4fc46ed137f4abf17e7  golangci-lint-2.4.0-linux-arm64.tar.gz
+4acdc40e5cebe99e4e7ced358a05b2e71789f409b41cb4f39bbb86ccfa14b1dc  golangci-lint-2.4.0-linux-armv6.tar.gz
+2a68749568fa22b4a97cb88dbea655595563c795076536aa6c087f7968784bf3  golangci-lint-2.4.0-linux-armv7.tar.gz
+9e3369afb023711036dcb0b4f45c9fe2792af962fa1df050c9f6ac101a6c5d73  golangci-lint-2.4.0-linux-loong64.tar.gz
+bb9143d6329be2c4dbfffef9564078e7da7d88e7dde6c829b6263d98e072229e  golangci-lint-2.4.0-linux-mips64.tar.gz
+5ad1765b40d56cd04d4afd805b3ba6f4bfd9b36181da93c31e9b17e483d8608d  golangci-lint-2.4.0-linux-mips64le.tar.gz
+918936fb9c0d5ba96bef03cf4348b03938634cfcced49be1e9bb29cb5094fa73  golangci-lint-2.4.0-linux-ppc64le.tar.gz
+f7474c638e1fb67ebbdc654b55ca0125377ea0bc88e8fee8d964a4f24eacf828  golangci-lint-2.4.0-linux-riscv64.tar.gz
+b617a9543997c8bfceaffa88a75d4e595030c6add69fba800c1e4d8f5fe253dd  golangci-lint-2.4.0-linux-s390x.tar.gz
+7db027b03a9ba328f795215b04f594036837bc7dd0dd7cd16776b02a6167981c  golangci-lint-2.4.0-netbsd-386.tar.gz
+52d8f9393f4313df0a62b752c37775e3af0b818e43e8dd28954351542d7c60bc  golangci-lint-2.4.0-netbsd-amd64.tar.gz
+5c0086027fb5a4af3829e530c8115db4b35d11afe1914322eef528eb8cd38c69  golangci-lint-2.4.0-netbsd-arm64.tar.gz
+6b779d6ed1aed87cefe195cc11759902b97a76551b593312c6833f2635a3488f  golangci-lint-2.4.0-netbsd-armv6.tar.gz
+f00d1f4b7ec3468a0f9fffd0d9ea036248b029b7621cbc9a59c449ef94356d09  golangci-lint-2.4.0-netbsd-armv7.tar.gz
+3ce671b0b42b58e35066493aab75a7e2826c9e079988f1ba5d814a4029faaf87  golangci-lint-2.4.0-windows-386.zip
+003112f7a56746feaabf20b744054bf9acdf900c9e77176383623c4b1d76aaa9  golangci-lint-2.4.0-windows-amd64.zip
+dc0c2092af5d47fc2cd31a1dfe7b4c7e765fab22de98bd21ef2ffcc53ad9f54f  golangci-lint-2.4.0-windows-arm64.zip
+0263d23e20a260cb1592d35e12a388f99efe2c51b3611fdc66fbd9db1fce664d  golangci-lint-2.4.0-windows-armv6.zip
+9403c03bf648e6313036e0273149d44bad1b9ad53889b6d00e4ccb842ba3c058  golangci-lint-2.4.0-windows-armv7.zip
 
 # This is the builder on PPA that will build Go itself (inception-y), don't modify!
 #
diff --git a/crypto/blake2b/blake2b.go b/crypto/blake2b/blake2b.go
index c24a88b99d..e00ee2e6d2 100644
--- a/crypto/blake2b/blake2b.go
+++ b/crypto/blake2b/blake2b.go
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ func appendUint64(b []byte, x uint64) []byte {
 	return append(b, a[:]...)
 }
 
-//nolint:unused,deadcode
+//nolint:unused
 func appendUint32(b []byte, x uint32) []byte {
 	var a [4]byte
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(a[:], x)
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ func consumeUint64(b []byte) ([]byte, uint64) {
 	return b[8:], x
 }
 
-//nolint:unused,deadcode
+//nolint:unused
 func consumeUint32(b []byte) ([]byte, uint32) {
 	x := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b)
 	return b[4:], x
diff --git a/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_generic.go b/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_generic.go
index 61e678fdf5..4d3f69d292 100644
--- a/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_generic.go
+++ b/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_generic.go
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ var precomputed = [10][16]byte{
 	{10, 8, 7, 1, 2, 4, 6, 5, 15, 9, 3, 13, 11, 14, 12, 0},
 }
 
-// nolint:unused,deadcode
+// nolint:unused
 func hashBlocksGeneric(h *[8]uint64, c *[2]uint64, flag uint64, blocks []byte) {
 	var m [16]uint64
 	c0, c1 := c[0], c[1]
diff --git a/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_decl.go b/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_decl.go
index 1954d14a4a..b7dd1a8aac 100644
--- a/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_decl.go
+++ b/crypto/bn256/cloudflare/gfp_decl.go
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/sys/cpu"
 )
 
-//nolint:varcheck,unused,deadcode
+//nolint:unused
 var hasBMI2 = cpu.X86.HasBMI2
 
 //go:noescape
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index d701c08ad5..28c9af9259 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
 
-go 1.23.0
+go 1.24.0
 
 require (
 	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/storage/azblob v1.2.0

From 1c3703c88874b85bdc7b9eba4d966de4c2a66159 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Sep 2025 20:15:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 117/470] .github: run tests with ci.go (#32590)

`ci.go` is the place to add custom build flags, build tags, etc. for the
test run. So we should use it for CI.
---
 .github/workflows/go.yml | 2 +-
 cmd/geth/logging_test.go | 8 ++++----
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/go.yml b/.github/workflows/go.yml
index 2ff47ce042..cc8ea36d74 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/go.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/go.yml
@@ -55,4 +55,4 @@ jobs:
           cache: false
 
       - name: Run tests
-        run: go test ./...
+        run: go run build/ci.go test
diff --git a/cmd/geth/logging_test.go b/cmd/geth/logging_test.go
index 37fffecc30..d420c2d078 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/logging_test.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/logging_test.go
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ func testConsoleLogging(t *testing.T, format string, tStart, tEnd int) {
 		have = censor(have, tStart, tEnd)
 		want = censor(want, tStart, tEnd)
 		if have != want {
-			t.Logf(nicediff([]byte(have), []byte(want)))
+			t.Log(nicediff([]byte(have), []byte(want)))
 			t.Fatalf("format %v, line %d\nhave %v\nwant %v", format, i, have, want)
 		}
 	}
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ func TestJsonLogging(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		if !bytes.Equal(have, want) {
 			// show an intelligent diff
-			t.Logf(nicediff(have, want))
+			t.Log(nicediff(have, want))
 			t.Errorf("file content wrong")
 		}
 	}
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ func TestFileOut(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	if !bytes.Equal(have, want) {
 		// show an intelligent diff
-		t.Logf(nicediff(have, want))
+		t.Log(nicediff(have, want))
 		t.Errorf("file content wrong")
 	}
 }
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ func TestRotatingFileOut(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	if !bytes.Equal(have, want) {
 		// show an intelligent diff
-		t.Logf(nicediff(have, want))
+		t.Log(nicediff(have, want))
 		t.Errorf("file content wrong")
 	}
 }

From 8deb682a35fd4c01b4e63308361a9cd48b26a981 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Sep 2025 20:57:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 118/470] build: upgrade to go 1.25.1 (#32593)

---
 build/checksums.txt | 89 +++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/build/checksums.txt b/build/checksums.txt
index 19a3a5fadd..6e65fa47fb 100644
--- a/build/checksums.txt
+++ b/build/checksums.txt
@@ -5,54 +5,49 @@
 # https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases/download/fusaka-devnet-3%40v1.0.0
 576261e1280e5300c458aa9b05eccb2fec5ff80a0005940dc52fa03fdd907249  fixtures_fusaka-devnet-3.tar.gz
 
-# version:golang 1.25.0
+# version:golang 1.25.1
 # https://go.dev/dl/
-4bd01e91297207bfa450ea40d4d5a93b1b531a5e438473b2a06e18e077227225  go1.25.0.src.tar.gz
-e5234a7dac67bc86c528fe9752fc9d63557918627707a733ab4cac1a6faed2d4  go1.25.0.aix-ppc64.tar.gz
-5bd60e823037062c2307c71e8111809865116714d6f6b410597cf5075dfd80ef  go1.25.0.darwin-amd64.tar.gz
-95e836238bcf8f9a71bffea43344cbd35ee1f16db3aaced2f98dbac045d102db  go1.25.0.darwin-amd64.pkg
-544932844156d8172f7a28f77f2ac9c15a23046698b6243f633b0a0b00c0749c  go1.25.0.darwin-arm64.tar.gz
-202a0d8338c152cb4c9f04782429e9ba8bef31d9889272380837e4043c9d800a  go1.25.0.darwin-arm64.pkg
-5ed3cf9a810a1483822538674f1336c06b51aa1b94d6d545a1a0319a48177120  go1.25.0.dragonfly-amd64.tar.gz
-abea5d5c6697e6b5c224731f2158fe87c602996a2a233ac0c4730cd57bf8374e  go1.25.0.freebsd-386.tar.gz
-86e6fe0a29698d7601c4442052dac48bd58d532c51cccb8f1917df648138730b  go1.25.0.freebsd-amd64.tar.gz
-d90b78e41921f72f30e8bbc81d9dec2cff7ff384a33d8d8debb24053e4336bfe  go1.25.0.freebsd-arm.tar.gz
-451d0da1affd886bfb291b7c63a6018527b269505db21ce6e14724f22ab0662e  go1.25.0.freebsd-arm64.tar.gz
-7b565f76bd8bda46549eeaaefe0e53b251e644c230577290c0f66b1ecdb3cdbe  go1.25.0.freebsd-riscv64.tar.gz
-b1e1fdaab1ad25aa1c08d7a36c97d45d74b98b89c3f78c6d2145f77face54a2c  go1.25.0.illumos-amd64.tar.gz
-8c602dd9d99bc9453b3995d20ce4baf382cc50855900a0ece5de9929df4a993a  go1.25.0.linux-386.tar.gz
-2852af0cb20a13139b3448992e69b868e50ed0f8a1e5940ee1de9e19a123b613  go1.25.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz
-05de75d6994a2783699815ee553bd5a9327d8b79991de36e38b66862782f54ae  go1.25.0.linux-arm64.tar.gz
-a5a8f8198fcf00e1e485b8ecef9ee020778bf32a408a4e8873371bfce458cd09  go1.25.0.linux-armv6l.tar.gz
-cab86b1cf761b1cb3bac86a8877cfc92e7b036fc0d3084123d77013d61432afc  go1.25.0.linux-loong64.tar.gz
-d66b6fb74c3d91b9829dc95ec10ca1f047ef5e89332152f92e136cf0e2da5be1  go1.25.0.linux-mips.tar.gz
-4082e4381a8661bc2a839ff94ba3daf4f6cde20f8fb771b5b3d4762dc84198a2  go1.25.0.linux-mips64.tar.gz
-70002c299ec7f7175ac2ef673b1b347eecfa54ae11f34416a6053c17f855afcc  go1.25.0.linux-mips64le.tar.gz
-b00a3a39eff099f6df9f1c7355bf28e4589d0586f42d7d4a394efb763d145a73  go1.25.0.linux-mipsle.tar.gz
-df166f33bd98160662560a72ff0b4ba731f969a80f088922bddcf566a88c1ec1  go1.25.0.linux-ppc64.tar.gz
-0f18a89e7576cf2c5fa0b487a1635d9bcbf843df5f110e9982c64df52a983ad0  go1.25.0.linux-ppc64le.tar.gz
-c018ff74a2c48d55c8ca9b07c8e24163558ffec8bea08b326d6336905d956b67  go1.25.0.linux-riscv64.tar.gz
-34e5a2e19f2292fbaf8783e3a241e6e49689276aef6510a8060ea5ef54eee408  go1.25.0.linux-s390x.tar.gz
-f8586cdb7aa855657609a5c5f6dbf523efa00c2bbd7c76d3936bec80aa6c0aba  go1.25.0.netbsd-386.tar.gz
-ae8dc1469385b86a157a423bb56304ba45730de8a897615874f57dd096db2c2a  go1.25.0.netbsd-amd64.tar.gz
-1ff7e4cc764425fc9dd6825eaee79d02b3c7cafffbb3691687c8d672ade76cb7  go1.25.0.netbsd-arm.tar.gz
-e1b310739f26724216aa6d7d7208c4031f9ff54c9b5b9a796ddc8bebcb4a5f16  go1.25.0.netbsd-arm64.tar.gz
-4802a9b20e533da91adb84aab42e94aa56cfe3e5475d0550bed3385b182e69d8  go1.25.0.openbsd-386.tar.gz
-c016cd984bebe317b19a4f297c4f50def120dc9788490540c89f28e42f1dabe1  go1.25.0.openbsd-amd64.tar.gz
-a1e31d0bf22172ddde42edf5ec811ef81be43433df0948ece52fecb247ccfd8d  go1.25.0.openbsd-arm.tar.gz
-343ea8edd8c218196e15a859c6072d0dd3246fbbb168481ab665eb4c4140458d  go1.25.0.openbsd-arm64.tar.gz
-694c14da1bcaeb5e3332d49bdc2b6d155067648f8fe1540c5de8f3cf8e157154  go1.25.0.openbsd-ppc64.tar.gz
-aa510ad25cf54c06cd9c70b6d80ded69cb20188ac6e1735655eef29ff7e7885f  go1.25.0.openbsd-riscv64.tar.gz
-46f8cef02086cf04bf186c5912776b56535178d4cb319cd19c9fdbdd29231986  go1.25.0.plan9-386.tar.gz
-29b34391d84095e44608a228f63f2f88113a37b74a79781353ec043dfbcb427b  go1.25.0.plan9-amd64.tar.gz
-0a047107d13ebe7943aaa6d54b1d7bbd2e45e68ce449b52915a818da715799c2  go1.25.0.plan9-arm.tar.gz
-9977f9e4351984364a3b2b78f8b88bfd1d339812356d5237678514594b7d3611  go1.25.0.solaris-amd64.tar.gz
-df9f39db82a803af0db639e3613a36681ab7a42866b1384b3f3a1045663961a7  go1.25.0.windows-386.zip
-afd9e0a8d2665ff122c8302bb4a3ce4a5331e4e630ddc388be1f9238adfa8fe3  go1.25.0.windows-386.msi
-89efb4f9b30812eee083cc1770fdd2913c14d301064f6454851428f9707d190b  go1.25.0.windows-amd64.zip
-936bd87109da515f79d80211de5bc6cbda071f2cc577f7e6af1a9e754ea34819  go1.25.0.windows-amd64.msi
-27bab004c72b3d7bd05a69b6ec0fc54a309b4b78cc569dd963d8b3ec28bfdb8c  go1.25.0.windows-arm64.zip
-357d030b217ff68e700b6cfc56097bc21ad493bb45b79733a052d112f5031ed9  go1.25.0.windows-arm64.msi
+d010c109cee94d80efe681eab46bdea491ac906bf46583c32e9f0dbb0bd1a594  go1.25.1.src.tar.gz
+1d622468f767a1b9fe1e1e67bd6ce6744d04e0c68712adc689748bbeccb126bb  go1.25.1.darwin-amd64.tar.gz
+68deebb214f39d542e518ebb0598a406ab1b5a22bba8ec9ade9f55fb4dd94a6c  go1.25.1.darwin-arm64.tar.gz
+d03cdcbc9bd8baf5cf028de390478e9e2b3e4d0afe5a6582dedc19bfe6a263b2  go1.25.1.linux-386.tar.gz
+7716a0d940a0f6ae8e1f3b3f4f36299dc53e31b16840dbd171254312c41ca12e  go1.25.1.linux-amd64.tar.gz
+65a3e34fb2126f55b34e1edfc709121660e1be2dee6bdf405fc399a63a95a87d  go1.25.1.linux-arm64.tar.gz
+eb949be683e82a99e9861dafd7057e31ea40b161eae6c4cd18fdc0e8c4ae6225  go1.25.1.linux-armv6l.tar.gz
+be13d5479b8c75438f2efcaa8c191fba3af684b3228abc9c99c7aa8502f34424  go1.25.1.windows-386.zip
+4a974de310e7ee1d523d2fcedb114ba5fa75408c98eb3652023e55ccf3fa7cab  go1.25.1.windows-amd64.zip
+45ab4290adbd6ee9e7f18f0d57eaa9008fdbef590882778ed93eac3c8cca06c5  go1.25.1.aix-ppc64.tar.gz
+2e3c1549bed3124763774d648f291ac42611232f48320ebbd23517c909c09b81  go1.25.1.dragonfly-amd64.tar.gz
+dc0198dd4ec520e13f26798def8750544edf6448d8e9c43fd2a814e4885932af  go1.25.1.freebsd-386.tar.gz
+c4f1a7e7b258406e6f3b677ecdbd97bbb23ff9c0d44be4eb238a07d360f69ac8  go1.25.1.freebsd-amd64.tar.gz
+7772fc5ff71ed39297ec0c1599fc54e399642c9b848eac989601040923b0de9c  go1.25.1.freebsd-arm.tar.gz
+5bb011d5d5b6218b12189f07aa0be618ab2002662fff1ca40afba7389735c207  go1.25.1.freebsd-arm64.tar.gz
+ccac716240cb049bebfafcb7eebc3758512178a4c51fc26da9cc032035d850c8  go1.25.1.freebsd-riscv64.tar.gz
+cc53910ffb9fcfdd988a9fa25b5423bae1cfa01b19616be646700e1f5453b466  go1.25.1.illumos-amd64.tar.gz
+efe809f923bcedab44bf7be2b3af8d182b512b1bf9c07d302e0c45d26c8f56f3  go1.25.1.linux-loong64.tar.gz
+c0de33679f6ed68991dc42dc4a602e74a666e3e166c1748ee1b5d1a7ea2ffbb2  go1.25.1.linux-mips.tar.gz
+c270f7b0c0bdfbcd54fef4481227c40d41bb518f9ae38ee930870f04a0a6a589  go1.25.1.linux-mips64.tar.gz
+80be871ba9c944f34d1868cdf5047e1cf2e1289fe08cdb90e2453d2f0d6965ae  go1.25.1.linux-mips64le.tar.gz
+9f09defa9bb22ebf2cde76162f40958564e57ce5c2b3649bc063bebcbc9294c1  go1.25.1.linux-mipsle.tar.gz
+2c76b7d278c1d43ad19d478ad3f0f05e7b782b64b90870701b314fa48b5f43c6  go1.25.1.linux-ppc64.tar.gz
+8b0c8d3ee5b1b5c28b6bd63dc4438792012e01d03b4bf7a61d985c87edab7d1f  go1.25.1.linux-ppc64le.tar.gz
+22fe934a9d0c9c57275716c55b92d46ebd887cec3177c9140705efa9f84ba1e2  go1.25.1.linux-riscv64.tar.gz
+9cfe517ba423f59f3738ca5c3d907c103253cffbbcc2987142f79c5de8c1bf93  go1.25.1.linux-s390x.tar.gz
+6af8a08353e76205d5b743dd7a3f0126684f96f62be0a31b75daf9837e512c46  go1.25.1.netbsd-386.tar.gz
+e5d534ff362edb1bd8c8e10892b6a027c4c1482454245d1529167676498684c7  go1.25.1.netbsd-amd64.tar.gz
+88bcf39254fdcea6a199c1c27d787831b652427ce60851ae9e41a3d7eb477f45  go1.25.1.netbsd-arm.tar.gz
+d7c2eabe1d04ee47bcaea2816fdd90dbd25d90d4dfa756faa9786c788e4f3a4e  go1.25.1.netbsd-arm64.tar.gz
+14a2845977eb4dde11d929858c437a043467c427db87899935e90cee04a38d72  go1.25.1.openbsd-386.tar.gz
+d27ac54b38a13a09c81e67c82ac70d387037341c85c3399291c73e13e83fdd8c  go1.25.1.openbsd-amd64.tar.gz
+0f4ab5f02500afa4befd51fed1e8b45e4d07ca050f641cc3acc76eaa4027b2c3  go1.25.1.openbsd-arm.tar.gz
+d46c3bd156843656f7f3cb0dec27ea51cd926ec3f7b80744bf8156e67c1c812f  go1.25.1.openbsd-arm64.tar.gz
+c550514c67f22e409be10e40eace761e2e43069f4ef086ae6e60aac736c2b679  go1.25.1.openbsd-ppc64.tar.gz
+8a09a8714a2556eb13fc1f10b7ce2553fcea4971e3330fc3be0efd24aab45734  go1.25.1.openbsd-riscv64.tar.gz
+b0e1fefaf0c7abd71f139a54eee9767944aff5f0bc9d69c968234804884e552f  go1.25.1.plan9-386.tar.gz
+e94732c94f149690aa0ab11c26090577211b4a988137cb2c03ec0b54e750402e  go1.25.1.plan9-amd64.tar.gz
+7eb80e9de1e817d9089a54e8c7c5c8d8ed9e5fb4d4a012fc0f18fc422a484f0c  go1.25.1.plan9-arm.tar.gz
+1261dfad7c4953c0ab90381bc1242dc54e394db7485c59349428d532b2273343  go1.25.1.solaris-amd64.tar.gz
+04bc3c078e9e904c4d58d6ac2532a5bdd402bd36a9ff0b5949b3c5e6006a05ee  go1.25.1.windows-arm64.zip
 
 # version:golangci 2.4.0
 # https://github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/releases/

From 8a19582c8d939e62cdb8a5172779076b9d71902c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lightclient <14004106+lightclient@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Sep 2025 14:09:56 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 119/470] eth/catalyst: enable newpayloadV4 on BPOs (#32589)

Fixes an issue I accidentally introduced in #32579. Essentially, because
we gate the engine methods based on particular forks and I did not add
the BPOs as allowed forks to the method.
---
 eth/catalyst/api.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index b40698b999..71912d5822 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -636,8 +636,8 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) NewPayloadV4(params engine.ExecutableData, versionedHas
 		return invalidStatus, paramsErr("nil beaconRoot post-cancun")
 	case executionRequests == nil:
 		return invalidStatus, paramsErr("nil executionRequests post-prague")
-	case !api.checkFork(params.Timestamp, forks.Prague, forks.Osaka):
-		return invalidStatus, unsupportedForkErr("newPayloadV4 must only be called for prague payloads")
+	case !api.checkFork(params.Timestamp, forks.Prague, forks.Osaka, forks.BPO1, forks.BPO2, forks.BPO3, forks.BPO4, forks.BPO5):
+		return invalidStatus, unsupportedForkErr("newPayloadV4 must only be called for Prague payloads")
 	}
 	requests := convertRequests(executionRequests)
 	if err := validateRequests(requests); err != nil {

From 72d3e881b32c214b51863661f0d625bb3e5bf319 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:52:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 120/470] p2p/discover: clarify lookup behavior on empty table

We have changed this behavior, better clarify in comment.

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 p2p/discover/lookup.go | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/lookup.go b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
index 88c93a57cf..7382bbe41a 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/lookup.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 // lookup performs a network search for nodes close to the given target. It approaches the
 // target by querying nodes that are closer to it on each iteration. The given target does
 // not need to be an actual node identifier.
+// lookup on an empty table will return immediately with no nodes.
 type lookup struct {
 	tab         *Table
 	queryfunc   queryFunc
@@ -142,6 +143,9 @@ func (it *lookup) query(n *enode.Node, reply chan<- []*enode.Node) {
 
 // lookupIterator performs lookup operations and iterates over all seen nodes.
 // When a lookup finishes, a new one is created through nextLookup.
+// LookupIterator waits for table initialization and triggers a table refresh
+// when necessary.
+
 type lookupIterator struct {
 	buffer        []*enode.Node
 	nextLookup    lookupFunc

From 3eab4616a69bc313a94f073e24cd5093b0dc922b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:59:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 121/470] p2p/discover: add test for lookup returning
 immediately

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 p2p/discover/v4_lookup_test.go | 7 ++++++-
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/v4_lookup_test.go b/p2p/discover/v4_lookup_test.go
index 29a9dd6645..88ca82039e 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/v4_lookup_test.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/v4_lookup_test.go
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"slices"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/discover/v4wire"
@@ -34,11 +35,15 @@ func TestUDPv4_Lookup(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	test := newUDPTest(t)
 
-	// Lookup on empty table returns no nodes.
+	// Lookup on empty table returns immediately with no nodes.
 	targetKey, _ := v4wire.DecodePubkey(crypto.S256(), lookupTestnet.target)
+	start := time.Now()
 	if results := test.udp.LookupPubkey(targetKey); len(results) > 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("lookup on empty table returned %d results: %#v", len(results), results)
 	}
+	if time.Since(start) > 100*time.Millisecond {
+		t.Fatalf("lookup on empty table took too long: %s", time.Since(start))
+	}
 
 	// Seed table with initial node.
 	fillTable(test.table, []*enode.Node{lookupTestnet.node(256, 0)}, true)

From 25d6596cd5ec963e4326e7af400cff76f3e3dd24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Sep 2025 11:08:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 122/470] .github: remove redundant regexp check for heading
 dot (#32597)

---
 .github/workflows/validate_pr.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml b/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml
index 02ebf431b0..0719ca2e3d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           script: |
             const prTitle = context.payload.pull_request.title;
-            const titleRegex = /^(\.?[\w\s,{}/.]+): .+/;
+            const titleRegex = /^([\w\s,{}/.]+): .+/;
             
             if (!titleRegex.test(prTitle)) {
               core.setFailed(`PR title "${prTitle}" does not match required format: directory, ...: description`);

From 97afa2815beefec5bb90a06b0fcf06ec25d99eb8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Sep 2025 11:29:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 123/470] Revert "p2p/discover: add test for lookup returning
 immediately"

This reverts commit 3eab4616a69bc313a94f073e24cd5093b0dc922b.
---
 p2p/discover/v4_lookup_test.go | 7 +------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/v4_lookup_test.go b/p2p/discover/v4_lookup_test.go
index 88ca82039e..29a9dd6645 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/v4_lookup_test.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/v4_lookup_test.go
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import (
 	"slices"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
-	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/discover/v4wire"
@@ -35,15 +34,11 @@ func TestUDPv4_Lookup(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	test := newUDPTest(t)
 
-	// Lookup on empty table returns immediately with no nodes.
+	// Lookup on empty table returns no nodes.
 	targetKey, _ := v4wire.DecodePubkey(crypto.S256(), lookupTestnet.target)
-	start := time.Now()
 	if results := test.udp.LookupPubkey(targetKey); len(results) > 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("lookup on empty table returned %d results: %#v", len(results), results)
 	}
-	if time.Since(start) > 100*time.Millisecond {
-		t.Fatalf("lookup on empty table took too long: %s", time.Since(start))
-	}
 
 	// Seed table with initial node.
 	fillTable(test.table, []*enode.Node{lookupTestnet.node(256, 0)}, true)

From 68c18ede06df9e28bbd735ccc5f76dc81863054e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Sep 2025 11:34:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 124/470] Update lookup.go

---
 p2p/discover/lookup.go | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/lookup.go b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
index 7382bbe41a..efa8191ae0 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/lookup.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
@@ -191,8 +191,7 @@ func (it *lookupIterator) Next() bool {
 				// is in a degraded state, and we need to wait for it to fill again.
 				it.lookupFailed(it.lookup.tab)
 			}
-			// Otherwise, yield the initial nodes from the iterator before advancing
-			// the lookup.
+			// Yield the initial nodes from the iterator before advancing the lookup.
 			it.buffer = it.lookup.replyBuffer
 			continue
 		}

From 5d09aa316f6b2c78463a2784b3ff1b0905b2d15b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mobin Mohanan <47410557+tr1sm0s1n@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Sep 2025 15:44:47 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 125/470] accounts/abi/bind/v2: add Address method to
 BoundContract (#32559)

---
 accounts/abi/bind/v2/base.go | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/accounts/abi/bind/v2/base.go b/accounts/abi/bind/v2/base.go
index 535c0ed4fd..f714848efb 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/bind/v2/base.go
+++ b/accounts/abi/bind/v2/base.go
@@ -150,6 +150,11 @@ func NewBoundContract(address common.Address, abi abi.ABI, caller ContractCaller
 	}
 }
 
+// Address returns the deployment address of the contract.
+func (c *BoundContract) Address() common.Address {
+	return c.address
+}
+
 // Call invokes the (constant) contract method with params as input values and
 // sets the output to result. The result type might be a single field for simple
 // returns, a slice of interfaces for anonymous returns and a struct for named

From 06434279655f034529a16c6fe76d7c5ae785ec12 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Sep 2025 12:50:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 126/470] p2p/discover: continue

---
 p2p/discover/lookup.go | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/lookup.go b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
index efa8191ae0..ff2dc907cd 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/lookup.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
@@ -190,6 +190,8 @@ func (it *lookupIterator) Next() bool {
 				// If the lookup is empty right after creation, it means the local table
 				// is in a degraded state, and we need to wait for it to fill again.
 				it.lookupFailed(it.lookup.tab)
+				it.lookup = nil
+				continue
 			}
 			// Yield the initial nodes from the iterator before advancing the lookup.
 			it.buffer = it.lookup.replyBuffer

From 41f580f20944b42f4a9a7e2f8d1b6ea8d53d9b65 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Antonio Viggiano <agfviggiano@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Sep 2025 14:06:57 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 127/470] core/vm: fix typo in CLZ doc (#32604)

Fixes typo in CLZ doc.
---
 core/vm/eips.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/vm/eips.go b/core/vm/eips.go
index 10ca1fe9ab..d7ed18648e 100644
--- a/core/vm/eips.go
+++ b/core/vm/eips.go
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ func opBlobBaseFee(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-// opCLZ implements the CLZ opcode (count leading zero bytes)
+// opCLZ implements the CLZ opcode (count leading zero bits)
 func opCLZ(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 	x := scope.Stack.peek()
 	x.SetUint64(256 - uint64(x.BitLen()))

From a3062390f760eb5c8dd7a8f39e92a75ec43d6933 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hero5512 <lvshuaino@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Sep 2025 22:42:14 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 128/470] core/filtermaps: use slices.Sort to remove duplicated
 elements (#32602)

---
 core/filtermaps/math.go | 9 ++-------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/filtermaps/math.go b/core/filtermaps/math.go
index 33ac07f721..68fd6debd6 100644
--- a/core/filtermaps/math.go
+++ b/core/filtermaps/math.go
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"hash/fnv"
 	"math"
-	"sort"
+	"slices"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 )
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ func (p *Params) potentialMatches(rows []FilterRow, mapIndex uint32, logValue co
 			panic("potentialMatches: insufficient list of row alternatives")
 		}
 	}
-	sort.Sort(results)
+	slices.Sort(results)
 	// remove duplicates
 	j := 0
 	for i, match := range results {
@@ -260,12 +260,7 @@ func (p *Params) potentialMatches(rows []FilterRow, mapIndex uint32, logValue co
 // potentialMatches is a strictly monotonically increasing list of log value
 // indices in the range of a filter map that are potential matches for certain
 // filter criteria.
-// potentialMatches implements sort.Interface.
 // Note that nil is used as a wildcard and therefore means that all log value
 // indices in the filter map range are potential matches. If there are no
 // potential matches in the given map's range then an empty slice should be used.
 type potentialMatches []uint64
-
-func (p potentialMatches) Len() int           { return len(p) }
-func (p potentialMatches) Less(i, j int) bool { return p[i] < p[j] }
-func (p potentialMatches) Swap(i, j int)      { p[i], p[j] = p[j], p[i] }

From c2fcc27132388e678b5579e14b1c53b67d07fbce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: radik878 <radikpadik76@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Sep 2025 05:45:50 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 129/470] core/rawdb: fix misleading comment in HasTrieNode
 (#32599)

---
 core/rawdb/accessors_trie.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_trie.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_trie.go
index e154ab527b..7d8b266c15 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_trie.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_trie.go
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ func HasTrieNode(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash c
 		if len(blob) == 0 {
 			return false
 		}
-		return crypto.Keccak256Hash(blob) == hash // exists but not match
+		return crypto.Keccak256Hash(blob) == hash // exist and match
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Unknown scheme %v", scheme))
 	}
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ func ReadTrieNode(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash
 			return nil
 		}
 		if crypto.Keccak256Hash(blob) != hash {
-			return nil // exists but not match
+			return nil // exist but not match
 		}
 		return blob
 	default:

From ec99444804f82049c6eb07ce7a98e5cde2aed901 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Galoretka <galoretochka@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Sep 2025 10:26:16 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 130/470] core/overlay: copy BaseRoot in TransitionState.Copy
 (#32613)

This change ensures TransitionState.Copy preserves BaseRoot. During a
Verkle transition, ts.BaseRoot is required to construct the overlay MPT
when ts.InTransition() is true. Previously, copies dropped BaseRoot,
risking an invalid zero-hash base trie and inconsistent behavior.
---
 core/overlay/state_transition.go | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/core/overlay/state_transition.go b/core/overlay/state_transition.go
index 90b5c9431a..67ca0f9671 100644
--- a/core/overlay/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/overlay/state_transition.go
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ func (ts *TransitionState) Copy() *TransitionState {
 		CurrentSlotHash:       ts.CurrentSlotHash,
 		CurrentPreimageOffset: ts.CurrentPreimageOffset,
 		StorageProcessed:      ts.StorageProcessed,
+		BaseRoot:              ts.BaseRoot,
 	}
 	if ts.CurrentAccountAddress != nil {
 		addr := *ts.CurrentAccountAddress

From 4824942b97d5fe35e9fd5677c680c9577a8e4d6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Sep 2025 14:48:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 131/470] core/txpool/blobpool: filter blob txs with sidecar
 version (#32577)

As a consequence of moving blob sidecar version migration code around,
we ended up building blocks with a mix of v0 and v1 blob transactions
(different proof encoding in the sidecar).

This PR makes sure we are not building illegal blocks after Osaka. Blob
migration is left for another PR.

Related issues and PRs:
- https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/31791
- https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/32347
- https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/31966
- https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/32235

---------

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go     | 14 +++++++++++++-
 core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go |  2 +-
 core/txpool/subpool.go               |  6 ++++--
 eth/sync.go                          |  2 +-
 miner/worker.go                      |  9 +++++++--
 5 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
index 5cf1218b75..722c176bb1 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ const (
 type blobTxMeta struct {
 	hash    common.Hash   // Transaction hash to maintain the lookup table
 	vhashes []common.Hash // Blob versioned hashes to maintain the lookup table
+	version byte          // Blob transaction version to determine proof type
 
 	id          uint64 // Storage ID in the pool's persistent store
 	storageSize uint32 // Byte size in the pool's persistent store
@@ -115,10 +116,16 @@ type blobTxMeta struct {
 
 // newBlobTxMeta retrieves the indexed metadata fields from a blob transaction
 // and assembles a helper struct to track in memory.
+// Requires the transaction to have a sidecar (or that we introduce a special version tag for no-sidecar).
 func newBlobTxMeta(id uint64, size uint64, storageSize uint32, tx *types.Transaction) *blobTxMeta {
+	if tx.BlobTxSidecar() == nil {
+		// This should never happen, as the pool only admits blob transactions with a sidecar
+		panic("missing blob tx sidecar")
+	}
 	meta := &blobTxMeta{
 		hash:        tx.Hash(),
 		vhashes:     tx.BlobHashes(),
+		version:     tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version,
 		id:          id,
 		storageSize: storageSize,
 		size:        size,
@@ -1660,7 +1667,7 @@ func (p *BlobPool) drop() {
 func (p *BlobPool) Pending(filter txpool.PendingFilter) map[common.Address][]*txpool.LazyTransaction {
 	// If only plain transactions are requested, this pool is unsuitable as it
 	// contains none, don't even bother.
-	if filter.OnlyPlainTxs {
+	if !filter.BlobTxs {
 		return nil
 	}
 	// Track the amount of time waiting to retrieve the list of pending blob txs
@@ -1681,6 +1688,11 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Pending(filter txpool.PendingFilter) map[common.Address][]*tx
 	for addr, txs := range p.index {
 		lazies := make([]*txpool.LazyTransaction, 0, len(txs))
 		for _, tx := range txs {
+			// Skip v0 or v1 blob transactions depending on the filter
+			if tx.version != filter.BlobVersion {
+				break // skip the rest because of nonce ordering
+			}
+
 			// If transaction filtering was requested, discard badly priced ones
 			if filter.MinTip != nil && filter.BaseFee != nil {
 				if tx.execFeeCap.Lt(filter.BaseFee) {
diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
index 425def170b..80a9faf23f 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) ContentFrom(addr common.Address) ([]*types.Transaction,
 func (pool *LegacyPool) Pending(filter txpool.PendingFilter) map[common.Address][]*txpool.LazyTransaction {
 	// If only blob transactions are requested, this pool is unsuitable as it
 	// contains none, don't even bother.
-	if filter.OnlyBlobTxs {
+	if filter.BlobTxs {
 		return nil
 	}
 	pool.mu.Lock()
diff --git a/core/txpool/subpool.go b/core/txpool/subpool.go
index f1f6056686..519ae7b989 100644
--- a/core/txpool/subpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/subpool.go
@@ -78,8 +78,10 @@ type PendingFilter struct {
 	BlobFee     *uint256.Int // Minimum 4844 blobfee needed to include a blob transaction
 	GasLimitCap uint64       // Maximum gas can be used for a single transaction execution (0 means no limit)
 
-	OnlyPlainTxs bool // Return only plain EVM transactions (peer-join announces, block space filling)
-	OnlyBlobTxs  bool // Return only blob transactions (block blob-space filling)
+	// When BlobTxs true, return only blob transactions (block blob-space filling)
+	// when false, return only non-blob txs (peer-join announces, block space filling)
+	BlobTxs     bool
+	BlobVersion byte // Blob tx version to include. 0 means pre-Osaka, 1 means Osaka and later
 }
 
 // TxMetadata denotes the metadata of a transaction.
diff --git a/eth/sync.go b/eth/sync.go
index 61f2b2b376..ddae8443a3 100644
--- a/eth/sync.go
+++ b/eth/sync.go
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import (
 // syncTransactions starts sending all currently pending transactions to the given peer.
 func (h *handler) syncTransactions(p *eth.Peer) {
 	var hashes []common.Hash
-	for _, batch := range h.txpool.Pending(txpool.PendingFilter{OnlyPlainTxs: true}) {
+	for _, batch := range h.txpool.Pending(txpool.PendingFilter{BlobTxs: false}) {
 		for _, tx := range batch {
 			hashes = append(hashes, tx.Hash)
 		}
diff --git a/miner/worker.go b/miner/worker.go
index 6baec5e365..c0574eac23 100644
--- a/miner/worker.go
+++ b/miner/worker.go
@@ -481,10 +481,15 @@ func (miner *Miner) fillTransactions(interrupt *atomic.Int32, env *environment)
 	if miner.chainConfig.IsOsaka(env.header.Number, env.header.Time) {
 		filter.GasLimitCap = params.MaxTxGas
 	}
-	filter.OnlyPlainTxs, filter.OnlyBlobTxs = true, false
+	filter.BlobTxs = false
 	pendingPlainTxs := miner.txpool.Pending(filter)
 
-	filter.OnlyPlainTxs, filter.OnlyBlobTxs = false, true
+	filter.BlobTxs = true
+	if miner.chainConfig.IsOsaka(env.header.Number, env.header.Time) {
+		filter.BlobVersion = types.BlobSidecarVersion1
+	} else {
+		filter.BlobVersion = types.BlobSidecarVersion0
+	}
 	pendingBlobTxs := miner.txpool.Pending(filter)
 
 	// Split the pending transactions into locals and remotes.

From df0bd8960cc14527fe0c08bc1b008ad221482d4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Mon, 15 Sep 2025 15:34:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 132/470] core/txpool/blobpool: migrate billy to new slot size
 (#31966)

Implements a migration path for the blobpool slotter

---------

Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
Co-authored-by: lightclient <14004106+lightclient@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go      |  21 ++++-
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go | 109 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 core/txpool/blobpool/limbo.go         |  16 +++-
 core/txpool/blobpool/slotter.go       |  84 +++++++++++++++++++-
 core/txpool/blobpool/slotter_test.go  |  45 ++++++++++-
 crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844.go             |   4 +-
 go.mod                                |   2 +-
 go.sum                                |   4 +-
 8 files changed, 274 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
index 722c176bb1..55d24c7a93 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
@@ -55,6 +55,12 @@ const (
 	// tiny overflows causing all txs to move a shelf higher, wasting disk space.
 	txAvgSize = 4 * 1024
 
+	// txBlobOverhead is an approximation of the overhead that an additional blob
+	// has on transaction size. This is added to the slotter to avoid tiny
+	// overflows causing all txs to move a shelf higher, wasting disk space. A
+	// small buffer is added to the proof overhead.
+	txBlobOverhead = uint32(kzg4844.CellProofsPerBlob*len(kzg4844.Proof{}) + 64)
+
 	// txMaxSize is the maximum size a single transaction can have, outside
 	// the included blobs. Since blob transactions are pulled instead of pushed,
 	// and only a small metadata is kept in ram, the rest is on disk, there is
@@ -83,6 +89,10 @@ const (
 	// limboedTransactionStore is the subfolder containing the currently included
 	// but not yet finalized transaction blobs.
 	limboedTransactionStore = "limbo"
+
+	// storeVersion is the current slotter layout used for the billy.Database
+	// store.
+	storeVersion = 1
 )
 
 // blobTxMeta is the minimal subset of types.BlobTx necessary to validate and
@@ -392,6 +402,14 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Init(gasTip uint64, head *types.Header, reserver txpool.Reser
 	}
 	p.head, p.state = head, state
 
+	// Create new slotter for pre-Osaka blob configuration.
+	slotter := newSlotter(eip4844.LatestMaxBlobsPerBlock(p.chain.Config()))
+
+	// See if we need to migrate the queue blob store after fusaka
+	slotter, err = tryMigrate(p.chain.Config(), slotter, queuedir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	// Index all transactions on disk and delete anything unprocessable
 	var fails []uint64
 	index := func(id uint64, size uint32, blob []byte) {
@@ -399,7 +417,6 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Init(gasTip uint64, head *types.Header, reserver txpool.Reser
 			fails = append(fails, id)
 		}
 	}
-	slotter := newSlotter(eip4844.LatestMaxBlobsPerBlock(p.chain.Config()))
 	store, err := billy.Open(billy.Options{Path: queuedir, Repair: true}, slotter, index)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -433,7 +450,7 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Init(gasTip uint64, head *types.Header, reserver txpool.Reser
 
 	// Pool initialized, attach the blob limbo to it to track blobs included
 	// recently but not yet finalized
-	p.limbo, err = newLimbo(limbodir, eip4844.LatestMaxBlobsPerBlock(p.chain.Config()))
+	p.limbo, err = newLimbo(p.chain.Config(), limbodir)
 	if err != nil {
 		p.Close()
 		return err
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
index c9609e1259..e46529a241 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
@@ -1165,6 +1165,115 @@ func TestChangingSlotterSize(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestBillyMigration tests the billy migration from the default slotter to
+// the PeerDAS slotter. This tests both the migration of the slotter
+// as well as increasing the slotter size of the new slotter.
+func TestBillyMigration(t *testing.T) {
+	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelTrace, true)))
+
+	// Create a temporary folder for the persistent backend
+	storage := t.TempDir()
+
+	os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore), 0700)
+	os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(storage, limboedTransactionStore), 0700)
+	// Create the billy with the old slotter
+	oldSlotter := newSlotterEIP7594(6)
+	store, _ := billy.Open(billy.Options{Path: filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore)}, oldSlotter, nil)
+
+	// Create transactions from a few accounts.
+	var (
+		key1, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
+		key2, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
+		key3, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
+
+		addr1 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
+		addr2 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key2.PublicKey)
+		addr3 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key3.PublicKey)
+
+		tx1 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 6, 0, key1, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
+		tx2 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 800, 70, 6, 0, key2, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
+		tx3 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 800, 110, 24, 0, key3, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
+
+		blob1, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx1)
+		blob2, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx2)
+	)
+
+	// Write the two safely sized txs to store. note: although the store is
+	// configured for a blob count of 6, it can also support around ~1mb of call
+	// data - all this to say that we aren't using the the absolute largest shelf
+	// available.
+	store.Put(blob1)
+	store.Put(blob2)
+	store.Close()
+
+	// Mimic a blobpool with max blob count of 6 upgrading to a max blob count of 24.
+	for _, maxBlobs := range []int{6, 24} {
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
+		statedb.AddBalance(addr1, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
+		statedb.AddBalance(addr2, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
+		statedb.AddBalance(addr3, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
+		statedb.Commit(0, true, false)
+
+		// Make custom chain config where the max blob count changes based on the loop variable.
+		zero := uint64(0)
+		config := &params.ChainConfig{
+			ChainID:     big.NewInt(1),
+			LondonBlock: big.NewInt(0),
+			BerlinBlock: big.NewInt(0),
+			CancunTime:  &zero,
+			OsakaTime:   &zero,
+			BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
+				Cancun: &params.BlobConfig{
+					Target:         maxBlobs / 2,
+					Max:            maxBlobs,
+					UpdateFraction: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig.UpdateFraction,
+				},
+				Osaka: &params.BlobConfig{
+					Target:         maxBlobs / 2,
+					Max:            maxBlobs,
+					UpdateFraction: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig.UpdateFraction,
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		chain := &testBlockChain{
+			config:  config,
+			basefee: uint256.NewInt(1050),
+			blobfee: uint256.NewInt(105),
+			statedb: statedb,
+		}
+		pool := New(Config{Datadir: storage}, chain, nil)
+		if err := pool.Init(1, chain.CurrentBlock(), newReserver()); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to create blob pool: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// Try to add the big blob tx. In the initial iteration it should overflow
+		// the pool. On the subsequent iteration it should be accepted.
+		errs := pool.Add([]*types.Transaction{tx3}, true)
+		if _, ok := pool.index[addr3]; ok && maxBlobs == 6 {
+			t.Errorf("expected insert of oversized blob tx to fail: blobs=24, maxBlobs=%d, err=%v", maxBlobs, errs[0])
+		} else if !ok && maxBlobs == 10 {
+			t.Errorf("expected insert of oversized blob tx to succeed: blobs=24, maxBlobs=%d, err=%v", maxBlobs, errs[0])
+		}
+
+		// Verify the regular two txs are always available.
+		if got := pool.Get(tx1.Hash()); got == nil {
+			t.Errorf("expected tx %s from %s in pool", tx1.Hash(), addr1)
+		}
+		if got := pool.Get(tx2.Hash()); got == nil {
+			t.Errorf("expected tx %s from %s in pool", tx2.Hash(), addr2)
+		}
+
+		// Verify all the calculated pool internals. Interestingly, this is **not**
+		// a duplication of the above checks, this actually validates the verifier
+		// using the above already hard coded checks.
+		//
+		// Do not remove this, nor alter the above to be generic.
+		verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)
+
+		pool.Close()
+	}
+}
+
 // TestBlobCountLimit tests the blobpool enforced limits on the max blob count.
 func TestBlobCountLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/limbo.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/limbo.go
index 99d1b4ad6b..50c40c9d83 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/limbo.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/limbo.go
@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/holiman/billy"
 )
@@ -48,11 +50,21 @@ type limbo struct {
 }
 
 // newLimbo opens and indexes a set of limboed blob transactions.
-func newLimbo(datadir string, maxBlobsPerTransaction int) (*limbo, error) {
+func newLimbo(config *params.ChainConfig, datadir string) (*limbo, error) {
 	l := &limbo{
 		index:  make(map[common.Hash]uint64),
 		groups: make(map[uint64]map[uint64]common.Hash),
 	}
+
+	// Create new slotter for pre-Osaka blob configuration.
+	slotter := newSlotter(eip4844.LatestMaxBlobsPerBlock(config))
+
+	// See if we need to migrate the limbo after fusaka.
+	slotter, err := tryMigrate(config, slotter, datadir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	// Index all limboed blobs on disk and delete anything unprocessable
 	var fails []uint64
 	index := func(id uint64, size uint32, data []byte) {
@@ -60,7 +72,7 @@ func newLimbo(datadir string, maxBlobsPerTransaction int) (*limbo, error) {
 			fails = append(fails, id)
 		}
 	}
-	store, err := billy.Open(billy.Options{Path: datadir, Repair: true}, newSlotter(maxBlobsPerTransaction), index)
+	store, err := billy.Open(billy.Options{Path: datadir, Repair: true}, slotter, index)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/slotter.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/slotter.go
index 84ccc0f27b..9b793e366c 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/slotter.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/slotter.go
@@ -16,6 +16,49 @@
 
 package blobpool
 
+import (
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip4844"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/billy"
+)
+
+// tryMigrate checks if the billy needs to be migrated and migrates if needed.
+// Returns a slotter that can be used for the database.
+func tryMigrate(config *params.ChainConfig, slotter billy.SlotSizeFn, datadir string) (billy.SlotSizeFn, error) {
+	// Check if we need to migrate our blob db to the new slotter.
+	if config.OsakaTime != nil {
+		// Open the store using the version slotter to see if any version has been
+		// written.
+		var version int
+		index := func(_ uint64, _ uint32, blob []byte) {
+			version = max(version, parseSlotterVersion(blob))
+		}
+		store, err := billy.Open(billy.Options{Path: datadir}, newVersionSlotter(), index)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		store.Close()
+
+		// If the version found is less than the currently configured store version,
+		// perform a migration then write the updated version of the store.
+		if version < storeVersion {
+			newSlotter := newSlotterEIP7594(eip4844.LatestMaxBlobsPerBlock(config))
+			if err := billy.Migrate(billy.Options{Path: datadir, Repair: true}, slotter, newSlotter); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			store, err = billy.Open(billy.Options{Path: datadir}, newVersionSlotter(), nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			writeSlotterVersion(store, storeVersion)
+			store.Close()
+		}
+		// Set the slotter to the format now that the Osaka is active.
+		slotter = newSlotterEIP7594(eip4844.LatestMaxBlobsPerBlock(config))
+	}
+	return slotter, nil
+}
+
 // newSlotter creates a helper method for the Billy datastore that returns the
 // individual shelf sizes used to store transactions in.
 //
@@ -25,7 +68,7 @@ package blobpool
 // The slotter also creates a shelf for 0-blob transactions. Whilst those are not
 // allowed in the current protocol, having an empty shelf is not a relevant use
 // of resources, but it makes stress testing with junk transactions simpler.
-func newSlotter(maxBlobsPerTransaction int) func() (uint32, bool) {
+func newSlotter(maxBlobsPerTransaction int) billy.SlotSizeFn {
 	slotsize := uint32(txAvgSize)
 	slotsize -= uint32(blobSize) // underflows, it's ok, will overflow back in the first return
 
@@ -36,3 +79,42 @@ func newSlotter(maxBlobsPerTransaction int) func() (uint32, bool) {
 		return slotsize, finished
 	}
 }
+
+// newSlotterEIP7594 creates a different slotter for EIP-7594 transactions.
+// EIP-7594 (PeerDAS) changes the average transaction size which means the current
+// static 4KB average size is not enough anymore.
+// This slotter adds a dynamic overhead component to the slotter, which also
+// captures the notion that blob transactions with more blobs are also more likely to
+// to have more calldata.
+func newSlotterEIP7594(maxBlobsPerTransaction int) billy.SlotSizeFn {
+	slotsize := uint32(txAvgSize)
+	slotsize -= uint32(blobSize) + txBlobOverhead // underflows, it's ok, will overflow back in the first return
+
+	return func() (size uint32, done bool) {
+		slotsize += blobSize + txBlobOverhead
+		finished := slotsize > uint32(maxBlobsPerTransaction)*(blobSize+txBlobOverhead)+txMaxSize
+
+		return slotsize, finished
+	}
+}
+
+// newVersionSlotter creates a slotter with a single 8 byte shelf to store
+// version metadata in.
+func newVersionSlotter() billy.SlotSizeFn {
+	return func() (size uint32, done bool) {
+		return 8, true
+	}
+}
+
+// parseSlotterVersion will parse the slotter's version from a given data blob.
+func parseSlotterVersion(blob []byte) int {
+	if len(blob) > 0 {
+		return int(blob[0])
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// writeSlotterVersion writes the current slotter version into the store.
+func writeSlotterVersion(store billy.Database, version int) {
+	store.Put([]byte{byte(version)})
+}
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/slotter_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/slotter_test.go
index 8d46f47d2c..e4cf232f4e 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/slotter_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/slotter_test.go
@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@
 
 package blobpool
 
-import "testing"
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
 
 // Tests that the slotter creates the expected database shelves.
 func TestNewSlotter(t *testing.T) {
@@ -58,3 +60,44 @@ func TestNewSlotter(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+// Tests that the slotter creates the expected database shelves.
+func TestNewSlotterEIP7594(t *testing.T) {
+	// Generate the database shelve sizes
+	slotter := newSlotterEIP7594(6)
+
+	var shelves []uint32
+	for {
+		shelf, done := slotter()
+		shelves = append(shelves, shelf)
+		if done {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	// Compare the database shelves to the expected ones
+	want := []uint32{
+		0*blobSize + 0*txBlobOverhead + txAvgSize,   // 0 blob + some expected tx infos
+		1*blobSize + 1*txBlobOverhead + txAvgSize,   // 1 blob + some expected tx infos
+		2*blobSize + 2*txBlobOverhead + txAvgSize,   // 2 blob + some expected tx infos (could be fewer blobs and more tx data)
+		3*blobSize + 3*txBlobOverhead + txAvgSize,   // 3 blob + some expected tx infos (could be fewer blobs and more tx data)
+		4*blobSize + 4*txBlobOverhead + txAvgSize,   // 4 blob + some expected tx infos (could be fewer blobs and more tx data)
+		5*blobSize + 5*txBlobOverhead + txAvgSize,   // 1-6 blobs + unexpectedly large tx infos < 4 blobs + max tx metadata size
+		6*blobSize + 6*txBlobOverhead + txAvgSize,   // 1-6 blobs + unexpectedly large tx infos < 4 blobs + max tx metadata size
+		7*blobSize + 7*txBlobOverhead + txAvgSize,   // 1-6 blobs + unexpectedly large tx infos < 4 blobs + max tx metadata size
+		8*blobSize + 8*txBlobOverhead + txAvgSize,   // 1-6 blobs + unexpectedly large tx infos < 4 blobs + max tx metadata size
+		9*blobSize + 9*txBlobOverhead + txAvgSize,   // 1-6 blobs + unexpectedly large tx infos < 4 blobs + max tx metadata size
+		10*blobSize + 10*txBlobOverhead + txAvgSize, // 1-6 blobs + unexpectedly large tx infos < 4 blobs + max tx metadata size
+		11*blobSize + 11*txBlobOverhead + txAvgSize, // 1-6 blobs + unexpectedly large tx infos < 4 blobs + max tx metadata size
+		12*blobSize + 12*txBlobOverhead + txAvgSize, // 1-6 blobs + unexpectedly large tx infos < 4 blobs + max tx metadata size
+		13*blobSize + 13*txBlobOverhead + txAvgSize, // 1-6 blobs + unexpectedly large tx infos < 4 blobs + max tx metadata size
+		14*blobSize + 14*txBlobOverhead + txAvgSize, // 1-6 blobs + unexpectedly large tx infos >= 4 blobs + max tx metadata size
+	}
+	if len(shelves) != len(want) {
+		t.Errorf("shelves count mismatch: have %d, want %d", len(shelves), len(want))
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(shelves) && i < len(want); i++ {
+		if shelves[i] != want[i] {
+			t.Errorf("shelf %d mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, shelves[i], want[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844.go b/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844.go
index 9da2386368..3ccc204838 100644
--- a/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844.go
+++ b/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844.go
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ var (
 	blobT       = reflect.TypeFor[Blob]()
 	commitmentT = reflect.TypeFor[Commitment]()
 	proofT      = reflect.TypeFor[Proof]()
-
-	CellProofsPerBlob = 128
 )
 
+const CellProofsPerBlob = 128
+
 // Blob represents a 4844 data blob.
 type Blob [131072]byte
 
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 28c9af9259..058fe3bd8e 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.4.2
 	github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go v1.3.0
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-bexpr v0.1.10
-	github.com/holiman/billy v0.0.0-20240216141850-2abb0c79d3c4
+	github.com/holiman/billy v0.0.0-20250707135307-f2f9b9aae7db
 	github.com/holiman/bloomfilter/v2 v2.0.3
 	github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.3.2
 	github.com/huin/goupnp v1.3.0
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 53913262ae..16518fdf43 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -188,8 +188,8 @@ github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go v1.3.0 h1:Eb9x/q6MFpCLz7jBCiP/WTxjSDrYLR1QY4
 github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go v1.3.0/go.mod h1:9CQHMSxwO4MprSdzoIEobiHpoLtHm77vfxsvsIN5Vuc=
 github.com/hashicorp/go-bexpr v0.1.10 h1:9kuI5PFotCboP3dkDYFr/wi0gg0QVbSNz5oFRpxn4uE=
 github.com/hashicorp/go-bexpr v0.1.10/go.mod h1:oxlubA2vC/gFVfX1A6JGp7ls7uCDlfJn732ehYYg+g0=
-github.com/holiman/billy v0.0.0-20240216141850-2abb0c79d3c4 h1:X4egAf/gcS1zATw6wn4Ej8vjuVGxeHdan+bRb2ebyv4=
-github.com/holiman/billy v0.0.0-20240216141850-2abb0c79d3c4/go.mod h1:5GuXa7vkL8u9FkFuWdVvfR5ix8hRB7DbOAaYULamFpc=
+github.com/holiman/billy v0.0.0-20250707135307-f2f9b9aae7db h1:IZUYC/xb3giYwBLMnr8d0TGTzPKFGNTCGgGLoyeX330=
+github.com/holiman/billy v0.0.0-20250707135307-f2f9b9aae7db/go.mod h1:xTEYN9KCHxuYHs+NmrmzFcnvHMzLLNiGFafCb1n3Mfg=
 github.com/holiman/bloomfilter/v2 v2.0.3 h1:73e0e/V0tCydx14a0SCYS/EWCxgwLZ18CZcZKVu0fao=
 github.com/holiman/bloomfilter/v2 v2.0.3/go.mod h1:zpoh+gs7qcpqrHr3dB55AMiJwo0iURXE7ZOP9L9hSkA=
 github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.2.0/go.mod h1:y4ga/t+u+Xwd7CpDgZESaRcWy0I7XMlTMA25ApIH5Jw=

From 791e9fb23a154491d21378a091c11a8d1c4fca62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: radik878 <radikpadik76@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Sep 2025 17:16:06 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 133/470] rlp: remove duplicate optionalAndTailField test case
 (#32614)

---
 rlp/encode_test.go | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/rlp/encode_test.go b/rlp/encode_test.go
index 314958eb56..e63ea319b4 100644
--- a/rlp/encode_test.go
+++ b/rlp/encode_test.go
@@ -317,7 +317,6 @@ var encTests = []encTest{
 	{val: &optionalAndTailField{A: 1}, output: "C101"},
 	{val: &optionalAndTailField{A: 1, B: 2}, output: "C20102"},
 	{val: &optionalAndTailField{A: 1, Tail: []uint{5, 6}}, output: "C401800506"},
-	{val: &optionalAndTailField{A: 1, Tail: []uint{5, 6}}, output: "C401800506"},
 	{val: &optionalBigIntField{A: 1}, output: "C101"},
 	{val: &optionalPtrField{A: 1}, output: "C101"},
 	{val: &optionalPtrFieldNil{A: 1}, output: "C101"},

From 6924eeaee07aa35901e5b8c5e62473aa480a81ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Sep 2025 16:26:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 134/470] eth/catalyst: allow fcuV3 for BPO forks (#32615)

This fixes an issue with the engine API after BPO forks have passed.
---
 eth/catalyst/api.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index 71912d5822..b222470228 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -213,8 +213,8 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) ForkchoiceUpdatedV3(update engine.ForkchoiceStateV1, pa
 			return engine.STATUS_INVALID, attributesErr("missing withdrawals")
 		case params.BeaconRoot == nil:
 			return engine.STATUS_INVALID, attributesErr("missing beacon root")
-		case !api.checkFork(params.Timestamp, forks.Cancun, forks.Prague, forks.Osaka):
-			return engine.STATUS_INVALID, unsupportedForkErr("fcuV3 must only be called for cancun or prague payloads")
+		case !api.checkFork(params.Timestamp, forks.Cancun, forks.Prague, forks.Osaka, forks.BPO1, forks.BPO2, forks.BPO3, forks.BPO4, forks.BPO5):
+			return engine.STATUS_INVALID, unsupportedForkErr("fcuV3 must only be called for cancun/prague/osaka payloads")
 		}
 	}
 	// TODO(matt): the spec requires that fcu is applied when called on a valid

From 89f364f7eda6073edad6d13d85ff059d377dbda9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mark <mark@maicoin.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:46:18 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 135/470] go.mod: add tool section in module file (#32598)

This removes the tools.go workaround in favor of the official
tool management infrastructure, which was added in Go 1.24.
---
 build/tools/tools.go | 27 ---------------------------
 go.mod               |  8 +++++++-
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 build/tools/tools.go

diff --git a/build/tools/tools.go b/build/tools/tools.go
deleted file mode 100644
index e9e2241d2f..0000000000
--- a/build/tools/tools.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-//go:build tools
-// +build tools
-
-package tools
-
-import (
-	// Tool imports for go:generate.
-	_ "github.com/fjl/gencodec"
-	_ "golang.org/x/tools/cmd/stringer"
-	_ "google.golang.org/protobuf/cmd/protoc-gen-go"
-)
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 058fe3bd8e..71bc6b5a1c 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ require (
 	github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2
 	github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0
 	github.com/ferranbt/fastssz v0.1.4
-	github.com/fjl/gencodec v0.1.0
 	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.6.0
 	github.com/gballet/go-libpcsclite v0.0.0-20190607065134-2772fd86a8ff
 	github.com/gofrs/flock v0.12.1
@@ -103,6 +102,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/deepmap/oapi-codegen v1.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/dlclark/regexp2 v1.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2 // indirect
+	github.com/fjl/gencodec v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/garslo/gogen v0.0.0-20170306192744-1d203ffc1f61 // indirect
 	github.com/getsentry/sentry-go v0.27.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.3.0 // indirect
@@ -146,3 +146,9 @@ require (
 	golang.org/x/net v0.38.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
 )
+
+tool (
+	github.com/fjl/gencodec
+	golang.org/x/tools/cmd/stringer
+	google.golang.org/protobuf/cmd/protoc-gen-go
+)

From b05fe4aa6453520cfc5a664318b6b3e7d1855f46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Sep 2025 19:47:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 136/470] cmd/keeper: add the keeper zkvm guest program
 (#32543)

Keeper is a zmvm guest program that runs the block transition.
It relies on the zkvm maker implementing `getInput`. For now, we only
provide a single implementation for the 'ziren' VM.

Why keeper?

In the _Mass Effect_ lore, the keepers are animals (?) who maintain the
citadel. Nothing is known from them, and attempts at tampering with them
have failed, as they self-destruct upon inquiry. They have a secret,
nefarious purpose that is only revealed later in the game series, don't
want any spoilers so I didn't dig deeper. All in all, a good metaphor
for zkvms.

---------

Co-authored-by: weilzkm <140377101+weilzkm@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 build/ci.go                      |  49 ++++++++--
 cmd/keeper/1192c3_block.rlp      | Bin 0 -> 1368 bytes
 cmd/keeper/1192c3_witness.rlp    | Bin 0 -> 40843 bytes
 cmd/keeper/README.md             |  69 ++++++++++++++
 cmd/keeper/chainconfig.go        |  38 ++++++++
 cmd/keeper/getpayload_example.go | 102 +++++++++++++++++++++
 cmd/keeper/getpayload_ziren.go   |  31 +++++++
 cmd/keeper/go.mod                |  48 ++++++++++
 cmd/keeper/go.sum                | 148 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 cmd/keeper/main.go               |  63 +++++++++++++
 cmd/keeper/stubs.go              |  26 ++++++
 go.work                          |   6 ++
 12 files changed, 573 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 cmd/keeper/1192c3_block.rlp
 create mode 100644 cmd/keeper/1192c3_witness.rlp
 create mode 100644 cmd/keeper/README.md
 create mode 100644 cmd/keeper/chainconfig.go
 create mode 100644 cmd/keeper/getpayload_example.go
 create mode 100644 cmd/keeper/getpayload_ziren.go
 create mode 100644 cmd/keeper/go.mod
 create mode 100644 cmd/keeper/go.sum
 create mode 100644 cmd/keeper/main.go
 create mode 100644 cmd/keeper/stubs.go
 create mode 100644 go.work

diff --git a/build/ci.go b/build/ci.go
index 3856f32925..6a9848876d 100644
--- a/build/ci.go
+++ b/build/ci.go
@@ -322,9 +322,9 @@ func doTest(cmdline []string) {
 		gotest.Args = append(gotest.Args, "-short")
 	}
 
-	packages := []string{"./..."}
-	if len(flag.CommandLine.Args()) > 0 {
-		packages = flag.CommandLine.Args()
+	packages := flag.CommandLine.Args()
+	if len(packages) == 0 {
+		packages = workspacePackagePatterns()
 	}
 	gotest.Args = append(gotest.Args, packages...)
 	build.MustRun(gotest)
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ func doCheckGenerate() {
 		protocPath      = downloadProtoc(*cachedir)
 		protocGenGoPath = downloadProtocGenGo(*cachedir)
 	)
-	c := tc.Go("generate", "./...")
+	c := tc.Go("generate", workspacePackagePatterns()...)
 	pathList := []string{filepath.Join(protocPath, "bin"), protocGenGoPath, os.Getenv("PATH")}
 	c.Env = append(c.Env, "PATH="+strings.Join(pathList, string(os.PathListSeparator)))
 	build.MustRun(c)
@@ -424,9 +424,16 @@ func doLint(cmdline []string) {
 		cachedir = flag.String("cachedir", "./build/cache", "directory for caching golangci-lint binary.")
 	)
 	flag.CommandLine.Parse(cmdline)
-	packages := []string{"./..."}
-	if len(flag.CommandLine.Args()) > 0 {
-		packages = flag.CommandLine.Args()
+
+	packages := flag.CommandLine.Args()
+	if len(packages) == 0 {
+		// Get module directories in workspace.
+		packages = []string{"./..."}
+		modules := workspaceModules()
+		for _, m := range modules[1:] {
+			dir := strings.TrimPrefix(m, modules[0])
+			packages = append(packages, "."+dir+"/...")
+		}
 	}
 
 	linter := downloadLinter(*cachedir)
@@ -1169,3 +1176,31 @@ func doSanityCheck() {
 	csdb := download.MustLoadChecksums("build/checksums.txt")
 	csdb.DownloadAndVerifyAll()
 }
+
+// workspaceModules lists the module paths in the current work.
+func workspaceModules() []string {
+	listing, err := new(build.GoToolchain).Go("list", "-m").Output()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("go list failed:", err)
+	}
+	var modules []string
+	for _, m := range bytes.Split(listing, []byte("\n")) {
+		m = bytes.TrimSpace(m)
+		if len(m) > 0 {
+			modules = append(modules, string(m))
+		}
+	}
+	if len(modules) == 0 {
+		panic("no modules found")
+	}
+	return modules
+}
+
+func workspacePackagePatterns() []string {
+	modules := workspaceModules()
+	patterns := make([]string, len(modules))
+	for i, m := range modules {
+		patterns[i] = m + "/..."
+	}
+	return patterns
+}
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/1192c3_block.rlp b/cmd/keeper/1192c3_block.rlp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e788c2b8fdc08b6e4fab78b51e1e541c62c822e2
GIT binary patch
literal 1368
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za-Az)bi((o^6m2^brqTo??6m>4ODU;yAmVqMzASwfJz=s@l^<L@2aoN*Yr)f?^FLG
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QU?uN?O5R{sqW0Ym02GW4_y7O^

literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/cmd/keeper/1192c3_witness.rlp b/cmd/keeper/1192c3_witness.rlp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4990f2299f9e71ecc36283953af6d68555627b66
GIT binary patch
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diff --git a/cmd/keeper/README.md b/cmd/keeper/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4737a22674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/keeper/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# Keeper - geth as a zkvm guest
+
+Keeper command is a specialized tool for validating stateless execution of Ethereum blocks. It's designed to run as a zkvm guest.
+
+## Overview
+
+The keeper reads an RLP-encoded payload containing:
+- A block to execute
+- A witness with the necessary state data
+- A chainID
+
+It then executes the block statelessly and validates that the computed state root and receipt root match the values in the block header.
+
+## Building Keeper
+
+The keeper uses build tags to compile platform-specific input methods and chain configurations:
+
+### Example Implementation
+
+See `getpayload_example.go` for a complete example with embedded Hoodi block data:
+
+```bash
+# Build example with different chain configurations
+go build -tags "example" ./cmd/keeper
+```
+
+### Ziren zkVM Implementation
+
+Build for the Ziren zkVM platform, which is a MIPS ISA-based zkvm:
+
+```bash
+GOOS=linux GOARCH=mipsle GOMIPS=softfloat go build -tags "ziren" ./cmd/keeper
+```
+
+As an example runner, refer to https://gist.github.com/gballet/7b669a99eb3ab2b593324e3a76abd23d
+
+## Creating a Custom Platform Implementation
+
+To add support for a new platform (e.g., "myplatform"), create a new file with the appropriate build tag:
+
+### 1. Create `getinput_myplatform.go`
+
+```go
+//go:build myplatform
+
+package main
+
+import (
+    "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+    // ... other imports as needed
+)
+
+// getInput returns the RLP-encoded payload
+func getInput() []byte {
+    // Your platform-specific code to retrieve the RLP-encoded payload
+    // This might read from:
+    // - Memory-mapped I/O
+    // - Hardware registers
+    // - Serial port
+    // - Network interface
+    // - File system
+
+    // The payload must be RLP-encoded and contain:
+    // - Block with transactions
+    // - Witness with parent headers and state data
+
+    return encodedPayload
+}
+```
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/chainconfig.go b/cmd/keeper/chainconfig.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9859d450f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/keeper/chainconfig.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+)
+
+// getChainConfig returns the appropriate chain configuration based on the chainID.
+// Returns an error for unsupported chain IDs.
+func getChainConfig(chainID uint64) (*params.ChainConfig, error) {
+	switch chainID {
+	case 0, params.MainnetChainConfig.ChainID.Uint64():
+		return params.MainnetChainConfig, nil
+	case params.SepoliaChainConfig.ChainID.Uint64():
+		return params.SepoliaChainConfig, nil
+	case params.HoodiChainConfig.ChainID.Uint64():
+		return params.HoodiChainConfig, nil
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported chain ID: %d", chainID)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/getpayload_example.go b/cmd/keeper/getpayload_example.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..683cc79248
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/keeper/getpayload_example.go
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build example
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	_ "embed"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/stateless"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+)
+
+// ExtWitness is a witness RLP encoding for transferring across clients.
+// This is taken from PR #32216 until it's merged.
+// It contains block headers, contract codes, state nodes, and storage keys
+// required for stateless execution verification.
+type ExtWitness struct {
+	Headers []*types.Header `json:"headers"`
+	Codes   []hexutil.Bytes `json:"codes"`
+	State   []hexutil.Bytes `json:"state"`
+	Keys    []hexutil.Bytes `json:"keys"`
+}
+
+// This is taken from PR #32216 until it's merged
+// fromExtWitness converts the consensus witness format into our internal one.
+func fromExtWitness(ext *ExtWitness) (*stateless.Witness, error) {
+	w := &stateless.Witness{}
+	w.Headers = ext.Headers
+
+	w.Codes = make(map[string]struct{}, len(ext.Codes))
+	for _, code := range ext.Codes {
+		w.Codes[string(code)] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	w.State = make(map[string]struct{}, len(ext.State))
+	for _, node := range ext.State {
+		w.State[string(node)] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return w, nil
+}
+
+//go:embed 1192c3_witness.rlp
+var witnessRlp []byte
+
+//go:embed 1192c3_block.rlp
+var blockRlp []byte
+
+// getInput is a platform-specific function that will recover the input payload
+// and returns it as a slice. It is expected to be an RLP-encoded Payload structure
+// that contains the witness and the block.
+// This is a demo version, that is intended to run on a regular computer, so what
+// it does is embed a small Hoodi block, encodes the Payload structure containing
+// the block and its witness as RLP, and returns the encoding.
+func getInput() []byte {
+	var block types.Block
+	err := rlp.DecodeBytes(blockRlp, &block)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	var extwitness ExtWitness
+	err = rlp.DecodeBytes(witnessRlp, &extwitness)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	witness, err := fromExtWitness(&extwitness)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	payload := Payload{
+		ChainID: params.HoodiChainConfig.ChainID.Uint64(),
+		Block:   &block,
+		Witness: witness,
+	}
+
+	encoded, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "failed to encode payload: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(20)
+	}
+	return encoded
+}
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/getpayload_ziren.go b/cmd/keeper/getpayload_ziren.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..11c5845bcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/keeper/getpayload_ziren.go
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build ziren
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	zkruntime "github.com/zkMIPS/zkMIPS/crates/go-runtime/zkm_runtime"
+)
+
+// getInput reads the input payload from the zkVM runtime environment.
+// The zkVM host provides the RLP-encoded Payload structure containing
+// the block and witness data through the runtime's input mechanism.
+func getInput() []byte {
+	input := zkruntime.Read[[]byte]()
+	return input
+}
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.mod b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72bec0fef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+module github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/cmd/keeper
+
+go 1.24.0
+
+require (
+	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000
+	github.com/zkMIPS/zkMIPS/crates/go-runtime/zkm_runtime v0.0.0-20250915074013-fbc07aa2c6f5
+)
+
+require (
+	github.com/StackExchange/wmi v1.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.12.2 // indirect
+	github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.20.0 // indirect
+	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.0 // indirect
+	github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a // indirect
+	github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2 // indirect
+	github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/ferranbt/fastssz v0.1.4 // indirect
+	github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gofrs/flock v0.12.1 // indirect
+	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.5-0.20220116011046-fa5810519dcb // indirect
+	github.com/holiman/bloomfilter/v2 v2.0.3 // indirect
+	github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.3.2 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.9 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.13 // indirect
+	github.com/minio/sha256-simd v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter v0.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.4-0.20210419000835-c7a38de76ee5+incompatible // indirect
+	github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.14 // indirect
+	github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.12 // indirect
+	github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.6.1 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.12.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
+)
+
+replace (
+	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum => ../../
+	github.com/zkMIPS/zkMIPS/crates/go-runtime/zkm_runtime => github.com/weilzkm/zkMIPS/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20250915074013-fbc07aa2c6f5
+)
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.sum b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..036d5ebd4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.4.5 h1:EndNeuB0l9syBZhut0wns3gV1hL8zX8LIu6ZiVHWLIQ=
+github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.4.5/go.mod h1:1jcaCB/ufaK+sKp1NBhlGmpz41jOoPQ35bpF36t7BBo=
+github.com/StackExchange/wmi v1.2.1 h1:VIkavFPXSjcnS+O8yTq7NI32k0R5Aj+v39y29VYDOSA=
+github.com/StackExchange/wmi v1.2.1/go.mod h1:rcmrprowKIVzvc+NUiLncP2uuArMWLCbu9SBzvHz7e8=
+github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.12.2 h1:N0y9ASrJ0F6h0QaC3o6uJb3NIZ9VKLjCM7NQbSmF7WI=
+github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.12.2/go.mod h1:AmC+Nzz1+3G2eCPapF6UcsnkThDcMsQicp4xDukwJYI=
+github.com/allegro/bigcache v1.2.1-0.20190218064605-e24eb225f156 h1:eMwmnE/GDgah4HI848JfFxHt+iPb26b4zyfspmqY0/8=
+github.com/allegro/bigcache v1.2.1-0.20190218064605-e24eb225f156/go.mod h1:Cb/ax3seSYIx7SuZdm2G2xzfwmv3TPSk2ucNfQESPXM=
+github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
+github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
+github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.20.0 h1:2F+rfL86jE2d/bmw7OhqUg2Sj/1rURkBn3MdfoPyRVU=
+github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.20.0/go.mod h1:7hO7Gc7Pp1vODcmWvKMRA9BNmbv6a/7QIWpPxHddWR8=
+github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.2.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
+github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 h1:UL815xU9SqsFlibzuggzjXhog7bL6oX9BbNZnL2UFvs=
+github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
+github.com/cockroachdb/errors v1.11.3 h1:5bA+k2Y6r+oz/6Z/RFlNeVCesGARKuC6YymtcDrbC/I=
+github.com/cockroachdb/errors v1.11.3/go.mod h1:m4UIW4CDjx+R5cybPsNrRbreomiFqt8o1h1wUVazSd8=
+github.com/cockroachdb/fifo v0.0.0-20240606204812-0bbfbd93a7ce h1:giXvy4KSc/6g/esnpM7Geqxka4WSqI1SZc7sMJFd3y4=
+github.com/cockroachdb/fifo v0.0.0-20240606204812-0bbfbd93a7ce/go.mod h1:9/y3cnZ5GKakj/H4y9r9GTjCvAFta7KLgSHPJJYc52M=
+github.com/cockroachdb/logtags v0.0.0-20230118201751-21c54148d20b h1:r6VH0faHjZeQy818SGhaone5OnYfxFR/+AzdY3sf5aE=
+github.com/cockroachdb/logtags v0.0.0-20230118201751-21c54148d20b/go.mod h1:Vz9DsVWQQhf3vs21MhPMZpMGSht7O/2vFW2xusFUVOs=
+github.com/cockroachdb/pebble v1.1.5 h1:5AAWCBWbat0uE0blr8qzufZP5tBjkRyy/jWe1QWLnvw=
+github.com/cockroachdb/pebble v1.1.5/go.mod h1:17wO9el1YEigxkP/YtV8NtCivQDgoCyBg5c4VR/eOWo=
+github.com/cockroachdb/redact v1.1.5 h1:u1PMllDkdFfPWaNGMyLD1+so+aq3uUItthCFqzwPJ30=
+github.com/cockroachdb/redact v1.1.5/go.mod h1:BVNblN9mBWFyMyqK1k3AAiSxhvhfK2oOZZ2lK+dpvRg=
+github.com/cockroachdb/tokenbucket v0.0.0-20230807174530-cc333fc44b06 h1:zuQyyAKVxetITBuuhv3BI9cMrmStnpT18zmgmTxunpo=
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+github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.0 h1:vIye/FqI50VeAr0B3dx+YjeIvmc3LWz4yEfbWBpTUf0=
+github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.0/go.mod h1:L3mXGFTe1ZN+RSJ+CLjUt9x7PNdx8ubaYfDROyp2Z8c=
+github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.3.0 h1:05GrhASN9kDAidaFJOda6A4BEvgvuXbazXg/0E3OOdI=
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+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
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+github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2 h1:08GN+DD79cy/tzN6uLCT84+2Wk9u+wvqP+Hkx/dIR8A=
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+github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.0 h1:gQropX9YFBhl3g4HYhwE70zq3IHFRgbbNPw0Shwzf5w=
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+github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.4/go.mod h1:FInQzS24/EEf25PyTYn52gqo7WaD8xa0213Md/qVLRg=
+github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.9 h1:lgaqFMSdTdQYdZ04uHyN2d/eKdOMyi2YLSvlQIBFYa4=
+github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.9/go.mod h1:FInQzS24/EEf25PyTYn52gqo7WaD8xa0213Md/qVLRg=
+github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 h1:flRD4NNwYAUpkphVc1HcthR4KEIFJ65n8Mw5qdRn3LE=
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+github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.12 h1:0QaGUFOdQaIVdPgfITYzaTegZvdCjmYO52cSFAEVmqU=
+github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.12/go.mod h1:Ho14jnntGE1fpdOqQEEaiKRpvIavV0hSfmBq8nJbHYI=
+github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.6.1 h1:ng9scYS7az0Bk4OZLvrNXNSAO2Pxr1XXRAPyjhIx+Fk=
+github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.6.1/go.mod h1:1XfjsgE2zo8GVw7POkMbHENHzVg3GzmoZ9fESEdAacY=
+github.com/weilzkm/zkMIPS/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20250915074013-fbc07aa2c6f5 h1:MxKlbmI7Dta6O6Nsc9OAer/rOltjoL11CVLMqCiYnxU=
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diff --git a/cmd/keeper/main.go b/cmd/keeper/main.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cfb06f0da0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/keeper/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/stateless"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+)
+
+// Payload represents the input data for stateless execution containing
+// a block and its associated witness data for verification.
+type Payload struct {
+	ChainID uint64
+	Block   *types.Block
+	Witness *stateless.Witness
+}
+
+func main() {
+	input := getInput()
+	var payload Payload
+	rlp.DecodeBytes(input, &payload)
+
+	chainConfig, err := getChainConfig(payload.ChainID)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "failed to get chain config: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(13)
+	}
+	vmConfig := vm.Config{}
+
+	crossStateRoot, crossReceiptRoot, err := core.ExecuteStateless(chainConfig, vmConfig, payload.Block, payload.Witness)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "stateless self-validation failed: %v\n", err)
+		os.Exit(10)
+	}
+	if crossStateRoot != payload.Block.Root() {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "stateless self-validation root mismatch (cross: %x local: %x)\n", crossStateRoot, payload.Block.Root())
+		os.Exit(11)
+	}
+	if crossReceiptRoot != payload.Block.ReceiptHash() {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "stateless self-validation receipt root mismatch (cross: %x local: %x)\n", crossReceiptRoot, payload.Block.ReceiptHash())
+		os.Exit(12)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/stubs.go b/cmd/keeper/stubs.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..04a3bc735b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/keeper/stubs.go
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build !example && !ziren
+
+package main
+
+// getInput is a stub implementation for when no platform-specific build tags are set.
+// This allows golangci-lint to typecheck the code without errors.
+// The actual implementations are provided in platform-specific files.
+func getInput() []byte {
+	panic("stub")
+}
diff --git a/go.work b/go.work
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..54e37dd75a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/go.work
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+go 1.24.0
+
+use (
+	.
+	./cmd/keeper
+)

From e48242bb69ba9a0148f43a2c3c342f1e1f608574 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Sep 2025 10:09:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 137/470] cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool: use ApplyTransaction
 instead of ApplyMessage (#32618)

ApplyTransaction calls the hooks and builds the receipt, so some
duplicated code can be removed from t8ntool. Test cases have been
changed to add the `blockNumber` and `blockHash` in receipts, since
they were previously not filled in.
---
 cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go | 58 +++------------------------
 cmd/evm/testdata/1/exp.json           |  3 +-
 cmd/evm/testdata/13/exp2.json         |  6 ++-
 cmd/evm/testdata/23/exp.json          |  3 +-
 cmd/evm/testdata/24/exp.json          |  6 ++-
 cmd/evm/testdata/25/exp.json          |  3 +-
 cmd/evm/testdata/28/exp.json          |  5 ++-
 cmd/evm/testdata/29/exp.json          |  3 +-
 cmd/evm/testdata/3/exp.json           |  3 +-
 cmd/evm/testdata/30/exp.json          |  6 ++-
 cmd/evm/testdata/33/exp.json          |  3 +-
 11 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
index 7ea6e578cc..f595a9bf4d 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
@@ -152,7 +151,6 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 		gasUsed     = uint64(0)
 		blobGasUsed = uint64(0)
 		receipts    = make(types.Receipts, 0)
-		txIndex     = 0
 	)
 	gaspool.AddGas(pre.Env.GasLimit)
 	vmContext := vm.BlockContext{
@@ -250,24 +248,17 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 				continue
 			}
 		}
-		statedb.SetTxContext(tx.Hash(), txIndex)
+		statedb.SetTxContext(tx.Hash(), len(receipts))
 		var (
 			snapshot = statedb.Snapshot()
 			prevGas  = gaspool.Gas()
 		)
-		if evm.Config.Tracer != nil && evm.Config.Tracer.OnTxStart != nil {
-			evm.Config.Tracer.OnTxStart(evm.GetVMContext(), tx, msg.From)
-		}
-		// (ret []byte, usedGas uint64, failed bool, err error)
-		msgResult, err := core.ApplyMessage(evm, msg, gaspool)
+		receipt, err := core.ApplyTransactionWithEVM(msg, gaspool, statedb, vmContext.BlockNumber, blockHash, pre.Env.Timestamp, tx, &gasUsed, evm)
 		if err != nil {
 			statedb.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
 			log.Info("rejected tx", "index", i, "hash", tx.Hash(), "from", msg.From, "error", err)
 			rejectedTxs = append(rejectedTxs, &rejectedTx{i, err.Error()})
 			gaspool.SetGas(prevGas)
-			if evm.Config.Tracer != nil && evm.Config.Tracer.OnTxEnd != nil {
-				evm.Config.Tracer.OnTxEnd(nil, err)
-			}
 			continue
 		}
 		includedTxs = append(includedTxs, tx)
@@ -275,50 +266,11 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 			return nil, nil, nil, NewError(ErrorMissingBlockhash, hashError)
 		}
 		blobGasUsed += txBlobGas
-		gasUsed += msgResult.UsedGas
-
-		// Receipt:
-		{
-			var root []byte
-			if chainConfig.IsByzantium(vmContext.BlockNumber) {
-				statedb.Finalise(true)
-			} else {
-				root = statedb.IntermediateRoot(chainConfig.IsEIP158(vmContext.BlockNumber)).Bytes()
-			}
-
-			// Create a new receipt for the transaction, storing the intermediate root and
-			// gas used by the tx.
-			receipt := &types.Receipt{Type: tx.Type(), PostState: root, CumulativeGasUsed: gasUsed}
-			if msgResult.Failed() {
-				receipt.Status = types.ReceiptStatusFailed
-			} else {
-				receipt.Status = types.ReceiptStatusSuccessful
-			}
-			receipt.TxHash = tx.Hash()
-			receipt.GasUsed = msgResult.UsedGas
-
-			// If the transaction created a contract, store the creation address in the receipt.
-			if msg.To == nil {
-				receipt.ContractAddress = crypto.CreateAddress(evm.TxContext.Origin, tx.Nonce())
-			}
-
-			// Set the receipt logs and create the bloom filter.
-			receipt.Logs = statedb.GetLogs(tx.Hash(), vmContext.BlockNumber.Uint64(), blockHash, vmContext.Time)
-			receipt.Bloom = types.CreateBloom(receipt)
-
-			// These three are non-consensus fields:
-			//receipt.BlockHash
-			//receipt.BlockNumber
-			receipt.TransactionIndex = uint(txIndex)
-			receipts = append(receipts, receipt)
-			if evm.Config.Tracer != nil && evm.Config.Tracer.OnTxEnd != nil {
-				evm.Config.Tracer.OnTxEnd(receipt, nil)
-			}
-		}
-
-		txIndex++
+		receipts = append(receipts, receipt)
 	}
+
 	statedb.IntermediateRoot(chainConfig.IsEIP158(vmContext.BlockNumber))
+
 	// Add mining reward? (-1 means rewards are disabled)
 	if miningReward >= 0 {
 		// Add mining reward. The mining reward may be `0`, which only makes a difference in the cases
diff --git a/cmd/evm/testdata/1/exp.json b/cmd/evm/testdata/1/exp.json
index 50662f35ea..6537c9517d 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/testdata/1/exp.json
+++ b/cmd/evm/testdata/1/exp.json
@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@
         "contractAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
         "gasUsed": "0x5208",
         "effectiveGasPrice": null,
-        "blockHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockHash": "0x1337000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockNumber": "0x1",
         "transactionIndex": "0x0"
       }
     ],
diff --git a/cmd/evm/testdata/13/exp2.json b/cmd/evm/testdata/13/exp2.json
index 6415a4f1f4..f716289cf7 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/testdata/13/exp2.json
+++ b/cmd/evm/testdata/13/exp2.json
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@
         "contractAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
         "gasUsed": "0x84d0",
         "effectiveGasPrice": null,
-        "blockHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockHash": "0x1337000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockNumber": "0x1",
         "transactionIndex": "0x0"
       },
       {
@@ -31,7 +32,8 @@
         "contractAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
         "gasUsed": "0x84d0",
         "effectiveGasPrice": null,
-        "blockHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockHash": "0x1337000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockNumber": "0x1",
         "transactionIndex": "0x1"
       }
     ],
diff --git a/cmd/evm/testdata/23/exp.json b/cmd/evm/testdata/23/exp.json
index 7f36165e35..2d9cd492db 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/testdata/23/exp.json
+++ b/cmd/evm/testdata/23/exp.json
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@
         "contractAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
         "gasUsed": "0x520b",
         "effectiveGasPrice": null,
-        "blockHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockHash": "0x1337000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockNumber": "0x5",
         "transactionIndex": "0x0"
       }
     ],
diff --git a/cmd/evm/testdata/24/exp.json b/cmd/evm/testdata/24/exp.json
index 8f380c662b..0dd552e112 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/testdata/24/exp.json
+++ b/cmd/evm/testdata/24/exp.json
@@ -32,7 +32,8 @@
         "contractAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
         "gasUsed": "0xa861",
         "effectiveGasPrice": null,
-        "blockHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockHash": "0x1337000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockNumber": "0x1",
         "transactionIndex": "0x0"
       },
       {
@@ -45,7 +46,8 @@
         "contractAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
         "gasUsed": "0x5aa5",
         "effectiveGasPrice": null,
-        "blockHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockHash": "0x1337000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockNumber": "0x1",
         "transactionIndex": "0x1"
       }
     ],
diff --git a/cmd/evm/testdata/25/exp.json b/cmd/evm/testdata/25/exp.json
index a674633762..3dac46aa60 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/testdata/25/exp.json
+++ b/cmd/evm/testdata/25/exp.json
@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@
         "contractAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
         "gasUsed": "0x5208",
         "effectiveGasPrice": null,
-        "blockHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockHash": "0x1337000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockNumber": "0x1",
         "transactionIndex": "0x0"
       }
     ],
diff --git a/cmd/evm/testdata/28/exp.json b/cmd/evm/testdata/28/exp.json
index b86c2d8def..15b29bc0ac 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/testdata/28/exp.json
+++ b/cmd/evm/testdata/28/exp.json
@@ -33,7 +33,10 @@
         "contractAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
         "gasUsed": "0xa865",
         "effectiveGasPrice": null,
-        "blockHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blobGasUsed": "0x20000",
+        "blobGasPrice": "0x1",
+        "blockHash": "0x1337000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockNumber": "0x1",
         "transactionIndex": "0x0"
       }
     ],
diff --git a/cmd/evm/testdata/29/exp.json b/cmd/evm/testdata/29/exp.json
index 7fbdc18283..69c8661aa8 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/testdata/29/exp.json
+++ b/cmd/evm/testdata/29/exp.json
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@
         "contractAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
         "gasUsed": "0x5208",
         "effectiveGasPrice": null,
-        "blockHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockHash": "0x1337000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockNumber": "0x1",
         "transactionIndex": "0x0"
       }
     ],
diff --git a/cmd/evm/testdata/3/exp.json b/cmd/evm/testdata/3/exp.json
index 831c078591..807cdccfb4 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/testdata/3/exp.json
+++ b/cmd/evm/testdata/3/exp.json
@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@
         "contractAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
         "gasUsed": "0x521f",
         "effectiveGasPrice": null,
-        "blockHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockHash": "0x1337000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockNumber": "0x5",
         "transactionIndex": "0x0"
       }
     ],
diff --git a/cmd/evm/testdata/30/exp.json b/cmd/evm/testdata/30/exp.json
index a206c3bbdf..9861f5a071 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/testdata/30/exp.json
+++ b/cmd/evm/testdata/30/exp.json
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@
         "contractAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
         "gasUsed": "0x5208",
         "effectiveGasPrice": null,
-        "blockHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockHash": "0x1337000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockNumber": "0x1",
         "transactionIndex": "0x0"
       },
       {
@@ -44,7 +45,8 @@
         "contractAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
         "gasUsed": "0x5208",
         "effectiveGasPrice": null,
-        "blockHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockHash": "0x1337000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockNumber": "0x1",
         "transactionIndex": "0x1"
       }
     ],
diff --git a/cmd/evm/testdata/33/exp.json b/cmd/evm/testdata/33/exp.json
index ae82ef3efa..b40ca9fee2 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/testdata/33/exp.json
+++ b/cmd/evm/testdata/33/exp.json
@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@
       "contractAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
       "gasUsed": "0x15fa9",
       "effectiveGasPrice": null,
-      "blockHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+      "blockHash": "0x1337000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+      "blockNumber": "0x1",
       "transactionIndex": "0x0"
     }
   ],

From b340103e9d4532b0a8bef4d4491609010344154e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: VolodymyrBg <aqdrgg19@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Sep 2025 14:58:37 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 138/470] core/tracing: remove unnecessary 'copy' field skip in
 TestAllHooksCalled (#32622)

This test iterated over Hooks fields and skipped a field named copy. The
Hooks struct has no such field, making the condition dead code.
---
 core/tracing/journal_test.go | 4 ----
 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/tracing/journal_test.go b/core/tracing/journal_test.go
index cf74d83483..e00447f5f3 100644
--- a/core/tracing/journal_test.go
+++ b/core/tracing/journal_test.go
@@ -280,10 +280,6 @@ func TestAllHooksCalled(t *testing.T) {
 		if field.Type.Kind() != reflect.Func {
 			continue
 		}
-		// Skip non-hooks, i.e. Copy
-		if field.Name == "copy" {
-			continue
-		}
 		// Skip if field is not set
 		if wrappedValue.Field(i).IsNil() {
 			continue

From 3589c0d59b6121d019ac87bb25a5cfc0c4244ef0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Sep 2025 14:03:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 139/470] p2p/discover: expose timeout in lookupFailed

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>

# Conflicts:
#	p2p/discover/lookup.go
---
 p2p/discover/lookup.go | 16 ++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/lookup.go b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
index ff2dc907cd..684067a619 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/lookup.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ func (it *lookupIterator) Next() bool {
 			if it.lookup.empty() {
 				// If the lookup is empty right after creation, it means the local table
 				// is in a degraded state, and we need to wait for it to fill again.
-				it.lookupFailed(it.lookup.tab)
+				it.lookupFailed(1 * time.Minute)
 				it.lookup = nil
 				continue
 			}
@@ -209,30 +209,30 @@ func (it *lookupIterator) Next() bool {
 
 // lookupFailed handles failed lookup attempts. This can be called when the table has
 // exited, or when it runs out of nodes.
-func (it *lookupIterator) lookupFailed(tab *Table) {
-	timeout, cancel := context.WithTimeout(it.ctx, 1*time.Minute)
+func (it *lookupIterator) lookupFailed(timeout time.Duration) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(it.ctx, timeout)
 	defer cancel()
 
 	// Wait for Table initialization to complete, in case it is still in progress.
 	select {
-	case <-tab.initDone:
-	case <-timeout.Done():
+	case <-it.lookup.tab.initDone:
+	case <-ctx.Done():
 		return
 	}
 
 	// Wait for ongoing refresh operation, or trigger one.
 	if it.tabRefreshing == nil {
-		it.tabRefreshing = tab.refresh()
+		it.tabRefreshing = it.lookup.tab.refresh()
 	}
 	select {
 	case <-it.tabRefreshing:
 		it.tabRefreshing = nil
-	case <-timeout.Done():
+	case <-ctx.Done():
 		return
 	}
 
 	// Wait for the table to fill.
-	tab.waitForNodes(timeout, 1)
+	it.lookup.tab.waitForNodes(ctx, 1)
 }
 
 // Close ends the iterator.

From 110b4e13c543f301b7b45144130b153220e67fea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: VolodymyrBg <aqdrgg19@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Sep 2025 15:27:20 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 140/470] core/rawdb: fix typo in TestWriteAncientHeaderChain
 (#32587)

---
 core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go
index 196f3dac8f..5ed65b69b5 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ func TestWriteAncientHeaderChain(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatalf("unexpected body returned")
 		}
 		if blob := ReadReceiptsRLP(db, header.Hash(), header.Number.Uint64()); len(blob) != 0 {
-			t.Fatalf("unexpected body returned")
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected receipts returned")
 		}
 	}
 }

From 03b77d1a4987ca4100a624086c6ae09fbab795ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Sep 2025 14:46:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 141/470] core/stateless: API methods to get execution witness
 of block

This PR adds a new RPC call, which re-executes a block with stateless
mode activated, so that the witness data are collected and returned.

They are `debug_executionWitnessByHash` which takes in a block hash
and `debug_executionWitness` which takes in a block number.

---------

Signed-off-by: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 core/blockchain.go         | 10 +++++++---
 core/stateless/encoding.go | 28 ++++++++++++++------------
 core/stateless/witness.go  |  4 ++++
 eth/api_debug.go           | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index c97897cd70..939b46634f 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -1907,7 +1907,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) insertChain(chain types.Blocks, setHead bool, makeWitness
 		}
 		// The traced section of block import.
 		start := time.Now()
-		res, err := bc.processBlock(parent.Root, block, setHead, makeWitness && len(chain) == 1)
+		res, err := bc.ProcessBlock(parent.Root, block, setHead, makeWitness && len(chain) == 1)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, it.index, err
 		}
@@ -1973,9 +1973,13 @@ type blockProcessingResult struct {
 	witness  *stateless.Witness
 }
 
-// processBlock executes and validates the given block. If there was no error
+func (bpr *blockProcessingResult) Witness() *stateless.Witness {
+	return bpr.witness
+}
+
+// ProcessBlock executes and validates the given block. If there was no error
 // it writes the block and associated state to database.
-func (bc *BlockChain) processBlock(parentRoot common.Hash, block *types.Block, setHead bool, makeWitness bool) (_ *blockProcessingResult, blockEndErr error) {
+func (bc *BlockChain) ProcessBlock(parentRoot common.Hash, block *types.Block, setHead bool, makeWitness bool) (_ *blockProcessingResult, blockEndErr error) {
 	var (
 		err       error
 		startTime = time.Now()
diff --git a/core/stateless/encoding.go b/core/stateless/encoding.go
index 5f4cb0ea3c..5c43159e66 100644
--- a/core/stateless/encoding.go
+++ b/core/stateless/encoding.go
@@ -19,20 +19,21 @@ package stateless
 import (
 	"io"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 )
 
-// toExtWitness converts our internal witness representation to the consensus one.
-func (w *Witness) toExtWitness() *extWitness {
-	ext := &extWitness{
+// ToExtWitness converts our internal witness representation to the consensus one.
+func (w *Witness) ToExtWitness() *ExtWitness {
+	ext := &ExtWitness{
 		Headers: w.Headers,
 	}
-	ext.Codes = make([][]byte, 0, len(w.Codes))
+	ext.Codes = make([]hexutil.Bytes, 0, len(w.Codes))
 	for code := range w.Codes {
 		ext.Codes = append(ext.Codes, []byte(code))
 	}
-	ext.State = make([][]byte, 0, len(w.State))
+	ext.State = make([]hexutil.Bytes, 0, len(w.State))
 	for node := range w.State {
 		ext.State = append(ext.State, []byte(node))
 	}
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ func (w *Witness) toExtWitness() *extWitness {
 }
 
 // fromExtWitness converts the consensus witness format into our internal one.
-func (w *Witness) fromExtWitness(ext *extWitness) error {
+func (w *Witness) fromExtWitness(ext *ExtWitness) error {
 	w.Headers = ext.Headers
 
 	w.Codes = make(map[string]struct{}, len(ext.Codes))
@@ -56,21 +57,22 @@ func (w *Witness) fromExtWitness(ext *extWitness) error {
 
 // EncodeRLP serializes a witness as RLP.
 func (w *Witness) EncodeRLP(wr io.Writer) error {
-	return rlp.Encode(wr, w.toExtWitness())
+	return rlp.Encode(wr, w.ToExtWitness())
 }
 
 // DecodeRLP decodes a witness from RLP.
 func (w *Witness) DecodeRLP(s *rlp.Stream) error {
-	var ext extWitness
+	var ext ExtWitness
 	if err := s.Decode(&ext); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return w.fromExtWitness(&ext)
 }
 
-// extWitness is a witness RLP encoding for transferring across clients.
-type extWitness struct {
-	Headers []*types.Header
-	Codes   [][]byte
-	State   [][]byte
+// ExtWitness is a witness RLP encoding for transferring across clients.
+type ExtWitness struct {
+	Headers []*types.Header `json:"headers"`
+	Codes   []hexutil.Bytes `json:"codes"`
+	State   []hexutil.Bytes `json:"state"`
+	Keys    []hexutil.Bytes `json:"keys"`
 }
diff --git a/core/stateless/witness.go b/core/stateless/witness.go
index 371a128f48..588c895a2f 100644
--- a/core/stateless/witness.go
+++ b/core/stateless/witness.go
@@ -100,6 +100,10 @@ func (w *Witness) AddState(nodes map[string][]byte) {
 	}
 }
 
+func (w *Witness) AddKey() {
+	panic("not yet implemented")
+}
+
 // Copy deep-copies the witness object.  Witness.Block isn't deep-copied as it
 // is never mutated by Witness
 func (w *Witness) Copy() *Witness {
diff --git a/eth/api_debug.go b/eth/api_debug.go
index 9cedbcbb2a..892e103213 100644
--- a/eth/api_debug.go
+++ b/eth/api_debug.go
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/stateless"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/ethapi"
@@ -491,3 +492,43 @@ func (api *DebugAPI) StateSize(blockHashOrNumber *rpc.BlockNumberOrHash) (interf
 		"contractCodeBytes":    hexutil.Uint64(stats.ContractCodeBytes),
 	}, nil
 }
+
+func (api *DebugAPI) ExecutionWitness(bn rpc.BlockNumber) (*stateless.ExtWitness, error) {
+	bc := api.eth.blockchain
+	block, err := api.eth.APIBackend.BlockByNumber(context.Background(), bn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return &stateless.ExtWitness{}, fmt.Errorf("block number %v not found", bn)
+	}
+
+	parent := bc.GetHeader(block.ParentHash(), block.NumberU64()-1)
+	if parent == nil {
+		return &stateless.ExtWitness{}, fmt.Errorf("block number %v found, but parent missing", bn)
+	}
+
+	result, err := bc.ProcessBlock(parent.Root, block, false, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return result.Witness().ToExtWitness(), nil
+}
+
+func (api *DebugAPI) ExecutionWitnessByHash(hash common.Hash) (*stateless.ExtWitness, error) {
+	bc := api.eth.blockchain
+	block := bc.GetBlockByHash(hash)
+	if block == nil {
+		return &stateless.ExtWitness{}, fmt.Errorf("block hash %x not found", hash)
+	}
+
+	parent := bc.GetHeader(block.ParentHash(), block.NumberU64()-1)
+	if parent == nil {
+		return &stateless.ExtWitness{}, fmt.Errorf("block number %x found, but parent missing", hash)
+	}
+
+	result, err := bc.ProcessBlock(parent.Root, block, false, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return result.Witness().ToExtWitness(), nil
+}

From 6a7f64e76086a12c3a2272c736e086f9dbe8d144 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Sep 2025 17:08:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 142/470] core/vm: use go-bigmodexpfix for modexp (#32576)

This changes the modexp precompile to use a fork of math/big with some
patches by @GottfriedHerold to improve worst-case performance.
---
 core/vm/contracts.go | 7 ++++---
 go.mod               | 3 ++-
 go.sum               | 6 ++++--
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/vm/contracts.go b/core/vm/contracts.go
index 34cb766708..cae0be9f2d 100644
--- a/core/vm/contracts.go
+++ b/core/vm/contracts.go
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 	bls12381 "github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto/ecc/bls12-381"
 	"github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto/ecc/bls12-381/fp"
 	"github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto/ecc/bls12-381/fr"
+	patched_big "github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix/src/math/big"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/bitutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
@@ -631,9 +632,9 @@ func (c *bigModExp) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	}
 	// Retrieve the operands and execute the exponentiation
 	var (
-		base = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 0, baseLen))
-		exp  = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, baseLen, expLen))
-		mod  = new(big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, baseLen+expLen, modLen))
+		base = new(patched_big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, 0, baseLen))
+		exp  = new(patched_big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, baseLen, expLen))
+		mod  = new(patched_big.Int).SetBytes(getData(input, baseLen+expLen, modLen))
 		v    []byte
 	)
 	switch {
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 71bc6b5a1c..15a920c5ca 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/donovanhide/eventsource v0.0.0-20210830082556-c59027999da0
 	github.com/dop251/goja v0.0.0-20230605162241-28ee0ee714f3
 	github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.0
+	github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab
 	github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2
 	github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0
 	github.com/ferranbt/fastssz v0.1.4
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ require (
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230626212559-97b1e661b5df
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.12.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0
 	golang.org/x/text v0.23.0
 	golang.org/x/time v0.9.0
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.29.0
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 16518fdf43..6ea07ab007 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -114,6 +114,8 @@ github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2 h1:08GN+DD79cy/tzN6uLCT84+2Wk9u+wvqP+Hkx/dIR8A=
 github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2/go.mod h1:DeV7GvQtIw4h2u73RKBkkFdvVAz0D9fzeJrgPW6gy/s=
 github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.0 h1:gQropX9YFBhl3g4HYhwE70zq3IHFRgbbNPw0Shwzf5w=
 github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:TC48kOKjJKPbN7C++qIgt0TJzZ70QznYR7Ob+WXl57E=
+github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab h1:rvv6MJhy07IMfEKuARQ9TKojGqLVNxQajaXEp/BoqSk=
+github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab/go.mod h1:IuLm4IsPipXKF7CW5Lzf68PIbZ5yl7FFd74l/E0o9A8=
 github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2 h1:I2W0WjnrFUIzzVPwm8ykY+7pL2d4VhlsePn4j7cnFk8=
 github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2/go.mod h1:M3b90YRnzqKyyzBEWJGqj8Qff4IDeXnzFw0P9bFw3uk=
 github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0 h1:zmkK9Ngbjj+K0yRhTVONQh1p/HknKYSlNT+vZCzyokM=
@@ -449,8 +451,8 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.7.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.11.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.14.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0 h1:ioabZlmFYtWhL+TRYpcnNlLwhyxaM9kWTDEmfnprqik=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0 h1:KVRy2GtZBrk1cBYA7MKu5bEZFxQk4NIDV6RLVcC8o0k=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201117132131-f5c789dd3221/go.mod h1:Nr5EML6q2oocZ2LXRh80K7BxOlk5/8JxuGnuhpl+muw=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuXm/mYQcufACuNUgVhRMnK/tPxf8=

From de9fb9722bd6448c5657c50e82df821a4dd40ea6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Sep 2025 09:02:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 143/470] revert to using table parameter

using it.lookup.tab inside is unsafe

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 p2p/discover/lookup.go | 16 ++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/lookup.go b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
index 684067a619..9cca0118ac 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/lookup.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ func (it *lookupIterator) Next() bool {
 			if it.lookup.empty() {
 				// If the lookup is empty right after creation, it means the local table
 				// is in a degraded state, and we need to wait for it to fill again.
-				it.lookupFailed(1 * time.Minute)
+				it.lookupFailed(it.lookup.tab, 1*time.Minute)
 				it.lookup = nil
 				continue
 			}
@@ -209,30 +209,30 @@ func (it *lookupIterator) Next() bool {
 
 // lookupFailed handles failed lookup attempts. This can be called when the table has
 // exited, or when it runs out of nodes.
-func (it *lookupIterator) lookupFailed(timeout time.Duration) {
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(it.ctx, timeout)
+func (it *lookupIterator) lookupFailed(tab *Table, timeout time.Duration) {
+	tout, cancel := context.WithTimeout(it.ctx, timeout)
 	defer cancel()
 
 	// Wait for Table initialization to complete, in case it is still in progress.
 	select {
-	case <-it.lookup.tab.initDone:
-	case <-ctx.Done():
+	case <-tab.initDone:
+	case <-tout.Done():
 		return
 	}
 
 	// Wait for ongoing refresh operation, or trigger one.
 	if it.tabRefreshing == nil {
-		it.tabRefreshing = it.lookup.tab.refresh()
+		it.tabRefreshing = tab.refresh()
 	}
 	select {
 	case <-it.tabRefreshing:
 		it.tabRefreshing = nil
-	case <-ctx.Done():
+	case <-tout.Done():
 		return
 	}
 
 	// Wait for the table to fill.
-	it.lookup.tab.waitForNodes(ctx, 1)
+	tab.waitForNodes(tout, 1)
 }
 
 // Close ends the iterator.

From 5ae61f9627aa3f4198a94c2febdfca951d8f08d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Wed, 17 Sep 2025 11:41:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 144/470] go.mod: update c-kzg (#32639)

Updates c-kzg to the latest release:
https://github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/releases/tag/v2.1.3
---
 go.mod | 4 ++--
 go.sum | 4 ++++
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 15a920c5ca..97673cc7ed 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1
 	github.com/donovanhide/eventsource v0.0.0-20210830082556-c59027999da0
 	github.com/dop251/goja v0.0.0-20230605162241-28ee0ee714f3
-	github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.0
+	github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.3
 	github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab
 	github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2
 	github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.4-0.20210419000835-c7a38de76ee5+incompatible
 	github.com/status-im/keycard-go v0.2.0
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
-	github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.14
+	github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.16-0.20250831170142-f48500c1fdbe
 	github.com/syndtr/goleveldb v1.0.1-0.20210819022825-2ae1ddf74ef7
 	github.com/urfave/cli/v2 v2.27.5
 	go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.5.2
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 6ea07ab007..7107e4f5ec 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -114,6 +114,8 @@ github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2 h1:08GN+DD79cy/tzN6uLCT84+2Wk9u+wvqP+Hkx/dIR8A=
 github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2/go.mod h1:DeV7GvQtIw4h2u73RKBkkFdvVAz0D9fzeJrgPW6gy/s=
 github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.0 h1:gQropX9YFBhl3g4HYhwE70zq3IHFRgbbNPw0Shwzf5w=
 github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:TC48kOKjJKPbN7C++qIgt0TJzZ70QznYR7Ob+WXl57E=
+github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.3 h1:DQ21UU0VSsuGy8+pcMJHDS0CV1bKmJmxsJYK8l3MiLU=
+github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.3/go.mod h1:fyNcYI/yAuLWJxf4uzVtS8VDKeoAaRM8G/+ADz/pRdA=
 github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab h1:rvv6MJhy07IMfEKuARQ9TKojGqLVNxQajaXEp/BoqSk=
 github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab/go.mod h1:IuLm4IsPipXKF7CW5Lzf68PIbZ5yl7FFd74l/E0o9A8=
 github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2 h1:I2W0WjnrFUIzzVPwm8ykY+7pL2d4VhlsePn4j7cnFk8=
@@ -353,6 +355,8 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOf
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
 github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.14 h1:xNMoHRJOTwMn63ip6qoWJ2Ymgvj7E2b9jY2FAwY+qRo=
 github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.14/go.mod h1:jZJtfjgudtNl4en1tzwPIV3KjUnQUvG3/j+w+fVonLw=
+github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.16-0.20250831170142-f48500c1fdbe h1:nbdqkIGOGfUAD54q1s2YBcBz/WcsxCO9HUQ4aGV5hUw=
+github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.16-0.20250831170142-f48500c1fdbe/go.mod h1:jZJtfjgudtNl4en1tzwPIV3KjUnQUvG3/j+w+fVonLw=
 github.com/syndtr/goleveldb v1.0.1-0.20210819022825-2ae1ddf74ef7 h1:epCh84lMvA70Z7CTTCmYQn2CKbY8j86K7/FAIr141uY=
 github.com/syndtr/goleveldb v1.0.1-0.20210819022825-2ae1ddf74ef7/go.mod h1:q4W45IWZaF22tdD+VEXcAWRA037jwmWEB5VWYORlTpc=
 github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.12 h1:0QaGUFOdQaIVdPgfITYzaTegZvdCjmYO52cSFAEVmqU=

From f6ba50bf482eb72043e24a04d1cbd38b744cd120 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Wed, 17 Sep 2025 12:33:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 145/470] go.mod: update go-eth-kzg (#32640)

Updates go-eth-kzg:
https://github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg/releases/tag/v1.4.0
---
 go.mod | 2 +-
 go.sum | 8 ++------
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 97673cc7ed..03cdf3bb2d 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/cloudflare/cloudflare-go v0.114.0
 	github.com/cockroachdb/pebble v1.1.5
 	github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.0
-	github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.3.0
+	github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0
 	github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1
 	github.com/dchest/siphash v1.2.3
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 7107e4f5ec..764cfdb668 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.0 h1:vIye/FqI50VeAr0B3dx+YjeIvmc3LWz4yEf
 github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.0/go.mod h1:L3mXGFTe1ZN+RSJ+CLjUt9x7PNdx8ubaYfDROyp2Z8c=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.5 h1:ZtcqGrnekaHpVLArFSe4HK5DoKx1T0rq2DwVB0alcyc=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.5/go.mod h1:tgQtvFlXSQOSOSIRvRPT7W67SCa46tRHOmNcaadrF8o=
-github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.3.0 h1:05GrhASN9kDAidaFJOda6A4BEvgvuXbazXg/0E3OOdI=
-github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.3.0/go.mod h1:J9/u5sWfznSObptgfa92Jq8rTswn6ahQWEuiLHOjCUI=
+github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0 h1:WzDGjHk4gFg6YzV0rJOAsTK4z3Qkz5jd4RE3DAvPFkg=
+github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0/go.mod h1:J9/u5sWfznSObptgfa92Jq8rTswn6ahQWEuiLHOjCUI=
 github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a h1:W8mUrRp6NOVl3J+MYp5kPMoUZPp7aOYHtaua31lwRHg=
 github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a/go.mod h1:sTwzHBvIzm2RfVCGNEBZgRyjwK40bVoun3ZnGOCafNM=
 github.com/creack/pty v1.1.9/go.mod h1:oKZEueFk5CKHvIhNR5MUki03XCEU+Q6VDXinZuGJ33E=
@@ -112,8 +112,6 @@ github.com/dop251/goja_nodejs v0.0.0-20210225215109-d91c329300e7/go.mod h1:hn7BA
 github.com/dop251/goja_nodejs v0.0.0-20211022123610-8dd9abb0616d/go.mod h1:DngW8aVqWbuLRMHItjPUyqdj+HWPvnQe8V8y1nDpIbM=
 github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2 h1:08GN+DD79cy/tzN6uLCT84+2Wk9u+wvqP+Hkx/dIR8A=
 github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2/go.mod h1:DeV7GvQtIw4h2u73RKBkkFdvVAz0D9fzeJrgPW6gy/s=
-github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.0 h1:gQropX9YFBhl3g4HYhwE70zq3IHFRgbbNPw0Shwzf5w=
-github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:TC48kOKjJKPbN7C++qIgt0TJzZ70QznYR7Ob+WXl57E=
 github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.3 h1:DQ21UU0VSsuGy8+pcMJHDS0CV1bKmJmxsJYK8l3MiLU=
 github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.3/go.mod h1:fyNcYI/yAuLWJxf4uzVtS8VDKeoAaRM8G/+ADz/pRdA=
 github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab h1:rvv6MJhy07IMfEKuARQ9TKojGqLVNxQajaXEp/BoqSk=
@@ -353,8 +351,6 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.3/go.mod h1:sz/lmYIOXD/1dqDmKjjqLyZ2RngseejIcXl
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4/go.mod h1:sz/lmYIOXD/1dqDmKjjqLyZ2RngseejIcXlSw2iwfAo=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
-github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.14 h1:xNMoHRJOTwMn63ip6qoWJ2Ymgvj7E2b9jY2FAwY+qRo=
-github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.14/go.mod h1:jZJtfjgudtNl4en1tzwPIV3KjUnQUvG3/j+w+fVonLw=
 github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.16-0.20250831170142-f48500c1fdbe h1:nbdqkIGOGfUAD54q1s2YBcBz/WcsxCO9HUQ4aGV5hUw=
 github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.16-0.20250831170142-f48500c1fdbe/go.mod h1:jZJtfjgudtNl4en1tzwPIV3KjUnQUvG3/j+w+fVonLw=
 github.com/syndtr/goleveldb v1.0.1-0.20210819022825-2ae1ddf74ef7 h1:epCh84lMvA70Z7CTTCmYQn2CKbY8j86K7/FAIr141uY=

From 2d3704c4d8332b0663ae3128e1ba472a99927be0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Sep 2025 15:06:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 146/470] core/stateless: add vmwitnessstats cli flag to report
 leaf stats + log to console (#32619)

The format that is currently reported by the chain isn't very useful, as
it gives an average for ALL the nodes, and not only the leaves, which
skews the results.

Also, until now there was no way to activate the reporting of errors.

We also decided that metrics weren't the right tool to report this data,
so we decided to dump it to the console if the flag is enabled. A better
system should be built, but for now, printing to the logs does the job.
---
 cmd/geth/main.go             |  2 ++
 cmd/utils/flags.go           | 22 ++++++++++++++
 core/blockchain.go           |  2 +-
 core/stateless/stats.go      | 16 +++++++++-
 core/stateless/stats_test.go | 58 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 eth/backend.go               |  2 ++
 eth/ethconfig/config.go      |  6 ++++
 eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go  | 12 ++++++++
 8 files changed, 118 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index 750bf55927..b661228681 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -133,6 +133,8 @@ var (
 		utils.VMEnableDebugFlag,
 		utils.VMTraceFlag,
 		utils.VMTraceJsonConfigFlag,
+		utils.VMWitnessStatsFlag,
+		utils.VMStatelessSelfValidationFlag,
 		utils.NetworkIdFlag,
 		utils.EthStatsURLFlag,
 		utils.GpoBlocksFlag,
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index a134ea4308..83d1c8bda5 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -571,6 +571,16 @@ var (
 		Value:    "{}",
 		Category: flags.VMCategory,
 	}
+	VMWitnessStatsFlag = &cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:     "vmwitnessstats",
+		Usage:    "Enable collection of witness trie access statistics (automatically enables witness generation)",
+		Category: flags.VMCategory,
+	}
+	VMStatelessSelfValidationFlag = &cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:     "stateless-self-validation",
+		Usage:    "Generate execution witnesses and self-check against them (testing purpose)",
+		Category: flags.VMCategory,
+	}
 	// API options.
 	RPCGlobalGasCapFlag = &cli.Uint64Flag{
 		Name:     "rpc.gascap",
@@ -1707,6 +1717,16 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	if ctx.IsSet(VMEnableDebugFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.EnablePreimageRecording = ctx.Bool(VMEnableDebugFlag.Name)
 	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(VMWitnessStatsFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.EnableWitnessStats = ctx.Bool(VMWitnessStatsFlag.Name)
+	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(VMStatelessSelfValidationFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.StatelessSelfValidation = ctx.Bool(VMStatelessSelfValidationFlag.Name)
+	}
+	// Auto-enable StatelessSelfValidation when witness stats are enabled
+	if ctx.Bool(VMWitnessStatsFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.StatelessSelfValidation = true
+	}
 
 	if ctx.IsSet(RPCGlobalGasCapFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.RPCGasCap = ctx.Uint64(RPCGlobalGasCapFlag.Name)
@@ -2243,6 +2263,8 @@ func MakeChain(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, readonly bool) (*core.BlockCh
 	}
 	vmcfg := vm.Config{
 		EnablePreimageRecording: ctx.Bool(VMEnableDebugFlag.Name),
+		EnableWitnessStats:      ctx.Bool(VMWitnessStatsFlag.Name),
+		StatelessSelfValidation: ctx.Bool(VMStatelessSelfValidationFlag.Name) || ctx.Bool(VMWitnessStatsFlag.Name),
 	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(VMTraceFlag.Name) {
 		if name := ctx.String(VMTraceFlag.Name); name != "" {
diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index 939b46634f..3466923648 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -2157,7 +2157,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) ProcessBlock(parentRoot common.Hash, block *types.Block, s
 	}
 	// Report the collected witness statistics
 	if witnessStats != nil {
-		witnessStats.ReportMetrics()
+		witnessStats.ReportMetrics(block.NumberU64())
 	}
 
 	// Update the metrics touched during block commit
diff --git a/core/stateless/stats.go b/core/stateless/stats.go
index 1a6389284c..94f5587f99 100644
--- a/core/stateless/stats.go
+++ b/core/stateless/stats.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package stateless
 
 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"maps"
 	"slices"
 	"sort"
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 )
 
@@ -70,7 +72,19 @@ func (s *WitnessStats) Add(nodes map[string][]byte, owner common.Hash) {
 }
 
 // ReportMetrics reports the collected statistics to the global metrics registry.
-func (s *WitnessStats) ReportMetrics() {
+func (s *WitnessStats) ReportMetrics(blockNumber uint64) {
+	// Encode the metrics as JSON for easier consumption
+	accountLeavesJson, _ := json.Marshal(s.accountTrieLeaves)
+	storageLeavesJson, _ := json.Marshal(s.storageTrieLeaves)
+
+	// Log account trie depth statistics
+	log.Info("Account trie depth stats",
+		"block", blockNumber,
+		"leavesAtDepth", string(accountLeavesJson))
+	log.Info("Storage trie depth stats",
+		"block", blockNumber,
+		"leavesAtDepth", string(storageLeavesJson))
+
 	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
 		accountTrieLeavesAtDepth[i].Inc(s.accountTrieLeaves[i])
 		storageTrieLeavesAtDepth[i].Inc(s.storageTrieLeaves[i])
diff --git a/core/stateless/stats_test.go b/core/stateless/stats_test.go
index 6219e622f5..e77084df5d 100644
--- a/core/stateless/stats_test.go
+++ b/core/stateless/stats_test.go
@@ -140,6 +140,64 @@ func TestWitnessStatsAdd(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestWitnessStatsMinMax(t *testing.T) {
+	stats := NewWitnessStats()
+
+	// Add some account trie nodes with varying depths
+	stats.Add(map[string][]byte{
+		"a":     []byte("data1"),
+		"ab":    []byte("data2"),
+		"abc":   []byte("data3"),
+		"abcd":  []byte("data4"),
+		"abcde": []byte("data5"),
+	}, common.Hash{})
+
+	// Only "abcde" is a leaf (depth 5)
+	for i, v := range stats.accountTrieLeaves {
+		if v != 0 && i != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("leaf found at invalid depth %d", i)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Add more leaves with different depths
+	stats.Add(map[string][]byte{
+		"x":  []byte("data6"),
+		"yz": []byte("data7"),
+	}, common.Hash{})
+
+	// Now we have leaves at depths 1, 2, and 5
+	for i, v := range stats.accountTrieLeaves {
+		if v != 0 && (i != 5 && i != 2 && i != 1) {
+			t.Errorf("leaf found at invalid depth %d", i)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWitnessStatsAverage(t *testing.T) {
+	stats := NewWitnessStats()
+
+	// Add nodes that will create leaves at depths 2, 3, and 4
+	stats.Add(map[string][]byte{
+		"aa":   []byte("data1"),
+		"bb":   []byte("data2"),
+		"ccc":  []byte("data3"),
+		"dddd": []byte("data4"),
+	}, common.Hash{})
+
+	// All are leaves: 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 11 total, 4 samples
+	expectedAvg := int64(11) / int64(4)
+	var actualAvg, totalSamples int64
+	for i, c := range stats.accountTrieLeaves {
+		actualAvg += c * int64(i)
+		totalSamples += c
+	}
+	actualAvg = actualAvg / totalSamples
+
+	if actualAvg != expectedAvg {
+		t.Errorf("Account trie average depth = %d, want %d", actualAvg, expectedAvg)
+	}
+}
+
 func BenchmarkWitnessStatsAdd(b *testing.B) {
 	// Create a realistic trie node structure
 	nodes := make(map[string][]byte)
diff --git a/eth/backend.go b/eth/backend.go
index 4356733189..3bfe0765f4 100644
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@@ -235,6 +235,8 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 			TxLookupLimit:    int64(min(config.TransactionHistory, math.MaxInt64)),
 			VmConfig: vm.Config{
 				EnablePreimageRecording: config.EnablePreimageRecording,
+				EnableWitnessStats:      config.EnableWitnessStats,
+				StatelessSelfValidation: config.StatelessSelfValidation,
 			},
 			// Enables file journaling for the trie database. The journal files will be stored
 			// within the data directory. The corresponding paths will be either:
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/config.go b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
index dc77141081..ba0a7762c7 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
@@ -144,6 +144,12 @@ type Config struct {
 	// Enables tracking of SHA3 preimages in the VM
 	EnablePreimageRecording bool
 
+	// Enables collection of witness trie access statistics
+	EnableWitnessStats bool
+
+	// Generate execution witnesses and self-check against them (testing purpose)
+	StatelessSelfValidation bool
+
 	// Enables tracking of state size
 	EnableStateSizeTracking bool
 
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
index 2fdd219dee..b54ba14d68 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 		BlobPool                blobpool.Config
 		GPO                     gasprice.Config
 		EnablePreimageRecording bool
+		EnableWitnessStats      bool
+		StatelessSelfValidation bool
 		EnableStateSizeTracking bool
 		VMTrace                 string
 		VMTraceJsonConfig       string
@@ -91,6 +93,8 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 	enc.BlobPool = c.BlobPool
 	enc.GPO = c.GPO
 	enc.EnablePreimageRecording = c.EnablePreimageRecording
+	enc.EnableWitnessStats = c.EnableWitnessStats
+	enc.StatelessSelfValidation = c.StatelessSelfValidation
 	enc.EnableStateSizeTracking = c.EnableStateSizeTracking
 	enc.VMTrace = c.VMTrace
 	enc.VMTraceJsonConfig = c.VMTraceJsonConfig
@@ -137,6 +141,8 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 		BlobPool                *blobpool.Config
 		GPO                     *gasprice.Config
 		EnablePreimageRecording *bool
+		EnableWitnessStats      *bool
+		StatelessSelfValidation *bool
 		EnableStateSizeTracking *bool
 		VMTrace                 *string
 		VMTraceJsonConfig       *string
@@ -246,6 +252,12 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 	if dec.EnablePreimageRecording != nil {
 		c.EnablePreimageRecording = *dec.EnablePreimageRecording
 	}
+	if dec.EnableWitnessStats != nil {
+		c.EnableWitnessStats = *dec.EnableWitnessStats
+	}
+	if dec.StatelessSelfValidation != nil {
+		c.StatelessSelfValidation = *dec.StatelessSelfValidation
+	}
 	if dec.EnableStateSizeTracking != nil {
 		c.EnableStateSizeTracking = *dec.EnableStateSizeTracking
 	}

From 21769f3474908007f51aae322b77c845b30bde28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Sep 2025 21:57:16 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 147/470] triedb/pathdb: generalize the history indexer 
 (#32523)

This pull request is based on #32306 , is the second part for shipping
trienode history.

Specifically, this pull request generalize the existing index mechanism,
making is usable
by both state history and trienode history in the near future.
---
 triedb/pathdb/database.go             |   8 +-
 triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go            |   2 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history.go              | 146 +++++++++++-
 triedb/pathdb/history_index.go        | 179 +++++++-------
 triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go   |  10 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go      | 329 ++++++++++++++------------
 triedb/pathdb/history_indexer_test.go |   2 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go       |  88 +------
 triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go  |   2 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_state.go        |  35 ++-
 triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go   |  12 +-
 11 files changed, 468 insertions(+), 345 deletions(-)

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/database.go b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
index ae9574963e..546d2e0301 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ func New(diskdb ethdb.Database, config *Config, isVerkle bool) *Database {
 	}
 	// TODO (rjl493456442) disable the background indexing in read-only mode
 	if db.stateFreezer != nil && db.config.EnableStateIndexing {
-		db.stateIndexer = newHistoryIndexer(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer, db.tree.bottom().stateID())
+		db.stateIndexer = newHistoryIndexer(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer, db.tree.bottom().stateID(), typeStateHistory)
 		log.Info("Enabled state history indexing")
 	}
 	fields := config.fields()
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ func (db *Database) repairHistory() error {
 	}
 	// Truncate the extra state histories above in freezer in case it's not
 	// aligned with the disk layer. It might happen after a unclean shutdown.
-	pruned, err := truncateFromHead(db.stateFreezer, id)
+	pruned, err := truncateFromHead(db.stateFreezer, typeStateHistory, id)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to truncate extra state histories", "err", err)
 	}
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ func (db *Database) Enable(root common.Hash) error {
 	//   2. Re-initialize the indexer so it starts indexing from the new state root.
 	if db.stateIndexer != nil && db.stateFreezer != nil && db.config.EnableStateIndexing {
 		db.stateIndexer.close()
-		db.stateIndexer = newHistoryIndexer(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer, db.tree.bottom().stateID())
+		db.stateIndexer = newHistoryIndexer(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer, db.tree.bottom().stateID(), typeStateHistory)
 		log.Info("Re-enabled state history indexing")
 	}
 	log.Info("Rebuilt trie database", "root", root)
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ func (db *Database) Recover(root common.Hash) error {
 	if err := db.diskdb.SyncKeyValue(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err := truncateFromHead(db.stateFreezer, dl.stateID())
+	_, err := truncateFromHead(db.stateFreezer, typeStateHistory, dl.stateID())
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
index 2042e91611..76f3f5a46e 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) writeStateHistory(diff *diffLayer) (bool, error) {
 		log.Debug("Skip tail truncation", "persistentID", persistentID, "tailID", tail+1, "headID", diff.stateID(), "limit", limit)
 		return true, nil
 	}
-	pruned, err := truncateFromTail(dl.db.stateFreezer, newFirst-1)
+	pruned, err := truncateFromTail(dl.db.stateFreezer, typeStateHistory, newFirst-1)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history.go b/triedb/pathdb/history.go
index bbedd52f34..ae022236fe 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history.go
@@ -19,11 +19,147 @@ package pathdb
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"iter"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 )
 
+// historyType represents the category of historical data.
+type historyType uint8
+
+const (
+	// typeStateHistory indicates history data related to account or storage changes.
+	typeStateHistory historyType = 0
+)
+
+// String returns the string format representation.
+func (h historyType) String() string {
+	switch h {
+	case typeStateHistory:
+		return "state"
+	default:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("unknown type: %d", h)
+	}
+}
+
+// elementType represents the category of state element.
+type elementType uint8
+
+const (
+	typeAccount elementType = 0 // represents the account data
+	typeStorage elementType = 1 // represents the storage slot data
+)
+
+// String returns the string format representation.
+func (e elementType) String() string {
+	switch e {
+	case typeAccount:
+		return "account"
+	case typeStorage:
+		return "storage"
+	default:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("unknown element type: %d", e)
+	}
+}
+
+// toHistoryType maps an element type to its corresponding history type.
+func toHistoryType(typ elementType) historyType {
+	if typ == typeAccount || typ == typeStorage {
+		return typeStateHistory
+	}
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown element type %v", typ))
+}
+
+// stateIdent represents the identifier of a state element, which can be
+// an account or a storage slot.
+type stateIdent struct {
+	typ elementType
+
+	// The hash of the account address. This is used instead of the raw account
+	// address is to align the traversal order with the Merkle-Patricia-Trie.
+	addressHash common.Hash
+
+	// The hash of the storage slot key. This is used instead of the raw slot key
+	// because, in legacy state histories (prior to the Cancun fork), the slot
+	// identifier is the hash of the key, and the original key (preimage) cannot
+	// be recovered. To maintain backward compatibility, the key hash is used.
+	//
+	// Meanwhile, using the storage key hash also preserve the traversal order
+	// with Merkle-Patricia-Trie.
+	//
+	// This field is null if the identifier refers to an account or a trie node.
+	storageHash common.Hash
+}
+
+// String returns the string format state identifier.
+func (ident stateIdent) String() string {
+	if ident.typ == typeAccount {
+		return ident.addressHash.Hex()
+	}
+	return ident.addressHash.Hex() + ident.storageHash.Hex()
+}
+
+// newAccountIdent constructs a state identifier for an account.
+func newAccountIdent(addressHash common.Hash) stateIdent {
+	return stateIdent{
+		typ:         typeAccount,
+		addressHash: addressHash,
+	}
+}
+
+// newStorageIdent constructs a state identifier for a storage slot.
+// The address denotes the address hash of the associated account;
+// the storageHash denotes the hash of the raw storage slot key;
+func newStorageIdent(addressHash common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash) stateIdent {
+	return stateIdent{
+		typ:         typeStorage,
+		addressHash: addressHash,
+		storageHash: storageHash,
+	}
+}
+
+// stateIdentQuery is the extension of stateIdent by adding the account address
+// and raw storage key.
+type stateIdentQuery struct {
+	stateIdent
+
+	address    common.Address
+	storageKey common.Hash
+}
+
+// newAccountIdentQuery constructs a state identifier for an account.
+func newAccountIdentQuery(address common.Address, addressHash common.Hash) stateIdentQuery {
+	return stateIdentQuery{
+		stateIdent: newAccountIdent(addressHash),
+		address:    address,
+	}
+}
+
+// newStorageIdentQuery constructs a state identifier for a storage slot.
+// the address denotes the address of the associated account;
+// the addressHash denotes the address hash of the associated account;
+// the storageKey denotes the raw storage slot key;
+// the storageHash denotes the hash of the raw storage slot key;
+func newStorageIdentQuery(address common.Address, addressHash common.Hash, storageKey common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash) stateIdentQuery {
+	return stateIdentQuery{
+		stateIdent: newStorageIdent(addressHash, storageHash),
+		address:    address,
+		storageKey: storageKey,
+	}
+}
+
+// history defines the interface of historical data, implemented by stateHistory
+// and trienodeHistory (in the near future).
+type history interface {
+	// typ returns the historical data type held in the history.
+	typ() historyType
+
+	// forEach returns an iterator to traverse the state entries in the history.
+	forEach() iter.Seq[stateIdent]
+}
+
 var (
 	errHeadTruncationOutOfRange = errors.New("history head truncation out of range")
 	errTailTruncationOutOfRange = errors.New("history tail truncation out of range")
@@ -31,7 +167,7 @@ var (
 
 // truncateFromHead removes excess elements from the head of the freezer based
 // on the given parameters. It returns the number of items that were removed.
-func truncateFromHead(store ethdb.AncientStore, nhead uint64) (int, error) {
+func truncateFromHead(store ethdb.AncientStore, typ historyType, nhead uint64) (int, error) {
 	ohead, err := store.Ancients()
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
@@ -40,11 +176,11 @@ func truncateFromHead(store ethdb.AncientStore, nhead uint64) (int, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	log.Info("Truncating from head", "ohead", ohead, "tail", otail, "nhead", nhead)
+	log.Info("Truncating from head", "type", typ.String(), "ohead", ohead, "tail", otail, "nhead", nhead)
 
 	// Ensure that the truncation target falls within the valid range.
 	if ohead < nhead || nhead < otail {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", errHeadTruncationOutOfRange, otail, ohead, nhead)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w, %s, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", errHeadTruncationOutOfRange, typ, otail, ohead, nhead)
 	}
 	// Short circuit if nothing to truncate.
 	if ohead == nhead {
@@ -61,7 +197,7 @@ func truncateFromHead(store ethdb.AncientStore, nhead uint64) (int, error) {
 
 // truncateFromTail removes excess elements from the end of the freezer based
 // on the given parameters. It returns the number of items that were removed.
-func truncateFromTail(store ethdb.AncientStore, ntail uint64) (int, error) {
+func truncateFromTail(store ethdb.AncientStore, typ historyType, ntail uint64) (int, error) {
 	ohead, err := store.Ancients()
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
@@ -72,7 +208,7 @@ func truncateFromTail(store ethdb.AncientStore, ntail uint64) (int, error) {
 	}
 	// Ensure that the truncation target falls within the valid range.
 	if otail > ntail || ntail > ohead {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", errTailTruncationOutOfRange, otail, ohead, ntail)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w, %s, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", errTailTruncationOutOfRange, typ, otail, ohead, ntail)
 	}
 	// Short circuit if nothing to truncate.
 	if otail == ntail {
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
index e781a898e1..47cee9820d 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
@@ -78,12 +78,7 @@ type indexReader struct {
 
 // loadIndexData loads the index data associated with the specified state.
 func loadIndexData(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent) ([]*indexBlockDesc, error) {
-	var blob []byte
-	if state.account {
-		blob = rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndex(db, state.addressHash)
-	} else {
-		blob = rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndex(db, state.addressHash, state.storageHash)
-	}
+	blob := readStateIndex(state, db)
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
@@ -137,15 +132,8 @@ func (r *indexReader) readGreaterThan(id uint64) (uint64, error) {
 
 	br, ok := r.readers[desc.id]
 	if !ok {
-		var (
-			err  error
-			blob []byte
-		)
-		if r.state.account {
-			blob = rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndexBlock(r.db, r.state.addressHash, desc.id)
-		} else {
-			blob = rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndexBlock(r.db, r.state.addressHash, r.state.storageHash, desc.id)
-		}
+		var err error
+		blob := readStateIndexBlock(r.state, r.db, desc.id)
 		br, err = newBlockReader(blob)
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, err
@@ -174,12 +162,7 @@ type indexWriter struct {
 
 // newIndexWriter constructs the index writer for the specified state.
 func newIndexWriter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent) (*indexWriter, error) {
-	var blob []byte
-	if state.account {
-		blob = rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndex(db, state.addressHash)
-	} else {
-		blob = rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndex(db, state.addressHash, state.storageHash)
-	}
+	blob := readStateIndex(state, db)
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		desc := newIndexBlockDesc(0)
 		bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, desc)
@@ -194,15 +177,8 @@ func newIndexWriter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent) (*indexWriter, er
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var (
-		indexBlock []byte
-		lastDesc   = descList[len(descList)-1]
-	)
-	if state.account {
-		indexBlock = rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndexBlock(db, state.addressHash, lastDesc.id)
-	} else {
-		indexBlock = rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndexBlock(db, state.addressHash, state.storageHash, lastDesc.id)
-	}
+	lastDesc := descList[len(descList)-1]
+	indexBlock := readStateIndexBlock(state, db, lastDesc.id)
 	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -270,11 +246,7 @@ func (w *indexWriter) finish(batch ethdb.Batch) {
 		return // nothing to commit
 	}
 	for _, bw := range writers {
-		if w.state.account {
-			rawdb.WriteAccountHistoryIndexBlock(batch, w.state.addressHash, bw.desc.id, bw.finish())
-		} else {
-			rawdb.WriteStorageHistoryIndexBlock(batch, w.state.addressHash, w.state.storageHash, bw.desc.id, bw.finish())
-		}
+		writeStateIndexBlock(w.state, batch, bw.desc.id, bw.finish())
 	}
 	w.frozen = nil // release all the frozen writers
 
@@ -282,11 +254,7 @@ func (w *indexWriter) finish(batch ethdb.Batch) {
 	for _, desc := range descList {
 		buf = append(buf, desc.encode()...)
 	}
-	if w.state.account {
-		rawdb.WriteAccountHistoryIndex(batch, w.state.addressHash, buf)
-	} else {
-		rawdb.WriteStorageHistoryIndex(batch, w.state.addressHash, w.state.storageHash, buf)
-	}
+	writeStateIndex(w.state, batch, buf)
 }
 
 // indexDeleter is responsible for deleting index data for a specific state.
@@ -301,12 +269,7 @@ type indexDeleter struct {
 
 // newIndexDeleter constructs the index deleter for the specified state.
 func newIndexDeleter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent) (*indexDeleter, error) {
-	var blob []byte
-	if state.account {
-		blob = rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndex(db, state.addressHash)
-	} else {
-		blob = rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndex(db, state.addressHash, state.storageHash)
-	}
+	blob := readStateIndex(state, db)
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		// TODO(rjl493456442) we can probably return an error here,
 		// deleter with no data is meaningless.
@@ -323,15 +286,8 @@ func newIndexDeleter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent) (*indexDeleter,
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var (
-		indexBlock []byte
-		lastDesc   = descList[len(descList)-1]
-	)
-	if state.account {
-		indexBlock = rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndexBlock(db, state.addressHash, lastDesc.id)
-	} else {
-		indexBlock = rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndexBlock(db, state.addressHash, state.storageHash, lastDesc.id)
-	}
+	lastDesc := descList[len(descList)-1]
+	indexBlock := readStateIndexBlock(state, db, lastDesc.id)
 	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -376,15 +332,8 @@ func (d *indexDeleter) pop(id uint64) error {
 	d.descList = d.descList[:len(d.descList)-1]
 
 	// Open the previous block writer for deleting
-	var (
-		indexBlock []byte
-		lastDesc   = d.descList[len(d.descList)-1]
-	)
-	if d.state.account {
-		indexBlock = rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndexBlock(d.db, d.state.addressHash, lastDesc.id)
-	} else {
-		indexBlock = rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndexBlock(d.db, d.state.addressHash, d.state.storageHash, lastDesc.id)
-	}
+	lastDesc := d.descList[len(d.descList)-1]
+	indexBlock := readStateIndexBlock(d.state, d.db, lastDesc.id)
 	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -399,38 +348,100 @@ func (d *indexDeleter) pop(id uint64) error {
 // This function is safe to be called multiple times.
 func (d *indexDeleter) finish(batch ethdb.Batch) {
 	for _, id := range d.dropped {
-		if d.state.account {
-			rawdb.DeleteAccountHistoryIndexBlock(batch, d.state.addressHash, id)
-		} else {
-			rawdb.DeleteStorageHistoryIndexBlock(batch, d.state.addressHash, d.state.storageHash, id)
-		}
+		deleteStateIndexBlock(d.state, batch, id)
 	}
 	d.dropped = nil
 
 	// Flush the content of last block writer, regardless it's dirty or not
 	if !d.bw.empty() {
-		if d.state.account {
-			rawdb.WriteAccountHistoryIndexBlock(batch, d.state.addressHash, d.bw.desc.id, d.bw.finish())
-		} else {
-			rawdb.WriteStorageHistoryIndexBlock(batch, d.state.addressHash, d.state.storageHash, d.bw.desc.id, d.bw.finish())
-		}
+		writeStateIndexBlock(d.state, batch, d.bw.desc.id, d.bw.finish())
 	}
 	// Flush the index metadata into the supplied batch
 	if d.empty() {
-		if d.state.account {
-			rawdb.DeleteAccountHistoryIndex(batch, d.state.addressHash)
-		} else {
-			rawdb.DeleteStorageHistoryIndex(batch, d.state.addressHash, d.state.storageHash)
-		}
+		deleteStateIndex(d.state, batch)
 	} else {
 		buf := make([]byte, 0, indexBlockDescSize*len(d.descList))
 		for _, desc := range d.descList {
 			buf = append(buf, desc.encode()...)
 		}
-		if d.state.account {
-			rawdb.WriteAccountHistoryIndex(batch, d.state.addressHash, buf)
-		} else {
-			rawdb.WriteStorageHistoryIndex(batch, d.state.addressHash, d.state.storageHash, buf)
-		}
+		writeStateIndex(d.state, batch, buf)
+	}
+}
+
+// readStateIndex retrieves the index metadata for the given state identifier.
+// This function is shared by accounts and storage slots.
+func readStateIndex(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueReader) []byte {
+	switch ident.typ {
+	case typeAccount:
+		return rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash)
+	case typeStorage:
+		return rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
+	}
+}
+
+// writeStateIndex writes the provided index metadata into database with the
+// given state identifier. This function is shared by accounts and storage slots.
+func writeStateIndex(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, data []byte) {
+	switch ident.typ {
+	case typeAccount:
+		rawdb.WriteAccountHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash, data)
+	case typeStorage:
+		rawdb.WriteStorageHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash, data)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
+	}
+}
+
+// deleteStateIndex removes the index metadata for the given state identifier.
+// This function is shared by accounts and storage slots.
+func deleteStateIndex(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueWriter) {
+	switch ident.typ {
+	case typeAccount:
+		rawdb.DeleteAccountHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash)
+	case typeStorage:
+		rawdb.DeleteStorageHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
+	}
+}
+
+// readStateIndexBlock retrieves the index block for the given state identifier
+// and block ID. This function is shared by accounts and storage slots.
+func readStateIndexBlock(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueReader, id uint32) []byte {
+	switch ident.typ {
+	case typeAccount:
+		return rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, id)
+	case typeStorage:
+		return rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash, id)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
+	}
+}
+
+// writeStateIndexBlock writes the provided index block into database with the
+// given state identifier. This function is shared by accounts and storage slots.
+func writeStateIndexBlock(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, id uint32, data []byte) {
+	switch ident.typ {
+	case typeAccount:
+		rawdb.WriteAccountHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, id, data)
+	case typeStorage:
+		rawdb.WriteStorageHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash, id, data)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
+	}
+}
+
+// deleteStateIndexBlock removes the index block from database with the given
+// state identifier. This function is shared by accounts and storage slots.
+func deleteStateIndexBlock(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, id uint32) {
+	switch ident.typ {
+	case typeAccount:
+		rawdb.DeleteAccountHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, id)
+	case typeStorage:
+		rawdb.DeleteStorageHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash, id)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
 	}
 }
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go
index c83c33ffbd..be9b7c4049 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ func TestIndexWriterDelete(t *testing.T) {
 func TestBatchIndexerWrite(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		db        = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		batch     = newBatchIndexer(db, false)
+		batch     = newBatchIndexer(db, false, typeStateHistory)
 		histories = makeStateHistories(10)
 	)
 	for i, h := range histories {
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ func TestBatchIndexerWrite(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := batch.finish(true); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to finish batch indexer, %v", err)
 	}
-	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db)
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db, typeStateHistory)
 	if metadata == nil || metadata.Last != uint64(10) {
 		t.Fatal("Unexpected index position")
 	}
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ func TestBatchIndexerWrite(t *testing.T) {
 func TestBatchIndexerDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		db        = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		bw        = newBatchIndexer(db, false)
+		bw        = newBatchIndexer(db, false, typeStateHistory)
 		histories = makeStateHistories(10)
 	)
 	// Index histories
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ func TestBatchIndexerDelete(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Unindex histories
-	bd := newBatchIndexer(db, true)
+	bd := newBatchIndexer(db, true, typeStateHistory)
 	for i := len(histories) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
 		if err := bd.process(histories[i], uint64(i+1)); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Failed to process history, %v", err)
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ func TestBatchIndexerDelete(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to finish batch indexer, %v", err)
 	}
 
-	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db)
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db, typeStateHistory)
 	if metadata != nil {
 		t.Fatal("Unexpected index position")
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
index b4e89c3f17..d618585929 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
@@ -41,13 +40,32 @@ const (
 	stateIndexVersion = stateIndexV0 // the current state index version
 )
 
+// indexVersion returns the latest index version for the given history type.
+// It panics if the history type is unknown.
+func indexVersion(typ historyType) uint8 {
+	switch typ {
+	case typeStateHistory:
+		return stateIndexVersion
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown history type: %d", typ))
+	}
+}
+
+// indexMetadata describes the metadata of the historical data index.
 type indexMetadata struct {
 	Version uint8
 	Last    uint64
 }
 
-func loadIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueReader) *indexMetadata {
-	blob := rawdb.ReadStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db)
+// loadIndexMetadata reads the metadata of the specific history index.
+func loadIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, typ historyType) *indexMetadata {
+	var blob []byte
+	switch typ {
+	case typeStateHistory:
+		blob = rawdb.ReadStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown history type %d", typ))
+	}
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -59,91 +77,94 @@ func loadIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueReader) *indexMetadata {
 	return &m
 }
 
-func storeIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, last uint64) {
-	var m indexMetadata
-	m.Version = stateIndexVersion
-	m.Last = last
+// storeIndexMetadata stores the metadata of the specific history index.
+func storeIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, typ historyType, last uint64) {
+	m := indexMetadata{
+		Version: indexVersion(typ),
+		Last:    last,
+	}
 	blob, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(m)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Crit("Failed to encode index metadata", "err", err)
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("fail to encode index metadata, %v", err))
 	}
-	rawdb.WriteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db, blob)
+	switch typ {
+	case typeStateHistory:
+		rawdb.WriteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db, blob)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown history type %d", typ))
+	}
+	log.Debug("Written index metadata", "type", typ, "last", last)
 }
 
-// batchIndexer is a structure designed to perform batch indexing or unindexing
-// of state histories atomically.
+// deleteIndexMetadata deletes the metadata of the specific history index.
+func deleteIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, typ historyType) {
+	switch typ {
+	case typeStateHistory:
+		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown history type %d", typ))
+	}
+	log.Debug("Deleted index metadata", "type", typ)
+}
+
+// batchIndexer is responsible for performing batch indexing or unindexing
+// of historical data (e.g., state or trie node changes) atomically.
 type batchIndexer struct {
-	accounts map[common.Hash][]uint64                 // History ID list, Keyed by the hash of account address
-	storages map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]uint64 // History ID list, Keyed by the hash of account address and the hash of raw storage key
-	counter  int                                      // The counter of processed states
-	delete   bool                                     // Index or unindex mode
-	lastID   uint64                                   // The ID of latest processed history
-	db       ethdb.KeyValueStore
+	index   map[stateIdent][]uint64 // List of history IDs for tracked state entry
+	pending int                     // Number of entries processed in the current batch.
+	delete  bool                    // Operation mode: true for unindex, false for index.
+	lastID  uint64                  // ID of the most recently processed history.
+	typ     historyType             // Type of history being processed (e.g., state or trienode).
+	db      ethdb.KeyValueStore     // Key-value database used to store or delete index data.
 }
 
 // newBatchIndexer constructs the batch indexer with the supplied mode.
-func newBatchIndexer(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, delete bool) *batchIndexer {
+func newBatchIndexer(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, delete bool, typ historyType) *batchIndexer {
 	return &batchIndexer{
-		accounts: make(map[common.Hash][]uint64),
-		storages: make(map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]uint64),
-		delete:   delete,
-		db:       db,
+		index:  make(map[stateIdent][]uint64),
+		delete: delete,
+		typ:    typ,
+		db:     db,
 	}
 }
 
-// process iterates through the accounts and their associated storage slots in the
-// state history, tracking the mapping between state and history IDs.
-func (b *batchIndexer) process(h *stateHistory, historyID uint64) error {
-	for _, address := range h.accountList {
-		addrHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(address.Bytes())
-		b.counter += 1
-		b.accounts[addrHash] = append(b.accounts[addrHash], historyID)
-
-		for _, slotKey := range h.storageList[address] {
-			b.counter += 1
-			if _, ok := b.storages[addrHash]; !ok {
-				b.storages[addrHash] = make(map[common.Hash][]uint64)
-			}
-			// The hash of the storage slot key is used as the identifier because the
-			// legacy history does not include the raw storage key, therefore, the
-			// conversion from storage key to hash is necessary for non-v0 histories.
-			slotHash := slotKey
-			if h.meta.version != stateHistoryV0 {
-				slotHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(slotKey.Bytes())
-			}
-			b.storages[addrHash][slotHash] = append(b.storages[addrHash][slotHash], historyID)
-		}
+// process traverses the state entries within the provided history and tracks the mutation
+// records for them.
+func (b *batchIndexer) process(h history, id uint64) error {
+	for ident := range h.forEach() {
+		b.index[ident] = append(b.index[ident], id)
+		b.pending++
 	}
-	b.lastID = historyID
+	b.lastID = id
+
 	return b.finish(false)
 }
 
 // finish writes the accumulated state indexes into the disk if either the
 // memory limitation is reached or it's requested forcibly.
 func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
-	if b.counter == 0 {
+	if b.pending == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	if !force && b.counter < historyIndexBatch {
+	if !force && b.pending < historyIndexBatch {
 		return nil
 	}
 	var (
-		batch    = b.db.NewBatch()
-		batchMu  sync.RWMutex
-		storages int
-		start    = time.Now()
-		eg       errgroup.Group
+		batch   = b.db.NewBatch()
+		batchMu sync.RWMutex
+		start   = time.Now()
+		eg      errgroup.Group
 	)
 	eg.SetLimit(runtime.NumCPU())
 
-	for addrHash, idList := range b.accounts {
+	for ident, list := range b.index {
 		eg.Go(func() error {
 			if !b.delete {
-				iw, err := newIndexWriter(b.db, newAccountIdent(addrHash))
+				iw, err := newIndexWriter(b.db, ident)
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
-				for _, n := range idList {
+				for _, n := range list {
 					if err := iw.append(n); err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
@@ -152,11 +173,11 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 				iw.finish(batch)
 				batchMu.Unlock()
 			} else {
-				id, err := newIndexDeleter(b.db, newAccountIdent(addrHash))
+				id, err := newIndexDeleter(b.db, ident)
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
-				for _, n := range idList {
+				for _, n := range list {
 					if err := id.pop(n); err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
@@ -168,72 +189,36 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 			return nil
 		})
 	}
-	for addrHash, slots := range b.storages {
-		storages += len(slots)
-		for storageHash, idList := range slots {
-			eg.Go(func() error {
-				if !b.delete {
-					iw, err := newIndexWriter(b.db, newStorageIdent(addrHash, storageHash))
-					if err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-					for _, n := range idList {
-						if err := iw.append(n); err != nil {
-							return err
-						}
-					}
-					batchMu.Lock()
-					iw.finish(batch)
-					batchMu.Unlock()
-				} else {
-					id, err := newIndexDeleter(b.db, newStorageIdent(addrHash, storageHash))
-					if err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-					for _, n := range idList {
-						if err := id.pop(n); err != nil {
-							return err
-						}
-					}
-					batchMu.Lock()
-					id.finish(batch)
-					batchMu.Unlock()
-				}
-				return nil
-			})
-		}
-	}
 	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Update the position of last indexed state history
 	if !b.delete {
-		storeIndexMetadata(batch, b.lastID)
+		storeIndexMetadata(batch, b.typ, b.lastID)
 	} else {
 		if b.lastID == 1 {
-			rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(batch)
+			deleteIndexMetadata(batch, b.typ)
 		} else {
-			storeIndexMetadata(batch, b.lastID-1)
+			storeIndexMetadata(batch, b.typ, b.lastID-1)
 		}
 	}
 	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	log.Debug("Committed batch indexer", "accounts", len(b.accounts), "storages", storages, "records", b.counter, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
-	b.counter = 0
-	b.accounts = make(map[common.Hash][]uint64)
-	b.storages = make(map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]uint64)
+	log.Debug("Committed batch indexer", "type", b.typ, "entries", len(b.index), "records", b.pending, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	b.pending = 0
+	b.index = make(map[stateIdent][]uint64)
 	return nil
 }
 
 // indexSingle processes the state history with the specified ID for indexing.
-func indexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientReader) error {
+func indexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientReader, typ historyType) error {
 	start := time.Now()
 	defer func() {
 		indexHistoryTimer.UpdateSince(start)
 	}()
 
-	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db)
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db, typ)
 	if metadata == nil || metadata.Last+1 != historyID {
 		last := "null"
 		if metadata != nil {
@@ -241,29 +226,37 @@ func indexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.Ancient
 		}
 		return fmt.Errorf("history indexing is out of order, last: %s, requested: %d", last, historyID)
 	}
-	h, err := readStateHistory(freezer, historyID)
+	var (
+		err error
+		h   history
+		b   = newBatchIndexer(db, false, typ)
+	)
+	if typ == typeStateHistory {
+		h, err = readStateHistory(freezer, historyID)
+	} else {
+		// h, err = readTrienodeHistory(freezer, historyID)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	b := newBatchIndexer(db, false)
 	if err := b.process(h, historyID); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if err := b.finish(true); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	log.Debug("Indexed state history", "id", historyID, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	log.Debug("Indexed history", "type", typ, "id", historyID, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 	return nil
 }
 
 // unindexSingle processes the state history with the specified ID for unindexing.
-func unindexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientReader) error {
+func unindexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientReader, typ historyType) error {
 	start := time.Now()
 	defer func() {
 		unindexHistoryTimer.UpdateSince(start)
 	}()
 
-	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db)
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db, typ)
 	if metadata == nil || metadata.Last != historyID {
 		last := "null"
 		if metadata != nil {
@@ -271,18 +264,26 @@ func unindexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.Ancie
 		}
 		return fmt.Errorf("history unindexing is out of order, last: %s, requested: %d", last, historyID)
 	}
-	h, err := readStateHistory(freezer, historyID)
+	var (
+		err error
+		h   history
+	)
+	b := newBatchIndexer(db, true, typ)
+	if typ == typeStateHistory {
+		h, err = readStateHistory(freezer, historyID)
+	} else {
+		// h, err = readTrienodeHistory(freezer, historyID)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	b := newBatchIndexer(db, true)
 	if err := b.process(h, historyID); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if err := b.finish(true); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	log.Debug("Unindexed state history", "id", historyID, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	log.Debug("Unindexed history", "type", typ, "id", historyID, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -305,6 +306,8 @@ type indexIniter struct {
 	interrupt chan *interruptSignal
 	done      chan struct{}
 	closed    chan struct{}
+	typ       historyType
+	log       log.Logger // Contextual logger with the history type injected
 
 	// indexing progress
 	indexed atomic.Uint64 // the id of latest indexed state
@@ -313,18 +316,20 @@ type indexIniter struct {
 	wg sync.WaitGroup
 }
 
-func newIndexIniter(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientStore, lastID uint64) *indexIniter {
+func newIndexIniter(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientStore, typ historyType, lastID uint64) *indexIniter {
 	initer := &indexIniter{
 		disk:      disk,
 		freezer:   freezer,
 		interrupt: make(chan *interruptSignal),
 		done:      make(chan struct{}),
 		closed:    make(chan struct{}),
+		typ:       typ,
+		log:       log.New("type", typ.String()),
 	}
 	// Load indexing progress
 	var recover bool
 	initer.last.Store(lastID)
-	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(disk)
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(disk, typ)
 	if metadata != nil {
 		initer.indexed.Store(metadata.Last)
 		recover = metadata.Last > lastID
@@ -371,7 +376,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) remain() uint64 {
 	default:
 		last, indexed := i.last.Load(), i.indexed.Load()
 		if last < indexed {
-			log.Warn("State indexer is in recovery", "indexed", indexed, "last", last)
+			i.log.Warn("State indexer is in recovery", "indexed", indexed, "last", last)
 			return indexed - last
 		}
 		return last - indexed
@@ -389,7 +394,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) run(lastID uint64) {
 		// checkDone indicates whether all requested state histories
 		// have been fully indexed.
 		checkDone = func() bool {
-			metadata := loadIndexMetadata(i.disk)
+			metadata := loadIndexMetadata(i.disk, i.typ)
 			return metadata != nil && metadata.Last == lastID
 		}
 	)
@@ -411,7 +416,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) run(lastID uint64) {
 			if newLastID == lastID+1 {
 				lastID = newLastID
 				signal.result <- nil
-				log.Debug("Extended state history range", "last", lastID)
+				i.log.Debug("Extended history range", "last", lastID)
 				continue
 			}
 			// The index limit is shortened by one, interrupt the current background
@@ -422,14 +427,14 @@ func (i *indexIniter) run(lastID uint64) {
 			// If all state histories, including the one to be reverted, have
 			// been fully indexed, unindex it here and shut down the initializer.
 			if checkDone() {
-				log.Info("Truncate the extra history", "id", lastID)
-				if err := unindexSingle(lastID, i.disk, i.freezer); err != nil {
+				i.log.Info("Truncate the extra history", "id", lastID)
+				if err := unindexSingle(lastID, i.disk, i.freezer, i.typ); err != nil {
 					signal.result <- err
 					return
 				}
 				close(i.done)
 				signal.result <- nil
-				log.Info("State histories have been fully indexed", "last", lastID-1)
+				i.log.Info("Histories have been fully indexed", "last", lastID-1)
 				return
 			}
 			// Adjust the indexing target and relaunch the process
@@ -438,12 +443,12 @@ func (i *indexIniter) run(lastID uint64) {
 
 			done, interrupt = make(chan struct{}), new(atomic.Int32)
 			go i.index(done, interrupt, lastID)
-			log.Debug("Shortened state history range", "last", lastID)
+			i.log.Debug("Shortened history range", "last", lastID)
 
 		case <-done:
 			if checkDone() {
 				close(i.done)
-				log.Info("State histories have been fully indexed", "last", lastID)
+				i.log.Info("Histories have been fully indexed", "last", lastID)
 				return
 			}
 			// Relaunch the background runner if some tasks are left
@@ -452,7 +457,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) run(lastID uint64) {
 
 		case <-i.closed:
 			interrupt.Store(1)
-			log.Info("Waiting background history index initer to exit")
+			i.log.Info("Waiting background history index initer to exit")
 			<-done
 
 			if checkDone() {
@@ -472,14 +477,14 @@ func (i *indexIniter) next() (uint64, error) {
 	tailID := tail + 1 // compute the id of the oldest history
 
 	// Start indexing from scratch if nothing has been indexed
-	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(i.disk)
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(i.disk, i.typ)
 	if metadata == nil {
-		log.Debug("Initialize state history indexing from scratch", "id", tailID)
+		i.log.Debug("Initialize history indexing from scratch", "id", tailID)
 		return tailID, nil
 	}
 	// Resume indexing from the last interrupted position
 	if metadata.Last+1 >= tailID {
-		log.Debug("Resume state history indexing", "id", metadata.Last+1, "tail", tailID)
+		i.log.Debug("Resume history indexing", "id", metadata.Last+1, "tail", tailID)
 		return metadata.Last + 1, nil
 	}
 	// History has been shortened without indexing. Discard the gapped segment
@@ -487,7 +492,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) next() (uint64, error) {
 	//
 	// The missing indexes corresponding to the gapped histories won't be visible.
 	// It's fine to leave them unindexed.
-	log.Info("History gap detected, discard old segment", "oldHead", metadata.Last, "newHead", tailID)
+	i.log.Info("History gap detected, discard old segment", "oldHead", metadata.Last, "newHead", tailID)
 	return tailID, nil
 }
 
@@ -496,7 +501,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) index(done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32, lastID
 
 	beginID, err := i.next()
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to find next state history for indexing", "err", err)
+		i.log.Error("Failed to find next history for indexing", "err", err)
 		return
 	}
 	// All available state histories have been indexed, and the last indexed one
@@ -511,36 +516,47 @@ func (i *indexIniter) index(done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32, lastID
 			//
 			// This step is essential to avoid spinning up indexing thread
 			// endlessly until a history object is produced.
-			storeIndexMetadata(i.disk, 0)
-			log.Info("Initialized history indexing flag")
+			storeIndexMetadata(i.disk, i.typ, 0)
+			i.log.Info("Initialized history indexing flag")
 		} else {
-			log.Debug("State history is fully indexed", "last", lastID)
+			i.log.Debug("History is fully indexed", "last", lastID)
 		}
 		return
 	}
-	log.Info("Start history indexing", "beginID", beginID, "lastID", lastID)
+	i.log.Info("Start history indexing", "beginID", beginID, "lastID", lastID)
 
 	var (
 		current = beginID
 		start   = time.Now()
 		logged  = time.Now()
-		batch   = newBatchIndexer(i.disk, false)
+		batch   = newBatchIndexer(i.disk, false, i.typ)
 	)
 	for current <= lastID {
 		count := lastID - current + 1
 		if count > historyReadBatch {
 			count = historyReadBatch
 		}
-		histories, err := readStateHistories(i.freezer, current, count)
-		if err != nil {
-			// The history read might fall if the history is truncated from
-			// head due to revert operation.
-			log.Error("Failed to read history for indexing", "current", current, "count", count, "err", err)
-			return
+		var histories []history
+		if i.typ == typeStateHistory {
+			histories, err = readStateHistories(i.freezer, current, count)
+			if err != nil {
+				// The history read might fall if the history is truncated from
+				// head due to revert operation.
+				i.log.Error("Failed to read history for indexing", "current", current, "count", count, "err", err)
+				return
+			}
+		} else {
+			// histories, err = readTrienodeHistories(i.freezer, current, count)
+			// if err != nil {
+			//	// The history read might fall if the history is truncated from
+			//	// head due to revert operation.
+			//	i.log.Error("Failed to read history for indexing", "current", current, "count", count, "err", err)
+			//	return
+			// }
 		}
 		for _, h := range histories {
 			if err := batch.process(h, current); err != nil {
-				log.Error("Failed to index history", "err", err)
+				i.log.Error("Failed to index history", "err", err)
 				return
 			}
 			current += 1
@@ -554,7 +570,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) index(done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32, lastID
 					done = current - beginID
 				)
 				eta := common.CalculateETA(done, left, time.Since(start))
-				log.Info("Indexing state history", "processed", done, "left", left, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)), "eta", common.PrettyDuration(eta))
+				i.log.Info("Indexing state history", "processed", done, "left", left, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)), "eta", common.PrettyDuration(eta))
 			}
 		}
 		i.indexed.Store(current - 1) // update indexing progress
@@ -563,7 +579,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) index(done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32, lastID
 		if interrupt != nil {
 			if signal := interrupt.Load(); signal != 0 {
 				if err := batch.finish(true); err != nil {
-					log.Error("Failed to flush index", "err", err)
+					i.log.Error("Failed to flush index", "err", err)
 				}
 				log.Info("State indexing interrupted")
 				return
@@ -571,9 +587,9 @@ func (i *indexIniter) index(done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32, lastID
 		}
 	}
 	if err := batch.finish(true); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to flush index", "err", err)
+		i.log.Error("Failed to flush index", "err", err)
 	}
-	log.Info("Indexed state history", "from", beginID, "to", lastID, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	i.log.Info("Indexed history", "from", beginID, "to", lastID, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 }
 
 // recover handles unclean shutdown recovery. After an unclean shutdown, any
@@ -602,14 +618,14 @@ func (i *indexIniter) recover(lastID uint64) {
 			lastID = newLastID
 			signal.result <- nil
 			i.last.Store(newLastID)
-			log.Debug("Updated history index flag", "last", lastID)
+			i.log.Debug("Updated history index flag", "last", lastID)
 
 			// Terminate the recovery routine once the histories are fully aligned
 			// with the index data, indicating that index initialization is complete.
-			metadata := loadIndexMetadata(i.disk)
+			metadata := loadIndexMetadata(i.disk, i.typ)
 			if metadata != nil && metadata.Last == lastID {
 				close(i.done)
-				log.Info("History indexer is recovered", "last", lastID)
+				i.log.Info("History indexer is recovered", "last", lastID)
 				return
 			}
 
@@ -631,21 +647,31 @@ func (i *indexIniter) recover(lastID uint64) {
 // state history.
 type historyIndexer struct {
 	initer  *indexIniter
+	typ     historyType
 	disk    ethdb.KeyValueStore
 	freezer ethdb.AncientStore
 }
 
 // checkVersion checks whether the index data in the database matches the version.
-func checkVersion(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore) {
-	blob := rawdb.ReadStateHistoryIndexMetadata(disk)
+func checkVersion(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, typ historyType) {
+	var blob []byte
+	if typ == typeStateHistory {
+		blob = rawdb.ReadStateHistoryIndexMetadata(disk)
+	} else {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown history type: %v", typ))
+	}
+	// Short circuit if metadata is not found, re-index is required
+	// from scratch.
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
+	// Short circuit if the metadata is found and the version is matched
 	var m indexMetadata
 	err := rlp.DecodeBytes(blob, &m)
 	if err == nil && m.Version == stateIndexVersion {
 		return
 	}
+	// Version is not matched, prune the existing data and re-index from scratch
 	version := "unknown"
 	if err == nil {
 		version = fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.Version)
@@ -662,10 +688,11 @@ func checkVersion(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore) {
 
 // newHistoryIndexer constructs the history indexer and launches the background
 // initer to complete the indexing of any remaining state histories.
-func newHistoryIndexer(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientStore, lastHistoryID uint64) *historyIndexer {
-	checkVersion(disk)
+func newHistoryIndexer(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientStore, lastHistoryID uint64, typ historyType) *historyIndexer {
+	checkVersion(disk, typ)
 	return &historyIndexer{
-		initer:  newIndexIniter(disk, freezer, lastHistoryID),
+		initer:  newIndexIniter(disk, freezer, typ, lastHistoryID),
+		typ:     typ,
 		disk:    disk,
 		freezer: freezer,
 	}
@@ -693,7 +720,7 @@ func (i *historyIndexer) extend(historyID uint64) error {
 	case <-i.initer.closed:
 		return errors.New("indexer is closed")
 	case <-i.initer.done:
-		return indexSingle(historyID, i.disk, i.freezer)
+		return indexSingle(historyID, i.disk, i.freezer, i.typ)
 	case i.initer.interrupt <- signal:
 		return <-signal.result
 	}
@@ -710,7 +737,7 @@ func (i *historyIndexer) shorten(historyID uint64) error {
 	case <-i.initer.closed:
 		return errors.New("indexer is closed")
 	case <-i.initer.done:
-		return unindexSingle(historyID, i.disk, i.freezer)
+		return unindexSingle(historyID, i.disk, i.freezer, i.typ)
 	case i.initer.interrupt <- signal:
 		return <-signal.result
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer_test.go
index 96c87ccb1b..f333d18d8b 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer_test.go
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func TestHistoryIndexerShortenDeadlock(t *testing.T) {
 		rawdb.WriteStateHistory(freezer, uint64(i+1), h.meta.encode(), accountIndex, storageIndex, accountData, storageData)
 	}
 	// As a workaround, assign a future block to keep the initer running indefinitely
-	indexer := newHistoryIndexer(db, freezer, 200)
+	indexer := newHistoryIndexer(db, freezer, 200, typeStateHistory)
 	defer indexer.close()
 
 	done := make(chan error, 1)
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
index a11297b3f6..ce6aa693d1 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
@@ -29,88 +29,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 )
 
-// stateIdent represents the identifier of a state element, which can be
-// either an account or a storage slot.
-type stateIdent struct {
-	account bool
-
-	// The hash of the account address. This is used instead of the raw account
-	// address is to align the traversal order with the Merkle-Patricia-Trie.
-	addressHash common.Hash
-
-	// The hash of the storage slot key. This is used instead of the raw slot key
-	// because, in legacy state histories (prior to the Cancun fork), the slot
-	// identifier is the hash of the key, and the original key (preimage) cannot
-	// be recovered. To maintain backward compatibility, the key hash is used.
-	//
-	// Meanwhile, using the storage key hash also preserve the traversal order
-	// with Merkle-Patricia-Trie.
-	//
-	// This field is null if the identifier refers to account data.
-	storageHash common.Hash
-}
-
-// String returns the string format state identifier.
-func (ident stateIdent) String() string {
-	if ident.account {
-		return ident.addressHash.Hex()
-	}
-	return ident.addressHash.Hex() + ident.storageHash.Hex()
-}
-
-// newAccountIdent constructs a state identifier for an account.
-func newAccountIdent(addressHash common.Hash) stateIdent {
-	return stateIdent{
-		account:     true,
-		addressHash: addressHash,
-	}
-}
-
-// newStorageIdent constructs a state identifier for a storage slot.
-// The address denotes the address of the associated account;
-// the storageHash denotes the hash of the raw storage slot key;
-func newStorageIdent(addressHash common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash) stateIdent {
-	return stateIdent{
-		addressHash: addressHash,
-		storageHash: storageHash,
-	}
-}
-
-// stateIdentQuery is the extension of stateIdent by adding the raw storage key.
-type stateIdentQuery struct {
-	stateIdent
-
-	address    common.Address
-	storageKey common.Hash
-}
-
-// newAccountIdentQuery constructs a state identifier for an account.
-func newAccountIdentQuery(address common.Address, addressHash common.Hash) stateIdentQuery {
-	return stateIdentQuery{
-		stateIdent: stateIdent{
-			account:     true,
-			addressHash: addressHash,
-		},
-		address: address,
-	}
-}
-
-// newStorageIdentQuery constructs a state identifier for a storage slot.
-// the address denotes the address of the associated account;
-// the addressHash denotes the address hash of the associated account;
-// the storageKey denotes the raw storage slot key;
-// the storageHash denotes the hash of the raw storage slot key;
-func newStorageIdentQuery(address common.Address, addressHash common.Hash, storageKey common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash) stateIdentQuery {
-	return stateIdentQuery{
-		stateIdent: stateIdent{
-			addressHash: addressHash,
-			storageHash: storageHash,
-		},
-		address:    address,
-		storageKey: storageKey,
-	}
-}
-
 // indexReaderWithLimitTag is a wrapper around indexReader that includes an
 // additional index position. This position represents the ID of the last
 // indexed state history at the time the reader was created, implying that
@@ -169,7 +87,7 @@ func (r *indexReaderWithLimitTag) readGreaterThan(id uint64, lastID uint64) (uin
 	// Given that it's very unlikely to occur and users try to perform historical
 	// state queries while reverting the states at the same time. Simply returning
 	// an error should be sufficient for now.
-	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(r.db)
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(r.db, toHistoryType(r.reader.state.typ))
 	if metadata == nil || metadata.Last < lastID {
 		return 0, errors.New("state history hasn't been indexed yet")
 	}
@@ -331,7 +249,7 @@ func (r *historyReader) read(state stateIdentQuery, stateID uint64, lastID uint6
 	// To serve the request, all state histories from stateID+1 to lastID
 	// must be indexed. It's not supposed to happen unless system is very
 	// wrong.
-	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(r.disk)
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(r.disk, toHistoryType(state.typ))
 	if metadata == nil || metadata.Last < lastID {
 		indexed := "null"
 		if metadata != nil {
@@ -364,7 +282,7 @@ func (r *historyReader) read(state stateIdentQuery, stateID uint64, lastID uint6
 	// that the associated state histories are no longer available due to a rollback.
 	// Such truncation should be captured by the state resolver below, rather than returning
 	// invalid data.
-	if state.account {
+	if state.typ == typeAccount {
 		return r.readAccount(state.address, historyID)
 	}
 	return r.readStorage(state.address, state.storageKey, state.storageHash, historyID)
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
index 75c5f701f9..3e1a545ff3 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import (
 
 func waitIndexing(db *Database) {
 	for {
-		metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db.diskdb)
+		metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db.diskdb, typeStateHistory)
 		if metadata != nil && metadata.Last >= db.tree.bottom().stateID() {
 			return
 		}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
index 3bb69a7f4d..9d1e4dfb09 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"iter"
 	"maps"
 	"slices"
 	"time"
@@ -275,6 +276,36 @@ func newStateHistory(root common.Hash, parent common.Hash, block uint64, account
 	}
 }
 
+// typ implements the history interface, returning the historical data type held.
+func (h *stateHistory) typ() historyType {
+	return typeStateHistory
+}
+
+// forEach implements the history interface, returning an iterator to traverse the
+// state entries in the history.
+func (h *stateHistory) forEach() iter.Seq[stateIdent] {
+	return func(yield func(stateIdent) bool) {
+		for _, addr := range h.accountList {
+			addrHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(addr.Bytes())
+			if !yield(newAccountIdent(addrHash)) {
+				return
+			}
+			for _, slotKey := range h.storageList[addr] {
+				// The hash of the storage slot key is used as the identifier because the
+				// legacy history does not include the raw storage key, therefore, the
+				// conversion from storage key to hash is necessary for non-v0 histories.
+				slotHash := slotKey
+				if h.meta.version != stateHistoryV0 {
+					slotHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(slotKey.Bytes())
+				}
+				if !yield(newStorageIdent(addrHash, slotHash)) {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // stateSet returns the state set, keyed by the hash of the account address
 // and the hash of the storage slot key.
 func (h *stateHistory) stateSet() (map[common.Hash][]byte, map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]byte) {
@@ -536,8 +567,8 @@ func readStateHistory(reader ethdb.AncientReader, id uint64) (*stateHistory, err
 }
 
 // readStateHistories reads a list of state history records within the specified range.
-func readStateHistories(freezer ethdb.AncientReader, start uint64, count uint64) ([]*stateHistory, error) {
-	var histories []*stateHistory
+func readStateHistories(freezer ethdb.AncientReader, start uint64, count uint64) ([]history, error) {
+	var histories []history
 	metaList, aIndexList, sIndexList, aDataList, sDataList, err := rawdb.ReadStateHistoryList(freezer, start, count)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go
index 4a777111ea..5718081566 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ func TestTruncateHeadStateHistory(t *testing.T) {
 		rawdb.WriteStateHistory(freezer, uint64(i+1), hs[i].meta.encode(), accountIndex, storageIndex, accountData, storageData)
 	}
 	for size := len(hs); size > 0; size-- {
-		pruned, err := truncateFromHead(freezer, uint64(size-1))
+		pruned, err := truncateFromHead(freezer, typeStateHistory, uint64(size-1))
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Failed to truncate from head %v", err)
 		}
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ func TestTruncateTailStateHistory(t *testing.T) {
 		rawdb.WriteStateHistory(freezer, uint64(i+1), hs[i].meta.encode(), accountIndex, storageIndex, accountData, storageData)
 	}
 	for newTail := 1; newTail < len(hs); newTail++ {
-		pruned, _ := truncateFromTail(freezer, uint64(newTail))
+		pruned, _ := truncateFromTail(freezer, typeStateHistory, uint64(newTail))
 		if pruned != 1 {
 			t.Error("Unexpected pruned items", "want", 1, "got", pruned)
 		}
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ func TestTruncateTailStateHistories(t *testing.T) {
 			accountData, storageData, accountIndex, storageIndex := hs[i].encode()
 			rawdb.WriteStateHistory(freezer, uint64(i+1), hs[i].meta.encode(), accountIndex, storageIndex, accountData, storageData)
 		}
-		pruned, _ := truncateFromTail(freezer, uint64(10)-c.limit)
+		pruned, _ := truncateFromTail(freezer, typeStateHistory, uint64(10)-c.limit)
 		if pruned != c.expPruned {
 			t.Error("Unexpected pruned items", "want", c.expPruned, "got", pruned)
 		}
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ func TestTruncateOutOfRange(t *testing.T) {
 		accountData, storageData, accountIndex, storageIndex := hs[i].encode()
 		rawdb.WriteStateHistory(freezer, uint64(i+1), hs[i].meta.encode(), accountIndex, storageIndex, accountData, storageData)
 	}
-	truncateFromTail(freezer, uint64(len(hs)/2))
+	truncateFromTail(freezer, typeStateHistory, uint64(len(hs)/2))
 
 	// Ensure of-out-range truncations are rejected correctly.
 	head, _ := freezer.Ancients()
@@ -254,9 +254,9 @@ func TestTruncateOutOfRange(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, c := range cases {
 		var gotErr error
 		if c.mode == 0 {
-			_, gotErr = truncateFromHead(freezer, c.target)
+			_, gotErr = truncateFromHead(freezer, typeStateHistory, c.target)
 		} else {
-			_, gotErr = truncateFromTail(freezer, c.target)
+			_, gotErr = truncateFromTail(freezer, typeStateHistory, c.target)
 		}
 		if !errors.Is(gotErr, c.expErr) {
 			t.Errorf("Unexpected error, want: %v, got: %v", c.expErr, gotErr)

From fda09c7b1baa3b9e3f6912f636e2d91337c79a55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Samuel Arogbonlo <47984109+samuelarogbonlo@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Sep 2025 15:07:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 148/470] trie: add sub-trie iterator support (#32520)

- Adds `NodeIteratorWithPrefix()` method to support iterating only nodes
within a specific key prefix
- Adds `NodeIteratorWithRange()` method to support iterating only nodes
within a specific key range

Current `NodeIterator` always traverses the entire remaining trie from a
start position. For non-ethereum applications using the trie implementation,
there's no way to limit iteration to just a subtree with a specific prefix.

  **Usage:**

  ```go
  // Only iterate nodes with prefix "key1"
  iter, err := trie.NodeIteratorWithPrefix([]byte("key1"))
  ```

Testing: Comprehensive test suite covering edge cases and boundary conditions.

Closes #32484

---------

Co-authored-by: gballet <guillaume.ballet@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 trie/iterator.go      |  88 +++++++
 trie/iterator_test.go | 536 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 trie/trie.go          |  28 +++
 3 files changed, 652 insertions(+)

diff --git a/trie/iterator.go b/trie/iterator.go
index 80298ce48f..3d3191ffba 100644
--- a/trie/iterator.go
+++ b/trie/iterator.go
@@ -836,3 +836,91 @@ func (it *unionIterator) Error() error {
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+
+// subTreeIterator wraps nodeIterator to traverse a trie within a predefined
+// start and limit range.
+type subtreeIterator struct {
+	NodeIterator
+
+	stopPath  []byte // Precomputed hex path for stopKey (without terminator), nil means no limit
+	exhausted bool   // Flag whether the iterator has been exhausted
+}
+
+// newSubtreeIterator creates an iterator that only traverses nodes within a subtree
+// defined by the given startKey and stopKey. This supports general range iteration
+// where startKey is inclusive and stopKey is exclusive.
+//
+// The iterator will only visit nodes whose keys k satisfy: startKey <= k < stopKey,
+// where comparisons are performed in lexicographic order of byte keys (internally
+// implemented via hex-nibble path comparisons for efficiency).
+//
+// If startKey is nil, iteration starts from the beginning. If stopKey is nil,
+// iteration continues to the end of the trie.
+func newSubtreeIterator(trie *Trie, startKey, stopKey []byte) (NodeIterator, error) {
+	it, err := trie.NodeIterator(startKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if startKey == nil && stopKey == nil {
+		return it, nil
+	}
+	// Precompute nibble paths for efficient comparison
+	var stopPath []byte
+	if stopKey != nil {
+		stopPath = keybytesToHex(stopKey)
+		if hasTerm(stopPath) {
+			stopPath = stopPath[:len(stopPath)-1]
+		}
+	}
+	return &subtreeIterator{
+		NodeIterator: it,
+		stopPath:     stopPath,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// nextKey returns the next possible key after the given prefix.
+// For example, "abc" -> "abd", "ab\xff" -> "ac", etc.
+func nextKey(prefix []byte) []byte {
+	if len(prefix) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Make a copy to avoid modifying the original
+	next := make([]byte, len(prefix))
+	copy(next, prefix)
+
+	// Increment the last byte that isn't 0xff
+	for i := len(next) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if next[i] < 0xff {
+			next[i]++
+			return next
+		}
+		// If it's 0xff, we need to carry over
+		// Trim trailing 0xff bytes
+		next = next[:i]
+	}
+	// If all bytes were 0xff, return nil (no upper bound)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// newPrefixIterator creates an iterator that only traverses nodes with the given prefix.
+// This ensures that only keys starting with the prefix are visited.
+func newPrefixIterator(trie *Trie, prefix []byte) (NodeIterator, error) {
+	return newSubtreeIterator(trie, prefix, nextKey(prefix))
+}
+
+// Next moves the iterator to the next node. If the parameter is false, any child
+// nodes will be skipped.
+func (it *subtreeIterator) Next(descend bool) bool {
+	if it.exhausted {
+		return false
+	}
+	if !it.NodeIterator.Next(descend) {
+		it.exhausted = true
+		return false
+	}
+	if it.stopPath != nil && reachedPath(it.NodeIterator.Path(), it.stopPath) {
+		it.exhausted = true
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
diff --git a/trie/iterator_test.go b/trie/iterator_test.go
index 74a1aa378c..f1451cef90 100644
--- a/trie/iterator_test.go
+++ b/trie/iterator_test.go
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ package trie
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
+	"maps"
 	"math/rand"
+	"slices"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -624,6 +626,540 @@ func isTrieNode(scheme string, key, val []byte) (bool, []byte, common.Hash) {
 	return true, path, hash
 }
 
+func TestSubtreeIterator(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		db = newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
+		tr = NewEmpty(db)
+	)
+	vals := []struct{ k, v string }{
+		{"do", "verb"},
+		{"dog", "puppy"},
+		{"doge", "coin"},
+		{"dog\xff", "value6"},
+		{"dog\xff\xff", "value7"},
+		{"horse", "stallion"},
+		{"house", "building"},
+		{"houses", "multiple"},
+		{"xyz", "value"},
+		{"xyz\xff", "value"},
+		{"xyz\xff\xff", "value"},
+	}
+	all := make(map[string]string)
+	for _, val := range vals {
+		all[val.k] = val.v
+		tr.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
+	}
+	root, nodes := tr.Commit(false)
+	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
+
+	allNodes := make(map[string][]byte)
+	tr, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
+	it, err := tr.NodeIterator(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	for it.Next(true) {
+		allNodes[string(it.Path())] = it.NodeBlob()
+	}
+	allKeys := slices.Collect(maps.Keys(all))
+
+	suites := []struct {
+		start    []byte
+		end      []byte
+		expected []string
+	}{
+		// entire key range
+		{
+			start:    nil,
+			end:      nil,
+			expected: allKeys,
+		},
+		{
+			start:    nil,
+			end:      bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xff}, 32),
+			expected: allKeys,
+		},
+		{
+			start:    bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x0}, 32),
+			end:      bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xff}, 32),
+			expected: allKeys,
+		},
+		// key range with start
+		{
+			start:    []byte("do"),
+			end:      nil,
+			expected: allKeys,
+		},
+		{
+			start:    []byte("doe"),
+			end:      nil,
+			expected: allKeys[1:],
+		},
+		{
+			start:    []byte("dog"),
+			end:      nil,
+			expected: allKeys[1:],
+		},
+		{
+			start:    []byte("doge"),
+			end:      nil,
+			expected: allKeys[2:],
+		},
+		{
+			start:    []byte("dog\xff"),
+			end:      nil,
+			expected: allKeys[3:],
+		},
+		{
+			start:    []byte("dog\xff\xff"),
+			end:      nil,
+			expected: allKeys[4:],
+		},
+		{
+			start:    []byte("dog\xff\xff\xff"),
+			end:      nil,
+			expected: allKeys[5:],
+		},
+		// key range with limit
+		{
+			start:    nil,
+			end:      []byte("xyz"),
+			expected: allKeys[:len(allKeys)-3],
+		},
+		{
+			start:    nil,
+			end:      []byte("xyz\xff"),
+			expected: allKeys[:len(allKeys)-2],
+		},
+		{
+			start:    nil,
+			end:      []byte("xyz\xff\xff"),
+			expected: allKeys[:len(allKeys)-1],
+		},
+		{
+			start:    nil,
+			end:      []byte("xyz\xff\xff\xff"),
+			expected: allKeys,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, suite := range suites {
+		// We need to re-open the trie from the committed state
+		tr, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
+		it, err := newSubtreeIterator(tr, suite.start, suite.end)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		found := make(map[string]string)
+		for it.Next(true) {
+			if it.Leaf() {
+				found[string(it.LeafKey())] = string(it.LeafBlob())
+			}
+		}
+		if len(found) != len(suite.expected) {
+			t.Errorf("wrong number of values: got %d, want %d", len(found), len(suite.expected))
+		}
+		for k, v := range found {
+			if all[k] != v {
+				t.Errorf("wrong value for %s: got %s, want %s", k, found[k], all[k])
+			}
+		}
+
+		expectedNodes := make(map[string][]byte)
+		for path, blob := range allNodes {
+			if suite.start != nil {
+				hexStart := keybytesToHex(suite.start)
+				hexStart = hexStart[:len(hexStart)-1]
+				if !reachedPath([]byte(path), hexStart) {
+					continue
+				}
+			}
+			if suite.end != nil {
+				hexEnd := keybytesToHex(suite.end)
+				hexEnd = hexEnd[:len(hexEnd)-1]
+				if reachedPath([]byte(path), hexEnd) {
+					continue
+				}
+			}
+			expectedNodes[path] = bytes.Clone(blob)
+		}
+
+		// Compare the result yield from the subtree iterator
+		var (
+			subCount int
+			subIt, _ = newSubtreeIterator(tr, suite.start, suite.end)
+		)
+		for subIt.Next(true) {
+			blob, ok := expectedNodes[string(subIt.Path())]
+			if !ok {
+				t.Errorf("Unexpected node iterated, path: %v", subIt.Path())
+			}
+			subCount++
+
+			if !bytes.Equal(blob, subIt.NodeBlob()) {
+				t.Errorf("Unexpected node blob, path: %v, want: %v, got: %v", subIt.Path(), blob, subIt.NodeBlob())
+			}
+		}
+		if subCount != len(expectedNodes) {
+			t.Errorf("Unexpected node being iterated, want: %d, got: %d", len(expectedNodes), subCount)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPrefixIterator(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a new trie
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
+
+	// Insert test data
+	testData := map[string]string{
+		"key1":      "value1",
+		"key2":      "value2",
+		"key10":     "value10",
+		"key11":     "value11",
+		"different": "value_different",
+	}
+
+	for key, value := range testData {
+		trie.Update([]byte(key), []byte(value))
+	}
+
+	// Test prefix iteration for "key1" prefix
+	prefix := []byte("key1")
+	iter, err := trie.NodeIteratorWithPrefix(prefix)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create prefix iterator: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var foundKeys [][]byte
+	for iter.Next(true) {
+		if iter.Leaf() {
+			foundKeys = append(foundKeys, iter.LeafKey())
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := iter.Error(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Iterator error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Verify only keys starting with "key1" were found
+	expectedCount := 3 // "key1", "key10", "key11"
+	if len(foundKeys) != expectedCount {
+		t.Errorf("Expected %d keys, found %d", expectedCount, len(foundKeys))
+	}
+
+	for _, key := range foundKeys {
+		keyStr := string(key)
+		if !bytes.HasPrefix(key, prefix) {
+			t.Errorf("Found key %s doesn't have prefix %s", keyStr, string(prefix))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPrefixIteratorVsFullIterator(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a new trie with more structured data
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
+
+	// Insert structured test data
+	testData := map[string]string{
+		"aaa": "value_aaa",
+		"aab": "value_aab",
+		"aba": "value_aba",
+		"bbb": "value_bbb",
+	}
+
+	for key, value := range testData {
+		trie.Update([]byte(key), []byte(value))
+	}
+
+	// Test that prefix iterator stops at boundary
+	prefix := []byte("aa")
+	prefixIter, err := trie.NodeIteratorWithPrefix(prefix)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create prefix iterator: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var prefixKeys [][]byte
+	for prefixIter.Next(true) {
+		if prefixIter.Leaf() {
+			prefixKeys = append(prefixKeys, prefixIter.LeafKey())
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Should only find "aaa" and "aab", not "aba" or "bbb"
+	if len(prefixKeys) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 2 keys with prefix 'aa', found %d", len(prefixKeys))
+	}
+
+	// Verify no keys outside prefix were found
+	for _, key := range prefixKeys {
+		if !bytes.HasPrefix(key, prefix) {
+			t.Errorf("Prefix iterator returned key %s outside prefix %s", string(key), string(prefix))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEmptyPrefixIterator(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test with empty trie
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
+
+	iter, err := trie.NodeIteratorWithPrefix([]byte("nonexistent"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create iterator: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if iter.Next(true) {
+		t.Error("Expected no results from empty trie")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPrefixIteratorEdgeCases tests various edge cases for prefix iteration
+func TestPrefixIteratorEdgeCases(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a trie with test data
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
+	testData := map[string]string{
+		"abc":         "value1",
+		"abcd":        "value2",
+		"abce":        "value3",
+		"abd":         "value4",
+		"dog":         "value5",
+		"dog\xff":     "value6", // Test with 0xff byte
+		"dog\xff\xff": "value7", // Multiple 0xff bytes
+	}
+	for key, value := range testData {
+		trie.Update([]byte(key), []byte(value))
+	}
+
+	// Test 1: Prefix not present in trie
+	t.Run("NonexistentPrefix", func(t *testing.T) {
+		iter, err := trie.NodeIteratorWithPrefix([]byte("xyz"))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to create iterator: %v", err)
+		}
+		count := 0
+		for iter.Next(true) {
+			if iter.Leaf() {
+				count++
+			}
+		}
+		if count != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("Expected 0 results for nonexistent prefix, got %d", count)
+		}
+	})
+
+	// Test 2: Prefix exactly equals an existing key
+	t.Run("ExactKeyPrefix", func(t *testing.T) {
+		iter, err := trie.NodeIteratorWithPrefix([]byte("abc"))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to create iterator: %v", err)
+		}
+		found := make(map[string]bool)
+		for iter.Next(true) {
+			if iter.Leaf() {
+				found[string(iter.LeafKey())] = true
+			}
+		}
+		// Should find "abc", "abcd", "abce" but not "abd"
+		if !found["abc"] || !found["abcd"] || !found["abce"] {
+			t.Errorf("Missing expected keys: got %v", found)
+		}
+		if found["abd"] {
+			t.Errorf("Found unexpected key 'abd' with prefix 'abc'")
+		}
+	})
+
+	// Test 3: Prefix with trailing 0xff
+	t.Run("TrailingFFPrefix", func(t *testing.T) {
+		iter, err := trie.NodeIteratorWithPrefix([]byte("dog\xff"))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to create iterator: %v", err)
+		}
+		found := make(map[string]bool)
+		for iter.Next(true) {
+			if iter.Leaf() {
+				found[string(iter.LeafKey())] = true
+			}
+		}
+		// Should find "dog\xff" and "dog\xff\xff"
+		if !found["dog\xff"] || !found["dog\xff\xff"] {
+			t.Errorf("Missing expected keys with 0xff: got %v", found)
+		}
+		if found["dog"] {
+			t.Errorf("Found unexpected key 'dog' with prefix 'dog\\xff'")
+		}
+	})
+
+	// Test 4: All 0xff case (edge case for nextKey)
+	t.Run("AllFFPrefix", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Add a key with all 0xff bytes
+		allFF := []byte{0xff, 0xff}
+		trie.Update(allFF, []byte("all_ff_value"))
+		trie.Update(append(allFF, 0x00), []byte("all_ff_plus"))
+
+		iter, err := trie.NodeIteratorWithPrefix(allFF)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to create iterator: %v", err)
+		}
+		count := 0
+		for iter.Next(true) {
+			if iter.Leaf() {
+				count++
+			}
+		}
+		// Should find at least the allFF key itself
+		if count != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("Expected at least 1 result for all-0xff prefix, got %d", count)
+		}
+	})
+
+	// Test 5: Empty prefix (should iterate entire trie)
+	t.Run("EmptyPrefix", func(t *testing.T) {
+		iter, err := trie.NodeIteratorWithPrefix([]byte{})
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to create iterator: %v", err)
+		}
+		count := 0
+		for iter.Next(true) {
+			if iter.Leaf() {
+				count++
+			}
+		}
+		// Should find all keys in the trie
+		expectedCount := len(testData) + 2 // +2 for the extra keys added in test 4
+		if count != expectedCount {
+			t.Errorf("Expected %d results for empty prefix, got %d", expectedCount, count)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestGeneralRangeIteration tests NewSubtreeIterator with arbitrary start/stop ranges
+func TestGeneralRangeIteration(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a trie with test data
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
+	testData := map[string]string{
+		"apple":   "fruit1",
+		"apricot": "fruit2",
+		"banana":  "fruit3",
+		"cherry":  "fruit4",
+		"date":    "fruit5",
+		"fig":     "fruit6",
+		"grape":   "fruit7",
+	}
+	for key, value := range testData {
+		trie.Update([]byte(key), []byte(value))
+	}
+
+	// Test range iteration from "banana" to "fig" (exclusive)
+	t.Run("RangeIteration", func(t *testing.T) {
+		iter, _ := newSubtreeIterator(trie, []byte("banana"), []byte("fig"))
+		found := make(map[string]bool)
+		for iter.Next(true) {
+			if iter.Leaf() {
+				found[string(iter.LeafKey())] = true
+			}
+		}
+		// Should find "banana", "cherry", "date" but not "fig"
+		if !found["banana"] || !found["cherry"] || !found["date"] {
+			t.Errorf("Missing expected keys in range: got %v", found)
+		}
+		if found["apple"] || found["apricot"] || found["fig"] || found["grape"] {
+			t.Errorf("Found unexpected keys outside range: got %v", found)
+		}
+	})
+
+	// Test with nil stopKey (iterate to end)
+	t.Run("NilStopKey", func(t *testing.T) {
+		iter, _ := newSubtreeIterator(trie, []byte("date"), nil)
+		found := make(map[string]bool)
+		for iter.Next(true) {
+			if iter.Leaf() {
+				found[string(iter.LeafKey())] = true
+			}
+		}
+		// Should find "date", "fig", "grape"
+		if !found["date"] || !found["fig"] || !found["grape"] {
+			t.Errorf("Missing expected keys from 'date' to end: got %v", found)
+		}
+		if found["apple"] || found["banana"] || found["cherry"] {
+			t.Errorf("Found unexpected keys before 'date': got %v", found)
+		}
+	})
+
+	// Test with nil startKey (iterate from beginning)
+	t.Run("NilStartKey", func(t *testing.T) {
+		iter, _ := newSubtreeIterator(trie, nil, []byte("cherry"))
+		found := make(map[string]bool)
+		for iter.Next(true) {
+			if iter.Leaf() {
+				found[string(iter.LeafKey())] = true
+			}
+		}
+		// Should find "apple", "apricot", "banana" but not "cherry" or later
+		if !found["apple"] || !found["apricot"] || !found["banana"] {
+			t.Errorf("Missing expected keys before 'cherry': got %v", found)
+		}
+		if found["cherry"] || found["date"] || found["fig"] || found["grape"] {
+			t.Errorf("Found unexpected keys at or after 'cherry': got %v", found)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestPrefixIteratorWithDescend tests prefix iteration with descend=false
+func TestPrefixIteratorWithDescend(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a trie with nested structure
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
+	testData := map[string]string{
+		"a":     "value_a",
+		"a/b":   "value_ab",
+		"a/b/c": "value_abc",
+		"a/b/d": "value_abd",
+		"a/e":   "value_ae",
+		"b":     "value_b",
+	}
+	for key, value := range testData {
+		trie.Update([]byte(key), []byte(value))
+	}
+
+	// Test skipping subtrees with descend=false
+	t.Run("SkipSubtrees", func(t *testing.T) {
+		iter, err := trie.NodeIteratorWithPrefix([]byte("a"))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to create iterator: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// Count nodes at each level
+		nodesVisited := 0
+		leafsFound := make(map[string]bool)
+
+		// First call with descend=true to enter the "a" subtree
+		if !iter.Next(true) {
+			t.Fatal("Expected to find at least one node")
+		}
+		nodesVisited++
+
+		// Continue iteration, sometimes with descend=false
+		descendPattern := []bool{false, true, false, true, true}
+		for i := 0; iter.Next(descendPattern[i%len(descendPattern)]); i++ {
+			nodesVisited++
+			if iter.Leaf() {
+				leafsFound[string(iter.LeafKey())] = true
+			}
+		}
+
+		// We should still respect the prefix boundary even when skipping
+		prefix := []byte("a")
+		for key := range leafsFound {
+			if !bytes.HasPrefix([]byte(key), prefix) {
+				t.Errorf("Found key outside prefix when using descend=false: %s", key)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Should not have found "b" even if we skip some subtrees
+		if leafsFound["b"] {
+			t.Error("Iterator leaked outside prefix boundary with descend=false")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
 func BenchmarkIterator(b *testing.B) {
 	diskDb, srcDb, tr, _ := makeTestTrie(rawdb.HashScheme)
 	root := tr.Hash()
diff --git a/trie/trie.go b/trie/trie.go
index 630462f8ca..36cc732ee8 100644
--- a/trie/trie.go
+++ b/trie/trie.go
@@ -134,6 +134,34 @@ func (t *Trie) NodeIterator(start []byte) (NodeIterator, error) {
 	return newNodeIterator(t, start), nil
 }
 
+// NodeIteratorWithPrefix returns an iterator that returns nodes of the trie
+// whose leaf keys start with the given prefix. Iteration includes all keys
+// where prefix <= k < nextKey(prefix), effectively returning only keys that
+// have the prefix. The iteration stops once it would encounter a key that
+// doesn't start with the prefix.
+//
+// For example, with prefix "dog", the iterator will return "dog", "dogcat",
+// "dogfish" but not "dot" or "fog". An empty prefix iterates the entire trie.
+func (t *Trie) NodeIteratorWithPrefix(prefix []byte) (NodeIterator, error) {
+	// Short circuit if the trie is already committed and not usable.
+	if t.committed {
+		return nil, ErrCommitted
+	}
+	// Use the dedicated prefix iterator which handles prefix checking correctly
+	return newPrefixIterator(t, prefix)
+}
+
+// NodeIteratorWithRange returns an iterator over trie nodes whose leaf keys
+// fall within the specified range. It includes all keys where start <= k < end.
+// Iteration stops once a key beyond the end boundary is encountered.
+func (t *Trie) NodeIteratorWithRange(start, end []byte) (NodeIterator, error) {
+	// Short circuit if the trie is already committed and not usable.
+	if t.committed {
+		return nil, ErrCommitted
+	}
+	return newSubtreeIterator(t, start, end)
+}
+
 // MustGet is a wrapper of Get and will omit any encountered error but just
 // print out an error message.
 func (t *Trie) MustGet(key []byte) []byte {

From 64927513554d418e54734c96df6d588099992596 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Sep 2025 16:12:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 149/470] cmd/keeper: disable GC for zkvm execution (#32638)

ZKVMs are constrained environments that liberally allocate memory and
never release it. In this context, using the GC is only going to cause
issues down the road, and slow things down in any case.
---
 cmd/keeper/main.go | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/cmd/keeper/main.go b/cmd/keeper/main.go
index cfb06f0da0..9b459f6f36 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/main.go
+++ b/cmd/keeper/main.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package main
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
+	"runtime/debug"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/stateless"
@@ -35,6 +36,10 @@ type Payload struct {
 	Witness *stateless.Witness
 }
 
+func init() {
+	debug.SetGCPercent(-1) // Disable garbage collection
+}
+
 func main() {
 	input := getInput()
 	var payload Payload

From 339cae81d8992dfc6cf15c856b565f562fb46af4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lightclient <14004106+lightclient@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Sep 2025 06:28:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 150/470] core: fix fork readiness log (#32623)

When I implemented in #31340 I didn't expect multiple forks to be
configured at once, but this is exactly how BPOs are defined. This
updates the method to determine the next scheduled fork rather than the
last fork.
---
 core/blockchain.go    | 13 +++++--------
 params/forks/forks.go |  5 +++++
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index 3466923648..30f3da3004 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"math"
 	"math/big"
 	"runtime"
 	"slices"
@@ -2663,13 +2662,11 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) reportBlock(block *types.Block, res *ProcessResult, err er
 // logForkReadiness will write a log when a future fork is scheduled, but not
 // active. This is useful so operators know their client is ready for the fork.
 func (bc *BlockChain) logForkReadiness(block *types.Block) {
-	config := bc.Config()
-	current, last := config.LatestFork(block.Time()), config.LatestFork(math.MaxUint64)
+	current := bc.Config().LatestFork(block.Time())
 
-	// Short circuit if the timestamp of the last fork is undefined,
-	// or if the network has already passed the last configured fork.
-	t := config.Timestamp(last)
-	if t == nil || current >= last {
+	// Short circuit if the timestamp of the last fork is undefined.
+	t := bc.Config().Timestamp(current + 1)
+	if t == nil {
 		return
 	}
 	at := time.Unix(int64(*t), 0)
@@ -2679,7 +2676,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) logForkReadiness(block *types.Block) {
 	// - Enough time has passed since last alert
 	now := time.Now()
 	if now.Before(at) && now.After(bc.lastForkReadyAlert.Add(forkReadyInterval)) {
-		log.Info("Ready for fork activation", "fork", last, "date", at.Format(time.RFC822),
+		log.Info("Ready for fork activation", "fork", current+1, "date", at.Format(time.RFC822),
 			"remaining", time.Until(at).Round(time.Second), "timestamp", at.Unix())
 		bc.lastForkReadyAlert = time.Now()
 	}
diff --git a/params/forks/forks.go b/params/forks/forks.go
index aab0a54ab7..adb65c8624 100644
--- a/params/forks/forks.go
+++ b/params/forks/forks.go
@@ -77,4 +77,9 @@ var forkToString = map[Fork]string{
 	Cancun:           "Cancun",
 	Prague:           "Prague",
 	Osaka:            "Osaka",
+	BPO1:             "BPO1",
+	BPO2:             "BPO2",
+	BPO3:             "BPO3",
+	BPO4:             "BPO4",
+	BPO5:             "BPO5",
 }

From 8a171dce1fb0e2bcaadf44a2c12922ce1d6a881d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GarmashAlex <garmasholeksii@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Sep 2025 09:46:51 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 151/470] core/rawdb: report truncateErr in concurrent truncate
 failure (#32651)

---
 core/rawdb/freezer_test.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_test.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_test.go
index b8a3d4a6d2..fab3319a2a 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_test.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_test.go
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ func TestFreezerConcurrentModifyTruncate(t *testing.T) {
 		// fails, otherwise it succeeds. In either case, the freezer should be positioned
 		// at 10 after both operations are done.
 		if truncateErr != nil {
-			t.Fatal("concurrent truncate failed:", err)
+			t.Fatal("concurrent truncate failed:", truncateErr)
 		}
 		if !(errors.Is(modifyErr, nil) || errors.Is(modifyErr, errOutOrderInsertion)) {
 			t.Fatal("wrong error from concurrent modify:", modifyErr)

From ab95477a65387d8eb52ac985d30f594da65b5cfe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Sep 2025 22:58:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 152/470] build: update to execution-spec-tests v5.0.0 (#32592)

https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases/tag/v5.0.0

As of this release, execution-spec-tests also contains all state tests
that were previously in ethereum/tests. We can probably remove the tests
submodule now. However, this would mean we are missing the pre-cancun
tests. Still need to figure out how to resolve this.

---------

Co-authored-by: MariusVanDerWijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
---
 build/checksums.txt       |   6 +-
 build/ci.go               |   2 +-
 core/genesis.go           |   5 +
 params/config.go          |  24 ++++
 tests/block_test.go       |   5 +-
 tests/init.go             | 256 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/transaction_test.go |   2 +-
 7 files changed, 293 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/build/checksums.txt b/build/checksums.txt
index 6e65fa47fb..ca937d115c 100644
--- a/build/checksums.txt
+++ b/build/checksums.txt
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # This file contains sha256 checksums of optional build dependencies.
 
-# version:spec-tests fusaka-devnet-3%40v1.0.0
+# version:spec-tests v5.0.0
 # https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases
-# https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases/download/fusaka-devnet-3%40v1.0.0
-576261e1280e5300c458aa9b05eccb2fec5ff80a0005940dc52fa03fdd907249  fixtures_fusaka-devnet-3.tar.gz
+# https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases/download/v5.0.0
+a5ed96800ca1af0d86fe2ee894861c24eea079bfb83b924f565bb86ba70021d5  fixtures_develop.tar.gz
 
 # version:golang 1.25.1
 # https://go.dev/dl/
diff --git a/build/ci.go b/build/ci.go
index 6a9848876d..e145cc1cb5 100644
--- a/build/ci.go
+++ b/build/ci.go
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ func doTest(cmdline []string) {
 // downloadSpecTestFixtures downloads and extracts the execution-spec-tests fixtures.
 func downloadSpecTestFixtures(csdb *download.ChecksumDB, cachedir string) string {
 	ext := ".tar.gz"
-	base := "fixtures_fusaka-devnet-3"
+	base := "fixtures_develop"
 	archivePath := filepath.Join(cachedir, base+ext)
 	if err := csdb.DownloadFileFromKnownURL(archivePath); err != nil {
 		log.Fatal(err)
diff --git a/core/genesis.go b/core/genesis.go
index 2673334e9e..13d4addd7e 100644
--- a/core/genesis.go
+++ b/core/genesis.go
@@ -514,6 +514,11 @@ func (g *Genesis) toBlockWithRoot(root common.Hash) *types.Block {
 			if head.BlobGasUsed == nil {
 				head.BlobGasUsed = new(uint64)
 			}
+		} else {
+			if g.ExcessBlobGas != nil {
+				log.Warn("Invalid genesis, unexpected ExcessBlobGas set before Cancun, allowing it for testing purposes")
+				head.ExcessBlobGas = g.ExcessBlobGas
+			}
 		}
 		if conf.IsPrague(num, g.Timestamp) {
 			head.RequestsHash = &types.EmptyRequestsHash
diff --git a/params/config.go b/params/config.go
index b1297144c3..f8fc35454c 100644
--- a/params/config.go
+++ b/params/config.go
@@ -359,6 +359,30 @@ var (
 		Max:            9,
 		UpdateFraction: 5007716,
 	}
+	// DefaultBPO1BlobConfig is the default blob configuration for the Osaka fork.
+	DefaultBPO1BlobConfig = &BlobConfig{
+		Target:         9,
+		Max:            14,
+		UpdateFraction: 8832827,
+	}
+	// DefaultBPO1BlobConfig is the default blob configuration for the Osaka fork.
+	DefaultBPO2BlobConfig = &BlobConfig{
+		Target:         14,
+		Max:            21,
+		UpdateFraction: 13739630,
+	}
+	// DefaultBPO1BlobConfig is the default blob configuration for the Osaka fork.
+	DefaultBPO3BlobConfig = &BlobConfig{
+		Target:         21,
+		Max:            32,
+		UpdateFraction: 20609697,
+	}
+	// DefaultBPO1BlobConfig is the default blob configuration for the Osaka fork.
+	DefaultBPO4BlobConfig = &BlobConfig{
+		Target:         14,
+		Max:            21,
+		UpdateFraction: 13739630,
+	}
 	// DefaultBlobSchedule is the latest configured blob schedule for Ethereum mainnet.
 	DefaultBlobSchedule = &BlobScheduleConfig{
 		Cancun: DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
diff --git a/tests/block_test.go b/tests/block_test.go
index 91d9f2e653..c718b304b6 100644
--- a/tests/block_test.go
+++ b/tests/block_test.go
@@ -81,8 +81,9 @@ func TestExecutionSpecBlocktests(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	bt := new(testMatcher)
 
-	bt.skipLoad(".*prague/eip7251_consolidations/contract_deployment/system_contract_deployment.json")
-	bt.skipLoad(".*prague/eip7002_el_triggerable_withdrawals/contract_deployment/system_contract_deployment.json")
+	// These tests require us to handle scenarios where a system contract is not deployed at a fork
+	bt.skipLoad(".*prague/eip7251_consolidations/test_system_contract_deployment.json")
+	bt.skipLoad(".*prague/eip7002_el_triggerable_withdrawals/test_system_contract_deployment.json")
 
 	bt.walk(t, executionSpecBlockchainTestDir, func(t *testing.T, name string, test *BlockTest) {
 		execBlockTest(t, bt, test)
diff --git a/tests/init.go b/tests/init.go
index a8bc424fa2..71072ac275 100644
--- a/tests/init.go
+++ b/tests/init.go
@@ -464,6 +464,262 @@ var Forks = map[string]*params.ChainConfig{
 			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
 		},
 	},
+	"BPO1": {
+		ChainID:                 big.NewInt(1),
+		HomesteadBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP150Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP155Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP158Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ByzantiumBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		ConstantinopleBlock:     big.NewInt(0),
+		PetersburgBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+		IstanbulBlock:           big.NewInt(0),
+		MuirGlacierBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
+		BerlinBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		LondonBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ArrowGlacierBlock:       big.NewInt(0),
+		MergeNetsplitBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
+		TerminalTotalDifficulty: big.NewInt(0),
+		ShanghaiTime:            u64(0),
+		CancunTime:              u64(0),
+		PragueTime:              u64(0),
+		OsakaTime:               u64(0),
+		BPO1Time:                u64(0),
+		DepositContractAddress:  params.MainnetChainConfig.DepositContractAddress,
+		BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
+			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
+			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   params.DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
+		},
+	},
+	"OsakaToBPO1AtTime15k": {
+		ChainID:                 big.NewInt(1),
+		HomesteadBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP150Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP155Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP158Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ByzantiumBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		ConstantinopleBlock:     big.NewInt(0),
+		PetersburgBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+		IstanbulBlock:           big.NewInt(0),
+		MuirGlacierBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
+		BerlinBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		LondonBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ArrowGlacierBlock:       big.NewInt(0),
+		MergeNetsplitBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
+		TerminalTotalDifficulty: big.NewInt(0),
+		ShanghaiTime:            u64(0),
+		CancunTime:              u64(0),
+		PragueTime:              u64(0),
+		OsakaTime:               u64(0),
+		BPO1Time:                u64(15_000),
+		DepositContractAddress:  params.MainnetChainConfig.DepositContractAddress,
+		BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
+			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
+			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   params.DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
+		},
+	},
+	"BPO2": {
+		ChainID:                 big.NewInt(1),
+		HomesteadBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP150Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP155Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP158Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ByzantiumBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		ConstantinopleBlock:     big.NewInt(0),
+		PetersburgBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+		IstanbulBlock:           big.NewInt(0),
+		MuirGlacierBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
+		BerlinBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		LondonBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ArrowGlacierBlock:       big.NewInt(0),
+		MergeNetsplitBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
+		TerminalTotalDifficulty: big.NewInt(0),
+		ShanghaiTime:            u64(0),
+		CancunTime:              u64(0),
+		PragueTime:              u64(0),
+		OsakaTime:               u64(0),
+		BPO1Time:                u64(0),
+		BPO2Time:                u64(0),
+		DepositContractAddress:  params.MainnetChainConfig.DepositContractAddress,
+		BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
+			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
+			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   params.DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
+			BPO2:   params.DefaultBPO2BlobConfig,
+		},
+	},
+	"BPO1ToBPO2AtTime15k": {
+		ChainID:                 big.NewInt(1),
+		HomesteadBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP150Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP155Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP158Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ByzantiumBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		ConstantinopleBlock:     big.NewInt(0),
+		PetersburgBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+		IstanbulBlock:           big.NewInt(0),
+		MuirGlacierBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
+		BerlinBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		LondonBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ArrowGlacierBlock:       big.NewInt(0),
+		MergeNetsplitBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
+		TerminalTotalDifficulty: big.NewInt(0),
+		ShanghaiTime:            u64(0),
+		CancunTime:              u64(0),
+		PragueTime:              u64(0),
+		OsakaTime:               u64(0),
+		BPO1Time:                u64(0),
+		BPO2Time:                u64(15_000),
+		DepositContractAddress:  params.MainnetChainConfig.DepositContractAddress,
+		BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
+			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
+			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   params.DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
+			BPO2:   params.DefaultBPO2BlobConfig,
+		},
+	},
+	"BPO3": {
+		ChainID:                 big.NewInt(1),
+		HomesteadBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP150Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP155Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP158Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ByzantiumBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		ConstantinopleBlock:     big.NewInt(0),
+		PetersburgBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+		IstanbulBlock:           big.NewInt(0),
+		MuirGlacierBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
+		BerlinBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		LondonBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ArrowGlacierBlock:       big.NewInt(0),
+		MergeNetsplitBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
+		TerminalTotalDifficulty: big.NewInt(0),
+		ShanghaiTime:            u64(0),
+		CancunTime:              u64(0),
+		PragueTime:              u64(0),
+		OsakaTime:               u64(0),
+		BPO1Time:                u64(0),
+		BPO2Time:                u64(0),
+		BPO3Time:                u64(0),
+		DepositContractAddress:  params.MainnetChainConfig.DepositContractAddress,
+		BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
+			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
+			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   params.DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
+			BPO2:   params.DefaultBPO2BlobConfig,
+			BPO3:   params.DefaultBPO3BlobConfig,
+		},
+	},
+	"BPO2ToBPO3AtTime15k": {
+		ChainID:                 big.NewInt(1),
+		HomesteadBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP150Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP155Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP158Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ByzantiumBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		ConstantinopleBlock:     big.NewInt(0),
+		PetersburgBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+		IstanbulBlock:           big.NewInt(0),
+		MuirGlacierBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
+		BerlinBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		LondonBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ArrowGlacierBlock:       big.NewInt(0),
+		MergeNetsplitBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
+		TerminalTotalDifficulty: big.NewInt(0),
+		ShanghaiTime:            u64(0),
+		CancunTime:              u64(0),
+		PragueTime:              u64(0),
+		OsakaTime:               u64(0),
+		BPO1Time:                u64(0),
+		BPO2Time:                u64(0),
+		BPO3Time:                u64(15_000),
+		DepositContractAddress:  params.MainnetChainConfig.DepositContractAddress,
+		BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
+			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
+			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   params.DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
+			BPO2:   params.DefaultBPO2BlobConfig,
+			BPO3:   params.DefaultBPO3BlobConfig,
+		},
+	},
+	"BPO4": {
+		ChainID:                 big.NewInt(1),
+		HomesteadBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP150Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP155Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP158Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ByzantiumBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		ConstantinopleBlock:     big.NewInt(0),
+		PetersburgBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+		IstanbulBlock:           big.NewInt(0),
+		MuirGlacierBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
+		BerlinBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		LondonBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ArrowGlacierBlock:       big.NewInt(0),
+		MergeNetsplitBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
+		TerminalTotalDifficulty: big.NewInt(0),
+		ShanghaiTime:            u64(0),
+		CancunTime:              u64(0),
+		PragueTime:              u64(0),
+		OsakaTime:               u64(0),
+		BPO1Time:                u64(0),
+		BPO2Time:                u64(0),
+		BPO3Time:                u64(0),
+		BPO4Time:                u64(0),
+		DepositContractAddress:  params.MainnetChainConfig.DepositContractAddress,
+		BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
+			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
+			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   params.DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
+			BPO2:   params.DefaultBPO2BlobConfig,
+			BPO3:   params.DefaultBPO3BlobConfig,
+			BPO4:   params.DefaultBPO4BlobConfig,
+		},
+	},
+	"BPO3ToBPO4AtTime15k": {
+		ChainID:                 big.NewInt(1),
+		HomesteadBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP150Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP155Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP158Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ByzantiumBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		ConstantinopleBlock:     big.NewInt(0),
+		PetersburgBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+		IstanbulBlock:           big.NewInt(0),
+		MuirGlacierBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
+		BerlinBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		LondonBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ArrowGlacierBlock:       big.NewInt(0),
+		MergeNetsplitBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
+		TerminalTotalDifficulty: big.NewInt(0),
+		ShanghaiTime:            u64(0),
+		CancunTime:              u64(0),
+		PragueTime:              u64(0),
+		OsakaTime:               u64(0),
+		BPO1Time:                u64(0),
+		BPO2Time:                u64(0),
+		BPO3Time:                u64(0),
+		BPO4Time:                u64(15_000),
+		DepositContractAddress:  params.MainnetChainConfig.DepositContractAddress,
+		BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
+			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
+			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   params.DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
+			BPO2:   params.DefaultBPO2BlobConfig,
+			BPO3:   params.DefaultBPO3BlobConfig,
+			BPO4:   params.DefaultBPO4BlobConfig,
+		},
+	},
 }
 
 // AvailableForks returns the set of defined fork names
diff --git a/tests/transaction_test.go b/tests/transaction_test.go
index 6260df0f3f..73ee3aa16a 100644
--- a/tests/transaction_test.go
+++ b/tests/transaction_test.go
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func TestExecutionSpecTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 	st := new(testMatcher)
 
 	// Emptiness of authorization list is only validated during the tx precheck
-	st.skipLoad("^prague/eip7702_set_code_tx/invalid_tx/empty_authorization_list.json")
+	st.skipLoad("^prague/eip7702_set_code_tx/test_empty_authorization_list.json")
 
 	st.walk(t, executionSpecTransactionTestDir, func(t *testing.T, name string, test *TransactionTest) {
 		if err := st.checkFailure(t, test.Run()); err != nil {

From 2a82964727530414f91b850ab956a9fa5bbefcba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Sep 2025 06:16:01 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 153/470] eth/catalyst, beacon/engine: enable BPO and Osaka on
 stateless APIs (#32636)

Addresses https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/32630

This pull request enables the stateless engine APIs for Osaka and the
following BPOs. Apart from that, a few more descriptions have been added
in the engine APIs, making it easier to follow the spec change.
---
 beacon/engine/gen_epe.go |  4 ++--
 beacon/engine/types.go   | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 eth/catalyst/api.go      | 21 ++++++++++++++++----
 eth/catalyst/witness.go  | 12 ++++++------
 4 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/beacon/engine/gen_epe.go b/beacon/engine/gen_epe.go
index deada06166..cf7bd9ee3f 100644
--- a/beacon/engine/gen_epe.go
+++ b/beacon/engine/gen_epe.go
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ func (e ExecutionPayloadEnvelope) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	type ExecutionPayloadEnvelope struct {
 		ExecutionPayload *ExecutableData `json:"executionPayload"  gencodec:"required"`
 		BlockValue       *hexutil.Big    `json:"blockValue"  gencodec:"required"`
-		BlobsBundle      *BlobsBundleV1  `json:"blobsBundle"`
+		BlobsBundle      *BlobsBundle    `json:"blobsBundle"`
 		Requests         []hexutil.Bytes `json:"executionRequests"`
 		Override         bool            `json:"shouldOverrideBuilder"`
 		Witness          *hexutil.Bytes  `json:"witness,omitempty"`
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func (e *ExecutionPayloadEnvelope) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 	type ExecutionPayloadEnvelope struct {
 		ExecutionPayload *ExecutableData `json:"executionPayload"  gencodec:"required"`
 		BlockValue       *hexutil.Big    `json:"blockValue"  gencodec:"required"`
-		BlobsBundle      *BlobsBundleV1  `json:"blobsBundle"`
+		BlobsBundle      *BlobsBundle    `json:"blobsBundle"`
 		Requests         []hexutil.Bytes `json:"executionRequests"`
 		Override         *bool           `json:"shouldOverrideBuilder"`
 		Witness          *hexutil.Bytes  `json:"witness,omitempty"`
diff --git a/beacon/engine/types.go b/beacon/engine/types.go
index 76bfd22a23..ddb276ab09 100644
--- a/beacon/engine/types.go
+++ b/beacon/engine/types.go
@@ -33,8 +33,22 @@ import (
 type PayloadVersion byte
 
 var (
+	// PayloadV1 is the identifier of ExecutionPayloadV1 introduced in paris fork.
+	// https://github.com/ethereum/execution-apis/blob/main/src/engine/paris.md#executionpayloadv1
 	PayloadV1 PayloadVersion = 0x1
+
+	// PayloadV2 is the identifier of ExecutionPayloadV2 introduced in shanghai fork.
+	//
+	// https://github.com/ethereum/execution-apis/blob/main/src/engine/shanghai.md#executionpayloadv2
+	// ExecutionPayloadV2 has the syntax of ExecutionPayloadV1 and appends a
+	// single field: withdrawals.
 	PayloadV2 PayloadVersion = 0x2
+
+	// PayloadV3 is the identifier of ExecutionPayloadV3 introduced in cancun fork.
+	//
+	// https://github.com/ethereum/execution-apis/blob/main/src/engine/cancun.md#executionpayloadv3
+	// ExecutionPayloadV3 has the syntax of ExecutionPayloadV2 and appends the new
+	// fields: blobGasUsed and excessBlobGas.
 	PayloadV3 PayloadVersion = 0x3
 )
 
@@ -106,13 +120,18 @@ type StatelessPayloadStatusV1 struct {
 type ExecutionPayloadEnvelope struct {
 	ExecutionPayload *ExecutableData `json:"executionPayload"  gencodec:"required"`
 	BlockValue       *big.Int        `json:"blockValue"  gencodec:"required"`
-	BlobsBundle      *BlobsBundleV1  `json:"blobsBundle"`
+	BlobsBundle      *BlobsBundle    `json:"blobsBundle"`
 	Requests         [][]byte        `json:"executionRequests"`
 	Override         bool            `json:"shouldOverrideBuilder"`
 	Witness          *hexutil.Bytes  `json:"witness,omitempty"`
 }
 
-type BlobsBundleV1 struct {
+// BlobsBundle includes the marshalled sidecar data. Note this structure is
+// shared by BlobsBundleV1 and BlobsBundleV2 for the sake of simplicity.
+//
+// - BlobsBundleV1: proofs contain exactly len(blobs) kzg proofs.
+// - BlobsBundleV2: proofs contain exactly CELLS_PER_EXT_BLOB * len(blobs) cell proofs.
+type BlobsBundle struct {
 	Commitments []hexutil.Bytes `json:"commitments"`
 	Proofs      []hexutil.Bytes `json:"proofs"`
 	Blobs       []hexutil.Bytes `json:"blobs"`
@@ -125,7 +144,7 @@ type BlobAndProofV1 struct {
 
 type BlobAndProofV2 struct {
 	Blob       hexutil.Bytes   `json:"blob"`
-	CellProofs []hexutil.Bytes `json:"proofs"`
+	CellProofs []hexutil.Bytes `json:"proofs"` // proofs MUST contain exactly CELLS_PER_EXT_BLOB cell proofs.
 }
 
 // JSON type overrides for ExecutionPayloadEnvelope.
@@ -327,18 +346,27 @@ func BlockToExecutableData(block *types.Block, fees *big.Int, sidecars []*types.
 	}
 
 	// Add blobs.
-	bundle := BlobsBundleV1{
+	bundle := BlobsBundle{
 		Commitments: make([]hexutil.Bytes, 0),
 		Blobs:       make([]hexutil.Bytes, 0),
 		Proofs:      make([]hexutil.Bytes, 0),
 	}
 	for _, sidecar := range sidecars {
 		for j := range sidecar.Blobs {
-			bundle.Blobs = append(bundle.Blobs, hexutil.Bytes(sidecar.Blobs[j][:]))
-			bundle.Commitments = append(bundle.Commitments, hexutil.Bytes(sidecar.Commitments[j][:]))
+			bundle.Blobs = append(bundle.Blobs, sidecar.Blobs[j][:])
+			bundle.Commitments = append(bundle.Commitments, sidecar.Commitments[j][:])
 		}
+		// - Before the Osaka fork, only version-0 blob transactions should be packed,
+		//   with the proof length equal to len(blobs).
+		//
+		// - After the Osaka fork, only version-1 blob transactions should be packed,
+		//   with the proof length equal to CELLS_PER_EXT_BLOB * len(blobs).
+		//
+		// Ideally, length validation should be performed based on the bundle version.
+		// In practice, this is unnecessary because blob transaction filtering is
+		// already done during payload construction.
 		for _, proof := range sidecar.Proofs {
-			bundle.Proofs = append(bundle.Proofs, hexutil.Bytes(proof[:]))
+			bundle.Proofs = append(bundle.Proofs, proof[:])
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index b222470228..17299d9296 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -418,13 +418,21 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetPayloadV1(payloadID engine.PayloadID) (*engine.Execu
 
 // GetPayloadV2 returns a cached payload by id.
 func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetPayloadV2(payloadID engine.PayloadID) (*engine.ExecutionPayloadEnvelope, error) {
+	// executionPayload: ExecutionPayloadV1 | ExecutionPayloadV2 where:
+	//
+	// - ExecutionPayloadV1 MUST be returned if the payload timestamp is lower
+	//   than the Shanghai timestamp
+	//
+	// - ExecutionPayloadV2 MUST be returned if the payload timestamp is greater
+	//   or equal to the Shanghai timestamp
 	if !payloadID.Is(engine.PayloadV1, engine.PayloadV2) {
 		return nil, engine.UnsupportedFork
 	}
 	return api.getPayload(payloadID, false)
 }
 
-// GetPayloadV3 returns a cached payload by id.
+// GetPayloadV3 returns a cached payload by id. This endpoint should only
+// be used for the Cancun fork.
 func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetPayloadV3(payloadID engine.PayloadID) (*engine.ExecutionPayloadEnvelope, error) {
 	if !payloadID.Is(engine.PayloadV3) {
 		return nil, engine.UnsupportedFork
@@ -432,7 +440,8 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetPayloadV3(payloadID engine.PayloadID) (*engine.Execu
 	return api.getPayload(payloadID, false)
 }
 
-// GetPayloadV4 returns a cached payload by id.
+// GetPayloadV4 returns a cached payload by id. This endpoint should only
+// be used for the Prague fork.
 func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetPayloadV4(payloadID engine.PayloadID) (*engine.ExecutionPayloadEnvelope, error) {
 	if !payloadID.Is(engine.PayloadV3) {
 		return nil, engine.UnsupportedFork
@@ -440,7 +449,11 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetPayloadV4(payloadID engine.PayloadID) (*engine.Execu
 	return api.getPayload(payloadID, false)
 }
 
-// GetPayloadV5 returns a cached payload by id.
+// GetPayloadV5 returns a cached payload by id. This endpoint should only
+// be used after the Osaka fork.
+//
+// This method follows the same specification as engine_getPayloadV4 with
+// changes of returning BlobsBundleV2 with BlobSidecar version 1.
 func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetPayloadV5(payloadID engine.PayloadID) (*engine.ExecutionPayloadEnvelope, error) {
 	if !payloadID.Is(engine.PayloadV3) {
 		return nil, engine.UnsupportedFork
@@ -637,7 +650,7 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) NewPayloadV4(params engine.ExecutableData, versionedHas
 	case executionRequests == nil:
 		return invalidStatus, paramsErr("nil executionRequests post-prague")
 	case !api.checkFork(params.Timestamp, forks.Prague, forks.Osaka, forks.BPO1, forks.BPO2, forks.BPO3, forks.BPO4, forks.BPO5):
-		return invalidStatus, unsupportedForkErr("newPayloadV4 must only be called for Prague payloads")
+		return invalidStatus, unsupportedForkErr("newPayloadV4 must only be called for prague/osaka payloads")
 	}
 	requests := convertRequests(executionRequests)
 	if err := validateRequests(requests); err != nil {
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/witness.go b/eth/catalyst/witness.go
index 703f1b0881..0df612a695 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/witness.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/witness.go
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) ForkchoiceUpdatedWithWitnessV3(update engine.Forkchoice
 			return engine.STATUS_INVALID, attributesErr("missing withdrawals")
 		case params.BeaconRoot == nil:
 			return engine.STATUS_INVALID, attributesErr("missing beacon root")
-		case !api.checkFork(params.Timestamp, forks.Cancun, forks.Prague):
-			return engine.STATUS_INVALID, unsupportedForkErr("fcuV3 must only be called for cancun or prague payloads")
+		case !api.checkFork(params.Timestamp, forks.Cancun, forks.Prague, forks.Osaka, forks.BPO1, forks.BPO2, forks.BPO3, forks.BPO4, forks.BPO5):
+			return engine.STATUS_INVALID, unsupportedForkErr("fcuV3 must only be called for cancun/prague/osaka payloads")
 		}
 	}
 	// TODO(matt): the spec requires that fcu is applied when called on a valid
@@ -151,8 +151,8 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) NewPayloadWithWitnessV4(params engine.ExecutableData, v
 		return invalidStatus, paramsErr("nil beaconRoot post-cancun")
 	case executionRequests == nil:
 		return invalidStatus, paramsErr("nil executionRequests post-prague")
-	case !api.checkFork(params.Timestamp, forks.Prague):
-		return invalidStatus, unsupportedForkErr("newPayloadV4 must only be called for prague payloads")
+	case !api.checkFork(params.Timestamp, forks.Prague, forks.Osaka, forks.BPO1, forks.BPO2, forks.BPO3, forks.BPO4, forks.BPO5):
+		return invalidStatus, unsupportedForkErr("newPayloadV4 must only be called for prague/osaka payloads")
 	}
 	requests := convertRequests(executionRequests)
 	if err := validateRequests(requests); err != nil {
@@ -228,8 +228,8 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) ExecuteStatelessPayloadV4(params engine.ExecutableData,
 		return engine.StatelessPayloadStatusV1{Status: engine.INVALID}, paramsErr("nil beaconRoot post-cancun")
 	case executionRequests == nil:
 		return engine.StatelessPayloadStatusV1{Status: engine.INVALID}, paramsErr("nil executionRequests post-prague")
-	case !api.checkFork(params.Timestamp, forks.Prague, forks.Osaka):
-		return engine.StatelessPayloadStatusV1{Status: engine.INVALID}, unsupportedForkErr("newPayloadV4 must only be called for prague payloads")
+	case !api.checkFork(params.Timestamp, forks.Prague, forks.Osaka, forks.BPO1, forks.BPO2, forks.BPO3, forks.BPO4, forks.BPO5):
+		return engine.StatelessPayloadStatusV1{Status: engine.INVALID}, unsupportedForkErr("newPayloadV4 must only be called for prague/osaka payloads")
 	}
 	requests := convertRequests(executionRequests)
 	if err := validateRequests(requests); err != nil {

From dce511c1e59f0af47482399d40e4c1211573c4cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Long Vu <hlongvu@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Sep 2025 05:53:40 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 154/470] eth/filters, cmd: add config of eth_getLogs address
 limit (#32327)

Add cli configurable limit for the number of addresses allowed in
eth_getLogs filter criteria:
https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/32264

 Key changes:
- Added --rpc.getlogmaxaddrs CLI flag (default: 1000) to configure the
maximum number of addresses
- Updated ethconfig.Config with FilterMaxAddresses field for
configuration management
- Modified filter system to use the configurable limit instead of the
hardcoded maxAddresses constant
- Enhanced test coverage with new test cases for address limit
validation
- Removed hardcoded validation from JSON unmarshaling, moving it to
runtime validation

Please notice that I remove the check at FilterCriteria UnmarshalJSON
because the runtime config can not pass into this validation.

Please help review this change!

---------

Co-authored-by: zsfelfoldi <zsfelfoldi@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 cmd/geth/main.go                  |  1 +
 cmd/utils/flags.go                | 12 +++-
 eth/ethconfig/config.go           |  5 ++
 eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go       |  6 ++
 eth/filters/api.go                | 38 ++++++------
 eth/filters/api_test.go           | 12 ----
 eth/filters/filter_system.go      | 16 +++--
 eth/filters/filter_system_test.go | 97 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 8 files changed, 148 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index b661228681..f380c9f2d4 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -182,6 +182,7 @@ var (
 		utils.RPCGlobalGasCapFlag,
 		utils.RPCGlobalEVMTimeoutFlag,
 		utils.RPCGlobalTxFeeCapFlag,
+		utils.RPCGlobalLogQueryLimit,
 		utils.AllowUnprotectedTxs,
 		utils.BatchRequestLimit,
 		utils.BatchResponseMaxSize,
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 83d1c8bda5..325f8250f8 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -600,6 +600,12 @@ var (
 		Value:    ethconfig.Defaults.RPCTxFeeCap,
 		Category: flags.APICategory,
 	}
+	RPCGlobalLogQueryLimit = &cli.IntFlag{
+		Name:     "rpc.logquerylimit",
+		Usage:    "Maximum number of alternative addresses or topics allowed per search position in eth_getLogs filter criteria (0 = no cap)",
+		Value:    ethconfig.Defaults.LogQueryLimit,
+		Category: flags.APICategory,
+	}
 	// Authenticated RPC HTTP settings
 	AuthListenFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
 		Name:     "authrpc.addr",
@@ -1699,6 +1705,9 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	if ctx.IsSet(CacheLogSizeFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.FilterLogCacheSize = ctx.Int(CacheLogSizeFlag.Name)
 	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(RPCGlobalLogQueryLimit.Name) {
+		cfg.LogQueryLimit = ctx.Int(RPCGlobalLogQueryLimit.Name)
+	}
 	if !ctx.Bool(SnapshotFlag.Name) || cfg.SnapshotCache == 0 {
 		// If snap-sync is requested, this flag is also required
 		if cfg.SyncMode == ethconfig.SnapSync {
@@ -2017,7 +2026,8 @@ func RegisterGraphQLService(stack *node.Node, backend ethapi.Backend, filterSyst
 // RegisterFilterAPI adds the eth log filtering RPC API to the node.
 func RegisterFilterAPI(stack *node.Node, backend ethapi.Backend, ethcfg *ethconfig.Config) *filters.FilterSystem {
 	filterSystem := filters.NewFilterSystem(backend, filters.Config{
-		LogCacheSize: ethcfg.FilterLogCacheSize,
+		LogCacheSize:  ethcfg.FilterLogCacheSize,
+		LogQueryLimit: ethcfg.LogQueryLimit,
 	})
 	stack.RegisterAPIs([]rpc.API{{
 		Namespace: "eth",
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/config.go b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
index ba0a7762c7..4fe24c0fe0 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ var Defaults = Config{
 	TrieTimeout:        60 * time.Minute,
 	SnapshotCache:      102,
 	FilterLogCacheSize: 32,
+	LogQueryLimit:      1000,
 	Miner:              miner.DefaultConfig,
 	TxPool:             legacypool.DefaultConfig,
 	BlobPool:           blobpool.DefaultConfig,
@@ -131,6 +132,10 @@ type Config struct {
 	// This is the number of blocks for which logs will be cached in the filter system.
 	FilterLogCacheSize int
 
+	// This is the maximum number of addresses or topics allowed in filter criteria
+	// for eth_getLogs.
+	LogQueryLimit int
+
 	// Mining options
 	Miner miner.Config
 
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
index b54ba14d68..50eb5c4161 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 		SnapshotCache           int
 		Preimages               bool
 		FilterLogCacheSize      int
+		LogQueryLimit           int
 		Miner                   miner.Config
 		TxPool                  legacypool.Config
 		BlobPool                blobpool.Config
@@ -88,6 +89,7 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 	enc.SnapshotCache = c.SnapshotCache
 	enc.Preimages = c.Preimages
 	enc.FilterLogCacheSize = c.FilterLogCacheSize
+	enc.LogQueryLimit = c.LogQueryLimit
 	enc.Miner = c.Miner
 	enc.TxPool = c.TxPool
 	enc.BlobPool = c.BlobPool
@@ -136,6 +138,7 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 		SnapshotCache           *int
 		Preimages               *bool
 		FilterLogCacheSize      *int
+		LogQueryLimit           *int
 		Miner                   *miner.Config
 		TxPool                  *legacypool.Config
 		BlobPool                *blobpool.Config
@@ -237,6 +240,9 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 	if dec.FilterLogCacheSize != nil {
 		c.FilterLogCacheSize = *dec.FilterLogCacheSize
 	}
+	if dec.LogQueryLimit != nil {
+		c.LogQueryLimit = *dec.LogQueryLimit
+	}
 	if dec.Miner != nil {
 		c.Miner = *dec.Miner
 	}
diff --git a/eth/filters/api.go b/eth/filters/api.go
index c929810a12..d678c40389 100644
--- a/eth/filters/api.go
+++ b/eth/filters/api.go
@@ -42,12 +42,10 @@ var (
 	errBlockHashWithRange     = errors.New("can't specify fromBlock/toBlock with blockHash")
 	errPendingLogsUnsupported = errors.New("pending logs are not supported")
 	errExceedMaxTopics        = errors.New("exceed max topics")
-	errExceedMaxAddresses     = errors.New("exceed max addresses")
+	errExceedLogQueryLimit    = errors.New("exceed max addresses or topics per search position")
 )
 
 const (
-	// The maximum number of addresses allowed in a filter criteria
-	maxAddresses = 1000
 	// The maximum number of topic criteria allowed, vm.LOG4 - vm.LOG0
 	maxTopics = 4
 	// The maximum number of allowed topics within a topic criteria
@@ -70,20 +68,22 @@ type filter struct {
 // FilterAPI offers support to create and manage filters. This will allow external clients to retrieve various
 // information related to the Ethereum protocol such as blocks, transactions and logs.
 type FilterAPI struct {
-	sys       *FilterSystem
-	events    *EventSystem
-	filtersMu sync.Mutex
-	filters   map[rpc.ID]*filter
-	timeout   time.Duration
+	sys           *FilterSystem
+	events        *EventSystem
+	filtersMu     sync.Mutex
+	filters       map[rpc.ID]*filter
+	timeout       time.Duration
+	logQueryLimit int
 }
 
 // NewFilterAPI returns a new FilterAPI instance.
 func NewFilterAPI(system *FilterSystem) *FilterAPI {
 	api := &FilterAPI{
-		sys:     system,
-		events:  NewEventSystem(system),
-		filters: make(map[rpc.ID]*filter),
-		timeout: system.cfg.Timeout,
+		sys:           system,
+		events:        NewEventSystem(system),
+		filters:       make(map[rpc.ID]*filter),
+		timeout:       system.cfg.Timeout,
+		logQueryLimit: system.cfg.LogQueryLimit,
 	}
 	go api.timeoutLoop(system.cfg.Timeout)
 
@@ -347,8 +347,15 @@ func (api *FilterAPI) GetLogs(ctx context.Context, crit FilterCriteria) ([]*type
 	if len(crit.Topics) > maxTopics {
 		return nil, errExceedMaxTopics
 	}
-	if len(crit.Addresses) > maxAddresses {
-		return nil, errExceedMaxAddresses
+	if api.logQueryLimit != 0 {
+		if len(crit.Addresses) > api.logQueryLimit {
+			return nil, errExceedLogQueryLimit
+		}
+		for _, topics := range crit.Topics {
+			if len(topics) > api.logQueryLimit {
+				return nil, errExceedLogQueryLimit
+			}
+		}
 	}
 
 	var filter *Filter
@@ -545,9 +552,6 @@ func (args *FilterCriteria) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
 		// raw.Address can contain a single address or an array of addresses
 		switch rawAddr := raw.Addresses.(type) {
 		case []interface{}:
-			if len(rawAddr) > maxAddresses {
-				return errExceedMaxAddresses
-			}
 			for i, addr := range rawAddr {
 				if strAddr, ok := addr.(string); ok {
 					addr, err := decodeAddress(strAddr)
diff --git a/eth/filters/api_test.go b/eth/filters/api_test.go
index 2eb3ee97b3..822bc826f6 100644
--- a/eth/filters/api_test.go
+++ b/eth/filters/api_test.go
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ package filters
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -183,15 +182,4 @@ func TestUnmarshalJSONNewFilterArgs(t *testing.T) {
 	if len(test7.Topics[2]) != 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("expected 0 topics, got %d topics", len(test7.Topics[2]))
 	}
-
-	// multiple address exceeding max
-	var test8 FilterCriteria
-	addresses := make([]string, maxAddresses+1)
-	for i := 0; i < maxAddresses+1; i++ {
-		addresses[i] = fmt.Sprintf(`"%s"`, common.HexToAddress(fmt.Sprintf("0x%x", i)).Hex())
-	}
-	vector = fmt.Sprintf(`{"address": [%s]}`, strings.Join(addresses, ", "))
-	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(vector), &test8); err != errExceedMaxAddresses {
-		t.Fatal("expected errExceedMaxAddresses, got", err)
-	}
 }
diff --git a/eth/filters/filter_system.go b/eth/filters/filter_system.go
index 751cd417e8..ecf1c870c1 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter_system.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter_system.go
@@ -41,8 +41,9 @@ import (
 
 // Config represents the configuration of the filter system.
 type Config struct {
-	LogCacheSize int           // maximum number of cached blocks (default: 32)
-	Timeout      time.Duration // how long filters stay active (default: 5min)
+	LogCacheSize  int           // maximum number of cached blocks (default: 32)
+	Timeout       time.Duration // how long filters stay active (default: 5min)
+	LogQueryLimit int           // maximum number of addresses allowed in filter criteria (default: 1000)
 }
 
 func (cfg Config) withDefaults() Config {
@@ -291,8 +292,15 @@ func (es *EventSystem) SubscribeLogs(crit ethereum.FilterQuery, logs chan []*typ
 	if len(crit.Topics) > maxTopics {
 		return nil, errExceedMaxTopics
 	}
-	if len(crit.Addresses) > maxAddresses {
-		return nil, errExceedMaxAddresses
+	if es.sys.cfg.LogQueryLimit != 0 {
+		if len(crit.Addresses) > es.sys.cfg.LogQueryLimit {
+			return nil, errExceedLogQueryLimit
+		}
+		for _, topics := range crit.Topics {
+			if len(topics) > es.sys.cfg.LogQueryLimit {
+				return nil, errExceedLogQueryLimit
+			}
+		}
 	}
 	var from, to rpc.BlockNumber
 	if crit.FromBlock == nil {
diff --git a/eth/filters/filter_system_test.go b/eth/filters/filter_system_test.go
index 013c1ae527..0048e74995 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter_system_test.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter_system_test.go
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/ethapi"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 type testBackend struct {
@@ -424,7 +425,7 @@ func TestInvalidLogFilterCreation(t *testing.T) {
 
 	var (
 		db     = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		_, sys = newTestFilterSystem(db, Config{})
+		_, sys = newTestFilterSystem(db, Config{LogQueryLimit: 1000})
 		api    = NewFilterAPI(sys)
 	)
 
@@ -435,7 +436,7 @@ func TestInvalidLogFilterCreation(t *testing.T) {
 		1: {FromBlock: big.NewInt(rpc.PendingBlockNumber.Int64()), ToBlock: big.NewInt(100)},
 		2: {FromBlock: big.NewInt(rpc.LatestBlockNumber.Int64()), ToBlock: big.NewInt(100)},
 		3: {Topics: [][]common.Hash{{}, {}, {}, {}, {}}},
-		4: {Addresses: make([]common.Address, maxAddresses+1)},
+		4: {Addresses: make([]common.Address, api.logQueryLimit+1)},
 	}
 
 	for i, test := range testCases {
@@ -455,7 +456,7 @@ func TestInvalidGetLogsRequest(t *testing.T) {
 			BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
 		}
 		db, blocks, _    = core.GenerateChainWithGenesis(genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), 10, func(i int, gen *core.BlockGen) {})
-		_, sys           = newTestFilterSystem(db, Config{})
+		_, sys           = newTestFilterSystem(db, Config{LogQueryLimit: 10})
 		api              = NewFilterAPI(sys)
 		blockHash        = blocks[0].Hash()
 		unknownBlockHash = common.HexToHash("0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
@@ -500,8 +501,8 @@ func TestInvalidGetLogsRequest(t *testing.T) {
 			err: errExceedMaxTopics,
 		},
 		{
-			f:   FilterCriteria{BlockHash: &blockHash, Addresses: make([]common.Address, maxAddresses+1)},
-			err: errExceedMaxAddresses,
+			f:   FilterCriteria{BlockHash: &blockHash, Addresses: make([]common.Address, api.logQueryLimit+1)},
+			err: errExceedLogQueryLimit,
 		},
 	}
 
@@ -528,6 +529,92 @@ func TestInvalidGetRangeLogsRequest(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestExceedLogQueryLimit tests getLogs with too many addresses or topics
+func TestExceedLogQueryLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	// Test with custom config (LogQueryLimit = 5 for easier testing)
+	var (
+		db           = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+		backend, sys = newTestFilterSystem(db, Config{LogQueryLimit: 5})
+		api          = NewFilterAPI(sys)
+		gspec        = &core.Genesis{
+			Config:  params.TestChainConfig,
+			Alloc:   types.GenesisAlloc{},
+			BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
+		}
+	)
+
+	_, err := gspec.Commit(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	chain, _ := core.GenerateChain(gspec.Config, gspec.ToBlock(), ethash.NewFaker(), db, 1000, func(i int, gen *core.BlockGen) {})
+
+	options := core.DefaultConfig().WithStateScheme(rawdb.HashScheme)
+	options.TxLookupLimit = 0 // index all txs
+	bc, err := core.NewBlockChain(db, gspec, ethash.NewFaker(), options)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	_, err = bc.InsertChain(chain[:600])
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	backend.startFilterMaps(200, false, filtermaps.RangeTestParams)
+	defer backend.stopFilterMaps()
+
+	addresses := make([]common.Address, 6)
+	for i := range addresses {
+		addresses[i] = common.HexToAddress("0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890")
+	}
+
+	topics := make([]common.Hash, 6)
+	for i := range topics {
+		topics[i] = common.HexToHash("0x123456789012345678901234567890123456789001234567890012345678901234")
+	}
+
+	// Test that 5 addresses do not result in error
+	// Add FromBlock and ToBlock to make it similar to other invalid tests
+	if _, err := api.GetLogs(context.Background(), FilterCriteria{
+		FromBlock: big.NewInt(0),
+		ToBlock:   big.NewInt(100),
+		Addresses: addresses[:5],
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Expected GetLogs with 5 addresses to return with no error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Test that 6 addresses fails with correct error
+	if _, err := api.GetLogs(context.Background(), FilterCriteria{
+		FromBlock: big.NewInt(0),
+		ToBlock:   big.NewInt(100),
+		Addresses: addresses,
+	}); err != errExceedLogQueryLimit {
+		t.Errorf("Expected GetLogs with 6 addresses to return errExceedLogQueryLimit, got: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Test that 5 topics at one position do not result in error
+	if _, err := api.GetLogs(context.Background(), FilterCriteria{
+		FromBlock: big.NewInt(0),
+		ToBlock:   big.NewInt(100),
+		Addresses: addresses[:1],
+		Topics:    [][]common.Hash{topics[:5]},
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Expected GetLogs with 5 topics at one position to return with no error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Test that 6 topics at one position fails with correct error
+	if _, err := api.GetLogs(context.Background(), FilterCriteria{
+		FromBlock: big.NewInt(0),
+		ToBlock:   big.NewInt(100),
+		Addresses: addresses[:1],
+		Topics:    [][]common.Hash{topics},
+	}); err != errExceedLogQueryLimit {
+		t.Errorf("Expected GetLogs with 6 topics at one position to return errExceedLogQueryLimit, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 // TestLogFilter tests whether log filters match the correct logs that are posted to the event feed.
 func TestLogFilter(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

From b9e2eb5944bbb63cabdcb541a3b99fc129b821c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Klimov Sergei <klmff@proton.me>
Date: Fri, 19 Sep 2025 07:30:00 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 155/470] beacon/config: fix LoadForks with non-string values
 (#32609)

Fixes a crash when loading the beacon chain config if new fields like
`BLOB_SCHEDULE: []` are present.
Previously, the config loader assumed all values were strings, causing
errors such as:

```
Fatal: Could not load beacon chain config '/network-configs/config.yaml': failed to parse beacon chain config file: yaml: unmarshal errors:
line 242: cannot unmarshal !!seq into string
```

This PR updates the parsing logic to handle non-string values correctly
and adds explicit validation for fork fields.
---
 beacon/params/config.go      | 39 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 beacon/params/config_test.go | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 cmd/utils/flags.go           | 12 +++++++----
 3 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 beacon/params/config_test.go

diff --git a/beacon/params/config.go b/beacon/params/config.go
index 2f6ba082c5..492ee53308 100644
--- a/beacon/params/config.go
+++ b/beacon/params/config.go
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
+	"math/big"
 	"os"
 	"slices"
 	"sort"
@@ -90,12 +91,8 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) AddFork(name string, epoch uint64, version []byte) *ChainC
 
 // LoadForks parses the beacon chain configuration file (config.yaml) and extracts
 // the list of forks.
-func (c *ChainConfig) LoadForks(path string) error {
-	file, err := os.ReadFile(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read beacon chain config file: %v", err)
-	}
-	config := make(map[string]string)
+func (c *ChainConfig) LoadForks(file []byte) error {
+	config := make(map[string]any)
 	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(file, &config); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse beacon chain config file: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -108,18 +105,36 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) LoadForks(path string) error {
 	for key, value := range config {
 		if strings.HasSuffix(key, "_FORK_VERSION") {
 			name := key[:len(key)-len("_FORK_VERSION")]
-			if v, err := hexutil.Decode(value); err == nil {
+			switch version := value.(type) {
+			case int:
+				versions[name] = new(big.Int).SetUint64(uint64(version)).FillBytes(make([]byte, 4))
+			case uint64:
+				versions[name] = new(big.Int).SetUint64(version).FillBytes(make([]byte, 4))
+			case string:
+				v, err := hexutil.Decode(version)
+				if err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("failed to decode hex fork id %q in beacon chain config file: %v", version, err)
+				}
 				versions[name] = v
-			} else {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to decode hex fork id %q in beacon chain config file: %v", value, err)
+			default:
+				return fmt.Errorf("invalid fork version %q in beacon chain config file", version)
 			}
 		}
 		if strings.HasSuffix(key, "_FORK_EPOCH") {
 			name := key[:len(key)-len("_FORK_EPOCH")]
-			if v, err := strconv.ParseUint(value, 10, 64); err == nil {
+			switch epoch := value.(type) {
+			case int:
+				epochs[name] = uint64(epoch)
+			case uint64:
+				epochs[name] = epoch
+			case string:
+				v, err := strconv.ParseUint(epoch, 10, 64)
+				if err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse epoch number %q in beacon chain config file: %v", epoch, err)
+				}
 				epochs[name] = v
-			} else {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse epoch number %q in beacon chain config file: %v", value, err)
+			default:
+				return fmt.Errorf("invalid fork epoch %q in beacon chain config file", epoch)
 			}
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/beacon/params/config_test.go b/beacon/params/config_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..41e120469b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/beacon/params/config_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package params
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestChainConfig_LoadForks(t *testing.T) {
+	const config = `
+GENESIS_FORK_VERSION: 0x00000000
+
+ALTAIR_FORK_VERSION: 0x00000001
+ALTAIR_FORK_EPOCH: 1
+
+EIP7928_FORK_VERSION: 0xb0000038
+EIP7928_FORK_EPOCH: 18446744073709551615
+
+BLOB_SCHEDULE: []
+`
+	c := &ChainConfig{}
+	err := c.LoadForks([]byte(config))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	for _, fork := range c.Forks {
+		if fork.Name == "GENESIS" && (fork.Epoch != 0) {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected genesis fork epoch %d", fork.Epoch)
+		}
+		if fork.Name == "ALTAIR" && (fork.Epoch != 1 || !bytes.Equal(fork.Version, []byte{0, 0, 0, 1})) {
+			t.Errorf("unexpected altair fork epoch %d version %x", fork.Epoch, fork.Version)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 325f8250f8..5e96185dbd 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -1931,11 +1931,15 @@ func MakeBeaconLightConfig(ctx *cli.Context) bparams.ClientConfig {
 		} else {
 			Fatalf("Could not parse --%s: %v", BeaconGenesisRootFlag.Name, err)
 		}
-		configFile := ctx.String(BeaconConfigFlag.Name)
-		if err := config.ChainConfig.LoadForks(configFile); err != nil {
-			Fatalf("Could not load beacon chain config '%s': %v", configFile, err)
+		configPath := ctx.String(BeaconConfigFlag.Name)
+		file, err := os.ReadFile(configPath)
+		if err != nil {
+			Fatalf("failed to read beacon chain config file '%s': %v", configPath, err)
 		}
-		log.Info("Using custom beacon chain config", "file", configFile)
+		if err := config.ChainConfig.LoadForks(file); err != nil {
+			Fatalf("Could not load beacon chain config '%s': %v", configPath, err)
+		}
+		log.Info("Using custom beacon chain config", "file", configPath)
 	} else {
 		if ctx.IsSet(BeaconGenesisRootFlag.Name) {
 			Fatalf("Genesis root is specified but custom beacon chain config is missing")

From 2b3d617e04a45d2aa5bd9e64dc016e68b8200369 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Sep 2025 13:29:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 156/470] internal/ethapi: skip tx gas limit check for calls
 (#32641)

This disables the tx gaslimit cap for eth_call and related RPC operations.

I don't like how this fix works. Ideally we'd be checking the tx
gaslimit somewhere else, like in the block validator, or any other place
that considers block transactions. Doing the check in StateTransition
means it affects all possible ways of executing a message.

The challenge is finding a place for this check that also triggers
correctly in tests where it is wanted. So for now, we are just combining
this with the EOA sender check for transactions. Both are disabled for
call-type messages.
---
 core/state_transition.go            | 22 +++++++++++++---------
 eth/tracers/api.go                  |  2 +-
 internal/ethapi/api.go              | 10 +++++-----
 internal/ethapi/simulate.go         |  2 +-
 internal/ethapi/transaction_args.go |  4 ++--
 5 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go
index 2cafe4865f..bf5ac07636 100644
--- a/core/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/state_transition.go
@@ -164,8 +164,12 @@ type Message struct {
 	// or the state prefetching.
 	SkipNonceChecks bool
 
-	// When SkipFromEOACheck is true, the message sender is not checked to be an EOA.
-	SkipFromEOACheck bool
+	// When set, the message is not treated as a transaction, and certain
+	// transaction-specific checks are skipped:
+	//
+	// - From is not verified to be an EOA
+	// - GasLimit is not checked against the protocol defined tx gaslimit
+	SkipTransactionChecks bool
 }
 
 // TransactionToMessage converts a transaction into a Message.
@@ -182,7 +186,7 @@ func TransactionToMessage(tx *types.Transaction, s types.Signer, baseFee *big.In
 		AccessList:            tx.AccessList(),
 		SetCodeAuthorizations: tx.SetCodeAuthorizations(),
 		SkipNonceChecks:       false,
-		SkipFromEOACheck:      false,
+		SkipTransactionChecks: false,
 		BlobHashes:            tx.BlobHashes(),
 		BlobGasFeeCap:         tx.BlobGasFeeCap(),
 	}
@@ -320,7 +324,12 @@ func (st *stateTransition) preCheck() error {
 				msg.From.Hex(), stNonce)
 		}
 	}
-	if !msg.SkipFromEOACheck {
+	isOsaka := st.evm.ChainConfig().IsOsaka(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber, st.evm.Context.Time)
+	if !msg.SkipTransactionChecks {
+		// Verify tx gas limit does not exceed EIP-7825 cap.
+		if isOsaka && msg.GasLimit > params.MaxTxGas {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w (cap: %d, tx: %d)", ErrGasLimitTooHigh, params.MaxTxGas, msg.GasLimit)
+		}
 		// Make sure the sender is an EOA
 		code := st.state.GetCode(msg.From)
 		_, delegated := types.ParseDelegation(code)
@@ -354,7 +363,6 @@ func (st *stateTransition) preCheck() error {
 		}
 	}
 	// Check the blob version validity
-	isOsaka := st.evm.ChainConfig().IsOsaka(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber, st.evm.Context.Time)
 	if msg.BlobHashes != nil {
 		// The to field of a blob tx type is mandatory, and a `BlobTx` transaction internally
 		// has it as a non-nillable value, so any msg derived from blob transaction has it non-nil.
@@ -398,10 +406,6 @@ func (st *stateTransition) preCheck() error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w (sender %v)", ErrEmptyAuthList, msg.From)
 		}
 	}
-	// Verify tx gas limit does not exceed EIP-7825 cap.
-	if isOsaka && msg.GasLimit > params.MaxTxGas {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w (cap: %d, tx: %d)", ErrGasLimitTooHigh, params.MaxTxGas, msg.GasLimit)
-	}
 	return st.buyGas()
 }
 
diff --git a/eth/tracers/api.go b/eth/tracers/api.go
index b50a532b60..a05b7a7a4a 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/api.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/api.go
@@ -984,7 +984,7 @@ func (api *API) TraceCall(ctx context.Context, args ethapi.TransactionArgs, bloc
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	var (
-		msg         = args.ToMessage(blockContext.BaseFee, true, true)
+		msg         = args.ToMessage(blockContext.BaseFee, true)
 		tx          = args.ToTransaction(types.LegacyTxType)
 		traceConfig *TraceConfig
 	)
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index 554f525290..ebb8ece730 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -699,15 +699,15 @@ func doCall(ctx context.Context, b Backend, args TransactionArgs, state *state.S
 	} else {
 		gp.AddGas(globalGasCap)
 	}
-	return applyMessage(ctx, b, args, state, header, timeout, gp, &blockCtx, &vm.Config{NoBaseFee: true}, precompiles, true)
+	return applyMessage(ctx, b, args, state, header, timeout, gp, &blockCtx, &vm.Config{NoBaseFee: true}, precompiles)
 }
 
-func applyMessage(ctx context.Context, b Backend, args TransactionArgs, state *state.StateDB, header *types.Header, timeout time.Duration, gp *core.GasPool, blockContext *vm.BlockContext, vmConfig *vm.Config, precompiles vm.PrecompiledContracts, skipChecks bool) (*core.ExecutionResult, error) {
+func applyMessage(ctx context.Context, b Backend, args TransactionArgs, state *state.StateDB, header *types.Header, timeout time.Duration, gp *core.GasPool, blockContext *vm.BlockContext, vmConfig *vm.Config, precompiles vm.PrecompiledContracts) (*core.ExecutionResult, error) {
 	// Get a new instance of the EVM.
 	if err := args.CallDefaults(gp.Gas(), blockContext.BaseFee, b.ChainConfig().ChainID); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	msg := args.ToMessage(header.BaseFee, skipChecks, skipChecks)
+	msg := args.ToMessage(header.BaseFee, true)
 	// Lower the basefee to 0 to avoid breaking EVM
 	// invariants (basefee < feecap).
 	if msg.GasPrice.Sign() == 0 {
@@ -858,7 +858,7 @@ func DoEstimateGas(ctx context.Context, b Backend, args TransactionArgs, blockNr
 	if err := args.CallDefaults(gasCap, header.BaseFee, b.ChainConfig().ChainID); err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	call := args.ToMessage(header.BaseFee, true, true)
+	call := args.ToMessage(header.BaseFee, true)
 
 	// Run the gas estimation and wrap any revertals into a custom return
 	estimate, revert, err := gasestimator.Estimate(ctx, call, opts, gasCap)
@@ -1301,7 +1301,7 @@ func AccessList(ctx context.Context, b Backend, blockNrOrHash rpc.BlockNumberOrH
 		statedb := db.Copy()
 		// Set the accesslist to the last al
 		args.AccessList = &accessList
-		msg := args.ToMessage(header.BaseFee, true, true)
+		msg := args.ToMessage(header.BaseFee, true)
 
 		// Apply the transaction with the access list tracer
 		tracer := logger.NewAccessListTracer(accessList, addressesToExclude)
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/simulate.go b/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
index 362536bcb5..e26e5bd0e9 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ func (sim *simulator) processBlock(ctx context.Context, block *simBlock, header,
 		tracer.reset(txHash, uint(i))
 		sim.state.SetTxContext(txHash, i)
 		// EoA check is always skipped, even in validation mode.
-		msg := call.ToMessage(header.BaseFee, !sim.validate, true)
+		msg := call.ToMessage(header.BaseFee, !sim.validate)
 		result, err := applyMessageWithEVM(ctx, evm, msg, timeout, sim.gp)
 		if err != nil {
 			txErr := txValidationError(err)
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/transaction_args.go b/internal/ethapi/transaction_args.go
index f80ef6d080..23aa8e5947 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/transaction_args.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/transaction_args.go
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ func (args *TransactionArgs) CallDefaults(globalGasCap uint64, baseFee *big.Int,
 // core evm. This method is used in calls and traces that do not require a real
 // live transaction.
 // Assumes that fields are not nil, i.e. setDefaults or CallDefaults has been called.
-func (args *TransactionArgs) ToMessage(baseFee *big.Int, skipNonceCheck, skipEoACheck bool) *core.Message {
+func (args *TransactionArgs) ToMessage(baseFee *big.Int, skipNonceCheck bool) *core.Message {
 	var (
 		gasPrice  *big.Int
 		gasFeeCap *big.Int
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ func (args *TransactionArgs) ToMessage(baseFee *big.Int, skipNonceCheck, skipEoA
 		BlobHashes:            args.BlobHashes,
 		SetCodeAuthorizations: args.AuthorizationList,
 		SkipNonceChecks:       skipNonceCheck,
-		SkipFromEOACheck:      skipEoACheck,
+		SkipTransactionChecks: true,
 	}
 }
 

From b08b629818bd5725b174d1fdf9254f5d202e76e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Felf=C3=B6ldi=20Zsolt?= <zsfelfoldi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Sep 2025 14:07:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 157/470] beacon/blsync: test validated finality (#32633)

This PR improves `TestBlockSync` so that it also tests the finality
update validation.

Note: to this date four long and complex (at least partly AI generated)
PRs arrived that did something related to testing finality but honestly
we do not need a bloated "comprehensive" test to test a trivial feature
because maintaining these tests can also be a pain over the long term.
This PR adds some sufficient sanity checks to detect if finality ever
gets broken by a future change.
---
 beacon/blsync/block_sync_test.go | 57 +++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/beacon/blsync/block_sync_test.go b/beacon/blsync/block_sync_test.go
index e7c2c4d163..e471766738 100644
--- a/beacon/blsync/block_sync_test.go
+++ b/beacon/blsync/block_sync_test.go
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ var (
 	testServer2 = testServer("testServer2")
 
 	testBlock1 = types.NewBeaconBlock(&deneb.BeaconBlock{
-		Slot: 123,
+		Slot: 127,
 		Body: deneb.BeaconBlockBody{
 			ExecutionPayload: deneb.ExecutionPayload{
 				BlockNumber: 456,
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ var (
 		},
 	})
 	testBlock2 = types.NewBeaconBlock(&deneb.BeaconBlock{
-		Slot: 124,
+		Slot: 128,
 		Body: deneb.BeaconBlockBody{
 			ExecutionPayload: deneb.ExecutionPayload{
 				BlockNumber: 457,
@@ -49,6 +49,14 @@ var (
 			},
 		},
 	})
+	testFinal1 = types.NewExecutionHeader(&deneb.ExecutionPayloadHeader{
+		BlockNumber: 395,
+		BlockHash:   zrntcommon.Hash32(common.HexToHash("abbe7625624bf8ddd84723709e2758956289465dd23475f02387e0854942666")),
+	})
+	testFinal2 = types.NewExecutionHeader(&deneb.ExecutionPayloadHeader{
+		BlockNumber: 420,
+		BlockHash:   zrntcommon.Hash32(common.HexToHash("9182a6ef8723654de174283750932ccc092378549836bf4873657eeec474598")),
+	})
 )
 
 type testServer string
@@ -66,9 +74,10 @@ func TestBlockSync(t *testing.T) {
 	ts.AddServer(testServer1, 1)
 	ts.AddServer(testServer2, 1)
 
-	expHeadBlock := func(expHead *types.BeaconBlock) {
+	expHeadEvent := func(expHead *types.BeaconBlock, expFinal *types.ExecutionHeader) {
 		t.Helper()
 		var expNumber, headNumber uint64
+		var expFinalHash, finalHash common.Hash
 		if expHead != nil {
 			p, err := expHead.ExecutionPayload()
 			if err != nil {
@@ -76,19 +85,26 @@ func TestBlockSync(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 			expNumber = p.NumberU64()
 		}
+		if expFinal != nil {
+			expFinalHash = expFinal.BlockHash()
+		}
 		select {
 		case event := <-headCh:
 			headNumber = event.Block.NumberU64()
+			finalHash = event.Finalized
 		default:
 		}
 		if headNumber != expNumber {
 			t.Errorf("Wrong head block, expected block number %d, got %d)", expNumber, headNumber)
 		}
+		if finalHash != expFinalHash {
+			t.Errorf("Wrong finalized block, expected block hash %064x, got %064x)", expFinalHash[:], finalHash[:])
+		}
 	}
 
 	// no block requests expected until head tracker knows about a head
 	ts.Run(1)
-	expHeadBlock(nil)
+	expHeadEvent(nil, nil)
 
 	// set block 1 as prefetch head, announced by server 2
 	head1 := blockHeadInfo(testBlock1)
@@ -103,12 +119,13 @@ func TestBlockSync(t *testing.T) {
 	ts.AddAllowance(testServer2, 1)
 	ts.Run(3)
 	// head block still not expected as the fetched block is not the validated head yet
-	expHeadBlock(nil)
+	expHeadEvent(nil, nil)
 
 	// set as validated head, expect no further requests but block 1 set as head block
 	ht.validated.Header = testBlock1.Header()
+	ht.finalized, ht.finalizedPayload = testBlock1.Header(), testFinal1
 	ts.Run(4)
-	expHeadBlock(testBlock1)
+	expHeadEvent(testBlock1, testFinal1)
 
 	// set block 2 as prefetch head, announced by server 1
 	head2 := blockHeadInfo(testBlock2)
@@ -126,17 +143,26 @@ func TestBlockSync(t *testing.T) {
 	// expect req2 retry to server 2
 	ts.Run(7, testServer2, sync.ReqBeaconBlock(head2.BlockRoot))
 	// now head block should be unavailable again
-	expHeadBlock(nil)
+	expHeadEvent(nil, nil)
 
 	// valid response, now head block should be block 2 immediately as it is already validated
+	// but head event is still not expected because an epoch boundary was crossed and the
+	// expected finality update has not arrived yet
 	ts.RequestEvent(request.EvResponse, ts.Request(7, 1), testBlock2)
 	ts.Run(8)
-	expHeadBlock(testBlock2)
+	expHeadEvent(nil, nil)
+
+	// expected finality update arrived, now a head event is expected
+	ht.finalized, ht.finalizedPayload = testBlock2.Header(), testFinal2
+	ts.Run(9)
+	expHeadEvent(testBlock2, testFinal2)
 }
 
 type testHeadTracker struct {
-	prefetch  types.HeadInfo
-	validated types.SignedHeader
+	prefetch         types.HeadInfo
+	validated        types.SignedHeader
+	finalized        types.Header
+	finalizedPayload *types.ExecutionHeader
 }
 
 func (h *testHeadTracker) PrefetchHead() types.HeadInfo {
@@ -151,13 +177,14 @@ func (h *testHeadTracker) ValidatedOptimistic() (types.OptimisticUpdate, bool) {
 	}, h.validated.Header != (types.Header{})
 }
 
-// TODO add test case for finality
 func (h *testHeadTracker) ValidatedFinality() (types.FinalityUpdate, bool) {
-	finalized := types.NewExecutionHeader(new(deneb.ExecutionPayloadHeader))
+	if h.validated.Header == (types.Header{}) || h.finalizedPayload == nil {
+		return types.FinalityUpdate{}, false
+	}
 	return types.FinalityUpdate{
-		Attested:      types.HeaderWithExecProof{Header: h.validated.Header},
-		Finalized:     types.HeaderWithExecProof{PayloadHeader: finalized},
+		Attested:      types.HeaderWithExecProof{Header: h.finalized},
+		Finalized:     types.HeaderWithExecProof{Header: h.finalized, PayloadHeader: h.finalizedPayload},
 		Signature:     h.validated.Signature,
 		SignatureSlot: h.validated.SignatureSlot,
-	}, h.validated.Header != (types.Header{})
+	}, true
 }

From 9b730e1997c5f3ae0bcf3bd1e0595e43998dd348 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Galoretka <galoretochka@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Sep 2025 16:13:32 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 158/470] core/state: add missing address key in state_object
 log (#32676)

---
 core/state/state_object.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/state/state_object.go b/core/state/state_object.go
index 767f469bfd..2938750503 100644
--- a/core/state/state_object.go
+++ b/core/state/state_object.go
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ func (s *stateObject) updateTrie() (Trie, error) {
 			continue
 		}
 		if !exist {
-			log.Error("Storage slot is not found in pending area", s.address, "slot", key)
+			log.Error("Storage slot is not found in pending area", "address", s.address, "slot", key)
 			continue
 		}
 		if (value != common.Hash{}) {

From 103b8b2ec5150cd7989b19961edf810fbe15697d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Fri, 19 Sep 2025 15:18:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 159/470] crypto/bn256: switch to gnark again (#32659)

We recently update our default implementation to gnark in
https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/32024
Then we found a consensus issue and reverted it in
https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/commit/65d77c51295c3b5c237a082af856a6926766a51c
We fixed the consensus issue and have been fuzzing it more since then in
https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/32055/files
https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/32065
https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/32055/files

So I think now is the time to update it back to gnark
---
 crypto/bn256/bn256_fast.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crypto/bn256/bn256_fast.go b/crypto/bn256/bn256_fast.go
index e3c9b60518..93a2eef879 100644
--- a/crypto/bn256/bn256_fast.go
+++ b/crypto/bn256/bn256_fast.go
@@ -9,18 +9,18 @@
 package bn256
 
 import (
-	bn256cf "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/bn256/cloudflare"
+	gnark "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/bn256/gnark"
 )
 
 // G1 is an abstract cyclic group. The zero value is suitable for use as the
 // output of an operation, but cannot be used as an input.
-type G1 = bn256cf.G1
+type G1 = gnark.G1
 
 // G2 is an abstract cyclic group. The zero value is suitable for use as the
 // output of an operation, but cannot be used as an input.
-type G2 = bn256cf.G2
+type G2 = gnark.G2
 
 // PairingCheck calculates the Optimal Ate pairing for a set of points.
 func PairingCheck(a []*G1, b []*G2) bool {
-	return bn256cf.PairingCheck(a, b)
+	return gnark.PairingCheck(a, b)
 }

From 1601f398d4558e6c060a158fa10b7570ce58cd6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Sep 2025 16:21:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 160/470] core/txpool/blobpool: remove conversion in GetBlobs
 (#32578)

This disables blob proof conversion in `GetBlobs` by default, making it
conditional.

---------

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go      | 22 +++++++++++----
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go | 40 ++++++++++++++++-----------
 eth/catalyst/api.go                   |  4 +--
 3 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
index 55d24c7a93..2229f1544c 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
@@ -1331,7 +1331,11 @@ func (p *BlobPool) GetMetadata(hash common.Hash) *txpool.TxMetadata {
 //
 // This is a utility method for the engine API, enabling consensus clients to
 // retrieve blobs from the pools directly instead of the network.
-func (p *BlobPool) GetBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash, version byte) ([]*kzg4844.Blob, []kzg4844.Commitment, [][]kzg4844.Proof, error) {
+//
+// The version argument specifies the type of proofs to return, either the
+// blob proofs (version 0) or the cell proofs (version 1). Proofs conversion is
+// CPU intensive, so only done if explicitly requested with the convert flag.
+func (p *BlobPool) GetBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash, version byte, convert bool) ([]*kzg4844.Blob, []kzg4844.Commitment, [][]kzg4844.Proof, error) {
 	var (
 		blobs       = make([]*kzg4844.Blob, len(vhashes))
 		commitments = make([]kzg4844.Commitment, len(vhashes))
@@ -1343,13 +1347,14 @@ func (p *BlobPool) GetBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash, version byte) ([]*kzg4844.Blo
 	for i, h := range vhashes {
 		indices[h] = append(indices[h], i)
 	}
+
 	for _, vhash := range vhashes {
-		// Skip duplicate vhash that was already resolved in a previous iteration
 		if _, ok := filled[vhash]; ok {
+			// Skip vhash that was already resolved in a previous iteration
 			continue
 		}
-		// Retrieve the corresponding blob tx with the vhash, skip blob resolution
-		// if it's not found locally and place the null instead.
+
+		// Retrieve the corresponding blob tx with the vhash.
 		p.lock.RLock()
 		txID, exists := p.lookup.storeidOfBlob(vhash)
 		p.lock.RUnlock()
@@ -1379,6 +1384,14 @@ func (p *BlobPool) GetBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash, version byte) ([]*kzg4844.Blo
 			if !ok {
 				continue // non-interesting blob
 			}
+			// Mark hash as seen.
+			filled[hash] = struct{}{}
+			if sidecar.Version != version && !convert {
+				// Skip blobs with incompatible version. Note we still track the blob hash
+				// in `filled` here, ensuring that we do not resolve this tx another time.
+				continue
+			}
+			// Get or convert the proof.
 			var pf []kzg4844.Proof
 			switch version {
 			case types.BlobSidecarVersion0:
@@ -1411,7 +1424,6 @@ func (p *BlobPool) GetBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash, version byte) ([]*kzg4844.Blo
 				commitments[index] = sidecar.Commitments[i]
 				proofs[index] = pf
 			}
-			filled[hash] = struct{}{}
 		}
 	}
 	return blobs, commitments, proofs, nil
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
index e46529a241..57d27962ce 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
@@ -423,11 +423,11 @@ func verifyBlobRetrievals(t *testing.T, pool *BlobPool) {
 			hashes = append(hashes, tx.vhashes...)
 		}
 	}
-	blobs1, _, proofs1, err := pool.GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
+	blobs1, _, proofs1, err := pool.GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion0, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	blobs2, _, proofs2, err := pool.GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion1)
+	blobs2, _, proofs2, err := pool.GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion1, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -441,22 +441,18 @@ func verifyBlobRetrievals(t *testing.T, pool *BlobPool) {
 		return
 	}
 	for i, hash := range hashes {
-		// If an item is missing, but shouldn't, error
-		if blobs1[i] == nil || proofs1[i] == nil {
-			t.Errorf("tracked blob retrieval failed: item %d, hash %x", i, hash)
-			continue
-		}
-		if blobs2[i] == nil || proofs2[i] == nil {
+		// If an item is missing from both, but shouldn't, error
+		if (blobs1[i] == nil || proofs1[i] == nil) && (blobs2[i] == nil || proofs2[i] == nil) {
 			t.Errorf("tracked blob retrieval failed: item %d, hash %x", i, hash)
 			continue
 		}
 		// Item retrieved, make sure it matches the expectation
 		index := testBlobIndices[hash]
-		if *blobs1[i] != *testBlobs[index] || proofs1[i][0] != testBlobProofs[index] {
+		if blobs1[i] != nil && (*blobs1[i] != *testBlobs[index] || proofs1[i][0] != testBlobProofs[index]) {
 			t.Errorf("retrieved blob or proof mismatch: item %d, hash %x", i, hash)
 			continue
 		}
-		if *blobs2[i] != *testBlobs[index] || !slices.Equal(proofs2[i], testBlobCellProofs[index]) {
+		if blobs2[i] != nil && (*blobs2[i] != *testBlobs[index] || !slices.Equal(proofs2[i], testBlobCellProofs[index])) {
 			t.Errorf("retrieved blob or proof mismatch: item %d, hash %x", i, hash)
 			continue
 		}
@@ -1926,8 +1922,9 @@ func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 	cases := []struct {
 		start      int
 		limit      int
-		fillRandom bool
-		version    byte
+		fillRandom bool // Whether to randomly fill some of the requested blobs with unknowns
+		version    byte // Blob sidecar version to request
+		convert    bool // Whether to convert version on retrieval
 	}{
 		{
 			start: 0, limit: 6,
@@ -1993,6 +1990,11 @@ func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 			start: 0, limit: 18, fillRandom: true,
 			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
 		},
+		{
+			start: 0, limit: 18, fillRandom: true,
+			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
+			convert: true, // Convert some version 0 blobs to version 1 while retrieving
+		},
 	}
 	for i, c := range cases {
 		var (
@@ -2014,7 +2016,7 @@ func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 			filled[len(vhashes)] = struct{}{}
 			vhashes = append(vhashes, testrand.Hash())
 		}
-		blobs, _, proofs, err := pool.GetBlobs(vhashes, c.version)
+		blobs, _, proofs, err := pool.GetBlobs(vhashes, c.version, c.convert)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("Unexpected error for case %d, %v", i, err)
 		}
@@ -2029,6 +2031,7 @@ func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 
 		var unknown int
 		for j := 0; j < len(blobs); j++ {
+			testBlobIndex := c.start + j - unknown
 			if _, exist := filled[j]; exist {
 				if blobs[j] != nil || proofs[j] != nil {
 					t.Errorf("Unexpected blob and proof, item %d", j)
@@ -2038,17 +2041,22 @@ func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 			// If an item is missing, but shouldn't, error
 			if blobs[j] == nil || proofs[j] == nil {
-				t.Errorf("tracked blob retrieval failed: item %d, hash %x", j, vhashes[j])
+				// This is only an error if there was no version mismatch
+				if c.convert ||
+					(c.version == types.BlobSidecarVersion1 && 6 <= testBlobIndex && testBlobIndex < 12) ||
+					(c.version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 && (testBlobIndex < 6 || 12 <= testBlobIndex)) {
+					t.Errorf("tracked blob retrieval failed: item %d, hash %x", j, vhashes[j])
+				}
 				continue
 			}
 			// Item retrieved, make sure the blob matches the expectation
-			if *blobs[j] != *testBlobs[c.start+j-unknown] {
+			if *blobs[j] != *testBlobs[testBlobIndex] {
 				t.Errorf("retrieved blob mismatch: item %d, hash %x", j, vhashes[j])
 				continue
 			}
 			// Item retrieved, make sure the proof matches the expectation
 			if c.version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 {
-				if proofs[j][0] != testBlobProofs[c.start+j-unknown] {
+				if proofs[j][0] != testBlobProofs[testBlobIndex] {
 					t.Errorf("retrieved proof mismatch: item %d, hash %x", j, vhashes[j])
 				}
 			} else {
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index 17299d9296..b37c26149f 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV1(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProo
 	if len(hashes) > 128 {
 		return nil, engine.TooLargeRequest.With(fmt.Errorf("requested blob count too large: %v", len(hashes)))
 	}
-	blobs, _, proofs, err := api.eth.BlobTxPool().GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
+	blobs, _, proofs, err := api.eth.BlobTxPool().GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion0, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, engine.InvalidParams.With(err)
 	}
@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV2(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProo
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 
-	blobs, _, proofs, err := api.eth.BlobTxPool().GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion1)
+	blobs, _, proofs, err := api.eth.BlobTxPool().GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion1, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, engine.InvalidParams.With(err)
 	}

From 64c6de7747072e72a6df73228c51f751e143ab0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 06:38:36 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 161/470] p2p: using testing.B.Loop (#32664)

---
 p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding_test.go | 6 ++----
 p2p/netutil/net_test.go              | 2 +-
 p2p/rlpx/rlpx_test.go                | 5 ++---
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding_test.go b/p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding_test.go
index 2304d0f132..5774cb3d8c 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding_test.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding_test.go
@@ -477,10 +477,9 @@ func BenchmarkV5_DecodeHandshakePingSecp256k1(b *testing.B) {
 		b.Fatal("can't encode handshake packet")
 	}
 	challenge.Node = nil // force ENR signature verification in decoder
-	b.ResetTimer()
 
 	input := make([]byte, len(enc))
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		copy(input, enc)
 		net.nodeB.c.sc.storeSentHandshake(idA, "", challenge)
 		_, _, _, err := net.nodeB.c.Decode(input, "")
@@ -507,10 +506,9 @@ func BenchmarkV5_DecodePing(b *testing.B) {
 	if err != nil {
 		b.Fatalf("can't encode: %v", err)
 	}
-	b.ResetTimer()
 
 	input := make([]byte, len(enc))
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		copy(input, enc)
 		_, _, packet, _ := net.nodeB.c.Decode(input, addrB)
 		if _, ok := packet.(*Ping); !ok {
diff --git a/p2p/netutil/net_test.go b/p2p/netutil/net_test.go
index 569c7ac454..8c810f494f 100644
--- a/p2p/netutil/net_test.go
+++ b/p2p/netutil/net_test.go
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ func TestCheckRelayIP(t *testing.T) {
 func BenchmarkCheckRelayIP(b *testing.B) {
 	sender := parseIP("23.55.1.242")
 	addr := parseIP("23.55.1.2")
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		CheckRelayIP(sender, addr)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/p2p/rlpx/rlpx_test.go b/p2p/rlpx/rlpx_test.go
index 27d51546e7..a02c1dc2cc 100644
--- a/p2p/rlpx/rlpx_test.go
+++ b/p2p/rlpx/rlpx_test.go
@@ -369,8 +369,7 @@ func TestHandshakeForwardCompatibility(t *testing.T) {
 
 func BenchmarkHandshakeRead(b *testing.B) {
 	var input = unhex(eip8HandshakeAuthTests[0].input)
-
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		var (
 			h   handshakeState
 			r   = bytes.NewReader(input)
@@ -427,7 +426,7 @@ func BenchmarkThroughput(b *testing.B) {
 	// Read N messages.
 	b.SetBytes(int64(len(msgdata)))
 	b.ReportAllocs()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		_, _, _, err := conn2.Read()
 		if err != nil {
 			b.Fatal("read error:", err)

From d41dc92da98b43a1ab5f2e13e456c6768fbc39c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 06:57:43 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 162/470] core/state: using testing.B.Loop (#32658)

before:
go test -run=^$ -bench=. ./core/state/... 120.85s user 7.96s system 129%
cpu 1:39.13 tota

after:
go test -run=^$ -bench=. ./core/state/... 21.32s user 2.12s system 97%
cpu 24.006 total
---
 core/state/snapshot/difflayer_test.go | 14 ++++----------
 core/state/snapshot/iterator_test.go  | 16 ++++++++--------
 core/state/state_object_test.go       |  6 +++---
 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state/snapshot/difflayer_test.go b/core/state/snapshot/difflayer_test.go
index b212098e75..2c868b3010 100644
--- a/core/state/snapshot/difflayer_test.go
+++ b/core/state/snapshot/difflayer_test.go
@@ -229,8 +229,7 @@ func BenchmarkSearch(b *testing.B) {
 		layer = fill(layer)
 	}
 	key := crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte{0x13, 0x38})
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		layer.AccountRLP(key)
 	}
 }
@@ -269,8 +268,7 @@ func BenchmarkSearchSlot(b *testing.B) {
 	for i := 0; i < 128; i++ {
 		layer = fill(layer)
 	}
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		layer.Storage(accountKey, storageKey)
 	}
 }
@@ -300,9 +298,7 @@ func BenchmarkFlatten(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 		return newDiffLayer(parent, common.Hash{}, accounts, storage)
 	}
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		b.StopTimer()
+	for b.Loop() {
 		var layer snapshot
 		layer = emptyLayer()
 		for i := 1; i < 128; i++ {
@@ -352,9 +348,7 @@ func BenchmarkJournal(b *testing.B) {
 	for i := 1; i < 128; i++ {
 		layer = fill(layer)
 	}
-	b.ResetTimer()
-
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		layer.Journal(new(bytes.Buffer))
 	}
 }
diff --git a/core/state/snapshot/iterator_test.go b/core/state/snapshot/iterator_test.go
index 2e882f484e..dd6c4cf968 100644
--- a/core/state/snapshot/iterator_test.go
+++ b/core/state/snapshot/iterator_test.go
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ func BenchmarkAccountIteratorTraversal(b *testing.B) {
 	head.(*diffLayer).newBinaryAccountIterator(common.Hash{})
 
 	b.Run("binary iterator keys", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			got := 0
 			it := head.(*diffLayer).newBinaryAccountIterator(common.Hash{})
 			for it.Next() {
@@ -940,7 +940,7 @@ func BenchmarkAccountIteratorTraversal(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 	})
 	b.Run("binary iterator values", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			got := 0
 			it := head.(*diffLayer).newBinaryAccountIterator(common.Hash{})
 			for it.Next() {
@@ -953,7 +953,7 @@ func BenchmarkAccountIteratorTraversal(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 	})
 	b.Run("fast iterator keys", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			it, _ := snaps.AccountIterator(common.HexToHash("0x65"), common.Hash{})
 			defer it.Release()
 
@@ -967,7 +967,7 @@ func BenchmarkAccountIteratorTraversal(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 	})
 	b.Run("fast iterator values", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			it, _ := snaps.AccountIterator(common.HexToHash("0x65"), common.Hash{})
 			defer it.Release()
 
@@ -1025,7 +1025,7 @@ func BenchmarkAccountIteratorLargeBaselayer(b *testing.B) {
 	head.(*diffLayer).newBinaryAccountIterator(common.Hash{})
 
 	b.Run("binary iterator (keys)", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			got := 0
 			it := head.(*diffLayer).newBinaryAccountIterator(common.Hash{})
 			for it.Next() {
@@ -1037,7 +1037,7 @@ func BenchmarkAccountIteratorLargeBaselayer(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 	})
 	b.Run("binary iterator (values)", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			got := 0
 			it := head.(*diffLayer).newBinaryAccountIterator(common.Hash{})
 			for it.Next() {
@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ func BenchmarkAccountIteratorLargeBaselayer(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 	})
 	b.Run("fast iterator (keys)", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			it, _ := snaps.AccountIterator(common.HexToHash("0x65"), common.Hash{})
 			defer it.Release()
 
@@ -1065,7 +1065,7 @@ func BenchmarkAccountIteratorLargeBaselayer(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 	})
 	b.Run("fast iterator (values)", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			it, _ := snaps.AccountIterator(common.HexToHash("0x65"), common.Hash{})
 			defer it.Release()
 
diff --git a/core/state/state_object_test.go b/core/state/state_object_test.go
index 42fd778025..0237f0580d 100644
--- a/core/state/state_object_test.go
+++ b/core/state/state_object_test.go
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import (
 
 func BenchmarkCutOriginal(b *testing.B) {
 	value := common.HexToHash("0x01")
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		bytes.TrimLeft(value[:], "\x00")
 	}
 }
@@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ func BenchmarkCutOriginal(b *testing.B) {
 func BenchmarkCutsetterFn(b *testing.B) {
 	value := common.HexToHash("0x01")
 	cutSetFn := func(r rune) bool { return r == 0 }
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		bytes.TrimLeftFunc(value[:], cutSetFn)
 	}
 }
 
 func BenchmarkCutCustomTrim(b *testing.B) {
 	value := common.HexToHash("0x01")
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		common.TrimLeftZeroes(value[:])
 	}
 }

From 3ebb1431d36496714cdcb40254a00d3c88bc2f8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 07:00:29 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 163/470] eth: using testing.B.Loop (#32657)

before:
go test -run=^$ -bench=. ./eth/... 827.57s user 23.80s system 361% cpu
3:55.49 total

after:
go test -run=^$ -bench=. ./eth/... 281.62s user 13.62s system 245% cpu
2:00.49 total
---
 eth/filters/filter_test.go                            | 5 +----
 eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go                       | 4 ++--
 eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/calltrace_test.go      | 4 +---
 eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/flat_calltrace_test.go | 2 +-
 eth/tracers/tracers_test.go                           | 4 +---
 5 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/filters/filter_test.go b/eth/filters/filter_test.go
index e99b2f6caa..edec3e027f 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter_test.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter_test.go
@@ -109,11 +109,8 @@ func benchmarkFilters(b *testing.B, history uint64, noHistory bool) {
 	backend.startFilterMaps(history, noHistory, filtermaps.DefaultParams)
 	defer backend.stopFilterMaps()
 
-	b.ResetTimer()
-
 	filter := sys.NewRangeFilter(0, int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), []common.Address{addr1, addr2, addr3, addr4}, nil)
-
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		filter.begin = 0
 		logs, _ := filter.Logs(context.Background())
 		if len(logs) != 4 {
diff --git a/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go b/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go
index d599e7ecc3..89a782496f 100644
--- a/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go
+++ b/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go
@@ -106,13 +106,13 @@ func BenchmarkHashing(b *testing.B) {
 	}
 	b.Run("old", func(b *testing.B) {
 		b.ReportAllocs()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			old()
 		}
 	})
 	b.Run("new", func(b *testing.B) {
 		b.ReportAllocs()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			new()
 		}
 	})
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/calltrace_test.go b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/calltrace_test.go
index b454522978..ba0706c598 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/calltrace_test.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/calltrace_test.go
@@ -211,11 +211,9 @@ func benchTracer(tracerName string, test *callTracerTest, b *testing.B) {
 	defer state.Close()
 
 	b.ReportAllocs()
-	b.ResetTimer()
 
 	evm := vm.NewEVM(context, state.StateDB, test.Genesis.Config, vm.Config{})
-
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		snap := state.StateDB.Snapshot()
 		tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New(tracerName, new(tracers.Context), nil, test.Genesis.Config)
 		if err != nil {
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/flat_calltrace_test.go b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/flat_calltrace_test.go
index d1fa44e9d8..1882ef315e 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/flat_calltrace_test.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/flat_calltrace_test.go
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ func BenchmarkFlatCallTracer(b *testing.B) {
 	for _, file := range files {
 		filename := strings.TrimPrefix(file, "testdata/call_tracer_flat/")
 		b.Run(camel(strings.TrimSuffix(filename, ".json")), func(b *testing.B) {
-			for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			for b.Loop() {
 				err := flatCallTracerTestRunner("flatCallTracer", filename, "call_tracer_flat", b)
 				if err != nil {
 					b.Fatal(err)
diff --git a/eth/tracers/tracers_test.go b/eth/tracers/tracers_test.go
index a72dbf6ee6..06edeaf698 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/tracers_test.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/tracers_test.go
@@ -84,10 +84,8 @@ func BenchmarkTransactionTraceV2(b *testing.B) {
 	if err != nil {
 		b.Fatalf("failed to prepare transaction for tracing: %v", err)
 	}
-	b.ResetTimer()
 	b.ReportAllocs()
-
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		tracer := logger.NewStructLogger(&logger.Config{}).Hooks()
 		tracer.OnTxStart(evm.GetVMContext(), tx, msg.From)
 		evm.Config.Tracer = tracer

From 9b1896bfb576cb68df7cff801b9b1bf4d79e9d97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 07:05:21 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 164/470] log: using testing.B.Loop (#32663)

before:
go test -run=^$ -bench=. ./log -timeout=1h 12.19s user 2.19s system 89%
cpu 16.025 total
after:
go test -run=^$ -bench=. ./log -timeout=1h 10.64s user 1.53s system 89%
cpu 13.607 total

---------

Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 log/format_test.go |  4 ++--
 log/logger_test.go | 17 +++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/log/format_test.go b/log/format_test.go
index d4c1df4abc..bb740ceb84 100644
--- a/log/format_test.go
+++ b/log/format_test.go
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ var sink []byte
 func BenchmarkPrettyInt64Logfmt(b *testing.B) {
 	buf := make([]byte, 100)
 	b.ReportAllocs()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		sink = appendInt64(buf, rand.Int63())
 	}
 }
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ func BenchmarkPrettyInt64Logfmt(b *testing.B) {
 func BenchmarkPrettyUint64Logfmt(b *testing.B) {
 	buf := make([]byte, 100)
 	b.ReportAllocs()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		sink = appendUint64(buf, rand.Uint64(), false)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/log/logger_test.go b/log/logger_test.go
index 3ec6d2e19c..dae8497204 100644
--- a/log/logger_test.go
+++ b/log/logger_test.go
@@ -70,9 +70,10 @@ func TestJSONHandler(t *testing.T) {
 
 func BenchmarkTraceLogging(b *testing.B) {
 	SetDefault(NewLogger(NewTerminalHandler(io.Discard, true)))
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	i := 0
+	for b.Loop() {
 		Trace("a message", "v", i)
+		i++
 	}
 }
 
@@ -99,8 +100,8 @@ func benchmarkLogger(b *testing.B, l Logger) {
 		err    = errors.New("oh nooes it's crap")
 	)
 	b.ReportAllocs()
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	i := 0
+	for b.Loop() {
 		l.Info("This is a message",
 			"foo", int16(i),
 			"bytes", bb,
@@ -109,8 +110,8 @@ func benchmarkLogger(b *testing.B, l Logger) {
 			"bigint", bigint,
 			"nilbig", nilbig,
 			"err", err)
+		i++
 	}
-	b.StopTimer()
 }
 
 func TestLoggerOutput(t *testing.T) {
@@ -161,18 +162,18 @@ const termTimeFormat = "01-02|15:04:05.000"
 func BenchmarkAppendFormat(b *testing.B) {
 	var now = time.Now()
 	b.Run("fmt time.Format", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			fmt.Fprintf(io.Discard, "%s", now.Format(termTimeFormat))
 		}
 	})
 	b.Run("time.AppendFormat", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			now.AppendFormat(nil, termTimeFormat)
 		}
 	})
 	var buf = new(bytes.Buffer)
 	b.Run("time.Custom", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			writeTimeTermFormat(buf, now)
 			buf.Reset()
 		}

From 0758a561d64c3c7d739a912641ab56adba73e25e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 07:06:27 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 165/470] core: using testing.B.Loop (#32662)

Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 core/bench_test.go | 6 ++----
 core/rlp_test.go   | 9 +++------
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/bench_test.go b/core/bench_test.go
index 2830022662..932188f8e2 100644
--- a/core/bench_test.go
+++ b/core/bench_test.go
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ func makeChainForBench(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis, full bool, count uin
 
 func benchWriteChain(b *testing.B, full bool, count uint64) {
 	genesis := &Genesis{Config: params.AllEthashProtocolChanges}
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		pdb, err := pebble.New(b.TempDir(), 1024, 128, "", false)
 		if err != nil {
 			b.Fatalf("error opening database: %v", err)
@@ -326,9 +326,7 @@ func benchReadChain(b *testing.B, full bool, count uint64) {
 	db.Close()
 	options := DefaultConfig().WithArchive(true)
 	b.ReportAllocs()
-	b.ResetTimer()
-
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		pdb, err = pebble.New(dir, 1024, 128, "", false)
 		if err != nil {
 			b.Fatalf("error opening database: %v", err)
diff --git a/core/rlp_test.go b/core/rlp_test.go
index bc37408537..69efa82551 100644
--- a/core/rlp_test.go
+++ b/core/rlp_test.go
@@ -149,8 +149,7 @@ func BenchmarkHashing(b *testing.B) {
 	var got common.Hash
 	var hasher = sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
 	b.Run("iteratorhashing", func(b *testing.B) {
-		b.ResetTimer()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			var hash common.Hash
 			it, err := rlp.NewListIterator(bodyRlp)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -172,8 +171,7 @@ func BenchmarkHashing(b *testing.B) {
 	})
 	var exp common.Hash
 	b.Run("fullbodyhashing", func(b *testing.B) {
-		b.ResetTimer()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			var body types.Body
 			rlp.DecodeBytes(bodyRlp, &body)
 			for _, tx := range body.Transactions {
@@ -182,8 +180,7 @@ func BenchmarkHashing(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 	})
 	b.Run("fullblockhashing", func(b *testing.B) {
-		b.ResetTimer()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			var block types.Block
 			rlp.DecodeBytes(blockRlp, &block)
 			for _, tx := range block.Transactions() {

From 79a4f76b03827e83d522a74417e31185f8a7a41b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 07:06:55 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 166/470] core/vm: using testing.B.Loop (#32660)

before:
go test -run=^$ -bench=. ./core/vm/... -timeout=1h 1841.87s user 40.96s
system 124% cpu 25:15.76 total
after:
go test -run=^$ -bench=. ./core/vm/... -timeout=1h 1588.65s user 33.79s
system 123% cpu 21:53.25 total

---------

Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 core/vm/analysis_legacy_test.go | 11 +++--------
 core/vm/contracts_test.go       |  4 +---
 core/vm/instructions_test.go    | 10 +++-------
 core/vm/interpreter_test.go     |  3 +--
 core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go | 15 +++++----------
 5 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/vm/analysis_legacy_test.go b/core/vm/analysis_legacy_test.go
index f84a4abc92..75d8a495fa 100644
--- a/core/vm/analysis_legacy_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/analysis_legacy_test.go
@@ -65,21 +65,17 @@ func BenchmarkJumpdestAnalysis_1200k(bench *testing.B) {
 	// 1.4 ms
 	code := make([]byte, analysisCodeSize)
 	bench.SetBytes(analysisCodeSize)
-	bench.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < bench.N; i++ {
+	for bench.Loop() {
 		codeBitmap(code)
 	}
-	bench.StopTimer()
 }
 func BenchmarkJumpdestHashing_1200k(bench *testing.B) {
 	// 4 ms
 	code := make([]byte, analysisCodeSize)
 	bench.SetBytes(analysisCodeSize)
-	bench.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < bench.N; i++ {
+	for bench.Loop() {
 		crypto.Keccak256Hash(code)
 	}
-	bench.StopTimer()
 }
 
 func BenchmarkJumpdestOpAnalysis(bench *testing.B) {
@@ -91,8 +87,7 @@ func BenchmarkJumpdestOpAnalysis(bench *testing.B) {
 			code[i] = byte(op)
 		}
 		bits := make(BitVec, len(code)/8+1+4)
-		b.ResetTimer()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			clear(bits)
 			codeBitmapInternal(code, bits)
 		}
diff --git a/core/vm/contracts_test.go b/core/vm/contracts_test.go
index 3200ace5cc..51bd7101ff 100644
--- a/core/vm/contracts_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/contracts_test.go
@@ -167,12 +167,10 @@ func benchmarkPrecompiled(addr string, test precompiledTest, bench *testing.B) {
 	bench.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%s-Gas=%d", test.Name, reqGas), func(bench *testing.B) {
 		bench.ReportAllocs()
 		start := time.Now()
-		bench.ResetTimer()
-		for i := 0; i < bench.N; i++ {
+		for bench.Loop() {
 			copy(data, in)
 			res, _, err = RunPrecompiledContract(p, data, reqGas, nil)
 		}
-		bench.StopTimer()
 		elapsed := uint64(time.Since(start))
 		if elapsed < 1 {
 			elapsed = 1
diff --git a/core/vm/instructions_test.go b/core/vm/instructions_test.go
index cd31829a7e..72f561f4bf 100644
--- a/core/vm/instructions_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/instructions_test.go
@@ -291,15 +291,13 @@ func opBenchmark(bench *testing.B, op executionFunc, args ...string) {
 		intArgs[i] = new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(arg))
 	}
 	pc := uint64(0)
-	bench.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < bench.N; i++ {
+	for bench.Loop() {
 		for _, arg := range intArgs {
 			stack.push(arg)
 		}
 		op(&pc, evm, scope)
 		stack.pop()
 	}
-	bench.StopTimer()
 
 	for i, arg := range args {
 		want := new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(common.Hex2Bytes(arg))
@@ -551,8 +549,7 @@ func BenchmarkOpMstore(bench *testing.B) {
 	memStart := new(uint256.Int)
 	value := new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(0x1337)
 
-	bench.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < bench.N; i++ {
+	for bench.Loop() {
 		stack.push(value)
 		stack.push(memStart)
 		opMstore(&pc, evm, &ScopeContext{mem, stack, nil})
@@ -609,8 +606,7 @@ func BenchmarkOpKeccak256(bench *testing.B) {
 	pc := uint64(0)
 	start := new(uint256.Int)
 
-	bench.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < bench.N; i++ {
+	for bench.Loop() {
 		stack.push(uint256.NewInt(32))
 		stack.push(start)
 		opKeccak256(&pc, evm, &ScopeContext{mem, stack, nil})
diff --git a/core/vm/interpreter_test.go b/core/vm/interpreter_test.go
index 90eeda34e6..79531f78d2 100644
--- a/core/vm/interpreter_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/interpreter_test.go
@@ -90,8 +90,7 @@ func BenchmarkInterpreter(b *testing.B) {
 	stack.push(uint256.NewInt(123))
 	stack.push(uint256.NewInt(123))
 	gasSStoreEIP3529 = makeGasSStoreFunc(params.SstoreClearsScheduleRefundEIP3529)
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		gasSStoreEIP3529(evm, contract, stack, mem, 1234)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go b/core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go
index cabc57d1fb..ddd32df039 100644
--- a/core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go
@@ -150,8 +150,7 @@ func BenchmarkCall(b *testing.B) {
 		b.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		for j := 0; j < 400; j++ {
 			Execute(code, cpurchase, nil)
 			Execute(code, creceived, nil)
@@ -190,11 +189,9 @@ func benchmarkEVM_Create(bench *testing.B, code string) {
 		EVMConfig: vm.Config{},
 	}
 	// Warm up the intpools and stuff
-	bench.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < bench.N; i++ {
+	for bench.Loop() {
 		Call(receiver, []byte{}, &runtimeConfig)
 	}
-	bench.StopTimer()
 }
 
 func BenchmarkEVM_CREATE_500(bench *testing.B) {
@@ -233,8 +230,7 @@ func BenchmarkEVM_SWAP1(b *testing.B) {
 	b.Run("10k", func(b *testing.B) {
 		contractCode := swapContract(10_000)
 		state.SetCode(contractAddr, contractCode, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
-
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			_, _, err := Call(contractAddr, []byte{}, &Config{State: state})
 			if err != nil {
 				b.Fatal(err)
@@ -264,8 +260,7 @@ func BenchmarkEVM_RETURN(b *testing.B) {
 
 			contractCode := returnContract(n)
 			state.SetCode(contractAddr, contractCode, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
-
-			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			for b.Loop() {
 				ret, _, err := Call(contractAddr, []byte{}, &Config{State: state})
 				if err != nil {
 					b.Fatal(err)
@@ -432,7 +427,7 @@ func benchmarkNonModifyingCode(gas uint64, code []byte, name string, tracerCode
 
 	b.Run(name, func(b *testing.B) {
 		b.ReportAllocs()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			Call(destination, nil, cfg)
 		}
 	})

From e35c628656e438ee77c2fc1b2c3d1280d37321e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 07:11:32 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 167/470] core/types: using testing.B.Loop (#32643)

before:
go test -run=^$ -bench=. ./core/types 47.80s user 2.18s system 102% cpu
48.936 tota

after:
go test -run=^$ -bench=. ./core/types 42.42s user 2.27s system 112% cpu
39.593 total
---
 core/types/block_test.go       |  3 +--
 core/types/bloom9_test.go      | 16 ++++++----------
 core/types/hashing_test.go     |  5 ++---
 core/types/transaction_test.go |  8 ++++----
 core/types/types_test.go       |  4 ++--
 5 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/types/block_test.go b/core/types/block_test.go
index 2130a2fcf3..5fa4756a50 100644
--- a/core/types/block_test.go
+++ b/core/types/block_test.go
@@ -263,9 +263,8 @@ var benchBuffer = bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, 32000))
 
 func BenchmarkEncodeBlock(b *testing.B) {
 	block := makeBenchBlock()
-	b.ResetTimer()
 
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		benchBuffer.Reset()
 		if err := rlp.Encode(benchBuffer, block); err != nil {
 			b.Fatal(err)
diff --git a/core/types/bloom9_test.go b/core/types/bloom9_test.go
index 07f6446a97..ceb6797e1f 100644
--- a/core/types/bloom9_test.go
+++ b/core/types/bloom9_test.go
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func TestBloomExtensively(t *testing.T) {
 
 func BenchmarkBloom9(b *testing.B) {
 	test := []byte("testestestest")
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		Bloom9(test)
 	}
 }
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ func BenchmarkBloom9(b *testing.B) {
 func BenchmarkBloom9Lookup(b *testing.B) {
 	toTest := []byte("testtest")
 	bloom := new(Bloom)
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		bloom.Test(toTest)
 	}
 }
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ func BenchmarkCreateBloom(b *testing.B) {
 	}
 	b.Run("small-createbloom", func(b *testing.B) {
 		b.ReportAllocs()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			for _, receipt := range rSmall {
 				receipt.Bloom = CreateBloom(receipt)
 			}
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ func BenchmarkCreateBloom(b *testing.B) {
 	})
 	b.Run("large-createbloom", func(b *testing.B) {
 		b.ReportAllocs()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			for _, receipt := range rLarge {
 				receipt.Bloom = CreateBloom(receipt)
 			}
@@ -163,13 +163,11 @@ func BenchmarkCreateBloom(b *testing.B) {
 			receipt.Bloom = CreateBloom(receipt)
 		}
 		b.ReportAllocs()
-		b.ResetTimer()
 
 		var bl Bloom
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			bl = MergeBloom(rSmall)
 		}
-		b.StopTimer()
 
 		var exp = common.HexToHash("c384c56ece49458a427c67b90fefe979ebf7104795be65dc398b280f24104949")
 		got := crypto.Keccak256Hash(bl.Bytes())
@@ -182,13 +180,11 @@ func BenchmarkCreateBloom(b *testing.B) {
 			receipt.Bloom = CreateBloom(receipt)
 		}
 		b.ReportAllocs()
-		b.ResetTimer()
 
 		var bl Bloom
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			bl = MergeBloom(rLarge)
 		}
-		b.StopTimer()
 
 		var exp = common.HexToHash("c384c56ece49458a427c67b90fefe979ebf7104795be65dc398b280f24104949")
 		got := crypto.Keccak256Hash(bl.Bytes())
diff --git a/core/types/hashing_test.go b/core/types/hashing_test.go
index c846ecd0c5..54adbc73e8 100644
--- a/core/types/hashing_test.go
+++ b/core/types/hashing_test.go
@@ -84,9 +84,8 @@ func BenchmarkDeriveSha200(b *testing.B) {
 	var exp common.Hash
 	var got common.Hash
 	b.Run("std_trie", func(b *testing.B) {
-		b.ResetTimer()
 		b.ReportAllocs()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			exp = types.DeriveSha(txs, trie.NewEmpty(triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)))
 		}
 	})
@@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ func BenchmarkDeriveSha200(b *testing.B) {
 	b.Run("stack_trie", func(b *testing.B) {
 		b.ResetTimer()
 		b.ReportAllocs()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			got = types.DeriveSha(txs, trie.NewStackTrie(nil))
 		}
 	})
diff --git a/core/types/transaction_test.go b/core/types/transaction_test.go
index cc41674dfd..2d854ae345 100644
--- a/core/types/transaction_test.go
+++ b/core/types/transaction_test.go
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ func BenchmarkHash(b *testing.B) {
 		GasTipCap: big.NewInt(500),
 		GasFeeCap: big.NewInt(500),
 	})
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		signer.Hash(tx)
 	}
 }
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ func BenchmarkEffectiveGasTip(b *testing.B) {
 
 	b.Run("Original", func(b *testing.B) {
 		b.ReportAllocs()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			_, err := tx.EffectiveGasTip(baseFee.ToBig())
 			if err != nil {
 				b.Fatal(err)
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ func BenchmarkEffectiveGasTip(b *testing.B) {
 	b.Run("IntoMethod", func(b *testing.B) {
 		b.ReportAllocs()
 		dst := new(uint256.Int)
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			err := tx.calcEffectiveGasTip(dst, baseFee)
 			if err != nil {
 				b.Fatal(err)
@@ -729,7 +729,7 @@ func BenchmarkEffectiveGasTipCmp(b *testing.B) {
 
 	b.Run("Original", func(b *testing.B) {
 		b.ReportAllocs()
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for b.Loop() {
 			tx.EffectiveGasTipCmp(other, baseFee)
 		}
 	})
diff --git a/core/types/types_test.go b/core/types/types_test.go
index 1fb386d5de..96d0444994 100644
--- a/core/types/types_test.go
+++ b/core/types/types_test.go
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ func benchRLP(b *testing.B, encode bool) {
 			b.Run(tc.name, func(b *testing.B) {
 				b.ReportAllocs()
 				var null = &devnull{}
-				for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+				for b.Loop() {
 					rlp.Encode(null, tc.obj)
 				}
 				b.SetBytes(int64(null.len / b.N))
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ func benchRLP(b *testing.B, encode bool) {
 			// Test decoding
 			b.Run(tc.name, func(b *testing.B) {
 				b.ReportAllocs()
-				for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+				for b.Loop() {
 					if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(data, tc.obj); err != nil {
 						b.Fatal(err)
 					}

From a499a11a16a09c30bb426cc3a0334a0d0ebd3d6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 07:12:41 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 168/470] crypto: using testing.B.Loop (#32645)

before:
go test -run=^$ -bench=. ./crypto/... 94.83s user 2.68s system 138% cpu
1:10.55 tota

after:
go test -run=^$ -bench=. ./crypto/... 75.43s user 2.58s system 123% cpu
1:03.01 total
---
 crypto/blake2b/blake2b_test.go   |  6 ++----
 crypto/crypto_test.go            |  6 +++---
 crypto/ecies/ecies_test.go       |  8 +++-----
 crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_test.go   | 15 +++++----------
 crypto/secp256k1/secp256_test.go |  8 ++------
 crypto/signature_test.go         |  6 +++---
 6 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_test.go b/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_test.go
index 9d24444a27..8f210445fc 100644
--- a/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_test.go
+++ b/crypto/blake2b/blake2b_test.go
@@ -303,8 +303,7 @@ func benchmarkSum(b *testing.B, size int, sse4, avx, avx2 bool) {
 
 	data := make([]byte, size)
 	b.SetBytes(int64(size))
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		Sum512(data)
 	}
 }
@@ -319,8 +318,7 @@ func benchmarkWrite(b *testing.B, size int, sse4, avx, avx2 bool) {
 	data := make([]byte, size)
 	h, _ := New512(nil)
 	b.SetBytes(int64(size))
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		h.Write(data)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/crypto/crypto_test.go b/crypto/crypto_test.go
index e620d6ee3a..d803ab27c5 100644
--- a/crypto/crypto_test.go
+++ b/crypto/crypto_test.go
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ func TestToECDSAErrors(t *testing.T) {
 
 func BenchmarkSha3(b *testing.B) {
 	a := []byte("hello world")
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		Keccak256(a)
 	}
 }
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ func BenchmarkKeccak256Hash(b *testing.B) {
 	rand.Read(input[:])
 
 	b.ReportAllocs()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		Keccak256Hash(input[:])
 	}
 }
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ func BenchmarkHashData(b *testing.B) {
 	rand.Read(input[:])
 
 	b.ReportAllocs()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		HashData(buffer, input[:])
 	}
 }
diff --git a/crypto/ecies/ecies_test.go b/crypto/ecies/ecies_test.go
index e3da71010e..e822db2783 100644
--- a/crypto/ecies/ecies_test.go
+++ b/crypto/ecies/ecies_test.go
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ func TestTooBigSharedKey(t *testing.T) {
 
 // Benchmark the generation of P256 keys.
 func BenchmarkGenerateKeyP256(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		if _, err := GenerateKey(rand.Reader, elliptic.P256(), nil); err != nil {
 			b.Fatal(err)
 		}
@@ -177,8 +177,7 @@ func BenchmarkGenSharedKeyP256(b *testing.B) {
 	if err != nil {
 		b.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		_, err := prv.GenerateShared(&prv.PublicKey, 16, 16)
 		if err != nil {
 			b.Fatal(err)
@@ -192,8 +191,7 @@ func BenchmarkGenSharedKeyS256(b *testing.B) {
 	if err != nil {
 		b.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		_, err := prv.GenerateShared(&prv.PublicKey, 16, 16)
 		if err != nil {
 			b.Fatal(err)
diff --git a/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_test.go b/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_test.go
index 7e73efd850..d398a0f48b 100644
--- a/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_test.go
+++ b/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_test.go
@@ -105,8 +105,7 @@ func benchmarkBlobToCommitment(b *testing.B, ckzg bool) {
 
 	blob := randBlob()
 
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		BlobToCommitment(blob)
 	}
 }
@@ -125,8 +124,7 @@ func benchmarkComputeProof(b *testing.B, ckzg bool) {
 		point = randFieldElement()
 	)
 
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		ComputeProof(blob, point)
 	}
 }
@@ -147,8 +145,7 @@ func benchmarkVerifyProof(b *testing.B, ckzg bool) {
 		proof, claim, _ = ComputeProof(blob, point)
 	)
 
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		VerifyProof(commitment, point, claim, proof)
 	}
 }
@@ -167,8 +164,7 @@ func benchmarkComputeBlobProof(b *testing.B, ckzg bool) {
 		commitment, _ = BlobToCommitment(blob)
 	)
 
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		ComputeBlobProof(blob, commitment)
 	}
 }
@@ -188,8 +184,7 @@ func benchmarkVerifyBlobProof(b *testing.B, ckzg bool) {
 		proof, _      = ComputeBlobProof(blob, commitment)
 	)
 
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		VerifyBlobProof(blob, commitment, proof)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/crypto/secp256k1/secp256_test.go b/crypto/secp256k1/secp256_test.go
index 4827cc5b25..c7485bca08 100644
--- a/crypto/secp256k1/secp256_test.go
+++ b/crypto/secp256k1/secp256_test.go
@@ -221,9 +221,7 @@ func TestRecoverSanity(t *testing.T) {
 func BenchmarkSign(b *testing.B) {
 	_, seckey := generateKeyPair()
 	msg := csprngEntropy(32)
-	b.ResetTimer()
-
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		Sign(msg, seckey)
 	}
 }
@@ -232,9 +230,7 @@ func BenchmarkRecover(b *testing.B) {
 	msg := csprngEntropy(32)
 	_, seckey := generateKeyPair()
 	sig, _ := Sign(msg, seckey)
-	b.ResetTimer()
-
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		RecoverPubkey(msg, sig)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/crypto/signature_test.go b/crypto/signature_test.go
index 74d683b507..b1f2960254 100644
--- a/crypto/signature_test.go
+++ b/crypto/signature_test.go
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ func TestPubkeyRandom(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func BenchmarkEcrecoverSignature(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		if _, err := Ecrecover(testmsg, testsig); err != nil {
 			b.Fatal("ecrecover error", err)
 		}
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ func BenchmarkEcrecoverSignature(b *testing.B) {
 
 func BenchmarkVerifySignature(b *testing.B) {
 	sig := testsig[:len(testsig)-1] // remove recovery id
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		if !VerifySignature(testpubkey, testmsg, sig) {
 			b.Fatal("verify error")
 		}
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ func BenchmarkVerifySignature(b *testing.B) {
 }
 
 func BenchmarkDecompressPubkey(b *testing.B) {
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+	for b.Loop() {
 		if _, err := DecompressPubkey(testpubkeyc); err != nil {
 			b.Fatal(err)
 		}

From c7eb37608b02a73d2a4bac959d68e718b273f9b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gengar <creeptogengar@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 02:13:58 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 169/470] fix: correct typo in TestMustParseUint64Panic error
 message (#32648)

Fix typo in test error message where "MustParseBig" was incorrectly
used instead of "MustParseUint64" in the TestMustParseUint64Panic
function.

The test still functions correctly, but now the error message
accurately reflects the function being tested.
---
 common/math/integer_test.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/common/math/integer_test.go b/common/math/integer_test.go
index 4643a43f20..feb761c6dc 100644
--- a/common/math/integer_test.go
+++ b/common/math/integer_test.go
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ func TestMustParseUint64(t *testing.T) {
 func TestMustParseUint64Panic(t *testing.T) {
 	defer func() {
 		if recover() == nil {
-			t.Error("MustParseBig should've panicked")
+			t.Error("MustParseUint64 should've panicked")
 		}
 	}()
 	MustParseUint64("ggg")

From f770ec1ffcbd3afc08aa8959abba100f3f11fcce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Zach Brown <zach871@proton.me>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 07:20:44 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 170/470] common, eth: remove duplicate test cases (#32624)

Remove redundant duplicate test vectors. The two entries were identical
and back-to-back, providing no additional coverage while adding noise.
Keeping a single instance maintains test intent and clarity without
altering behavior.
---
 common/hexutil/json_test.go        | 1 -
 eth/protocols/snap/gentrie_test.go | 2 --
 eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go    | 1 -
 3 files changed, 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/hexutil/json_test.go b/common/hexutil/json_test.go
index a014438458..3dc19680f9 100644
--- a/common/hexutil/json_test.go
+++ b/common/hexutil/json_test.go
@@ -408,7 +408,6 @@ func TestUnmarshalFixedUnprefixedText(t *testing.T) {
 		{input: "0x2", wantErr: ErrOddLength},
 		{input: "2", wantErr: ErrOddLength},
 		{input: "4444", wantErr: errors.New("hex string has length 4, want 8 for x")},
-		{input: "4444", wantErr: errors.New("hex string has length 4, want 8 for x")},
 		// check that output is not modified for partially correct input
 		{input: "444444gg", wantErr: ErrSyntax, want: []byte{0, 0, 0, 0}},
 		{input: "0x444444gg", wantErr: ErrSyntax, want: []byte{0, 0, 0, 0}},
diff --git a/eth/protocols/snap/gentrie_test.go b/eth/protocols/snap/gentrie_test.go
index 2da4f3c866..5998840b52 100644
--- a/eth/protocols/snap/gentrie_test.go
+++ b/eth/protocols/snap/gentrie_test.go
@@ -239,7 +239,6 @@ func TestPartialGentree(t *testing.T) {
 			{1, len(entries) - 1},                // no left
 			{2, len(entries) - 1},                // no left
 			{2, len(entries) - 2},                // no left and right
-			{2, len(entries) - 2},                // no left and right
 			{len(entries) / 2, len(entries) / 2}, // single
 			{0, 0},                               // single first
 			{len(entries) - 1, len(entries) - 1}, // single last
@@ -348,7 +347,6 @@ func TestGentreeDanglingClearing(t *testing.T) {
 			{1, len(entries) - 1},                // no left
 			{2, len(entries) - 1},                // no left
 			{2, len(entries) - 2},                // no left and right
-			{2, len(entries) - 2},                // no left and right
 			{len(entries) / 2, len(entries) / 2}, // single
 			{0, 0},                               // single first
 			{len(entries) - 1, len(entries) - 1}, // single last
diff --git a/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go b/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go
index 89a782496f..713b358ff8 100644
--- a/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go
+++ b/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go
@@ -597,7 +597,6 @@ func testSyncBloatedProof(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 		proof := trienode.NewProofSet()
 		if err := t.accountTrie.Prove(origin[:], proof); err != nil {
 			t.logger.Error("Could not prove origin", "origin", origin, "error", err)
-			t.logger.Error("Could not prove origin", "origin", origin, "error", err)
 		}
 		// The bloat: add proof of every single element
 		for _, entry := range t.accountValues {

From b62e0348e0ea505ae14c654de83af530db2f154f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: MozirDmitriy <dmitriymozir@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 02:23:50 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 171/470] =?UTF-8?q?core/rawdb:=20fix=20bad=20blocks=20sort?=
 =?UTF-8?q?ed=20failure=20message=20to=20map=20index=E2=86=92number=20corr?=
 =?UTF-8?q?ectly=20(#32627)?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Fix the t.Fatalf format arguments in TestBadBlockStorage to match the
intended #index output. Previously, the left number used i+1 and the
right index used the block number, producing misleading diagnostics.
Correct mapping improves test failure clarity and debuggability.
---
 core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go
index 5ed65b69b5..819788b4da 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ func TestBadBlockStorage(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for i := 0; i < len(badBlocks)-1; i++ {
 		if badBlocks[i].NumberU64() < badBlocks[i+1].NumberU64() {
-			t.Fatalf("The bad blocks are not sorted #[%d](%d) < #[%d](%d)", i, i+1, badBlocks[i].NumberU64(), badBlocks[i+1].NumberU64())
+			t.Fatalf("The bad blocks are not sorted #[%d](%d) < #[%d](%d)", i, badBlocks[i].NumberU64(), i+1, badBlocks[i+1].NumberU64())
 		}
 	}
 

From fd65f560318828632627aec6624658b42c689aed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lightclient <14004106+lightclient@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Sep 2025 19:45:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 172/470] params: update config description links to new format
 (#32681)

A PR in the specs repo broke our existing links:
https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/pull/1416

This PR fixes it and adds the Prague and Osaka specs.
---
 params/config.go | 38 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/params/config.go b/params/config.go
index f8fc35454c..cf94fb6758 100644
--- a/params/config.go
+++ b/params/config.go
@@ -509,33 +509,33 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) Description() string {
 	// makes sense for mainnet should be optional at printing to avoid bloating
 	// the output for testnets and private networks.
 	banner += "Pre-Merge hard forks (block based):\n"
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Homestead:                   #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/homestead.md)\n", c.HomesteadBlock)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Homestead:                   #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/homestead/__init__.py.html)\n", c.HomesteadBlock)
 	if c.DAOForkBlock != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - DAO Fork:                    #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/dao-fork.md)\n", c.DAOForkBlock)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - DAO Fork:                    #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/dao_fork/__init__.py.html)\n", c.DAOForkBlock)
 	}
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Tangerine Whistle (EIP 150): #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/tangerine-whistle.md)\n", c.EIP150Block)
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Spurious Dragon/1 (EIP 155): #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/spurious-dragon.md)\n", c.EIP155Block)
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Spurious Dragon/2 (EIP 158): #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/spurious-dragon.md)\n", c.EIP155Block)
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Byzantium:                   #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/byzantium.md)\n", c.ByzantiumBlock)
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Constantinople:              #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/constantinople.md)\n", c.ConstantinopleBlock)
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Petersburg:                  #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/petersburg.md)\n", c.PetersburgBlock)
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Istanbul:                    #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/istanbul.md)\n", c.IstanbulBlock)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Tangerine Whistle (EIP 150): #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/tangerine_whistle/__init__.py.html)\n", c.EIP150Block)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Spurious Dragon/1 (EIP 155): #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/spurious_dragon/__init__.py.html)\n", c.EIP155Block)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Spurious Dragon/2 (EIP 158): #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/spurious_dragon/__init__.py.html)\n", c.EIP155Block)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Byzantium:                   #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/byzantium/__init__.py.html)\n", c.ByzantiumBlock)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Constantinople:              #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/constantinople/__init__.py.html)\n", c.ConstantinopleBlock)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Petersburg:                  #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/constantinople/__init__.py.html)\n", c.PetersburgBlock)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Istanbul:                    #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/istanbul/__init__.py.html)\n", c.IstanbulBlock)
 	if c.MuirGlacierBlock != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Muir Glacier:                #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/muir-glacier.md)\n", c.MuirGlacierBlock)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Muir Glacier:                #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/muir_glacier/__init__.py.html)\n", c.MuirGlacierBlock)
 	}
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Berlin:                      #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/berlin.md)\n", c.BerlinBlock)
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - London:                      #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/london.md)\n", c.LondonBlock)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Berlin:                      #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/berlin/__init__.py.html)\n", c.BerlinBlock)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - London:                      #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/london/__init__.py.html)\n", c.LondonBlock)
 	if c.ArrowGlacierBlock != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Arrow Glacier:               #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/arrow-glacier.md)\n", c.ArrowGlacierBlock)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Arrow Glacier:               #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/arrow_glacier/__init__.py.html)\n", c.ArrowGlacierBlock)
 	}
 	if c.GrayGlacierBlock != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Gray Glacier:                #%-8v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/gray-glacier.md)\n", c.GrayGlacierBlock)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Gray Glacier:                #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/gray_glacier/__init__.py.html)\n", c.GrayGlacierBlock)
 	}
 	banner += "\n"
 
 	// Add a special section for the merge as it's non-obvious
 	banner += "Merge configured:\n"
-	banner += " - Hard-fork specification:    https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/paris.md\n"
+	banner += " - Hard-fork specification:    https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/paris/__init__.py.html\n"
 	banner += " - Network known to be merged\n"
 	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Total terminal difficulty:  %v\n", c.TerminalTotalDifficulty)
 	if c.MergeNetsplitBlock != nil {
@@ -546,16 +546,16 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) Description() string {
 	// Create a list of forks post-merge
 	banner += "Post-Merge hard forks (timestamp based):\n"
 	if c.ShanghaiTime != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Shanghai:                    @%-10v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/shanghai.md)\n", *c.ShanghaiTime)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Shanghai:                    @%-10v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/shanghai/__init__.py.html)\n", *c.ShanghaiTime)
 	}
 	if c.CancunTime != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Cancun:                      @%-10v (https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/cancun.md)\n", *c.CancunTime)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Cancun:                      @%-10v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/cancun/__init__.py.html)\n", *c.CancunTime)
 	}
 	if c.PragueTime != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Prague:                      @%-10v\n", *c.PragueTime)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Prague:                      @%-10v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/prague/__init__.py.html)\n", *c.PragueTime)
 	}
 	if c.OsakaTime != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Osaka:                       @%-10v\n", *c.OsakaTime)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Osaka:                       @%-10v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/osaka/__init__.py.html)\n", *c.OsakaTime)
 	}
 	if c.VerkleTime != nil {
 		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Verkle:                      @%-10v\n", *c.VerkleTime)

From 684f0db4a29b966534302f8f328b29d6906b614f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 10:19:55 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 173/470] core/txpool/blobpool: introduce sidecar conversion
 for legacy blob transactions (#32656)

This pull request introduces a queue for legacy sidecar conversion to
handle transactions that persist after the Osaka fork. Simply dropping
these transactions would significantly harm the user experience.

To balance usability with system complexity, we have introduced a
conversion time window of two hours post Osaka fork. During this period,
the system will accept legacy blob transactions and convert them in a
background process.

After the window, all legacy transactions will be rejected. Notably, all
the blob transactions will be validated statically before the conversion,
and also all conversion are performed in a single thread, minimize the risk
of being DoS.

We believe this two hour window provides sufficient time to process
in-flight legacy transactions and allows submitters to migrate to the
new format.

---------

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go        | 123 ++++++++++++++-----
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go   |  42 +++++--
 core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go      | 152 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 core/txpool/blobpool/conversion_test.go | 101 ++++++++++++++++
 core/txpool/validation.go               |  11 +-
 5 files changed, 384 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go
 create mode 100644 core/txpool/blobpool/conversion_test.go

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
index 2229f1544c..1bf48cf949 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"sort"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -61,11 +62,11 @@ const (
 	// small buffer is added to the proof overhead.
 	txBlobOverhead = uint32(kzg4844.CellProofsPerBlob*len(kzg4844.Proof{}) + 64)
 
-	// txMaxSize is the maximum size a single transaction can have, outside
-	// the included blobs. Since blob transactions are pulled instead of pushed,
-	// and only a small metadata is kept in ram, the rest is on disk, there is
-	// no critical limit that should be enforced. Still, capping it to some sane
-	// limit can never hurt.
+	// txMaxSize is the maximum size a single transaction can have, including the
+	// blobs. Since blob transactions are pulled instead of pushed, and only a
+	// small metadata is kept in ram, the rest is on disk, there is no critical
+	// limit that should be enforced. Still, capping it to some sane limit can
+	// never hurt, which is aligned with maxBlobsPerTx constraint enforced internally.
 	txMaxSize = 1024 * 1024
 
 	// maxBlobsPerTx is the maximum number of blobs that a single transaction can
@@ -93,6 +94,11 @@ const (
 	// storeVersion is the current slotter layout used for the billy.Database
 	// store.
 	storeVersion = 1
+
+	// conversionTimeWindow defines the period after the Osaka fork during which
+	// the pool will still accept and convert legacy blob transactions. After this
+	// window, all legacy blob transactions will be rejected.
+	conversionTimeWindow = time.Hour * 2
 )
 
 // blobTxMeta is the minimal subset of types.BlobTx necessary to validate and
@@ -329,12 +335,13 @@ type BlobPool struct {
 	stored uint64         // Useful data size of all transactions on disk
 	limbo  *limbo         // Persistent data store for the non-finalized blobs
 
-	signer types.Signer // Transaction signer to use for sender recovery
-	chain  BlockChain   // Chain object to access the state through
+	signer types.Signer     // Transaction signer to use for sender recovery
+	chain  BlockChain       // Chain object to access the state through
+	cQueue *conversionQueue // The queue for performing legacy sidecar conversion
 
-	head   *types.Header  // Current head of the chain
-	state  *state.StateDB // Current state at the head of the chain
-	gasTip *uint256.Int   // Currently accepted minimum gas tip
+	head   atomic.Pointer[types.Header] // Current head of the chain
+	state  *state.StateDB               // Current state at the head of the chain
+	gasTip atomic.Pointer[uint256.Int]  // Currently accepted minimum gas tip
 
 	lookup *lookup                          // Lookup table mapping blobs to txs and txs to billy entries
 	index  map[common.Address][]*blobTxMeta // Blob transactions grouped by accounts, sorted by nonce
@@ -359,6 +366,7 @@ func New(config Config, chain BlockChain, hasPendingAuth func(common.Address) bo
 		hasPendingAuth: hasPendingAuth,
 		signer:         types.LatestSigner(chain.Config()),
 		chain:          chain,
+		cQueue:         newConversionQueue(), // Deprecate it after the osaka fork
 		lookup:         newLookup(),
 		index:          make(map[common.Address][]*blobTxMeta),
 		spent:          make(map[common.Address]*uint256.Int),
@@ -400,7 +408,8 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Init(gasTip uint64, head *types.Header, reserver txpool.Reser
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	p.head, p.state = head, state
+	p.head.Store(head)
+	p.state = state
 
 	// Create new slotter for pre-Osaka blob configuration.
 	slotter := newSlotter(eip4844.LatestMaxBlobsPerBlock(p.chain.Config()))
@@ -440,11 +449,11 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Init(gasTip uint64, head *types.Header, reserver txpool.Reser
 		p.recheck(addr, nil)
 	}
 	var (
-		basefee = uint256.MustFromBig(eip1559.CalcBaseFee(p.chain.Config(), p.head))
+		basefee = uint256.MustFromBig(eip1559.CalcBaseFee(p.chain.Config(), head))
 		blobfee = uint256.NewInt(params.BlobTxMinBlobGasprice)
 	)
-	if p.head.ExcessBlobGas != nil {
-		blobfee = uint256.MustFromBig(eip4844.CalcBlobFee(p.chain.Config(), p.head))
+	if head.ExcessBlobGas != nil {
+		blobfee = uint256.MustFromBig(eip4844.CalcBlobFee(p.chain.Config(), head))
 	}
 	p.evict = newPriceHeap(basefee, blobfee, p.index)
 
@@ -474,6 +483,9 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Init(gasTip uint64, head *types.Header, reserver txpool.Reser
 
 // Close closes down the underlying persistent store.
 func (p *BlobPool) Close() error {
+	// Terminate the conversion queue
+	p.cQueue.close()
+
 	var errs []error
 	if p.limbo != nil { // Close might be invoked due to error in constructor, before p,limbo is set
 		if err := p.limbo.Close(); err != nil {
@@ -832,7 +844,7 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Reset(oldHead, newHead *types.Header) {
 		log.Error("Failed to reset blobpool state", "err", err)
 		return
 	}
-	p.head = newHead
+	p.head.Store(newHead)
 	p.state = statedb
 
 	// Run the reorg between the old and new head and figure out which accounts
@@ -855,7 +867,7 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Reset(oldHead, newHead *types.Header) {
 		}
 	}
 	// Flush out any blobs from limbo that are older than the latest finality
-	if p.chain.Config().IsCancun(p.head.Number, p.head.Time) {
+	if p.chain.Config().IsCancun(newHead.Number, newHead.Time) {
 		p.limbo.finalize(p.chain.CurrentFinalBlock())
 	}
 	// Reset the price heap for the new set of basefee/blobfee pairs
@@ -1056,14 +1068,15 @@ func (p *BlobPool) SetGasTip(tip *big.Int) {
 	defer p.lock.Unlock()
 
 	// Store the new minimum gas tip
-	old := p.gasTip
-	p.gasTip = uint256.MustFromBig(tip)
+	old := p.gasTip.Load()
+	newTip := uint256.MustFromBig(tip)
+	p.gasTip.Store(newTip)
 
 	// If the min miner fee increased, remove transactions below the new threshold
-	if old == nil || p.gasTip.Cmp(old) > 0 {
+	if old == nil || newTip.Cmp(old) > 0 {
 		for addr, txs := range p.index {
 			for i, tx := range txs {
-				if tx.execTipCap.Cmp(p.gasTip) < 0 {
+				if tx.execTipCap.Cmp(newTip) < 0 {
 					// Drop the offending transaction
 					var (
 						ids    = []uint64{tx.id}
@@ -1123,10 +1136,10 @@ func (p *BlobPool) ValidateTxBasics(tx *types.Transaction) error {
 		Config:       p.chain.Config(),
 		Accept:       1 << types.BlobTxType,
 		MaxSize:      txMaxSize,
-		MinTip:       p.gasTip.ToBig(),
+		MinTip:       p.gasTip.Load().ToBig(),
 		MaxBlobCount: maxBlobsPerTx,
 	}
-	return txpool.ValidateTransaction(tx, p.head, p.signer, opts)
+	return txpool.ValidateTransaction(tx, p.head.Load(), p.signer, opts)
 }
 
 // checkDelegationLimit determines if the tx sender is delegated or has a
@@ -1164,10 +1177,10 @@ func (p *BlobPool) checkDelegationLimit(tx *types.Transaction) error {
 
 // validateTx checks whether a transaction is valid according to the consensus
 // rules and adheres to some heuristic limits of the local node (price and size).
+//
+// This function assumes the static validation has been performed already and
+// only runs the stateful checks with lock protection.
 func (p *BlobPool) validateTx(tx *types.Transaction) error {
-	if err := p.ValidateTxBasics(tx); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
 	// Ensure the transaction adheres to the stateful pool filters (nonce, balance)
 	stateOpts := &txpool.ValidationOptionsWithState{
 		State: p.state,
@@ -1444,17 +1457,67 @@ func (p *BlobPool) AvailableBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash) int {
 	return available
 }
 
+// preCheck performs the static validation upon the provided txs and converts
+// the legacy sidecars if Osaka fork has been activated with a short time window.
+//
+// This function is pure static and lock free.
+func (p *BlobPool) preCheck(txs []*types.Transaction) ([]*types.Transaction, []error) {
+	var (
+		head     = p.head.Load()
+		isOsaka  = p.chain.Config().IsOsaka(head.Number, head.Time)
+		deadline time.Time
+	)
+	if isOsaka {
+		deadline = time.Unix(int64(*p.chain.Config().OsakaTime), 0).Add(conversionTimeWindow)
+	}
+	var errs []error
+	for _, tx := range txs {
+		// Validate the transaction statically at first to avoid unnecessary
+		// conversion. This step doesn't require lock protection.
+		if err := p.ValidateTxBasics(tx); err != nil {
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		// Before the Osaka fork, reject the blob txs with cell proofs
+		if !isOsaka {
+			if tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 {
+				errs = append(errs, nil)
+			} else {
+				errs = append(errs, errors.New("cell proof is not supported yet"))
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		// After the Osaka fork, reject the legacy blob txs if the conversion
+		// time window is passed.
+		if tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version == types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
+			errs = append(errs, nil)
+			continue
+		}
+		if head.Time > uint64(deadline.Unix()) {
+			errs = append(errs, errors.New("legacy blob tx is not supported"))
+			continue
+		}
+		// Convert the legacy sidecar after Osaka fork. This could be a long
+		// procedure which takes a few seconds, even minutes if there is a long
+		// queue. Fortunately it will only block the routine of the source peer
+		// announcing the tx, without affecting other parts.
+		errs = append(errs, p.cQueue.convert(tx))
+	}
+	return txs, errs
+}
+
 // Add inserts a set of blob transactions into the pool if they pass validation (both
 // consensus validity and pool restrictions).
-//
-// Note, if sync is set the method will block until all internal maintenance
-// related to the add is finished. Only use this during tests for determinism.
 func (p *BlobPool) Add(txs []*types.Transaction, sync bool) []error {
 	var (
-		errs = make([]error, len(txs))
+		errs []error
 		adds = make([]*types.Transaction, 0, len(txs))
 	)
+	txs, errs = p.preCheck(txs)
 	for i, tx := range txs {
+		if errs[i] != nil {
+			continue
+		}
 		errs[i] = p.add(tx)
 		if errs[i] == nil {
 			adds = append(adds, tx.WithoutBlobTxSidecar())
@@ -1949,7 +2012,7 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Clear() {
 	p.spent = make(map[common.Address]*uint256.Int)
 
 	var (
-		basefee = uint256.MustFromBig(eip1559.CalcBaseFee(p.chain.Config(), p.head))
+		basefee = uint256.MustFromBig(eip1559.CalcBaseFee(p.chain.Config(), p.head.Load()))
 		blobfee = uint256.NewInt(params.BlobTxMinBlobGasprice)
 	)
 	p.evict = newPriceHeap(basefee, blobfee, p.index)
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
index 57d27962ce..75a87940bd 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
@@ -88,6 +88,12 @@ type testBlockChain struct {
 	statedb *state.StateDB
 
 	blocks map[uint64]*types.Block
+
+	blockTime *uint64
+}
+
+func (bc *testBlockChain) setHeadTime(time uint64) {
+	bc.blockTime = &time
 }
 
 func (bc *testBlockChain) Config() *params.ChainConfig {
@@ -105,6 +111,10 @@ func (bc *testBlockChain) CurrentBlock() *types.Header {
 		blockTime   = *bc.config.CancunTime + 1
 		gasLimit    = uint64(30_000_000)
 	)
+	if bc.blockTime != nil {
+		blockTime = *bc.blockTime
+	}
+
 	lo := new(big.Int)
 	hi := new(big.Int).Mul(big.NewInt(5714), new(big.Int).Exp(big.NewInt(10), big.NewInt(18), nil))
 
@@ -1748,8 +1758,8 @@ func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
 		// Add each transaction one by one, verifying the pool internals in between
 		for j, add := range tt.adds {
 			signed, _ := types.SignNewTx(keys[add.from], types.LatestSigner(params.MainnetChainConfig), add.tx)
-			if err := pool.add(signed); !errors.Is(err, add.err) {
-				t.Errorf("test %d, tx %d: adding transaction error mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, j, err, add.err)
+			if errs := pool.Add([]*types.Transaction{signed}, true); !errors.Is(errs[0], add.err) {
+				t.Errorf("test %d, tx %d: adding transaction error mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, j, errs[0], add.err)
 			}
 			if add.err == nil {
 				size, exist := pool.lookup.sizeOfTx(signed.Hash())
@@ -1796,8 +1806,14 @@ func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// Tests adding transactions with legacy sidecars are correctly rejected.
+// Tests that transactions with legacy sidecars are accepted within the
+// conversion window but rejected after it has passed.
 func TestAddLegacyBlobTx(t *testing.T) {
+	testAddLegacyBlobTx(t, true)  // conversion window has not yet passed
+	testAddLegacyBlobTx(t, false) // conversion window passed
+}
+
+func testAddLegacyBlobTx(t *testing.T, accept bool) {
 	var (
 		key1, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
 		key2, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
@@ -1817,6 +1833,15 @@ func TestAddLegacyBlobTx(t *testing.T) {
 		blobfee: uint256.NewInt(105),
 		statedb: statedb,
 	}
+	var timeDiff uint64
+	if accept {
+		timeDiff = uint64(conversionTimeWindow.Seconds()) - 1
+	} else {
+		timeDiff = uint64(conversionTimeWindow.Seconds()) + 1
+	}
+	time := *params.MergedTestChainConfig.OsakaTime + timeDiff
+	chain.setHeadTime(time)
+
 	pool := New(Config{Datadir: t.TempDir()}, chain, nil)
 	if err := pool.Init(1, chain.CurrentBlock(), newReserver()); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create blob pool: %v", err)
@@ -1826,12 +1851,15 @@ func TestAddLegacyBlobTx(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		tx1 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 6, 0, key1, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
 		tx2 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 800, 70, 6, 6, key2, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
-		tx3 = makeMultiBlobTx(1, 1, 800, 70, 6, 12, key2, types.BlobSidecarVersion1)
+		txs = []*types.Transaction{tx1, tx2}
 	)
-	errs := pool.Add([]*types.Transaction{tx1, tx2, tx3}, true)
+	errs := pool.Add(txs, true)
 	for _, err := range errs {
-		if err == nil {
-			t.Fatalf("expected tx add to fail")
+		if accept && err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected tx add to succeed, %v", err)
+		}
+		if !accept && err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected tx add to fail")
 		}
 	}
 	verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5026892fc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package blobpool
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"slices"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+)
+
+// maxPendingConversionTasks caps the number of pending conversion tasks. This
+// prevents excessive memory usage; the worst-case scenario (2k transactions
+// with 6 blobs each) would consume approximately 1.5GB of memory.
+const maxPendingConversionTasks = 2048
+
+// cTask represents a conversion task with an attached legacy blob transaction.
+type cTask struct {
+	tx   *types.Transaction // Legacy blob transaction
+	done chan error         // Channel for signaling back if the conversion succeeds
+}
+
+// conversionQueue is a dedicated queue for converting legacy blob transactions
+// received from the network after the Osaka fork. Since conversion is expensive,
+// it is performed in the background by a single thread, ensuring the main Geth
+// process is not overloaded.
+type conversionQueue struct {
+	tasks  chan *cTask
+	quit   chan struct{}
+	closed chan struct{}
+}
+
+// newConversionQueue constructs the conversion queue.
+func newConversionQueue() *conversionQueue {
+	q := &conversionQueue{
+		tasks:  make(chan *cTask),
+		quit:   make(chan struct{}),
+		closed: make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+	go q.loop()
+	return q
+}
+
+// convert accepts a legacy blob transaction with version-0 blobs and queues it
+// for conversion.
+//
+// This function may block for a long time until the transaction is processed.
+func (q *conversionQueue) convert(tx *types.Transaction) error {
+	done := make(chan error, 1)
+	select {
+	case q.tasks <- &cTask{tx: tx, done: done}:
+		return <-done
+	case <-q.closed:
+		return errors.New("conversion queue closed")
+	}
+}
+
+// close terminates the conversion queue.
+func (q *conversionQueue) close() {
+	select {
+	case <-q.closed:
+		return
+	default:
+		close(q.quit)
+		<-q.closed
+	}
+}
+
+// run converts a batch of legacy blob txs to the new cell proof format.
+func (q *conversionQueue) run(tasks []*cTask, done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32) {
+	defer close(done)
+
+	for _, t := range tasks {
+		if interrupt != nil && interrupt.Load() != 0 {
+			t.done <- errors.New("conversion is interrupted")
+			continue
+		}
+		sidecar := t.tx.BlobTxSidecar()
+		if sidecar == nil {
+			t.done <- errors.New("tx without sidecar")
+			continue
+		}
+		// Run the conversion, the original sidecar will be mutated in place
+		start := time.Now()
+		err := sidecar.ToV1()
+		t.done <- err
+		log.Trace("Converted legacy blob tx", "hash", t.tx.Hash(), "err", err, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	}
+}
+
+func (q *conversionQueue) loop() {
+	defer close(q.closed)
+
+	var (
+		done      chan struct{} // Non-nil if background routine is active
+		interrupt *atomic.Int32 // Flag to signal conversion interruption
+
+		// The pending tasks for sidecar conversion. We assume the number of legacy
+		// blob transactions requiring conversion will not be excessive. However,
+		// a hard cap is applied as a protective measure.
+		cTasks []*cTask
+	)
+	for {
+		select {
+		case t := <-q.tasks:
+			if len(cTasks) >= maxPendingConversionTasks {
+				t.done <- errors.New("conversion queue is overloaded")
+				continue
+			}
+			cTasks = append(cTasks, t)
+
+			// Launch the background conversion thread if it's idle
+			if done == nil {
+				done, interrupt = make(chan struct{}), new(atomic.Int32)
+
+				tasks := slices.Clone(cTasks)
+				cTasks = cTasks[:0]
+				go q.run(tasks, done, interrupt)
+			}
+
+		case <-done:
+			done, interrupt = nil, nil
+
+		case <-q.quit:
+			if done == nil {
+				return
+			}
+			interrupt.Store(1)
+			log.Debug("Waiting for blob proof conversion to exit")
+			<-done
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a9fd26dbaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package blobpool
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/kzg4844"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+)
+
+// createV1BlobTx creates a blob transaction with version 1 sidecar for testing.
+func createV1BlobTx(nonce uint64, key *ecdsa.PrivateKey) *types.Transaction {
+	blob := &kzg4844.Blob{byte(nonce)}
+	commitment, _ := kzg4844.BlobToCommitment(blob)
+	cellProofs, _ := kzg4844.ComputeCellProofs(blob)
+
+	blobtx := &types.BlobTx{
+		ChainID:    uint256.MustFromBig(params.MainnetChainConfig.ChainID),
+		Nonce:      nonce,
+		GasTipCap:  uint256.NewInt(1),
+		GasFeeCap:  uint256.NewInt(1000),
+		Gas:        21000,
+		BlobFeeCap: uint256.NewInt(100),
+		BlobHashes: []common.Hash{kzg4844.CalcBlobHashV1(sha256.New(), &commitment)},
+		Value:      uint256.NewInt(100),
+		Sidecar:    types.NewBlobTxSidecar(types.BlobSidecarVersion1, []kzg4844.Blob{*blob}, []kzg4844.Commitment{commitment}, cellProofs),
+	}
+	return types.MustSignNewTx(key, types.LatestSigner(params.MainnetChainConfig), blobtx)
+}
+
+func TestConversionQueueBasic(t *testing.T) {
+	queue := newConversionQueue()
+	defer queue.close()
+
+	key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
+	tx := makeTx(0, 1, 1, 1, key)
+	if err := queue.convert(tx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected successful conversion, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version != types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected sidecar version to be %d, got %d", types.BlobSidecarVersion1, tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConversionQueueV1BlobTx(t *testing.T) {
+	queue := newConversionQueue()
+	defer queue.close()
+
+	key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
+	tx := createV1BlobTx(0, key)
+	version := tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version
+
+	err := queue.convert(tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected successful conversion, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version != version {
+		t.Errorf("Expected sidecar version to remain %d, got %d", version, tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConversionQueueClosed(t *testing.T) {
+	queue := newConversionQueue()
+
+	// Close the queue first
+	queue.close()
+	key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
+	tx := makeTx(0, 1, 1, 1, key)
+
+	err := queue.convert(tx)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error when converting on closed queue, got nil")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConversionQueueDoubleClose(t *testing.T) {
+	queue := newConversionQueue()
+	queue.close()
+	queue.close() // Should not panic
+}
diff --git a/core/txpool/validation.go b/core/txpool/validation.go
index 46974fad3c..df53f30a86 100644
--- a/core/txpool/validation.go
+++ b/core/txpool/validation.go
@@ -176,16 +176,14 @@ func validateBlobTx(tx *types.Transaction, head *types.Header, opts *ValidationO
 		return err
 	}
 	// Fork-specific sidecar checks, including proof verification.
-	if opts.Config.IsOsaka(head.Number, head.Time) {
+	if sidecar.Version == types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
 		return validateBlobSidecarOsaka(sidecar, hashes)
+	} else {
+		return validateBlobSidecarLegacy(sidecar, hashes)
 	}
-	return validateBlobSidecarLegacy(sidecar, hashes)
 }
 
 func validateBlobSidecarLegacy(sidecar *types.BlobTxSidecar, hashes []common.Hash) error {
-	if sidecar.Version != types.BlobSidecarVersion0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid sidecar version pre-osaka: %v", sidecar.Version)
-	}
 	if len(sidecar.Proofs) != len(hashes) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid number of %d blob proofs expected %d", len(sidecar.Proofs), len(hashes))
 	}
@@ -198,9 +196,6 @@ func validateBlobSidecarLegacy(sidecar *types.BlobTxSidecar, hashes []common.Has
 }
 
 func validateBlobSidecarOsaka(sidecar *types.BlobTxSidecar, hashes []common.Hash) error {
-	if sidecar.Version != types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid sidecar version post-osaka: %v", sidecar.Version)
-	}
 	if len(sidecar.Proofs) != len(hashes)*kzg4844.CellProofsPerBlob {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid number of %d blob proofs expected %d", len(sidecar.Proofs), len(hashes)*kzg4844.CellProofsPerBlob)
 	}

From 4414e2833f92f437d0a68b53ed95ac5756a90a16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lightclient <14004106+lightclient@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 01:32:21 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 174/470] go.work.sum: add to repo (#32677)

---
 go.work.sum | 515 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 515 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 go.work.sum

diff --git a/go.work.sum b/go.work.sum
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7413bba03f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/go.work.sum
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
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From 479b8031dc61ba01001d3cf086d04ea4d4980a17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GarmashAlex <garmasholeksii@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Sep 2025 05:30:29 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 175/470] core/state: fix committed-state expectations in
 StateDB tests (#32678)

---
 core/state/statedb_test.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state/statedb_test.go b/core/state/statedb_test.go
index 147546a3c7..661d17bb7b 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_test.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_test.go
@@ -772,7 +772,7 @@ func TestCopyCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("second copy non-committed storage slot mismatch: have %x, want %x", val, sval)
 	}
 	if val := copyTwo.GetCommittedState(addr, skey); val != (common.Hash{}) {
-		t.Fatalf("second copy committed storage slot mismatch: have %x, want %x", val, sval)
+		t.Fatalf("second copy committed storage slot mismatch: have %x, want %x", val, common.Hash{})
 	}
 	// Commit state, ensure states can be loaded from disk
 	root, _ := state.Commit(0, false, false)
@@ -859,7 +859,7 @@ func TestCopyCopyCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("third copy non-committed storage slot mismatch: have %x, want %x", val, sval)
 	}
 	if val := copyThree.GetCommittedState(addr, skey); val != (common.Hash{}) {
-		t.Fatalf("third copy committed storage slot mismatch: have %x, want %x", val, sval)
+		t.Fatalf("third copy committed storage slot mismatch: have %x, want %x", val, common.Hash{})
 	}
 }
 
@@ -912,10 +912,10 @@ func TestCommitCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	// Slots cached in the stateDB, available after commit
 	if val := copied.GetState(addr, skey2); val != sval2 {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected storage slot: have %x", sval1)
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected storage slot: have %x, want %x", val, sval2)
 	}
 	if val := copied.GetCommittedState(addr, skey2); val != sval2 {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected storage slot: have %x", val)
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected storage slot: have %x, want %x", val, sval2)
 	}
 }
 

From ada2db430454d9669fa0415074261f7a2369997e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Sep 2025 14:45:15 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 176/470] triedb/pathdb: move head truncation log (#32649)

Print the `Truncating from head` log only if head truncation is needed.
---
 triedb/pathdb/history.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history.go b/triedb/pathdb/history.go
index ae022236fe..81b843d9f1 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history.go
@@ -176,8 +176,6 @@ func truncateFromHead(store ethdb.AncientStore, typ historyType, nhead uint64) (
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	log.Info("Truncating from head", "type", typ.String(), "ohead", ohead, "tail", otail, "nhead", nhead)
-
 	// Ensure that the truncation target falls within the valid range.
 	if ohead < nhead || nhead < otail {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w, %s, tail: %d, head: %d, target: %d", errHeadTruncationOutOfRange, typ, otail, ohead, nhead)
@@ -186,6 +184,8 @@ func truncateFromHead(store ethdb.AncientStore, typ historyType, nhead uint64) (
 	if ohead == nhead {
 		return 0, nil
 	}
+	log.Info("Truncating from head", "type", typ.String(), "ohead", ohead, "tail", otail, "nhead", nhead)
+
 	ohead, err = store.TruncateHead(nhead)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err

From aa37bd063dd82edad32072171d8e34faf6694194 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Sep 2025 14:48:18 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 177/470] cmd, tests: fix snapshot dump and export-preimages
 (#32650)

Address #32646
---
 cmd/geth/snapshot.go     | 22 ++++----------
 cmd/utils/cmd.go         | 62 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 tests/state_test.go      |  4 +--
 tests/state_test_util.go |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/geth/snapshot.go b/cmd/geth/snapshot.go
index 994cb149ce..7621dfa93c 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/snapshot.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/snapshot.go
@@ -561,17 +561,11 @@ func dumpState(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, stack, db, false, true, false)
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
-	snapConfig := snapshot.Config{
-		CacheSize:  256,
-		Recovery:   false,
-		NoBuild:    true,
-		AsyncBuild: false,
-	}
-	snaptree, err := snapshot.New(snapConfig, db, triedb, root)
+	stateIt, err := utils.NewStateIterator(triedb, db, root)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	accIt, err := snaptree.AccountIterator(root, common.BytesToHash(conf.Start))
+	accIt, err := stateIt.AccountIterator(root, common.BytesToHash(conf.Start))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -605,7 +599,7 @@ func dumpState(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		if !conf.SkipStorage {
 			da.Storage = make(map[common.Hash]string)
 
-			stIt, err := snaptree.StorageIterator(root, accIt.Hash(), common.Hash{})
+			stIt, err := stateIt.StorageIterator(root, accIt.Hash(), common.Hash{})
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -658,17 +652,11 @@ func snapshotExportPreimages(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		}
 		root = headBlock.Root()
 	}
-	snapConfig := snapshot.Config{
-		CacheSize:  256,
-		Recovery:   false,
-		NoBuild:    true,
-		AsyncBuild: false,
-	}
-	snaptree, err := snapshot.New(snapConfig, chaindb, triedb, root)
+	stateIt, err := utils.NewStateIterator(triedb, chaindb, root)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	return utils.ExportSnapshotPreimages(chaindb, snaptree, ctx.Args().First(), root)
+	return utils.ExportSnapshotPreimages(chaindb, stateIt, ctx.Args().First(), root)
 }
 
 // checkAccount iterates the snap data layers, and looks up the given account
diff --git a/cmd/utils/cmd.go b/cmd/utils/cmd.go
index b332a060de..db7bd691d8 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/cmd.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/cmd.go
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/node"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
 )
 
@@ -567,9 +568,64 @@ func ExportPreimages(db ethdb.Database, fn string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// StateIterator is a temporary structure for traversing state in order. It serves
+// as an aggregator for both path scheme and hash scheme implementations and should
+// be removed once the hash scheme is fully deprecated.
+type StateIterator struct {
+	scheme    string
+	root      common.Hash
+	triedb    *triedb.Database
+	snapshots *snapshot.Tree
+}
+
+// NewStateIterator constructs the state iterator with the specific root.
+func NewStateIterator(triedb *triedb.Database, db ethdb.Database, root common.Hash) (*StateIterator, error) {
+	if triedb.Scheme() == rawdb.PathScheme {
+		return &StateIterator{
+			scheme: rawdb.PathScheme,
+			root:   root,
+			triedb: triedb,
+		}, nil
+	}
+	config := snapshot.Config{
+		CacheSize:  256,
+		Recovery:   false,
+		NoBuild:    true,
+		AsyncBuild: false,
+	}
+	snapshots, err := snapshot.New(config, db, triedb, root)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &StateIterator{
+		scheme:    rawdb.HashScheme,
+		root:      root,
+		triedb:    triedb,
+		snapshots: snapshots,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// AccountIterator creates a new account iterator for the specified root hash and
+// seeks to a starting account hash.
+func (it *StateIterator) AccountIterator(root common.Hash, start common.Hash) (snapshot.AccountIterator, error) {
+	if it.scheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
+		return it.triedb.AccountIterator(root, start)
+	}
+	return it.snapshots.AccountIterator(root, start)
+}
+
+// StorageIterator creates a new storage iterator for the specified root hash and
+// account. The iterator will be moved to the specific start position.
+func (it *StateIterator) StorageIterator(root common.Hash, accountHash common.Hash, start common.Hash) (snapshot.StorageIterator, error) {
+	if it.scheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
+		return it.triedb.StorageIterator(root, accountHash, start)
+	}
+	return it.snapshots.StorageIterator(root, accountHash, start)
+}
+
 // ExportSnapshotPreimages exports the preimages corresponding to the enumeration of
 // the snapshot for a given root.
-func ExportSnapshotPreimages(chaindb ethdb.Database, snaptree *snapshot.Tree, fn string, root common.Hash) error {
+func ExportSnapshotPreimages(chaindb ethdb.Database, stateIt *StateIterator, fn string, root common.Hash) error {
 	log.Info("Exporting preimages", "file", fn)
 
 	fh, err := os.OpenFile(fn, os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_TRUNC, os.ModePerm)
@@ -602,7 +658,7 @@ func ExportSnapshotPreimages(chaindb ethdb.Database, snaptree *snapshot.Tree, fn
 	)
 	go func() {
 		defer close(hashCh)
-		accIt, err := snaptree.AccountIterator(root, common.Hash{})
+		accIt, err := stateIt.AccountIterator(root, common.Hash{})
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Error("Failed to create account iterator", "error", err)
 			return
@@ -619,7 +675,7 @@ func ExportSnapshotPreimages(chaindb ethdb.Database, snaptree *snapshot.Tree, fn
 			hashCh <- hashAndPreimageSize{Hash: accIt.Hash(), Size: common.AddressLength}
 
 			if acc.Root != (common.Hash{}) && acc.Root != types.EmptyRootHash {
-				stIt, err := snaptree.StorageIterator(root, accIt.Hash(), common.Hash{})
+				stIt, err := stateIt.StorageIterator(root, accIt.Hash(), common.Hash{})
 				if err != nil {
 					log.Error("Failed to create storage iterator", "error", err)
 					return
diff --git a/tests/state_test.go b/tests/state_test.go
index 301bc3a7a9..f80bda4372 100644
--- a/tests/state_test.go
+++ b/tests/state_test.go
@@ -156,8 +156,8 @@ func execStateTest(t *testing.T, st *testMatcher, test *StateTest) {
 			withTrace(t, test.gasLimit(subtest), func(vmconfig vm.Config) error {
 				var result error
 				test.Run(subtest, vmconfig, true, rawdb.PathScheme, func(err error, state *StateTestState) {
-					if state.Snapshots != nil && state.StateDB != nil {
-						if _, err := state.Snapshots.Journal(state.StateDB.IntermediateRoot(false)); err != nil {
+					if state.TrieDB != nil && state.StateDB != nil {
+						if err := state.TrieDB.Journal(state.StateDB.IntermediateRoot(false)); err != nil {
 							result = err
 							return
 						}
diff --git a/tests/state_test_util.go b/tests/state_test_util.go
index ec7eec1f39..b8d3c4fb92 100644
--- a/tests/state_test_util.go
+++ b/tests/state_test_util.go
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc, snapshotter bo
 
 	// If snapshot is requested, initialize the snapshotter and use it in state.
 	var snaps *snapshot.Tree
-	if snapshotter {
+	if snapshotter && scheme == rawdb.HashScheme {
 		snapconfig := snapshot.Config{
 			CacheSize:  1,
 			Recovery:   false,

From 1597d58fae760859ae344f7d403235b4e39befa5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Sep 2025 22:20:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 178/470] go.work, build: remove workspace file (#32699)

https://go.dev/ref/mod#go-work-file advises against checking `go.work`
files because they can interfere with local development. We added the
workspace file in order to make `go test` and other tools work across
multiple modules. But it seems to cause weird issues with the
`go.work.sum` file being modified, etc.

So with this PR, we instead run all the `ci.go` commands for all modules
in the workspace manually.
---
 build/ci.go            | 133 +++++------
 cmd/keeper/go.mod      |   9 +-
 cmd/keeper/go.sum      |  18 +-
 go.work                |   6 -
 go.work.sum            | 515 -----------------------------------------
 internal/build/util.go |  12 +-
 6 files changed, 93 insertions(+), 600 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 go.work
 delete mode 100644 go.work.sum

diff --git a/build/ci.go b/build/ci.go
index e145cc1cb5..c5d522c0e6 100644
--- a/build/ci.go
+++ b/build/ci.go
@@ -64,6 +64,11 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
+	goModules = []string{
+		".",
+		"./cmd/keeper",
+	}
+
 	// Files that end up in the geth*.zip archive.
 	gethArchiveFiles = []string{
 		"COPYING",
@@ -295,6 +300,7 @@ func doTest(cmdline []string) {
 	if *dlgo {
 		tc.Root = build.DownloadGo(csdb)
 	}
+
 	gotest := tc.Go("test")
 
 	// CI needs a bit more time for the statetests (default 45m).
@@ -323,11 +329,19 @@ func doTest(cmdline []string) {
 	}
 
 	packages := flag.CommandLine.Args()
-	if len(packages) == 0 {
-		packages = workspacePackagePatterns()
+	if len(packages) > 0 {
+		gotest.Args = append(gotest.Args, packages...)
+		build.MustRun(gotest)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// No packages specified, run all tests for all modules.
+	gotest.Args = append(gotest.Args, "./...")
+	for _, mod := range goModules {
+		test := *gotest
+		test.Dir = mod
+		build.MustRun(&test)
 	}
-	gotest.Args = append(gotest.Args, packages...)
-	build.MustRun(gotest)
 }
 
 // downloadSpecTestFixtures downloads and extracts the execution-spec-tests fixtures.
@@ -351,40 +365,46 @@ func doCheckGenerate() {
 		cachedir = flag.String("cachedir", "./build/cache", "directory for caching binaries.")
 		tc       = new(build.GoToolchain)
 	)
-	// Compute the origin hashes of all the files
-	var hashes map[string][32]byte
 
-	var err error
-	hashes, err = build.HashFolder(".", []string{"tests/testdata", "build/cache", ".git"})
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal("Error computing hashes", "err", err)
-	}
 	// Run any go generate steps we might be missing
 	var (
 		protocPath      = downloadProtoc(*cachedir)
 		protocGenGoPath = downloadProtocGenGo(*cachedir)
 	)
-	c := tc.Go("generate", workspacePackagePatterns()...)
 	pathList := []string{filepath.Join(protocPath, "bin"), protocGenGoPath, os.Getenv("PATH")}
-	c.Env = append(c.Env, "PATH="+strings.Join(pathList, string(os.PathListSeparator)))
-	build.MustRun(c)
 
-	// Check if generate file hashes have changed
-	generated, err := build.HashFolder(".", []string{"tests/testdata", "build/cache", ".git"})
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Error re-computing hashes: %v", err)
-	}
-	updates := build.DiffHashes(hashes, generated)
-	for _, file := range updates {
-		log.Printf("File changed: %s", file)
-	}
-	if len(updates) != 0 {
-		log.Fatal("One or more generated files were updated by running 'go generate ./...'")
+	for _, mod := range goModules {
+		// Compute the origin hashes of all the files
+		hashes, err := build.HashFolder(mod, []string{"tests/testdata", "build/cache", ".git"})
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Fatal("Error computing hashes", "err", err)
+		}
+
+		c := tc.Go("generate", "./...")
+		c.Env = append(c.Env, "PATH="+strings.Join(pathList, string(os.PathListSeparator)))
+		c.Dir = mod
+		build.MustRun(c)
+		// Check if generate file hashes have changed
+		generated, err := build.HashFolder(mod, []string{"tests/testdata", "build/cache", ".git"})
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("Error re-computing hashes: %v", err)
+		}
+		updates := build.DiffHashes(hashes, generated)
+		for _, file := range updates {
+			log.Printf("File changed: %s", file)
+		}
+		if len(updates) != 0 {
+			log.Fatal("One or more generated files were updated by running 'go generate ./...'")
+		}
 	}
 	fmt.Println("No stale files detected.")
 
 	// Run go mod tidy check.
-	build.MustRun(tc.Go("mod", "tidy", "-diff"))
+	for _, mod := range goModules {
+		tidy := tc.Go("mod", "tidy", "-diff")
+		tidy.Dir = mod
+		build.MustRun(tidy)
+	}
 	fmt.Println("No untidy module files detected.")
 }
 
@@ -425,20 +445,29 @@ func doLint(cmdline []string) {
 	)
 	flag.CommandLine.Parse(cmdline)
 
-	packages := flag.CommandLine.Args()
-	if len(packages) == 0 {
-		// Get module directories in workspace.
-		packages = []string{"./..."}
-		modules := workspaceModules()
-		for _, m := range modules[1:] {
-			dir := strings.TrimPrefix(m, modules[0])
-			packages = append(packages, "."+dir+"/...")
-		}
+	linter := downloadLinter(*cachedir)
+	linter, err := filepath.Abs(linter)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	config, err := filepath.Abs(".golangci.yml")
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	linter := downloadLinter(*cachedir)
-	lflags := []string{"run", "--config", ".golangci.yml"}
-	build.MustRunCommandWithOutput(linter, append(lflags, packages...)...)
+	lflags := []string{"run", "--config", config}
+	packages := flag.CommandLine.Args()
+	if len(packages) > 0 {
+		build.MustRunCommandWithOutput(linter, append(lflags, packages...)...)
+	} else {
+		// Run for all modules in workspace.
+		for _, mod := range goModules {
+			args := append(lflags, "./...")
+			lintcmd := exec.Command(linter, args...)
+			lintcmd.Dir = mod
+			build.MustRunWithOutput(lintcmd)
+		}
+	}
 	fmt.Println("You have achieved perfection.")
 }
 
@@ -1176,31 +1205,3 @@ func doSanityCheck() {
 	csdb := download.MustLoadChecksums("build/checksums.txt")
 	csdb.DownloadAndVerifyAll()
 }
-
-// workspaceModules lists the module paths in the current work.
-func workspaceModules() []string {
-	listing, err := new(build.GoToolchain).Go("list", "-m").Output()
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("go list failed:", err)
-	}
-	var modules []string
-	for _, m := range bytes.Split(listing, []byte("\n")) {
-		m = bytes.TrimSpace(m)
-		if len(m) > 0 {
-			modules = append(modules, string(m))
-		}
-	}
-	if len(modules) == 0 {
-		panic("no modules found")
-	}
-	return modules
-}
-
-func workspacePackagePatterns() []string {
-	modules := workspaceModules()
-	patterns := make([]string, len(modules))
-	for i, m := range modules {
-		patterns[i] = m + "/..."
-	}
-	return patterns
-}
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.mod b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
index 72bec0fef3..d1649da43f 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.mod
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
@@ -13,12 +13,13 @@ require (
 	github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.20.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.0 // indirect
-	github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a // indirect
 	github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2 // indirect
-	github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.3 // indirect
+	github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab // indirect
 	github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/ferranbt/fastssz v0.1.4 // indirect
 	github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.3.0 // indirect
@@ -33,12 +34,12 @@ require (
 	github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter v0.0.5 // indirect
 	github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.4-0.20210419000835-c7a38de76ee5+incompatible // indirect
-	github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.14 // indirect
+	github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.16-0.20250831170142-f48500c1fdbe // indirect
 	github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.12 // indirect
 	github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.6.1 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.12.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
 )
 
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.sum b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
index 036d5ebd4b..e3bc204ba8 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.sum
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ github.com/cockroachdb/tokenbucket v0.0.0-20230807174530-cc333fc44b06 h1:zuQyyAK
 github.com/cockroachdb/tokenbucket v0.0.0-20230807174530-cc333fc44b06/go.mod h1:7nc4anLGjupUW/PeY5qiNYsdNXj7zopG+eqsS7To5IQ=
 github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.0 h1:vIye/FqI50VeAr0B3dx+YjeIvmc3LWz4yEfbWBpTUf0=
 github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.0/go.mod h1:L3mXGFTe1ZN+RSJ+CLjUt9x7PNdx8ubaYfDROyp2Z8c=
-github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.3.0 h1:05GrhASN9kDAidaFJOda6A4BEvgvuXbazXg/0E3OOdI=
-github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.3.0/go.mod h1:J9/u5sWfznSObptgfa92Jq8rTswn6ahQWEuiLHOjCUI=
+github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0 h1:WzDGjHk4gFg6YzV0rJOAsTK4z3Qkz5jd4RE3DAvPFkg=
+github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0/go.mod h1:J9/u5sWfznSObptgfa92Jq8rTswn6ahQWEuiLHOjCUI=
 github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a h1:W8mUrRp6NOVl3J+MYp5kPMoUZPp7aOYHtaua31lwRHg=
 github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a/go.mod h1:sTwzHBvIzm2RfVCGNEBZgRyjwK40bVoun3ZnGOCafNM=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
@@ -42,8 +42,10 @@ github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1 h1:YLtO71vCjJRCBcrPMtQ9nqBsqpA1
 github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1/go.mod h1:hyedUtir6IdtD/7lIxGeCxkaw7y45JueMRL4DIyJDKs=
 github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2 h1:08GN+DD79cy/tzN6uLCT84+2Wk9u+wvqP+Hkx/dIR8A=
 github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2/go.mod h1:DeV7GvQtIw4h2u73RKBkkFdvVAz0D9fzeJrgPW6gy/s=
-github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.0 h1:gQropX9YFBhl3g4HYhwE70zq3IHFRgbbNPw0Shwzf5w=
-github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:TC48kOKjJKPbN7C++qIgt0TJzZ70QznYR7Ob+WXl57E=
+github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.3 h1:DQ21UU0VSsuGy8+pcMJHDS0CV1bKmJmxsJYK8l3MiLU=
+github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.3/go.mod h1:fyNcYI/yAuLWJxf4uzVtS8VDKeoAaRM8G/+ADz/pRdA=
+github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab h1:rvv6MJhy07IMfEKuARQ9TKojGqLVNxQajaXEp/BoqSk=
+github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab/go.mod h1:IuLm4IsPipXKF7CW5Lzf68PIbZ5yl7FFd74l/E0o9A8=
 github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2 h1:I2W0WjnrFUIzzVPwm8ykY+7pL2d4VhlsePn4j7cnFk8=
 github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2/go.mod h1:M3b90YRnzqKyyzBEWJGqj8Qff4IDeXnzFw0P9bFw3uk=
 github.com/ferranbt/fastssz v0.1.4 h1:OCDB+dYDEQDvAgtAGnTSidK1Pe2tW3nFV40XyMkTeDY=
@@ -114,8 +116,8 @@ github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
-github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.14 h1:xNMoHRJOTwMn63ip6qoWJ2Ymgvj7E2b9jY2FAwY+qRo=
-github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.14/go.mod h1:jZJtfjgudtNl4en1tzwPIV3KjUnQUvG3/j+w+fVonLw=
+github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.16-0.20250831170142-f48500c1fdbe h1:nbdqkIGOGfUAD54q1s2YBcBz/WcsxCO9HUQ4aGV5hUw=
+github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.16-0.20250831170142-f48500c1fdbe/go.mod h1:jZJtfjgudtNl4en1tzwPIV3KjUnQUvG3/j+w+fVonLw=
 github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.12 h1:0QaGUFOdQaIVdPgfITYzaTegZvdCjmYO52cSFAEVmqU=
 github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.12/go.mod h1:Ho14jnntGE1fpdOqQEEaiKRpvIavV0hSfmBq8nJbHYI=
 github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.6.1 h1:ng9scYS7az0Bk4OZLvrNXNSAO2Pxr1XXRAPyjhIx+Fk=
@@ -133,8 +135,8 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.1.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.11.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.14.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0 h1:ioabZlmFYtWhL+TRYpcnNlLwhyxaM9kWTDEmfnprqik=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0 h1:KVRy2GtZBrk1cBYA7MKu5bEZFxQk4NIDV6RLVcC8o0k=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
 golang.org/x/text v0.23.0 h1:D71I7dUrlY+VX0gQShAThNGHFxZ13dGLBHQLVl1mJlY=
 golang.org/x/text v0.23.0/go.mod h1:/BLNzu4aZCJ1+kcD0DNRotWKage4q2rGVAg4o22unh4=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2 h1:6xV6lTsCfpGD21XK49h7MhtcApnLqkfYgPcdHftf6hg=
diff --git a/go.work b/go.work
deleted file mode 100644
index 54e37dd75a..0000000000
--- a/go.work
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-go 1.24.0
-
-use (
-	.
-	./cmd/keeper
-)
diff --git a/go.work.sum b/go.work.sum
deleted file mode 100644
index 7413bba03f..0000000000
--- a/go.work.sum
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,515 +0,0 @@
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-google.golang.org/grpc v1.34.0/go.mod h1:WotjhfgOW/POjDeRt8vscBtXq+2VjORFy659qA51WJ8=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.35.0/go.mod h1:qjiiYl8FncCW8feJPdyg3v6XW24KsRHe+dy9BAGRRjU=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.36.0/go.mod h1:qjiiYl8FncCW8feJPdyg3v6XW24KsRHe+dy9BAGRRjU=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.36.1/go.mod h1:qjiiYl8FncCW8feJPdyg3v6XW24KsRHe+dy9BAGRRjU=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.38.0/go.mod h1:NREThFqKR1f3iQ6oBuvc5LadQuXVGo9rkm5ZGrQdJfM=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.22.0/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.1-0.20200526195155-81db48ad09cc/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.24.0/go.mod h1:r/3tXBNzIEhYS9I1OUVjXDlt8tc493IdKGjtUeSXeh4=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.25.0/go.mod h1:9JNX74DMeImyA3h4bdi1ymwjUzf21/xIlbajtzgsN7c=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0-rc.1/go.mod h1:jlhhOSvTdKEhbULTjvd4ARK9grFBp09yW+WbY/TyQbw=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0/go.mod h1:9q0QmTI4eRPtz6boOQmLYwt+qCgq0jsYwAQnmE0givc=
-gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.62.0/go.mod h1:pNLf8WUiyNEtQjuu5G5vTm06TEv9tsIgeAvK8hOrP4k=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.3/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20210107192922-496545a6307b/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190102054323-c2f93a96b099/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190106161140-3f1c8253044a/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190418001031-e561f6794a2a/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190523083050-ea95bdfd59fc/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.1-2019.2.3/go.mod h1:a3bituU0lyd329TUQxRnasdCoJDkEUEAqEt0JzvZhAg=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.1-2020.1.3/go.mod h1:X/FiERA/W4tHapMX5mGpAtMSVEeEUOyHaw9vFzvIQ3k=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.1-2020.1.4/go.mod h1:X/FiERA/W4tHapMX5mGpAtMSVEeEUOyHaw9vFzvIQ3k=
-rsc.io/binaryregexp v0.2.0/go.mod h1:qTv7/COck+e2FymRvadv62gMdZztPaShugOCi3I+8D8=
-rsc.io/quote/v3 v3.1.0/go.mod h1:yEA65RcK8LyAZtP9Kv3t0HmxON59tX3rD+tICJqUlj0=
-rsc.io/sampler v1.3.0/go.mod h1:T1hPZKmBbMNahiBKFy5HrXp6adAjACjK9JXDnKaTXpA=
-rsc.io/tmplfunc v0.0.3/go.mod h1:AG3sTPzElb1Io3Yg4voV9AGZJuleGAwaVRxL9M49PhA=
diff --git a/internal/build/util.go b/internal/build/util.go
index aee8bf0fc8..27531d3d95 100644
--- a/internal/build/util.go
+++ b/internal/build/util.go
@@ -39,6 +39,9 @@ var DryRunFlag = flag.Bool("n", false, "dry run, don't execute commands")
 // MustRun executes the given command and exits the host process for
 // any error.
 func MustRun(cmd *exec.Cmd) {
+	if cmd.Dir != "" && cmd.Dir != "." {
+		fmt.Printf("(in %s) ", cmd.Dir)
+	}
 	fmt.Println(">>>", printArgs(cmd.Args))
 	if !*DryRunFlag {
 		cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
@@ -71,6 +74,13 @@ func MustRunCommand(cmd string, args ...string) {
 // printed while it runs. This is useful for CI builds where the process will be stopped
 // when there is no output.
 func MustRunCommandWithOutput(cmd string, args ...string) {
+	MustRunWithOutput(exec.Command(cmd, args...))
+}
+
+// MustRunWithOutput runs the given command, and ensures that some output will be printed
+// while it runs. This is useful for CI builds where the process will be stopped when
+// there is no output.
+func MustRunWithOutput(cmd *exec.Cmd) {
 	interval := time.NewTicker(time.Minute)
 	done := make(chan struct{})
 	defer interval.Stop()
@@ -85,7 +95,7 @@ func MustRunCommandWithOutput(cmd string, args ...string) {
 			}
 		}
 	}()
-	MustRun(exec.Command(cmd, args...))
+	MustRun(cmd)
 }
 
 var warnedAboutGit bool

From 2872242045377abe1ec9a54b8bc874dc2bb4febd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: MozirDmitriy <dmitriymozir@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Sep 2025 23:27:54 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 179/470] cmd/era: fix iterator error source handling in
 checkAccumulator (#32698)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

This change replaces wrapping a stale outer err with the iterator’s own
error after Next(), and switches the post-BlockAndReceipts() check to
use the returned err. According to internal/era iterator contract,
Error() should be consulted immediately after Next() to surface
iteration errors, while decoding errors from Block/Receipts are returned
directly. The previous code could hide the real failure (using nil or
unrelated err), leading to misleading diagnostics and missed iteration
errors.

---------

Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 cmd/era/main.go | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/era/main.go b/cmd/era/main.go
index 8b57fd695c..35a889d4dc 100644
--- a/cmd/era/main.go
+++ b/cmd/era/main.go
@@ -274,10 +274,10 @@ func checkAccumulator(e *era.Era) error {
 	for it.Next() {
 		// 1) next() walks the block index, so we're able to implicitly verify it.
 		if it.Error() != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error reading block %d: %w", it.Number(), err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("error reading block %d: %w", it.Number(), it.Error())
 		}
 		block, receipts, err := it.BlockAndReceipts()
-		if it.Error() != nil {
+		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error reading block %d: %w", it.Number(), err)
 		}
 		// 2) recompute tx root and verify against header.
@@ -294,6 +294,9 @@ func checkAccumulator(e *era.Era) error {
 		td.Add(td, block.Difficulty())
 		tds = append(tds, new(big.Int).Set(td))
 	}
+	if it.Error() != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error reading block %d: %w", it.Number(), it.Error())
+	}
 	// 4+5) Verify accumulator and total difficulty.
 	got, err := era.ComputeAccumulator(hashes, tds)
 	if err != nil {

From 2b5718fe9248fd9869a27408d31e8b59ef747315 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bhargava Shastry <bshastry@ethereum.org>
Date: Tue, 23 Sep 2025 14:39:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 180/470] cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool: fix nil pointer dereference
 in Osaka blob gas calculation (#32714)

The parent header was missing the BaseFee field when calculating the
reserve price for EIP-7918 in the Osaka fork, causing a nil pointer
dereference. This fix ensures BaseFee is properly set from ParentBaseFee
in the environment.

Added regression test case 34 to verify Osaka fork blob gas calculation
works correctly with parent base fee.
---
 cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go |  1 +
 cmd/evm/t8n_test.go                   |  8 ++++++++
 cmd/evm/testdata/34/README.md         |  6 ++++++
 cmd/evm/testdata/34/alloc.json        |  6 ++++++
 cmd/evm/testdata/34/env.json          | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 cmd/evm/testdata/34/exp.json          | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 cmd/evm/testdata/34/txs.json          |  1 +
 7 files changed, 63 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 cmd/evm/testdata/34/README.md
 create mode 100644 cmd/evm/testdata/34/alloc.json
 create mode 100644 cmd/evm/testdata/34/env.json
 create mode 100644 cmd/evm/testdata/34/exp.json
 create mode 100644 cmd/evm/testdata/34/txs.json

diff --git a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
index f595a9bf4d..f1e65afe9c 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
@@ -191,6 +191,7 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 				Time:          pre.Env.ParentTimestamp,
 				ExcessBlobGas: pre.Env.ParentExcessBlobGas,
 				BlobGasUsed:   pre.Env.ParentBlobGasUsed,
+				BaseFee:       pre.Env.ParentBaseFee,
 			}
 			header := &types.Header{
 				Time:          pre.Env.Timestamp,
diff --git a/cmd/evm/t8n_test.go b/cmd/evm/t8n_test.go
index 46146be787..3c6fd90b47 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/t8n_test.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/t8n_test.go
@@ -296,6 +296,14 @@ func TestT8n(t *testing.T) {
 			output: t8nOutput{alloc: true, result: true},
 			expOut: "exp.json",
 		},
+		{ // Osaka test, EIP-7918 blob gas with parent base fee
+			base: "./testdata/34",
+			input: t8nInput{
+				"alloc.json", "txs.json", "env.json", "Osaka", "",
+			},
+			output: t8nOutput{alloc: true, result: true},
+			expOut: "exp.json",
+		},
 	} {
 		args := []string{"t8n"}
 		args = append(args, tc.output.get()...)
diff --git a/cmd/evm/testdata/34/README.md b/cmd/evm/testdata/34/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a18f85ca14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/evm/testdata/34/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+This test verifies that Osaka fork blob gas calculation works correctly when
+parentBaseFee is provided. It tests the EIP-7918 reserve price calculation
+which requires parent.BaseFee to be properly set.
+
+Regression test for: nil pointer dereference when parent.BaseFee was not
+included in the parent header during Osaka fork blob gas calculations.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cmd/evm/testdata/34/alloc.json b/cmd/evm/testdata/34/alloc.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..199de13285
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/evm/testdata/34/alloc.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b": {
+    "balance": "0x1000000000000000000",
+    "nonce": "0x0"
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cmd/evm/testdata/34/env.json b/cmd/evm/testdata/34/env.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae2bde5ef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/evm/testdata/34/env.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "currentCoinbase": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+  "currentDifficulty": "0x0",
+  "currentRandom": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+  "currentGasLimit": "0x5f5e100",
+  "currentNumber": "0x1",
+  "currentTimestamp": "0x1000",
+  "parentTimestamp": "0x0",
+  "currentBaseFee": "0x10",
+  "parentBaseFee": "0x0a",
+  "parentGasUsed": "0x0",
+  "parentGasLimit": "0x5f5e100",
+  "currentExcessBlobGas": "0x0",
+  "parentExcessBlobGas": "0x0",
+  "parentBlobGasUsed": "0x20000",
+  "parentBeaconBlockRoot": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+  "withdrawals": []
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cmd/evm/testdata/34/exp.json b/cmd/evm/testdata/34/exp.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56d24a532e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/evm/testdata/34/exp.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  "alloc": {
+    "0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b": {
+      "balance": "0x1000000000000000000"
+    }
+  },
+  "result": {
+    "stateRoot": "0x01c28492482a1a1f66224726ef1059a7036fce69d1d2c991b65cd013725d5742",
+    "txRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+    "receiptsRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+    "logsHash": "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+    "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "currentDifficulty": null,
+    "receipts": [],
+    "gasUsed": "0x0",
+    "currentBaseFee": "0x10",
+    "withdrawalsRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+    "currentExcessBlobGas": "0x0",
+    "blobGasUsed": "0x0",
+    "requestsHash": "0xe3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855",
+    "requests": []
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cmd/evm/testdata/34/txs.json b/cmd/evm/testdata/34/txs.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0637a088a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/evm/testdata/34/txs.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[]
\ No newline at end of file

From 8dfd30fdd18a55222f5ca6cc823ee986c5a8ed93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Sep 2025 20:45:36 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 181/470] core/txpool/blobpool: add legacy sidecar conversion
 in reinject (#32688)

This adds the conversion for the legacy sidecar if these
transactions are reorged out after the osaka.
---
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go | 15 +++++++++++++++
 crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_test.go   | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 43 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
index 1bf48cf949..db965bc71a 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
@@ -1030,6 +1030,21 @@ func (p *BlobPool) reinject(addr common.Address, txhash common.Hash) error {
 	// TODO: seems like an easy optimization here would be getting the serialized tx
 	// from limbo instead of re-serializing it here.
 
+	// Converts reorged-out legacy blob transactions to the new format to prevent
+	// them from becoming stuck in the pool until eviction.
+	//
+	// Performance note: Conversion takes ~140ms (Mac M1 Pro). Since a maximum of
+	// 9 legacy blob transactions are allowed in a block pre-Osaka, an adversary
+	// could theoretically halt a Geth node for ~1.2s by reorging per block. However,
+	// this attack is financially inefficient to execute.
+	head := p.head.Load()
+	if p.chain.Config().IsOsaka(head.Number, head.Time) && tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 {
+		if err := tx.BlobTxSidecar().ToV1(); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to convert the legacy sidecar", "err", err)
+			return err
+		}
+		log.Info("Legacy blob transaction is reorged", "hash", tx.Hash())
+	}
 	// Serialize the transaction back into the primary datastore.
 	blob, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_test.go b/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_test.go
index d398a0f48b..743a277199 100644
--- a/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_test.go
+++ b/crypto/kzg4844/kzg4844_test.go
@@ -225,3 +225,31 @@ func testKZGCells(t *testing.T, ckzg bool) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to verify KZG proof at point: %v", err)
 	}
 }
+
+// goos: darwin
+// goarch: arm64
+// pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/kzg4844
+// cpu: Apple M1 Pro
+// BenchmarkGOKZGComputeCellProofs
+// BenchmarkGOKZGComputeCellProofs-8   	       8	 139012286 ns/op
+func BenchmarkGOKZGComputeCellProofs(b *testing.B) { benchmarkComputeCellProofs(b, false) }
+func BenchmarkCKZGComputeCellProofs(b *testing.B)  { benchmarkComputeCellProofs(b, true) }
+
+func benchmarkComputeCellProofs(b *testing.B, ckzg bool) {
+	if ckzg && !ckzgAvailable {
+		b.Skip("CKZG unavailable in this test build")
+	}
+	defer func(old bool) { useCKZG.Store(old) }(useCKZG.Load())
+	useCKZG.Store(ckzg)
+
+	blob := randBlob()
+	_, _ = ComputeCellProofs(blob) // for kzg initialization
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		_, err := ComputeCellProofs(blob)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatalf("failed to create KZG proof at point: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}

From 1cd004871bbc6726abc8020a1c4b7e533088c27c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Sep 2025 20:49:15 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 182/470] accounts/keystore: use runtime.AddCleanup (#32610)

---
 accounts/keystore/keystore.go | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/accounts/keystore/keystore.go b/accounts/keystore/keystore.go
index fefba026ae..f9cc3edac8 100644
--- a/accounts/keystore/keystore.go
+++ b/accounts/keystore/keystore.go
@@ -99,9 +99,10 @@ func (ks *KeyStore) init(keydir string) {
 	// TODO: In order for this finalizer to work, there must be no references
 	// to ks. addressCache doesn't keep a reference but unlocked keys do,
 	// so the finalizer will not trigger until all timed unlocks have expired.
-	runtime.SetFinalizer(ks, func(m *KeyStore) {
-		m.cache.close()
-	})
+	runtime.AddCleanup(ks, func(c *accountCache) {
+		c.close()
+	}, ks.cache)
+
 	// Create the initial list of wallets from the cache
 	accs := ks.cache.accounts()
 	ks.wallets = make([]accounts.Wallet, len(accs))

From 4074f745bd42ea7f407c6e6976753ede916c54e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nikita Mescheryakov <root@nikitam.io>
Date: Tue, 23 Sep 2025 23:00:16 +0500
Subject: [PATCH 183/470] internal/ethapi: fix merge transition in eth_simulate
 (#32616)

This PR fixes the fork detection of `eth_simulateV1`, particularly
for networks that are post-merge since genesis, like Hoodi.
---
 consensus/beacon/consensus.go | 14 ++------------
 internal/ethapi/simulate.go   | 14 +++++++++++---
 params/config.go              | 10 ++++++++++
 3 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/consensus/beacon/consensus.go b/consensus/beacon/consensus.go
index 196cbc857c..84926c3d0b 100644
--- a/consensus/beacon/consensus.go
+++ b/consensus/beacon/consensus.go
@@ -71,16 +71,6 @@ func New(ethone consensus.Engine) *Beacon {
 	return &Beacon{ethone: ethone}
 }
 
-// isPostMerge reports whether the given block number is assumed to be post-merge.
-// Here we check the MergeNetsplitBlock to allow configuring networks with a PoW or
-// PoA chain for unit testing purposes.
-func isPostMerge(config *params.ChainConfig, blockNum uint64, timestamp uint64) bool {
-	mergedAtGenesis := config.TerminalTotalDifficulty != nil && config.TerminalTotalDifficulty.Sign() == 0
-	return mergedAtGenesis ||
-		config.MergeNetsplitBlock != nil && blockNum >= config.MergeNetsplitBlock.Uint64() ||
-		config.ShanghaiTime != nil && timestamp >= *config.ShanghaiTime
-}
-
 // Author implements consensus.Engine, returning the verified author of the block.
 func (beacon *Beacon) Author(header *types.Header) (common.Address, error) {
 	if !beacon.IsPoSHeader(header) {
@@ -328,7 +318,7 @@ func (beacon *Beacon) verifyHeaders(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, headers [
 // Prepare implements consensus.Engine, initializing the difficulty field of a
 // header to conform to the beacon protocol. The changes are done inline.
 func (beacon *Beacon) Prepare(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) error {
-	if !isPostMerge(chain.Config(), header.Number.Uint64(), header.Time) {
+	if !chain.Config().IsPostMerge(header.Number.Uint64(), header.Time) {
 		return beacon.ethone.Prepare(chain, header)
 	}
 	header.Difficulty = beaconDifficulty
@@ -442,7 +432,7 @@ func (beacon *Beacon) SealHash(header *types.Header) common.Hash {
 // the difficulty that a new block should have when created at time
 // given the parent block's time and difficulty.
 func (beacon *Beacon) CalcDifficulty(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
-	if !isPostMerge(chain.Config(), parent.Number.Uint64()+1, time) {
+	if !chain.Config().IsPostMerge(parent.Number.Uint64()+1, time) {
 		return beacon.ethone.CalcDifficulty(chain, time, parent)
 	}
 	return beaconDifficulty
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/simulate.go b/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
index e26e5bd0e9..75b5c5ffa8 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
@@ -474,22 +474,30 @@ func (sim *simulator) makeHeaders(blocks []simBlock) ([]*types.Header, error) {
 		overrides := block.BlockOverrides
 
 		var withdrawalsHash *common.Hash
-		if sim.chainConfig.IsShanghai(overrides.Number.ToInt(), (uint64)(*overrides.Time)) {
+		number := overrides.Number.ToInt()
+		timestamp := (uint64)(*overrides.Time)
+		if sim.chainConfig.IsShanghai(number, timestamp) {
 			withdrawalsHash = &types.EmptyWithdrawalsHash
 		}
 		var parentBeaconRoot *common.Hash
-		if sim.chainConfig.IsCancun(overrides.Number.ToInt(), (uint64)(*overrides.Time)) {
+		if sim.chainConfig.IsCancun(number, timestamp) {
 			parentBeaconRoot = &common.Hash{}
 			if overrides.BeaconRoot != nil {
 				parentBeaconRoot = overrides.BeaconRoot
 			}
 		}
+		// Set difficulty to zero if the given block is post-merge. Without this, all post-merge hardforks would remain inactive.
+		// For example, calling eth_simulateV1(..., blockParameter: 0x0) on hoodi network will cause all blocks to have a difficulty of 1 and be treated as pre-merge.
+		difficulty := header.Difficulty
+		if sim.chainConfig.IsPostMerge(number.Uint64(), timestamp) {
+			difficulty = big.NewInt(0)
+		}
 		header = overrides.MakeHeader(&types.Header{
 			UncleHash:        types.EmptyUncleHash,
 			ReceiptHash:      types.EmptyReceiptsHash,
 			TxHash:           types.EmptyTxsHash,
 			Coinbase:         header.Coinbase,
-			Difficulty:       header.Difficulty,
+			Difficulty:       difficulty,
 			GasLimit:         header.GasLimit,
 			WithdrawalsHash:  withdrawalsHash,
 			ParentBeaconRoot: parentBeaconRoot,
diff --git a/params/config.go b/params/config.go
index cf94fb6758..3788325d5c 100644
--- a/params/config.go
+++ b/params/config.go
@@ -678,6 +678,16 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) IsTerminalPoWBlock(parentTotalDiff *big.Int, totalDiff *bi
 	return parentTotalDiff.Cmp(c.TerminalTotalDifficulty) < 0 && totalDiff.Cmp(c.TerminalTotalDifficulty) >= 0
 }
 
+// IsPostMerge reports whether the given block number is assumed to be post-merge.
+// Here we check the MergeNetsplitBlock to allow configuring networks with a PoW or
+// PoA chain for unit testing purposes.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsPostMerge(blockNum uint64, timestamp uint64) bool {
+	mergedAtGenesis := c.TerminalTotalDifficulty != nil && c.TerminalTotalDifficulty.Sign() == 0
+	return mergedAtGenesis ||
+		c.MergeNetsplitBlock != nil && blockNum >= c.MergeNetsplitBlock.Uint64() ||
+		c.ShanghaiTime != nil && timestamp >= *c.ShanghaiTime
+}
+
 // IsShanghai returns whether time is either equal to the Shanghai fork time or greater.
 func (c *ChainConfig) IsShanghai(num *big.Int, time uint64) bool {
 	return c.IsLondon(num) && isTimestampForked(c.ShanghaiTime, time)

From 48c74f45939c5bf748d62ad9166d9a9d1c3677f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: VolodymyrBg <aqdrgg19@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Sep 2025 05:36:56 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 184/470] trie: align AllFFPrefix test assertion and message
 (#32719)

---
 trie/iterator_test.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/trie/iterator_test.go b/trie/iterator_test.go
index f1451cef90..3e0ef126be 100644
--- a/trie/iterator_test.go
+++ b/trie/iterator_test.go
@@ -1005,9 +1005,9 @@ func TestPrefixIteratorEdgeCases(t *testing.T) {
 				count++
 			}
 		}
-		// Should find at least the allFF key itself
+		// Should find exactly the two keys with the all-0xff prefix
 		if count != 2 {
-			t.Errorf("Expected at least 1 result for all-0xff prefix, got %d", count)
+			t.Errorf("Expected 2 results for all-0xff prefix, got %d", count)
 		}
 	})
 

From 15a94b4331c8aecd493b05617564df531881908d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Sep 2025 19:40:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 185/470] build: module-aware FindMainPackages (#32736)

This fixes `go run build/ci.go install`. It was failing because we
resolved all main packages by parsing sources, which fails when the
source directory contains multiple modules.
---
 build/ci.go            |  2 +-
 internal/build/util.go | 32 ++++++++++----------------------
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/build/ci.go b/build/ci.go
index c5d522c0e6..c6f4f28c87 100644
--- a/build/ci.go
+++ b/build/ci.go
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ func doInstall(cmdline []string) {
 	// Default: collect all 'main' packages in cmd/ and build those.
 	packages := flag.Args()
 	if len(packages) == 0 {
-		packages = build.FindMainPackages("./cmd")
+		packages = build.FindMainPackages(&tc, "./cmd/...")
 	}
 
 	// Do the build!
diff --git a/internal/build/util.go b/internal/build/util.go
index 27531d3d95..6e6632c750 100644
--- a/internal/build/util.go
+++ b/internal/build/util.go
@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
-	"go/parser"
-	"go/token"
 	"io"
 	"log"
 	"os"
@@ -219,28 +217,18 @@ func UploadSFTP(identityFile, host, dir string, files []string) error {
 
 // FindMainPackages finds all 'main' packages in the given directory and returns their
 // package paths.
-func FindMainPackages(dir string) []string {
-	var commands []string
-	cmds, err := os.ReadDir(dir)
+func FindMainPackages(tc *GoToolchain, pattern string) []string {
+	list := tc.Go("list", "-f", `{{if eq .Name "main"}}{{.ImportPath}}{{end}}`, pattern)
+	output, err := list.Output()
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
+		log.Fatal("go list failed:", err)
 	}
-	for _, cmd := range cmds {
-		pkgdir := filepath.Join(dir, cmd.Name())
-		if !cmd.IsDir() {
-			continue
-		}
-		pkgs, err := parser.ParseDir(token.NewFileSet(), pkgdir, nil, parser.PackageClauseOnly)
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		for name := range pkgs {
-			if name == "main" {
-				path := "./" + filepath.ToSlash(pkgdir)
-				commands = append(commands, path)
-				break
-			}
+	var result []string
+	for l := range bytes.Lines(output) {
+		l = bytes.TrimSpace(l)
+		if len(l) > 0 {
+			result = append(result, string(l))
 		}
 	}
-	return commands
+	return result
 }

From bc451546ae4ab5e1553de738d1944788173a5371 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Sep 2025 19:41:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 186/470] miner: default gaslimit 60M (#32734)

---
 miner/miner.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/miner/miner.go b/miner/miner.go
index 20845b5036..810cc20a6c 100644
--- a/miner/miner.go
+++ b/miner/miner.go
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ type Config struct {
 
 // DefaultConfig contains default settings for miner.
 var DefaultConfig = Config{
-	GasCeil:  45_000_000,
+	GasCeil:  60_000_000,
 	GasPrice: big.NewInt(params.GWei / 1000),
 
 	// The default recommit time is chosen as two seconds since

From ad55a3e07fe3854aa6582cca612f2fdf09915f67 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Sep 2025 20:03:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 187/470] core/txpool/blobpool: fork boundary conversion 3
 (#32716)

This implements the conversion of existing blob transactions to the new proof
version. Conversion is triggered at the Osaka fork boundary. The conversion is
designed to be idempotent, and may be triggered multiple times in case of a reorg
around the fork boundary.

This change is the last missing piece that completes our strategy for the blobpool
conversion. After the Osaka fork,

- new transactions will be converted on-the-fly upon entry to the pool
- reorged transactions will be converted while being reinjected
- (this change) existing transactions will be converted in the background

---------

Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go      | 170 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go | 181 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go    |  93 ++++++++++---
 core/txpool/blobpool/lookup.go        |  10 ++
 4 files changed, 432 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
index db965bc71a..f4aa406e2a 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
@@ -21,10 +21,12 @@ import (
 	"container/heap"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"maps"
 	"math"
 	"math/big"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
@@ -337,7 +339,7 @@ type BlobPool struct {
 
 	signer types.Signer     // Transaction signer to use for sender recovery
 	chain  BlockChain       // Chain object to access the state through
-	cQueue *conversionQueue // The queue for performing legacy sidecar conversion
+	cQueue *conversionQueue // The queue for performing legacy sidecar conversion (TODO: remove after Osaka)
 
 	head   atomic.Pointer[types.Header] // Current head of the chain
 	state  *state.StateDB               // Current state at the head of the chain
@@ -883,6 +885,172 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Reset(oldHead, newHead *types.Header) {
 	basefeeGauge.Update(int64(basefee.Uint64()))
 	blobfeeGauge.Update(int64(blobfee.Uint64()))
 	p.updateStorageMetrics()
+
+	// Perform the conversion logic at the fork boundary
+	if !p.chain.Config().IsOsaka(oldHead.Number, oldHead.Time) && p.chain.Config().IsOsaka(newHead.Number, newHead.Time) {
+		// Deep copy all indexed transaction metadata.
+		var (
+			ids = make(map[common.Address]map[uint64]uint64)
+			txs = make(map[common.Address]map[uint64]common.Hash)
+		)
+		for sender, list := range p.index {
+			ids[sender] = make(map[uint64]uint64)
+			txs[sender] = make(map[uint64]common.Hash)
+			for _, m := range list {
+				ids[sender][m.nonce] = m.id
+				txs[sender][m.nonce] = m.hash
+			}
+		}
+		// Initiate the background conversion thread.
+		p.cQueue.launchBillyConversion(func() {
+			p.convertLegacySidecars(ids, txs)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// compareAndSwap checks if the specified transaction is still tracked in the pool
+// and replace the metadata accordingly. It should only be used in the fork boundary
+// bulk conversion. If it fails for some reason, the subsequent txs won't be dropped
+// for simplicity which we assume it's very likely to happen.
+//
+// The returned flag indicates whether the replacement succeeded.
+func (p *BlobPool) compareAndSwap(address common.Address, hash common.Hash, blob []byte, oldID uint64, oldStorageSize uint32) bool {
+	p.lock.Lock()
+	defer p.lock.Unlock()
+
+	newId, err := p.store.Put(blob)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to store transaction", "hash", hash, "err", err)
+		return false
+	}
+	newSize := uint64(len(blob))
+	newStorageSize := p.store.Size(newId)
+
+	// Terminate the procedure if the transaction was already evicted. The
+	// newly added blob should be removed before return.
+	if !p.lookup.update(hash, newId, newSize) {
+		if derr := p.store.Delete(newId); derr != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to delete the dangling blob tx", "err", derr)
+		} else {
+			log.Warn("Deleted the dangling blob tx", "id", newId)
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+	// Update the metadata of blob transaction
+	for _, meta := range p.index[address] {
+		if meta.hash == hash {
+			meta.id = newId
+			meta.version = types.BlobSidecarVersion1
+			meta.storageSize = newStorageSize
+			meta.size = newSize
+
+			p.stored += uint64(newStorageSize)
+			p.stored -= uint64(oldStorageSize)
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if err := p.store.Delete(oldID); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to delete the legacy transaction", "hash", hash, "id", oldID, "err", err)
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// convertLegacySidecar fetches transaction data from the store, performs an
+// on-the-fly conversion. This function is intended for use only during the
+// Osaka fork transition period.
+//
+// The returned flag indicates whether the replacement succeeds or not.
+func (p *BlobPool) convertLegacySidecar(sender common.Address, hash common.Hash, id uint64) bool {
+	start := time.Now()
+
+	// Retrieves the legacy blob transaction from the underlying store with
+	// read lock held, preventing any potential data race around the slot
+	// specified by the id.
+	p.lock.RLock()
+	data, err := p.store.Get(id)
+	if err != nil {
+		p.lock.RUnlock()
+		// The transaction may have been evicted simultaneously, safe to skip conversion.
+		log.Debug("Blob transaction is missing", "hash", hash, "id", id, "err", err)
+		return false
+	}
+	oldStorageSize := p.store.Size(id)
+	p.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	// Decode the transaction, the failure is not expected and report the error
+	// loudly if possible. If the blob transaction in this slot is corrupted,
+	// leave it in the store, it will be dropped during the next pool
+	// initialization.
+	var tx types.Transaction
+	if err = rlp.DecodeBytes(data, &tx); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Blob transaction is corrupted", "hash", hash, "id", id, "err", err)
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// Skip conversion if the transaction does not match the expected hash, or if it was
+	// already converted. This can occur if the original transaction was evicted from the
+	// pool and the slot was reused by a new one.
+	if tx.Hash() != hash {
+		log.Warn("Blob transaction was replaced", "hash", hash, "id", id, "stored", tx.Hash())
+		return false
+	}
+	sc := tx.BlobTxSidecar()
+	if sc.Version >= types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
+		log.Debug("Skipping conversion of blob tx", "hash", hash, "id", id)
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// Perform the sidecar conversion, the failure is not expected and report the error
+	// loudly if possible.
+	if err := tx.BlobTxSidecar().ToV1(); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to convert blob transaction", "hash", hash, "err", err)
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// Encode the converted transaction, the failure is not expected and report
+	// the error loudly if possible.
+	blob, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(&tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to encode blob transaction", "hash", tx.Hash(), "err", err)
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// Replace the legacy blob transaction with the converted format.
+	if !p.compareAndSwap(sender, hash, blob, id, oldStorageSize) {
+		log.Error("Failed to replace the legacy transaction", "hash", hash)
+		return false
+	}
+	log.Debug("Converted legacy blob transaction", "hash", hash, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	return true
+}
+
+// convertLegacySidecars converts all given transactions to sidecar version 1.
+//
+// If any of them fails to be converted, the subsequent transactions will still
+// be processed, as we assume the failure is very unlikely to happen. If happens,
+// these transactions will be stuck in the pool until eviction.
+func (p *BlobPool) convertLegacySidecars(ids map[common.Address]map[uint64]uint64, txs map[common.Address]map[uint64]common.Hash) {
+	var (
+		start   = time.Now()
+		success int
+		failure int
+	)
+	for addr, list := range txs {
+		// Transactions evicted from the pool must be contiguous, if in any case,
+		// the transactions are gapped with each other, they will be discarded.
+		nonces := slices.Collect(maps.Keys(list))
+		slices.Sort(nonces)
+
+		// Convert the txs with nonce order
+		for _, nonce := range nonces {
+			if p.convertLegacySidecar(addr, list[nonce], ids[addr][nonce]) {
+				success++
+			} else {
+				failure++
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	log.Info("Completed blob transaction conversion", "discarded", failure, "injected", success, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 }
 
 // reorg assembles all the transactors and missing transactions between an old
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
index 75a87940bd..f0f00c8055 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
@@ -2098,6 +2098,185 @@ func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 	pool.Close()
 }
 
+// TestSidecarConversion will verify that after the Osaka fork, all legacy
+// sidecars in the pool are successfully convert to v1 sidecars.
+func TestSidecarConversion(t *testing.T) {
+	// log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelTrace, true)))
+
+	// Create a temporary folder for the persistent backend
+	storage := t.TempDir()
+	os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore), 0700)
+
+	var (
+		preOsakaTxs  = make(types.Transactions, 10)
+		postOsakaTxs = make(types.Transactions, 3)
+		keys         = make([]*ecdsa.PrivateKey, len(preOsakaTxs)+len(postOsakaTxs))
+		addrs        = make([]common.Address, len(preOsakaTxs)+len(postOsakaTxs))
+		statedb, _   = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
+	)
+	for i := range keys {
+		keys[i], _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
+		addrs[i] = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(keys[i].PublicKey)
+		statedb.AddBalance(addrs[i], uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
+	}
+	for i := range preOsakaTxs {
+		preOsakaTxs[i] = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 2, 0, keys[i], types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
+	}
+	for i := range postOsakaTxs {
+		if i == 0 {
+			// First has a v0 sidecar.
+			postOsakaTxs[i] = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 1, 0, keys[len(preOsakaTxs)+i], types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
+		}
+		postOsakaTxs[i] = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 1, 0, keys[len(preOsakaTxs)+i], types.BlobSidecarVersion1)
+	}
+	statedb.Commit(0, true, false)
+
+	// Test plan:
+	// 1) Create a bunch v0 sidecar txs and add to pool before Osaka.
+	// 2) Pass in new Osaka header to activate the conversion thread.
+	// 3) Continue adding both v0 and v1 transactions to the pool.
+	// 4) Verify that as additional blocks come in, transactions involved in the
+	// migration are correctly discarded.
+
+	config := &params.ChainConfig{
+		ChainID:            big.NewInt(1),
+		LondonBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
+		BerlinBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
+		CancunTime:         newUint64(0),
+		PragueTime:         newUint64(0),
+		OsakaTime:          newUint64(1),
+		BlobScheduleConfig: params.DefaultBlobSchedule,
+	}
+	chain := &testBlockChain{
+		config:  config,
+		basefee: uint256.NewInt(1050),
+		blobfee: uint256.NewInt(105),
+		statedb: statedb,
+		blocks:  make(map[uint64]*types.Block),
+	}
+
+	// Create 3 blocks:
+	//	- the current block, before Osaka
+	//	- the first block after Osaka
+	//	- another post-Osaka block with several transactions in it
+	header0 := chain.CurrentBlock()
+	header0.Time = 0
+	chain.blocks[0] = types.NewBlockWithHeader(header0)
+
+	header1 := chain.CurrentBlock()
+	header1.Number = big.NewInt(1)
+	header1.Time = 1
+	chain.blocks[1] = types.NewBlockWithHeader(header1)
+
+	header2 := chain.CurrentBlock()
+	header2.Time = 2
+	header2.Number = big.NewInt(2)
+
+	// Make a copy of one of the pre-Osaka transactions and convert it to v1 here
+	// so that we can add it to the pool later and ensure a duplicate is not added
+	// by the conversion queue.
+	tx := preOsakaTxs[len(preOsakaTxs)-1]
+	sc := *tx.BlobTxSidecar() // copy sidecar
+	sc.ToV1()
+	tx.WithBlobTxSidecar(&sc)
+
+	block2 := types.NewBlockWithHeader(header2).WithBody(types.Body{Transactions: append(postOsakaTxs, tx)})
+	chain.blocks[2] = block2
+
+	pool := New(Config{Datadir: storage}, chain, nil)
+	if err := pool.Init(1, header0, newReserver()); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create blob pool: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	errs := pool.Add(preOsakaTxs, true)
+	for i, err := range errs {
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("failed to insert blob tx from %s: %s", addrs[i], errs[i])
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Kick off migration.
+	pool.Reset(header0, header1)
+
+	// Add the v0 sidecar tx, but don't block so we can keep doing other stuff
+	// while it converts the sidecar.
+	addDone := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		pool.Add(types.Transactions{postOsakaTxs[0]}, false)
+		close(addDone)
+	}()
+
+	// Add the post-Osaka v1 sidecar txs.
+	errs = pool.Add(postOsakaTxs[1:], false)
+	for _, err := range errs {
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected tx add to succeed: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Wait for the first tx's conversion to complete, then check that all
+	// transactions added after Osaka can be accounted for in the pool.
+	<-addDone
+	pending := pool.Pending(txpool.PendingFilter{BlobTxs: true, BlobVersion: types.BlobSidecarVersion1})
+	for _, tx := range postOsakaTxs {
+		from, _ := pool.signer.Sender(tx)
+		if len(pending[from]) != 1 || pending[from][0].Hash != tx.Hash() {
+			t.Fatalf("expected post-Osaka txs to be pending")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Now update the pool with the next block. This should cause the pool to
+	// clear out the post-Osaka txs since they were included in block 2. Since the
+	// test blockchain doesn't manage nonces, we'll just do that manually before
+	// the reset is called. Don't forget about the pre-Osaka transaction we also
+	// added to block 2!
+	for i := range postOsakaTxs {
+		statedb.SetNonce(addrs[len(preOsakaTxs)+i], 1, tracing.NonceChangeEoACall)
+	}
+	statedb.SetNonce(addrs[len(preOsakaTxs)-1], 1, tracing.NonceChangeEoACall)
+	pool.Reset(header1, block2.Header())
+
+	// Now verify no post-Osaka transactions are tracked by the pool.
+	for i, tx := range postOsakaTxs {
+		if pool.Get(tx.Hash()) != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected txs added post-osaka to have been placed in limbo due to inclusion in a block: index %d, hash %s", i, tx.Hash())
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Wait for the pool migration to complete.
+	<-pool.cQueue.anyBillyConversionDone
+
+	// Verify all transactions in the pool were converted and verify the
+	// subsequent cell proofs.
+	count, _ := pool.Stats()
+	if count != len(preOsakaTxs)-1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected pending count to match initial tx count: pending=%d, expected=%d", count, len(preOsakaTxs)-1)
+	}
+	for addr, acc := range pool.index {
+		for _, m := range acc {
+			if m.version != types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
+				t.Errorf("expected sidecar to have been converted: from %s, hash %s", addr, m.hash)
+			}
+			tx := pool.Get(m.hash)
+			if tx == nil {
+				t.Errorf("failed to get tx by hash: %s", m.hash)
+			}
+			sc := tx.BlobTxSidecar()
+			if err := kzg4844.VerifyCellProofs(sc.Blobs, sc.Commitments, sc.Proofs); err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("failed to verify cell proofs for tx %s after conversion: %s", m.hash, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)
+
+	// Launch conversion a second time.
+	// This is just a sanity check to ensure we can handle it.
+	pool.Reset(header0, header1)
+
+	pool.Close()
+}
+
 // fakeBilly is a billy.Database implementation which just drops data on the floor.
 type fakeBilly struct {
 	billy.Database
@@ -2180,3 +2359,5 @@ func benchmarkPoolPending(b *testing.B, datacap uint64) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func newUint64(val uint64) *uint64 { return &val }
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go
index 5026892fc8..95828d83b2 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ import (
 // with 6 blobs each) would consume approximately 1.5GB of memory.
 const maxPendingConversionTasks = 2048
 
-// cTask represents a conversion task with an attached legacy blob transaction.
-type cTask struct {
+// txConvert represents a conversion task with an attached legacy blob transaction.
+type txConvert struct {
 	tx   *types.Transaction // Legacy blob transaction
 	done chan error         // Channel for signaling back if the conversion succeeds
 }
@@ -43,17 +43,27 @@ type cTask struct {
 // it is performed in the background by a single thread, ensuring the main Geth
 // process is not overloaded.
 type conversionQueue struct {
-	tasks  chan *cTask
-	quit   chan struct{}
-	closed chan struct{}
+	tasks      chan *txConvert
+	startBilly chan func()
+	quit       chan struct{}
+	closed     chan struct{}
+
+	billyQueue    []func()
+	billyTaskDone chan struct{}
+
+	// This channel will be closed when the first billy conversion finishes.
+	// It's added for unit tests to synchronize with the conversion progress.
+	anyBillyConversionDone chan struct{}
 }
 
 // newConversionQueue constructs the conversion queue.
 func newConversionQueue() *conversionQueue {
 	q := &conversionQueue{
-		tasks:  make(chan *cTask),
-		quit:   make(chan struct{}),
-		closed: make(chan struct{}),
+		tasks:                  make(chan *txConvert),
+		startBilly:             make(chan func()),
+		quit:                   make(chan struct{}),
+		closed:                 make(chan struct{}),
+		anyBillyConversionDone: make(chan struct{}),
 	}
 	go q.loop()
 	return q
@@ -66,13 +76,23 @@ func newConversionQueue() *conversionQueue {
 func (q *conversionQueue) convert(tx *types.Transaction) error {
 	done := make(chan error, 1)
 	select {
-	case q.tasks <- &cTask{tx: tx, done: done}:
+	case q.tasks <- &txConvert{tx: tx, done: done}:
 		return <-done
 	case <-q.closed:
 		return errors.New("conversion queue closed")
 	}
 }
 
+// launchBillyConversion starts a conversion task in the background.
+func (q *conversionQueue) launchBillyConversion(fn func()) error {
+	select {
+	case q.startBilly <- fn:
+		return nil
+	case <-q.closed:
+		return errors.New("conversion queue closed")
+	}
+}
+
 // close terminates the conversion queue.
 func (q *conversionQueue) close() {
 	select {
@@ -85,7 +105,7 @@ func (q *conversionQueue) close() {
 }
 
 // run converts a batch of legacy blob txs to the new cell proof format.
-func (q *conversionQueue) run(tasks []*cTask, done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32) {
+func (q *conversionQueue) run(tasks []*txConvert, done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32) {
 	defer close(done)
 
 	for _, t := range tasks {
@@ -116,37 +136,68 @@ func (q *conversionQueue) loop() {
 		// The pending tasks for sidecar conversion. We assume the number of legacy
 		// blob transactions requiring conversion will not be excessive. However,
 		// a hard cap is applied as a protective measure.
-		cTasks []*cTask
+		txTasks []*txConvert
+
+		firstBilly = true
 	)
+
 	for {
 		select {
 		case t := <-q.tasks:
-			if len(cTasks) >= maxPendingConversionTasks {
+			if len(txTasks) >= maxPendingConversionTasks {
 				t.done <- errors.New("conversion queue is overloaded")
 				continue
 			}
-			cTasks = append(cTasks, t)
+			txTasks = append(txTasks, t)
 
 			// Launch the background conversion thread if it's idle
 			if done == nil {
 				done, interrupt = make(chan struct{}), new(atomic.Int32)
 
-				tasks := slices.Clone(cTasks)
-				cTasks = cTasks[:0]
+				tasks := slices.Clone(txTasks)
+				txTasks = txTasks[:0]
 				go q.run(tasks, done, interrupt)
 			}
 
 		case <-done:
 			done, interrupt = nil, nil
 
-		case <-q.quit:
-			if done == nil {
-				return
+		case fn := <-q.startBilly:
+			q.billyQueue = append(q.billyQueue, fn)
+			q.runNextBillyTask()
+
+		case <-q.billyTaskDone:
+			if firstBilly {
+				close(q.anyBillyConversionDone)
+				firstBilly = false
+			}
+			q.runNextBillyTask()
+
+		case <-q.quit:
+			if done != nil {
+				log.Debug("Waiting for blob proof conversion to exit")
+				interrupt.Store(1)
+				<-done
+			}
+			if q.billyTaskDone != nil {
+				log.Debug("Waiting for blobpool billy conversion to exit")
+				<-q.billyTaskDone
 			}
-			interrupt.Store(1)
-			log.Debug("Waiting for blob proof conversion to exit")
-			<-done
 			return
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func (q *conversionQueue) runNextBillyTask() {
+	if len(q.billyQueue) == 0 {
+		q.billyTaskDone = nil
+		return
+	}
+
+	fn := q.billyQueue[0]
+	q.billyQueue = append(q.billyQueue[:0], q.billyQueue[1:]...)
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() { defer close(done); fn() }()
+	q.billyTaskDone = done
+}
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/lookup.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/lookup.go
index 7607cd487a..874ca85b8c 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/lookup.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/lookup.go
@@ -110,3 +110,13 @@ func (l *lookup) untrack(tx *blobTxMeta) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+// update updates the transaction index. It should only be used in the conversion.
+func (l *lookup) update(hash common.Hash, id uint64, size uint64) bool {
+	meta, exists := l.txIndex[hash]
+	if !exists {
+		return false
+	}
+	meta.id, meta.size = id, size
+	return true
+}

From 7ed17f1933bccd835d474def98e1b34830b424fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: radik878 <radikpadik76@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Sep 2025 03:57:01 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 188/470] trie: fix TestOneElementProof expected value message
 (#32738)

- Correct the error message in TestOneElementProof to expect 'v' instead
of 'k'.
- The trie is updated with key "k" and value "v"; on mismatch the
expected value must be 'v'.
- Aligns the message with the actual test logic and other similar checks
in this file, reducing confusion during test failures. No behavioral
changes.
---
 trie/proof_test.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/trie/proof_test.go b/trie/proof_test.go
index b3c9dd753c..40c49f358b 100644
--- a/trie/proof_test.go
+++ b/trie/proof_test.go
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ func TestOneElementProof(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatalf("prover %d: failed to verify proof: %v\nraw proof: %x", i, err, proof)
 		}
 		if !bytes.Equal(val, []byte("v")) {
-			t.Fatalf("prover %d: verified value mismatch: have %x, want 'k'", i, val)
+			t.Fatalf("prover %d: verified value mismatch: have %x, want 'v'", i, val)
 		}
 	}
 }

From 1c706d1571d6e61754631ae6f0ae73d54ed4d44a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: viktorking7 <140458814+viktorking7@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Sep 2025 03:47:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 189/470] accounts/keystore: use ticker to avoid timer
 allocations (#32732)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Replace time.After with a long‑lived time.Ticker in KeyStore.updater, preventing per‑iteration timer allocations and potential timer buildup.

Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 accounts/keystore/keystore.go | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/accounts/keystore/keystore.go b/accounts/keystore/keystore.go
index f9cc3edac8..3e4266924f 100644
--- a/accounts/keystore/keystore.go
+++ b/accounts/keystore/keystore.go
@@ -196,11 +196,14 @@ func (ks *KeyStore) Subscribe(sink chan<- accounts.WalletEvent) event.Subscripti
 // forces a manual refresh (only triggers for systems where the filesystem notifier
 // is not running).
 func (ks *KeyStore) updater() {
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(walletRefreshCycle)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
 	for {
 		// Wait for an account update or a refresh timeout
 		select {
 		case <-ks.changes:
-		case <-time.After(walletRefreshCycle):
+		case <-ticker.C:
 		}
 		// Run the wallet refresher
 		ks.refreshWallets()

From 7611f351c18de983c49544f09aa042bd0403243b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hero5512 <lvshuaino@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Sep 2025 22:05:14 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 190/470] accounts/abi/bind: fix data race in
 TestWaitDeployedCornerCases (#32740)

Fixes race in WaitDeploy test where the backend is closed before goroutine using it wraps up.

---------

Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 accounts/abi/bind/v2/util_test.go | 61 +++++++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/accounts/abi/bind/v2/util_test.go b/accounts/abi/bind/v2/util_test.go
index b1b647a7b9..a9f5b4035c 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/bind/v2/util_test.go
+++ b/accounts/abi/bind/v2/util_test.go
@@ -100,22 +100,29 @@ func TestWaitDeployed(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestWaitDeployedCornerCases(t *testing.T) {
-	backend := simulated.NewBackend(
-		types.GenesisAlloc{
-			crypto.PubkeyToAddress(testKey.PublicKey): {Balance: big.NewInt(10000000000000000)},
-		},
+	var (
+		backend = simulated.NewBackend(
+			types.GenesisAlloc{
+				crypto.PubkeyToAddress(testKey.PublicKey): {Balance: big.NewInt(10000000000000000)},
+			},
+		)
+		head, _     = backend.Client().HeaderByNumber(t.Context(), nil) // Should be child's, good enough
+		gasPrice    = new(big.Int).Add(head.BaseFee, big.NewInt(1))
+		signer      = types.LatestSigner(params.AllDevChainProtocolChanges)
+		code        = common.FromHex("6060604052600a8060106000396000f360606040526008565b00")
+		ctx, cancel = context.WithCancel(t.Context())
 	)
 	defer backend.Close()
 
-	head, _ := backend.Client().HeaderByNumber(context.Background(), nil) // Should be child's, good enough
-	gasPrice := new(big.Int).Add(head.BaseFee, big.NewInt(1))
-
-	// Create a transaction to an account.
-	code := "6060604052600a8060106000396000f360606040526008565b00"
-	tx := types.NewTransaction(0, common.HexToAddress("0x01"), big.NewInt(0), 3000000, gasPrice, common.FromHex(code))
-	tx, _ = types.SignTx(tx, types.LatestSigner(params.AllDevChainProtocolChanges), testKey)
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	defer cancel()
+	// 1. WaitDeploy on a transaction that does not deploy a contract, verify it
+	// returns an error.
+	tx := types.MustSignNewTx(testKey, signer, &types.LegacyTx{
+		Nonce:    0,
+		To:       &common.Address{0x01},
+		Gas:      300000,
+		GasPrice: gasPrice,
+		Data:     code,
+	})
 	if err := backend.Client().SendTransaction(ctx, tx); err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("failed to send transaction: %q", err)
 	}
@@ -124,14 +131,23 @@ func TestWaitDeployedCornerCases(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("error mismatch: want %q, got %q, ", bind.ErrNoAddressInReceipt, err)
 	}
 
-	// Create a transaction that is not mined.
-	tx = types.NewContractCreation(1, big.NewInt(0), 3000000, gasPrice, common.FromHex(code))
-	tx, _ = types.SignTx(tx, types.LatestSigner(params.AllDevChainProtocolChanges), testKey)
+	// 2. Create a contract, but cancel the WaitDeploy before it is mined.
+	tx = types.MustSignNewTx(testKey, signer, &types.LegacyTx{
+		Nonce:    1,
+		Gas:      300000,
+		GasPrice: gasPrice,
+		Data:     code,
+	})
 
+	// Wait in another thread so that we can quickly cancel it after submitting
+	// the transaction.
+	done := make(chan struct{})
 	go func() {
-		contextCanceled := errors.New("context canceled")
-		if _, err := bind.WaitDeployed(ctx, backend.Client(), tx.Hash()); err.Error() != contextCanceled.Error() {
-			t.Errorf("error mismatch: want %q, got %q, ", contextCanceled, err)
+		defer close(done)
+		want := errors.New("context canceled")
+		_, err := bind.WaitDeployed(ctx, backend.Client(), tx.Hash())
+		if err == nil || errors.Is(want, err) {
+			t.Errorf("error mismatch: want %v, got %v", want, err)
 		}
 	}()
 
@@ -139,4 +155,11 @@ func TestWaitDeployedCornerCases(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("failed to send transaction: %q", err)
 	}
 	cancel()
+
+	// Wait for goroutine to exit or for a timeout.
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(time.Second * 2):
+		t.Fatalf("failed to cancel wait deploy")
+	}
 }

From 965ffff9ac4fee6169df8b5fd0a6c097475b9fb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lightclient <14004106+lightclient@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Sep 2025 02:21:41 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 191/470] all: add bpo1 and bpo2 overrides (#32737)

This adds overrides to the cli for BPO1 and BPO2.

---------

Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 cmd/geth/chaincmd.go        | 10 ++++++++++
 cmd/geth/config.go          |  8 ++++++++
 cmd/geth/main.go            |  2 ++
 cmd/utils/flags.go          | 10 ++++++++++
 core/genesis.go             |  8 ++++++++
 eth/backend.go              |  6 ++++++
 eth/ethconfig/config.go     |  6 ++++++
 eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go | 12 ++++++++++++
 8 files changed, 62 insertions(+)

diff --git a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
index 71ff821bb9..c5145bbfb7 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
@@ -59,6 +59,8 @@ var (
 		Flags: slices.Concat([]cli.Flag{
 			utils.CachePreimagesFlag,
 			utils.OverrideOsaka,
+			utils.OverrideBPO1,
+			utils.OverrideBPO2,
 			utils.OverrideVerkle,
 		}, utils.DatabaseFlags),
 		Description: `
@@ -274,6 +276,14 @@ func initGenesis(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideOsaka.Name)
 		overrides.OverrideOsaka = &v
 	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverrideBPO1.Name) {
+		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideBPO1.Name)
+		overrides.OverrideBPO1 = &v
+	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverrideBPO2.Name) {
+		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideBPO2.Name)
+		overrides.OverrideBPO2 = &v
+	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverrideVerkle.Name) {
 		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideVerkle.Name)
 		overrides.OverrideVerkle = &v
diff --git a/cmd/geth/config.go b/cmd/geth/config.go
index 33a3eadea8..fcb315af97 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/config.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/config.go
@@ -227,6 +227,14 @@ func makeFullNode(ctx *cli.Context) *node.Node {
 		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideOsaka.Name)
 		cfg.Eth.OverrideOsaka = &v
 	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverrideBPO1.Name) {
+		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideBPO1.Name)
+		cfg.Eth.OverrideBPO1 = &v
+	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverrideBPO2.Name) {
+		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideBPO2.Name)
+		cfg.Eth.OverrideBPO2 = &v
+	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverrideVerkle.Name) {
 		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideVerkle.Name)
 		cfg.Eth.OverrideVerkle = &v
diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index f380c9f2d4..2465b52ad1 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ var (
 		utils.USBFlag,
 		utils.SmartCardDaemonPathFlag,
 		utils.OverrideOsaka,
+		utils.OverrideBPO1,
+		utils.OverrideBPO2,
 		utils.OverrideVerkle,
 		utils.EnablePersonal, // deprecated
 		utils.TxPoolLocalsFlag,
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 5e96185dbd..c7775adb53 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -248,6 +248,16 @@ var (
 		Usage:    "Manually specify the Osaka fork timestamp, overriding the bundled setting",
 		Category: flags.EthCategory,
 	}
+	OverrideBPO1 = &cli.Uint64Flag{
+		Name:     "override.bpo1",
+		Usage:    "Manually specify the bpo1 fork timestamp, overriding the bundled setting",
+		Category: flags.EthCategory,
+	}
+	OverrideBPO2 = &cli.Uint64Flag{
+		Name:     "override.bpo2",
+		Usage:    "Manually specify the bpo2 fork timestamp, overriding the bundled setting",
+		Category: flags.EthCategory,
+	}
 	OverrideVerkle = &cli.Uint64Flag{
 		Name:     "override.verkle",
 		Usage:    "Manually specify the Verkle fork timestamp, overriding the bundled setting",
diff --git a/core/genesis.go b/core/genesis.go
index 13d4addd7e..2fd044c70a 100644
--- a/core/genesis.go
+++ b/core/genesis.go
@@ -259,6 +259,8 @@ func (e *GenesisMismatchError) Error() string {
 // ChainOverrides contains the changes to chain config.
 type ChainOverrides struct {
 	OverrideOsaka  *uint64
+	OverrideBPO1   *uint64
+	OverrideBPO2   *uint64
 	OverrideVerkle *uint64
 }
 
@@ -270,6 +272,12 @@ func (o *ChainOverrides) apply(cfg *params.ChainConfig) error {
 	if o.OverrideOsaka != nil {
 		cfg.OsakaTime = o.OverrideOsaka
 	}
+	if o.OverrideBPO1 != nil {
+		cfg.BPO1Time = o.OverrideBPO1
+	}
+	if o.OverrideBPO2 != nil {
+		cfg.BPO2Time = o.OverrideBPO2
+	}
 	if o.OverrideVerkle != nil {
 		cfg.VerkleTime = o.OverrideVerkle
 	}
diff --git a/eth/backend.go b/eth/backend.go
index 3bfe0765f4..8509561822 100644
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@@ -262,6 +262,12 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 	if config.OverrideOsaka != nil {
 		overrides.OverrideOsaka = config.OverrideOsaka
 	}
+	if config.OverrideBPO1 != nil {
+		overrides.OverrideBPO1 = config.OverrideBPO1
+	}
+	if config.OverrideBPO2 != nil {
+		overrides.OverrideBPO2 = config.OverrideBPO2
+	}
 	if config.OverrideVerkle != nil {
 		overrides.OverrideVerkle = config.OverrideVerkle
 	}
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/config.go b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
index 4fe24c0fe0..6020387bcd 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
@@ -175,6 +175,12 @@ type Config struct {
 	// OverrideOsaka (TODO: remove after the fork)
 	OverrideOsaka *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
 
+	// OverrideBPO1 (TODO: remove after the fork)
+	OverrideBPO1 *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
+
+	// OverrideBPO2 (TODO: remove after the fork)
+	OverrideBPO2 *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
+
 	// OverrideVerkle (TODO: remove after the fork)
 	OverrideVerkle *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
 }
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
index 50eb5c4161..6f6e541368 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
@@ -59,6 +59,8 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 		RPCEVMTimeout           time.Duration
 		RPCTxFeeCap             float64
 		OverrideOsaka           *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
+		OverrideBPO1            *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
+		OverrideBPO2            *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
 		OverrideVerkle          *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
 	}
 	var enc Config
@@ -104,6 +106,8 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 	enc.RPCEVMTimeout = c.RPCEVMTimeout
 	enc.RPCTxFeeCap = c.RPCTxFeeCap
 	enc.OverrideOsaka = c.OverrideOsaka
+	enc.OverrideBPO1 = c.OverrideBPO1
+	enc.OverrideBPO2 = c.OverrideBPO2
 	enc.OverrideVerkle = c.OverrideVerkle
 	return &enc, nil
 }
@@ -153,6 +157,8 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 		RPCEVMTimeout           *time.Duration
 		RPCTxFeeCap             *float64
 		OverrideOsaka           *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
+		OverrideBPO1            *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
+		OverrideBPO2            *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
 		OverrideVerkle          *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
 	}
 	var dec Config
@@ -285,6 +291,12 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 	if dec.OverrideOsaka != nil {
 		c.OverrideOsaka = dec.OverrideOsaka
 	}
+	if dec.OverrideBPO1 != nil {
+		c.OverrideBPO1 = dec.OverrideBPO1
+	}
+	if dec.OverrideBPO2 != nil {
+		c.OverrideBPO2 = dec.OverrideBPO2
+	}
 	if dec.OverrideVerkle != nil {
 		c.OverrideVerkle = dec.OverrideVerkle
 	}

From 89158aa64e09c91f8fd56e05afaab4e28edc6be1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Sep 2025 10:27:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 192/470] core/txpool/blobpool: convert and add one-by-one
 (#32718)

This is a small improvement on #32656 in case Add was called with
multiple type 3 transactions, adding transactions to the pool one-by-one
as they are converted.

Announcement to peers is still done in a batch.

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go | 72 ++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
index f4aa406e2a..bfaf4d5b8e 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
@@ -1640,11 +1640,11 @@ func (p *BlobPool) AvailableBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash) int {
 	return available
 }
 
-// preCheck performs the static validation upon the provided txs and converts
+// preCheck performs the static validation upon the provided tx and converts
 // the legacy sidecars if Osaka fork has been activated with a short time window.
 //
 // This function is pure static and lock free.
-func (p *BlobPool) preCheck(txs []*types.Transaction) ([]*types.Transaction, []error) {
+func (p *BlobPool) preCheck(tx *types.Transaction) error {
 	var (
 		head     = p.head.Load()
 		isOsaka  = p.chain.Config().IsOsaka(head.Number, head.Time)
@@ -1653,56 +1653,46 @@ func (p *BlobPool) preCheck(txs []*types.Transaction) ([]*types.Transaction, []e
 	if isOsaka {
 		deadline = time.Unix(int64(*p.chain.Config().OsakaTime), 0).Add(conversionTimeWindow)
 	}
-	var errs []error
-	for _, tx := range txs {
-		// Validate the transaction statically at first to avoid unnecessary
-		// conversion. This step doesn't require lock protection.
-		if err := p.ValidateTxBasics(tx); err != nil {
-			errs = append(errs, err)
-			continue
-		}
-		// Before the Osaka fork, reject the blob txs with cell proofs
-		if !isOsaka {
-			if tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 {
-				errs = append(errs, nil)
-			} else {
-				errs = append(errs, errors.New("cell proof is not supported yet"))
-			}
-			continue
-		}
-		// After the Osaka fork, reject the legacy blob txs if the conversion
-		// time window is passed.
-		if tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version == types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
-			errs = append(errs, nil)
-			continue
-		}
-		if head.Time > uint64(deadline.Unix()) {
-			errs = append(errs, errors.New("legacy blob tx is not supported"))
-			continue
-		}
-		// Convert the legacy sidecar after Osaka fork. This could be a long
-		// procedure which takes a few seconds, even minutes if there is a long
-		// queue. Fortunately it will only block the routine of the source peer
-		// announcing the tx, without affecting other parts.
-		errs = append(errs, p.cQueue.convert(tx))
+	// Validate the transaction statically at first to avoid unnecessary
+	// conversion. This step doesn't require lock protection.
+	if err := p.ValidateTxBasics(tx); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
-	return txs, errs
+	// Before the Osaka fork, reject the blob txs with cell proofs
+	if !isOsaka {
+		if tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 {
+			return nil
+		} else {
+			return errors.New("cell proof is not supported yet")
+		}
+	}
+	// After the Osaka fork, reject the legacy blob txs if the conversion
+	// time window is passed.
+	if tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version == types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if head.Time > uint64(deadline.Unix()) {
+		return errors.New("legacy blob tx is not supported")
+	}
+	// Convert the legacy sidecar after Osaka fork. This could be a long
+	// procedure which takes a few seconds, even minutes if there is a long
+	// queue. Fortunately it will only block the routine of the source peer
+	// announcing the tx, without affecting other parts.
+	return p.cQueue.convert(tx)
 }
 
 // Add inserts a set of blob transactions into the pool if they pass validation (both
 // consensus validity and pool restrictions).
 func (p *BlobPool) Add(txs []*types.Transaction, sync bool) []error {
 	var (
-		errs []error
-		adds = make([]*types.Transaction, 0, len(txs))
+		errs []error = make([]error, len(txs))
+		adds         = make([]*types.Transaction, 0, len(txs))
 	)
-	txs, errs = p.preCheck(txs)
 	for i, tx := range txs {
-		if errs[i] != nil {
+		if errs[i] = p.preCheck(tx); errs[i] != nil {
 			continue
 		}
-		errs[i] = p.add(tx)
-		if errs[i] == nil {
+		if errs[i] = p.add(tx); errs[i] == nil {
 			adds = append(adds, tx.WithoutBlobTxSidecar())
 		}
 	}

From ad484fcbd0f513d09d20de616528efba9bba9d71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Sep 2025 13:14:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 193/470] build: upgrade to execution-spec-tests v5.1.0
 (#32742)

https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases/tag/v5.1.0
---
 build/checksums.txt | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/build/checksums.txt b/build/checksums.txt
index ca937d115c..98ee3a91ef 100644
--- a/build/checksums.txt
+++ b/build/checksums.txt
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # This file contains sha256 checksums of optional build dependencies.
 
-# version:spec-tests v5.0.0
+# version:spec-tests v5.1.0
 # https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases
-# https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases/download/v5.0.0
-a5ed96800ca1af0d86fe2ee894861c24eea079bfb83b924f565bb86ba70021d5  fixtures_develop.tar.gz
+# https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases/download/v5.1.0
+a3192784375acec7eaec492799d5c5d0c47a2909a3cc40178898e4ecd20cc416  fixtures_develop.tar.gz
 
 # version:golang 1.25.1
 # https://go.dev/dl/

From bacc1504baa6ede16e8541d74b141d4dac763e3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Sep 2025 19:15:12 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 194/470] core/txpool: add eip2681 check for incoming
 transactions (#32726)

---
 core/txpool/validation.go      |   4 ++
 core/txpool/validation_test.go | 115 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 eth/api_backend_test.go        |  22 +++++++
 3 files changed, 141 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 core/txpool/validation_test.go

diff --git a/core/txpool/validation.go b/core/txpool/validation.go
index df53f30a86..4b54eac50d 100644
--- a/core/txpool/validation.go
+++ b/core/txpool/validation.go
@@ -116,6 +116,10 @@ func ValidateTransaction(tx *types.Transaction, head *types.Header, signer types
 	if _, err := types.Sender(signer, tx); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %v", ErrInvalidSender, err)
 	}
+	// Limit nonce to 2^64-1 per EIP-2681
+	if tx.Nonce()+1 < tx.Nonce() {
+		return core.ErrNonceMax
+	}
 	// Ensure the transaction has more gas than the bare minimum needed to cover
 	// the transaction metadata
 	intrGas, err := core.IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.AccessList(), tx.SetCodeAuthorizations(), tx.To() == nil, true, rules.IsIstanbul, rules.IsShanghai)
diff --git a/core/txpool/validation_test.go b/core/txpool/validation_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3945b548c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/txpool/validation_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package txpool
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"errors"
+	"math"
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+)
+
+func TestValidateTransactionEIP2681(t *testing.T) {
+	key, err := crypto.GenerateKey()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	head := &types.Header{
+		Number:     big.NewInt(1),
+		GasLimit:   5000000,
+		Time:       1,
+		Difficulty: big.NewInt(1),
+	}
+
+	signer := types.LatestSigner(params.TestChainConfig)
+
+	// Create validation options
+	opts := &ValidationOptions{
+		Config:       params.TestChainConfig,
+		Accept:       0xFF, // Accept all transaction types
+		MaxSize:      32 * 1024,
+		MaxBlobCount: 6,
+		MinTip:       big.NewInt(0),
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		nonce   uint64
+		wantErr error
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "normal nonce",
+			nonce:   42,
+			wantErr: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "max allowed nonce (2^64-2)",
+			nonce:   math.MaxUint64 - 1,
+			wantErr: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "EIP-2681 nonce overflow (2^64-1)",
+			nonce:   math.MaxUint64,
+			wantErr: core.ErrNonceMax,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			tx := createTestTransaction(key, tt.nonce)
+			err := ValidateTransaction(tx, head, signer, opts)
+
+			if tt.wantErr == nil {
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Errorf("ValidateTransaction() error = %v, wantErr nil", err)
+				}
+			} else {
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Errorf("ValidateTransaction() error = nil, wantErr %v", tt.wantErr)
+				} else if !errors.Is(err, tt.wantErr) {
+					t.Errorf("ValidateTransaction() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// createTestTransaction creates a basic transaction for testing
+func createTestTransaction(key *ecdsa.PrivateKey, nonce uint64) *types.Transaction {
+	to := common.HexToAddress("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001")
+
+	txdata := &types.LegacyTx{
+		Nonce:    nonce,
+		To:       &to,
+		Value:    big.NewInt(1000),
+		Gas:      21000,
+		GasPrice: big.NewInt(1),
+		Data:     nil,
+	}
+
+	tx := types.NewTx(txdata)
+	signedTx, _ := types.SignTx(tx, types.HomesteadSigner{}, key)
+	return signedTx
+}
diff --git a/eth/api_backend_test.go b/eth/api_backend_test.go
index d0718ede1c..aa0539511b 100644
--- a/eth/api_backend_test.go
+++ b/eth/api_backend_test.go
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
 	"errors"
+	"math"
 	"math/big"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -130,6 +131,27 @@ func TestSendTx(t *testing.T) {
 	testSendTx(t, true)
 }
 
+func TestSendTxEIP2681(t *testing.T) {
+	b := initBackend(false)
+
+	// Test EIP-2681: nonce overflow should be rejected
+	tx := makeTx(uint64(math.MaxUint64), nil, nil, key) // max uint64 nonce
+	err := b.SendTx(context.Background(), tx)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected EIP-2681 nonce overflow error, but transaction was accepted")
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, core.ErrNonceMax) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected core.ErrNonceMax, got: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Test normal case: should succeed
+	normalTx := makeTx(0, nil, nil, key)
+	err = b.SendTx(context.Background(), normalTx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Normal transaction should succeed, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func testSendTx(t *testing.T, withLocal bool) {
 	b := initBackend(withLocal)
 

From 7d8ccddaaccb4f9ebeaa317ad82aee93ab891399 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Sep 2025 21:05:27 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 195/470] all: refactor to use builtin max/min (#32694)

Replaces the last few instances of `math.Max` and `math.Min` with go builtins.
---
 cmd/utils/flags.go          | 3 +--
 metrics/runtimehistogram.go | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index c7775adb53..c9da08578c 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"math"
 	"math/big"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
@@ -1620,7 +1619,7 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	}
 	// Ensure Go's GC ignores the database cache for trigger percentage
 	cache := ctx.Int(CacheFlag.Name)
-	gogc := math.Max(20, math.Min(100, 100/(float64(cache)/1024)))
+	gogc := max(20, min(100, 100/(float64(cache)/1024)))
 
 	log.Debug("Sanitizing Go's GC trigger", "percent", int(gogc))
 	godebug.SetGCPercent(int(gogc))
diff --git a/metrics/runtimehistogram.go b/metrics/runtimehistogram.go
index 0ab8914602..efbed498af 100644
--- a/metrics/runtimehistogram.go
+++ b/metrics/runtimehistogram.go
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ func (h *runtimeHistogramSnapshot) Percentiles(ps []float64) []float64 {
 	thresholds := make([]float64, len(ps))
 	indexes := make([]int, len(ps))
 	for i, percentile := range ps {
-		thresholds[i] = count * math.Max(0, math.Min(1.0, percentile))
+		thresholds[i] = count * max(0, min(1.0, percentile))
 		indexes[i] = i
 	}
 	sort.Sort(floatsAscendingKeepingIndex{thresholds, indexes})

From 0977a02ec1eec2d0d85236c33b0e8878b703f890 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Sep 2025 18:07:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 196/470] params: schedule Osaka/BPO1/BPO2 for testnets
 (#32735)

Timestamps taken from:

- Holesky:
https://github.com/eth-clients/holesky/blob/main/metadata/genesis.json
- Sepolia:
https://github.com/eth-clients/sepolia/blob/main/metadata/genesis.json
- Hoodi:
https://github.com/eth-clients/hoodi/blob/main/metadata/genesis.json
---
 core/forkid/forkid_test.go | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++------
 params/config.go           | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++----
 tests/init.go              | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 3 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/forkid/forkid_test.go b/core/forkid/forkid_test.go
index 413e4d77a8..dc6e6fe817 100644
--- a/core/forkid/forkid_test.go
+++ b/core/forkid/forkid_test.go
@@ -95,8 +95,14 @@ func TestCreation(t *testing.T) {
 				{1735372, 1706655071, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xf7f9bc08), Next: 1706655072}}, // Last Shanghai block
 				{1735372, 1706655072, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x88cf81d9), Next: 1741159776}}, // First Cancun block
 				{1735372, 1741159775, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x88cf81d9), Next: 1741159776}}, // Last Cancun block
-				{1735372, 1741159776, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xed88b5fd), Next: 0}},          // First Prague block
-				{1735372, 2741159776, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xed88b5fd), Next: 0}},          // Future Prague block
+				{1735372, 1741159776, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xed88b5fd), Next: 1760427360}}, // First Prague block
+				{1735372, 1760427359, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xed88b5fd), Next: 1760427360}}, // Last Prague block
+				{1735372, 1760427360, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xe2ae4999), Next: 1761017184}}, // First Osaka block
+				{1735372, 1761017183, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xe2ae4999), Next: 1761017184}}, // Last Osaka block
+				{1735372, 1761017184, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x56078a1e), Next: 1761607008}}, // First BPO1 block
+				{1735372, 1761607007, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x56078a1e), Next: 1761607008}}, // Last BPO1 block
+				{1735372, 1761607008, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x268956b6), Next: 0}},          // First BPO2 block
+				{1735372, 2000000000, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x268956b6), Next: 0}},          // Future BPO2 block
 			},
 		},
 		// Holesky test cases
@@ -110,8 +116,14 @@ func TestCreation(t *testing.T) {
 				{123, 1707305663, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xfd4f016b), Next: 1707305664}}, // Last Shanghai block
 				{123, 1707305664, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x9b192ad0), Next: 1740434112}}, // First Cancun block
 				{123, 1740434111, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x9b192ad0), Next: 1740434112}}, // Last Cancun block
-				{123, 1740434112, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xdfbd9bed), Next: 0}},          // First Prague block
-				{123, 2740434112, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xdfbd9bed), Next: 0}},          // Future Prague block
+				{123, 1740434112, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xdfbd9bed), Next: 1759308480}}, // First Prague block
+				{123, 1759308479, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xdfbd9bed), Next: 1759308480}}, // Last Prague block
+				{123, 1759308480, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x783def52), Next: 1759800000}}, // First Osaka block
+				{123, 1759799999, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x783def52), Next: 1759800000}}, // Last Osaka block
+				{123, 1759800000, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xa280a45c), Next: 1760389824}}, // First BPO1 block
+				{123, 1760389823, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xa280a45c), Next: 1760389824}}, // Last BPO1 block
+				{123, 1760389824, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x9bc6cb31), Next: 0}},          // First BPO2 block
+				{123, 2000000000, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x9bc6cb31), Next: 0}},          // Future BPO1 block
 			},
 		},
 		// Hoodi test cases
@@ -121,8 +133,14 @@ func TestCreation(t *testing.T) {
 			[]testcase{
 				{0, 0, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xbef71d30), Next: 1742999832}},            // Unsynced, last Frontier, Homestead, Tangerine, Spurious, Byzantium, Constantinople, Petersburg, Istanbul, Berlin, London, Paris, Shanghai, Cancun block
 				{123, 1742999831, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xbef71d30), Next: 1742999832}}, // Last Cancun block
-				{123, 1742999832, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x0929e24e), Next: 0}},          // First Prague block
-				{123, 2740434112, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x0929e24e), Next: 0}},          // Future Prague block
+				{123, 1742999832, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x0929e24e), Next: 1761677592}}, // First Prague block
+				{123, 1761677591, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x0929e24e), Next: 1761677592}}, // Last Prague block
+				{123, 1761677592, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xe7e0e7ff), Next: 1762365720}}, // First Osaka block
+				{123, 1762365719, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xe7e0e7ff), Next: 1762365720}}, // Last Osaka block
+				{123, 1762365720, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x3893353e), Next: 1762955544}}, // First BPO1 block
+				{123, 1762955543, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x3893353e), Next: 1762955544}}, // Last BPO1 block
+				{123, 1762955544, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x23aa1351), Next: 0}},          // First BPO2 block
+				{123, 2000000000, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x23aa1351), Next: 0}},          // Future BPO2 block
 			},
 		},
 	}
diff --git a/params/config.go b/params/config.go
index 3788325d5c..42a2c61ab5 100644
--- a/params/config.go
+++ b/params/config.go
@@ -91,11 +91,17 @@ var (
 		ShanghaiTime:            newUint64(1696000704),
 		CancunTime:              newUint64(1707305664),
 		PragueTime:              newUint64(1740434112),
+		OsakaTime:               newUint64(1759308480),
+		BPO1Time:                newUint64(1759800000),
+		BPO2Time:                newUint64(1760389824),
 		DepositContractAddress:  common.HexToAddress("0x4242424242424242424242424242424242424242"),
 		Ethash:                  new(EthashConfig),
 		BlobScheduleConfig: &BlobScheduleConfig{
 			Cancun: DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 			Prague: DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+			Osaka:  DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
+			BPO2:   DefaultBPO2BlobConfig,
 		},
 	}
 	// SepoliaChainConfig contains the chain parameters to run a node on the Sepolia test network.
@@ -121,11 +127,17 @@ var (
 		ShanghaiTime:            newUint64(1677557088),
 		CancunTime:              newUint64(1706655072),
 		PragueTime:              newUint64(1741159776),
+		OsakaTime:               newUint64(1760427360),
+		BPO1Time:                newUint64(1761017184),
+		BPO2Time:                newUint64(1761607008),
 		DepositContractAddress:  common.HexToAddress("0x7f02c3e3c98b133055b8b348b2ac625669ed295d"),
 		Ethash:                  new(EthashConfig),
 		BlobScheduleConfig: &BlobScheduleConfig{
 			Cancun: DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 			Prague: DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+			Osaka:  DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
+			BPO2:   DefaultBPO2BlobConfig,
 		},
 	}
 	// HoodiChainConfig contains the chain parameters to run a node on the Hoodi test network.
@@ -151,11 +163,17 @@ var (
 		ShanghaiTime:            newUint64(0),
 		CancunTime:              newUint64(0),
 		PragueTime:              newUint64(1742999832),
+		OsakaTime:               newUint64(1761677592),
+		BPO1Time:                newUint64(1762365720),
+		BPO2Time:                newUint64(1762955544),
 		DepositContractAddress:  common.HexToAddress("0x00000000219ab540356cBB839Cbe05303d7705Fa"),
 		Ethash:                  new(EthashConfig),
 		BlobScheduleConfig: &BlobScheduleConfig{
 			Cancun: DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 			Prague: DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+			Osaka:  DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
+			BPO2:   DefaultBPO2BlobConfig,
 		},
 	}
 	// AllEthashProtocolChanges contains every protocol change (EIPs) introduced
@@ -361,15 +379,15 @@ var (
 	}
 	// DefaultBPO1BlobConfig is the default blob configuration for the Osaka fork.
 	DefaultBPO1BlobConfig = &BlobConfig{
-		Target:         9,
-		Max:            14,
-		UpdateFraction: 8832827,
+		Target:         10,
+		Max:            15,
+		UpdateFraction: 8346193,
 	}
 	// DefaultBPO1BlobConfig is the default blob configuration for the Osaka fork.
 	DefaultBPO2BlobConfig = &BlobConfig{
 		Target:         14,
 		Max:            21,
-		UpdateFraction: 13739630,
+		UpdateFraction: 11684671,
 	}
 	// DefaultBPO1BlobConfig is the default blob configuration for the Osaka fork.
 	DefaultBPO3BlobConfig = &BlobConfig{
diff --git a/tests/init.go b/tests/init.go
index 71072ac275..705e929ae9 100644
--- a/tests/init.go
+++ b/tests/init.go
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ var Forks = map[string]*params.ChainConfig{
 			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
 			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
-			BPO1:   params.DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   bpo1BlobConfig,
 		},
 	},
 	"OsakaToBPO1AtTime15k": {
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ var Forks = map[string]*params.ChainConfig{
 			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
 			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
-			BPO1:   params.DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   bpo1BlobConfig,
 		},
 	},
 	"BPO2": {
@@ -549,8 +549,8 @@ var Forks = map[string]*params.ChainConfig{
 			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
 			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
-			BPO1:   params.DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
-			BPO2:   params.DefaultBPO2BlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   bpo1BlobConfig,
+			BPO2:   bpo2BlobConfig,
 		},
 	},
 	"BPO1ToBPO2AtTime15k": {
@@ -580,8 +580,8 @@ var Forks = map[string]*params.ChainConfig{
 			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
 			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
-			BPO1:   params.DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
-			BPO2:   params.DefaultBPO2BlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   bpo1BlobConfig,
+			BPO2:   bpo2BlobConfig,
 		},
 	},
 	"BPO3": {
@@ -612,8 +612,8 @@ var Forks = map[string]*params.ChainConfig{
 			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
 			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
-			BPO1:   params.DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
-			BPO2:   params.DefaultBPO2BlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   bpo1BlobConfig,
+			BPO2:   bpo2BlobConfig,
 			BPO3:   params.DefaultBPO3BlobConfig,
 		},
 	},
@@ -645,8 +645,8 @@ var Forks = map[string]*params.ChainConfig{
 			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
 			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
-			BPO1:   params.DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
-			BPO2:   params.DefaultBPO2BlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   bpo1BlobConfig,
+			BPO2:   bpo2BlobConfig,
 			BPO3:   params.DefaultBPO3BlobConfig,
 		},
 	},
@@ -679,8 +679,8 @@ var Forks = map[string]*params.ChainConfig{
 			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
 			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
-			BPO1:   params.DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
-			BPO2:   params.DefaultBPO2BlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   bpo1BlobConfig,
+			BPO2:   bpo2BlobConfig,
 			BPO3:   params.DefaultBPO3BlobConfig,
 			BPO4:   params.DefaultBPO4BlobConfig,
 		},
@@ -714,14 +714,26 @@ var Forks = map[string]*params.ChainConfig{
 			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
 			Osaka:  params.DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
-			BPO1:   params.DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
-			BPO2:   params.DefaultBPO2BlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   bpo1BlobConfig,
+			BPO2:   bpo2BlobConfig,
 			BPO3:   params.DefaultBPO3BlobConfig,
 			BPO4:   params.DefaultBPO4BlobConfig,
 		},
 	},
 }
 
+var bpo1BlobConfig = &params.BlobConfig{
+	Target:         9,
+	Max:            14,
+	UpdateFraction: 8832827,
+}
+
+var bpo2BlobConfig = &params.BlobConfig{
+	Target:         14,
+	Max:            21,
+	UpdateFraction: 13739630,
+}
+
 // AvailableForks returns the set of defined fork names
 func AvailableForks() []string {
 	var availableForks []string

From b964b6574f118cc23fc46a2353008a7a97b74fc1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Sep 2025 18:19:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 197/470] version: release go-ethereum v1.16.4 stable

---
 version/version.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/version/version.go b/version/version.go
index 092735ff1f..6430140631 100644
--- a/version/version.go
+++ b/version/version.go
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 package version
 
 const (
-	Major = 1          // Major version component of the current release
-	Minor = 16         // Minor version component of the current release
-	Patch = 4          // Patch version component of the current release
-	Meta  = "unstable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
+	Major = 1        // Major version component of the current release
+	Minor = 16       // Minor version component of the current release
+	Patch = 4        // Patch version component of the current release
+	Meta  = "stable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
 )

From b1eb33ce8b18a39985a5e670dac76a1fad5b4d02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Sep 2025 11:41:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 198/470] version: begin v1.16.5 release cycle

---
 version/version.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/version/version.go b/version/version.go
index 6430140631..db4e5394b9 100644
--- a/version/version.go
+++ b/version/version.go
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 package version
 
 const (
-	Major = 1        // Major version component of the current release
-	Minor = 16       // Minor version component of the current release
-	Patch = 4        // Patch version component of the current release
-	Meta  = "stable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
+	Major = 1          // Major version component of the current release
+	Minor = 16         // Minor version component of the current release
+	Patch = 5          // Patch version component of the current release
+	Meta  = "unstable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
 )

From a8f7965d5809dd6f19cf524c0e82f24d6aedc906 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: wit liu <765765346@qq.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Sep 2025 20:11:50 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 199/470] internal/ethapi: fix outdated comments (#32751)

Fix outdated comments
---
 internal/ethapi/api.go | 16 ++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index ebb8ece730..c60aad5617 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -460,10 +460,10 @@ func decodeHash(s string) (h common.Hash, inputLength int, err error) {
 }
 
 // GetHeaderByNumber returns the requested canonical block header.
-//   - When blockNr is -1 the chain pending header is returned.
-//   - When blockNr is -2 the chain latest header is returned.
-//   - When blockNr is -3 the chain finalized header is returned.
-//   - When blockNr is -4 the chain safe header is returned.
+//   - When number is -1 the chain pending header is returned.
+//   - When number is -2 the chain latest header is returned.
+//   - When number is -3 the chain finalized header is returned.
+//   - When number is -4 the chain safe header is returned.
 func (api *BlockChainAPI) GetHeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
 	header, err := api.b.HeaderByNumber(ctx, number)
 	if header != nil && err == nil {
@@ -489,10 +489,10 @@ func (api *BlockChainAPI) GetHeaderByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash)
 }
 
 // GetBlockByNumber returns the requested canonical block.
-//   - When blockNr is -1 the chain pending block is returned.
-//   - When blockNr is -2 the chain latest block is returned.
-//   - When blockNr is -3 the chain finalized block is returned.
-//   - When blockNr is -4 the chain safe block is returned.
+//   - When number is -1 the chain pending block is returned.
+//   - When number is -2 the chain latest block is returned.
+//   - When number is -3 the chain finalized block is returned.
+//   - When number is -4 the chain safe block is returned.
 //   - When fullTx is true all transactions in the block are returned, otherwise
 //     only the transaction hash is returned.
 func (api *BlockChainAPI) GetBlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber, fullTx bool) (map[string]interface{}, error) {

From 2e2fece0bb439801a36177b263705a65c98c381b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matus Kysel <MatusKysel@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Sep 2025 15:12:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 200/470] ethapi: reject oversize storage keys before hex
 decode (#32750)

Bail out of decodeHash when the raw hex string is longer than 32 byte before actually decoding.
---------

Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 internal/ethapi/api.go | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index c60aad5617..2432bb70b8 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -449,13 +449,13 @@ func decodeHash(s string) (h common.Hash, inputLength int, err error) {
 	if (len(s) & 1) > 0 {
 		s = "0" + s
 	}
+	if len(s) > 64 {
+		return common.Hash{}, len(s) / 2, errors.New("hex string too long, want at most 32 bytes")
+	}
 	b, err := hex.DecodeString(s)
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, 0, errors.New("hex string invalid")
 	}
-	if len(b) > 32 {
-		return common.Hash{}, len(b), errors.New("hex string too long, want at most 32 bytes")
-	}
 	return common.BytesToHash(b), len(b), nil
 }
 

From 16b735fddd840ad85f6cfdcdc59b377d9b29088c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: VolodymyrBg <aqdrgg19@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Sep 2025 16:26:22 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 201/470] signer/core: fix TestSignTx to decode res2 (#32749)

Decode the modified transaction and verify the value differs from original.

---------

Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 signer/core/api_test.go | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/signer/core/api_test.go b/signer/core/api_test.go
index 69229dadaf..0e16a1b7fd 100644
--- a/signer/core/api_test.go
+++ b/signer/core/api_test.go
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ package core_test
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
 	"os"
@@ -97,12 +96,12 @@ func (ui *headlessUi) ApproveNewAccount(request *core.NewAccountRequest) (core.N
 }
 
 func (ui *headlessUi) ShowError(message string) {
-	//stdout is used by communication
+	// stdout is used by communication
 	fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, message)
 }
 
 func (ui *headlessUi) ShowInfo(message string) {
-	//stdout is used by communication
+	// stdout is used by communication
 	fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, message)
 }
 
@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@ func setup(t *testing.T) (*core.SignerAPI, *headlessUi) {
 func createAccount(ui *headlessUi, api *core.SignerAPI, t *testing.T) {
 	ui.approveCh <- "Y"
 	ui.inputCh <- "a_long_password"
-	_, err := api.New(context.Background())
+	_, err := api.New(t.Context())
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -143,7 +142,7 @@ func failCreateAccountWithPassword(ui *headlessUi, api *core.SignerAPI, password
 	ui.inputCh <- password
 	ui.inputCh <- password
 
-	addr, err := api.New(context.Background())
+	addr, err := api.New(t.Context())
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("Should have returned an error")
 	}
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ func failCreateAccountWithPassword(ui *headlessUi, api *core.SignerAPI, password
 
 func failCreateAccount(ui *headlessUi, api *core.SignerAPI, t *testing.T) {
 	ui.approveCh <- "N"
-	addr, err := api.New(context.Background())
+	addr, err := api.New(t.Context())
 	if err != core.ErrRequestDenied {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -165,7 +164,7 @@ func failCreateAccount(ui *headlessUi, api *core.SignerAPI, t *testing.T) {
 
 func list(ui *headlessUi, api *core.SignerAPI, t *testing.T) ([]common.Address, error) {
 	ui.approveCh <- "A"
-	return api.List(context.Background())
+	return api.List(t.Context())
 }
 
 func TestNewAcc(t *testing.T) {
@@ -199,7 +198,7 @@ func TestNewAcc(t *testing.T) {
 	// Testing listing:
 	// Listing one Account
 	control.approveCh <- "1"
-	list, err := api.List(context.Background())
+	list, err := api.List(t.Context())
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -208,7 +207,7 @@ func TestNewAcc(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	// Listing denied
 	control.approveCh <- "Nope"
-	list, err = api.List(context.Background())
+	list, err = api.List(t.Context())
 	if len(list) != 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("List should be empty")
 	}
@@ -246,7 +245,7 @@ func TestSignTx(t *testing.T) {
 	api, control := setup(t)
 	createAccount(control, api, t)
 	control.approveCh <- "A"
-	list, err = api.List(context.Background())
+	list, err = api.List(t.Context())
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -260,7 +259,7 @@ func TestSignTx(t *testing.T) {
 
 	control.approveCh <- "Y"
 	control.inputCh <- "wrongpassword"
-	res, err = api.SignTransaction(context.Background(), tx, &methodSig)
+	res, err = api.SignTransaction(t.Context(), tx, &methodSig)
 	if res != nil {
 		t.Errorf("Expected nil-response, got %v", res)
 	}
@@ -268,7 +267,7 @@ func TestSignTx(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Expected ErrLocked! %v", err)
 	}
 	control.approveCh <- "No way"
-	res, err = api.SignTransaction(context.Background(), tx, &methodSig)
+	res, err = api.SignTransaction(t.Context(), tx, &methodSig)
 	if res != nil {
 		t.Errorf("Expected nil-response, got %v", res)
 	}
@@ -278,22 +277,21 @@ func TestSignTx(t *testing.T) {
 	// Sign with correct password
 	control.approveCh <- "Y"
 	control.inputCh <- "a_long_password"
-	res, err = api.SignTransaction(context.Background(), tx, &methodSig)
-
+	res, err = api.SignTransaction(t.Context(), tx, &methodSig)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	parsedTx := &types.Transaction{}
 	rlp.DecodeBytes(res.Raw, parsedTx)
 
-	//The tx should NOT be modified by the UI
+	// The tx should NOT be modified by the UI
 	if parsedTx.Value().Cmp(tx.Value.ToInt()) != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("Expected value to be unchanged, expected %v got %v", tx.Value, parsedTx.Value())
 	}
 	control.approveCh <- "Y"
 	control.inputCh <- "a_long_password"
 
-	res2, err = api.SignTransaction(context.Background(), tx, &methodSig)
+	res2, err = api.SignTransaction(t.Context(), tx, &methodSig)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -301,20 +299,20 @@ func TestSignTx(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("Expected tx to be unmodified by UI")
 	}
 
-	//The tx is modified by the UI
+	// The tx is modified by the UI
 	control.approveCh <- "M"
 	control.inputCh <- "a_long_password"
 
-	res2, err = api.SignTransaction(context.Background(), tx, &methodSig)
+	res2, err = api.SignTransaction(t.Context(), tx, &methodSig)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	parsedTx2 := &types.Transaction{}
-	rlp.DecodeBytes(res.Raw, parsedTx2)
+	rlp.DecodeBytes(res2.Raw, parsedTx2)
 
-	//The tx should be modified by the UI
-	if parsedTx2.Value().Cmp(tx.Value.ToInt()) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("Expected value to be unchanged, got %v", parsedTx.Value())
+	// The tx should be modified by the UI
+	if parsedTx2.Value().Cmp(tx.Value.ToInt()) == 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected value to be changed, got %v", parsedTx2.Value())
 	}
 	if bytes.Equal(res.Raw, res2.Raw) {
 		t.Error("Expected tx to be modified by UI")

From 8e87b7539b26ceeac7919037e7dbc6e5e9c136b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: MozirDmitriy <dmitriymozir@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Sep 2025 16:47:58 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 202/470] trie: correct error messages for UpdateStorage
 operations (#32746)

Fix incorrect error messages in TestVerkleTreeReadWrite and TestVerkleRollBack functions.
---
 trie/verkle_test.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/trie/verkle_test.go b/trie/verkle_test.go
index f31ab02df9..1832e3db13 100644
--- a/trie/verkle_test.go
+++ b/trie/verkle_test.go
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func TestVerkleTreeReadWrite(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		for key, val := range storages[addr] {
 			if err := tr.UpdateStorage(addr, key.Bytes(), val); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("Failed to update account, %v", err)
+				t.Fatalf("Failed to update storage, %v", err)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ func TestVerkleRollBack(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		for key, val := range storages[addr] {
 			if err := tr.UpdateStorage(addr, key.Bytes(), val); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("Failed to update account, %v", err)
+				t.Fatalf("Failed to update storage, %v", err)
 			}
 		}
 		hash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(code)

From c984d9086e72d8bfbd2326c10368743bfcaec839 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dragan Milic <dragan@netice9.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Sep 2025 18:05:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 203/470] eth/tracers/native: add keccak256preimage tracer
 (#32569)

Introduces a new tracer which returns the preimages
of evm KECCAK256 hashes.

See #32570.

---------

Co-authored-by: Sina M <1591639+s1na@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Sina Mahmoodi <itz.s1na@gmail.com>
---
 eth/tracers/native/keccak256_preimage.go      |  86 ++++
 eth/tracers/native/keccak256_preimage_test.go | 442 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 528 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 eth/tracers/native/keccak256_preimage.go
 create mode 100644 eth/tracers/native/keccak256_preimage_test.go

diff --git a/eth/tracers/native/keccak256_preimage.go b/eth/tracers/native/keccak256_preimage.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c2b7e6e32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eth/tracers/native/keccak256_preimage.go
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+package native
+
+// Copyright 2021 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/tracers"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/tracers/internal"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	tracers.DefaultDirectory.Register("keccak256PreimageTracer", newKeccak256PreimageTracer, false)
+}
+
+// keccak256PreimageTracer is a native tracer that collects preimages of all KECCAK256 operations.
+// This tracer is particularly useful for analyzing smart contract execution patterns,
+// especially when debugging storage access in Solidity mappings and dynamic arrays.
+type keccak256PreimageTracer struct {
+	computedHashes map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes
+}
+
+// newKeccak256PreimageTracer returns a new keccak256PreimageTracer instance.
+func newKeccak256PreimageTracer(ctx *tracers.Context, cfg json.RawMessage, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig) (*tracers.Tracer, error) {
+	t := &keccak256PreimageTracer{
+		computedHashes: make(map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes),
+	}
+	return &tracers.Tracer{
+		Hooks: &tracing.Hooks{
+			OnOpcode: t.OnOpcode,
+		},
+		GetResult: t.GetResult,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (t *keccak256PreimageTracer) OnOpcode(pc uint64, op byte, gas, cost uint64, scope tracing.OpContext, rData []byte, depth int, err error) {
+	if op == byte(vm.KECCAK256) {
+		sd := scope.StackData()
+		// it turns out that sometimes the stack is empty, evm will fail in this case, but we should not panic here
+		if len(sd) < 2 {
+			return
+		}
+
+		dataOffset := internal.StackBack(sd, 0).Uint64()
+		dataLength := internal.StackBack(sd, 1).Uint64()
+		preimage, err := internal.GetMemoryCopyPadded(scope.MemoryData(), int64(dataOffset), int64(dataLength))
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Warn("keccak256PreimageTracer: failed to copy keccak preimage from memory", "err", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		hash := crypto.Keccak256(preimage)
+
+		t.computedHashes[common.Hash(hash)] = hexutil.Bytes(preimage)
+	}
+}
+
+// GetResult returns the collected keccak256 preimages as a JSON object mapping hashes to preimages.
+func (t *keccak256PreimageTracer) GetResult() (json.RawMessage, error) {
+	msg, err := json.Marshal(t.computedHashes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return msg, nil
+}
diff --git a/eth/tracers/native/keccak256_preimage_test.go b/eth/tracers/native/keccak256_preimage_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b54b0cc238
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eth/tracers/native/keccak256_preimage_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package native_test
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/tracers"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// mockOpContext implements tracing.OpContext for testing
+type mockOpContext struct {
+	memory []byte
+	stack  []uint256.Int
+}
+
+// Ensure mockOpContext implements tracing.OpContext
+var _ tracing.OpContext = (*mockOpContext)(nil)
+
+func (m *mockOpContext) MemoryData() []byte {
+	return m.memory
+}
+
+func (m *mockOpContext) StackData() []uint256.Int {
+	return m.stack
+}
+
+func (m *mockOpContext) Address() common.Address {
+	return common.Address{}
+}
+
+func (m *mockOpContext) Caller() common.Address {
+	return common.Address{}
+}
+
+func (m *mockOpContext) CallValue() *uint256.Int {
+	return uint256.NewInt(0)
+}
+
+func (m *mockOpContext) CallInput() []byte {
+	return []byte{}
+}
+
+func (m *mockOpContext) ContractCode() []byte {
+	return []byte{}
+}
+
+func TestKeccak256PreimageTracerCreation(t *testing.T) {
+	tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New("keccak256PreimageTracer", &tracers.Context{}, nil, params.MainnetChainConfig)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, tracer)
+	require.NotNil(t, tracer.Hooks)
+	require.NotNil(t, tracer.Hooks.OnOpcode)
+	require.NotNil(t, tracer.GetResult)
+}
+
+func TestKeccak256PreimageTracerInitialResult(t *testing.T) {
+	tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New("keccak256PreimageTracer", &tracers.Context{}, nil, params.MainnetChainConfig)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	result, err := tracer.GetResult()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var hashes map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes
+	err = json.Unmarshal(result, &hashes)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Empty(t, hashes)
+}
+
+func TestKeccak256PreimageTracerSingleKeccak(t *testing.T) {
+	tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New("keccak256PreimageTracer", &tracers.Context{}, nil, params.MainnetChainConfig)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Test data: "hello world"
+	testData := []byte("hello world")
+	memory := make([]byte, 32)
+	copy(memory, testData)
+
+	// Create stack with offset=0, length=11
+	stack := []uint256.Int{
+		*uint256.NewInt(11), // length (stack[1])
+		*uint256.NewInt(0),  // offset (stack[0])
+	}
+
+	mockScope := &mockOpContext{
+		memory: memory,
+		stack:  stack,
+	}
+
+	// Call OnOpcode with KECCAK256
+	tracer.OnOpcode(0, byte(vm.KECCAK256), 0, 0, mockScope, nil, 0, nil)
+
+	// Get result
+	result, err := tracer.GetResult()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var hashes map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes
+	err = json.Unmarshal(result, &hashes)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Verify the hash and preimage
+	expectedHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(testData)
+	require.Len(t, hashes, 1)
+	require.Contains(t, hashes, expectedHash)
+	require.Equal(t, hexutil.Bytes(testData), hashes[expectedHash])
+}
+
+func TestKeccak256PreimageTracerMultipleKeccak(t *testing.T) {
+	tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New("keccak256PreimageTracer", &tracers.Context{}, nil, params.MainnetChainConfig)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name string
+		data []byte
+	}{
+		{"empty", []byte{}},
+		{"hello", []byte("hello")},
+		{"world", []byte("world")},
+		{"long_data", make([]byte, 100)},
+	}
+
+	// Initialize long_data with some pattern
+	for i := range testCases[3].data {
+		testCases[3].data[i] = byte(i % 256)
+	}
+
+	expectedHashes := make(map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes)
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			memory := make([]byte, max(len(tc.data), 1))
+			copy(memory, tc.data)
+
+			stack := []uint256.Int{
+				*uint256.NewInt(uint64(len(tc.data))), // length
+				*uint256.NewInt(0),                    // offset
+			}
+
+			mockScope := &mockOpContext{
+				memory: memory,
+				stack:  stack,
+			}
+
+			// Call OnOpcode with KECCAK256
+			tracer.OnOpcode(0, byte(vm.KECCAK256), 0, 0, mockScope, nil, 0, nil)
+
+			expectedHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(tc.data)
+			expectedHashes[expectedHash] = hexutil.Bytes(tc.data)
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Get final result
+	result, err := tracer.GetResult()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var hashes map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes
+	err = json.Unmarshal(result, &hashes)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, expectedHashes, hashes)
+}
+
+func TestKeccak256PreimageTracerNonKeccakOpcodes(t *testing.T) {
+	tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New("keccak256PreimageTracer", &tracers.Context{}, nil, params.MainnetChainConfig)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	testData := []byte("should not be recorded")
+	memory := make([]byte, 32)
+	copy(memory, testData)
+
+	stack := []uint256.Int{
+		*uint256.NewInt(uint64(len(testData))),
+		*uint256.NewInt(0),
+	}
+
+	mockScope := &mockOpContext{
+		memory: memory,
+		stack:  stack,
+	}
+
+	// Test various non-KECCAK256 opcodes
+	nonKeccakOpcodes := []vm.OpCode{
+		vm.ADD, vm.MUL, vm.SUB, vm.DIV, vm.SDIV, vm.MOD, vm.SMOD,
+		vm.ADDMOD, vm.MULMOD, vm.EXP, vm.SIGNEXTEND, vm.SLOAD,
+		vm.SSTORE, vm.MLOAD, vm.MSTORE, vm.CALL, vm.RETURN,
+	}
+
+	for _, opcode := range nonKeccakOpcodes {
+		tracer.OnOpcode(0, byte(opcode), 0, 0, mockScope, nil, 0, nil)
+	}
+
+	// Get result - should be empty
+	result, err := tracer.GetResult()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var hashes map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes
+	err = json.Unmarshal(result, &hashes)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Empty(t, hashes)
+}
+
+func TestKeccak256PreimageTracerMemoryOffset(t *testing.T) {
+	tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New("keccak256PreimageTracer", &tracers.Context{}, nil, params.MainnetChainConfig)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Test data at different memory offset
+	prefix := []byte("prefix_data_")
+	testData := []byte("target_data")
+	memory := make([]byte, len(prefix)+len(testData)+10)
+	copy(memory, prefix)
+	copy(memory[len(prefix):], testData)
+
+	// Stack: offset=len(prefix), length=len(testData)
+	stack := []uint256.Int{
+		*uint256.NewInt(uint64(len(testData))), // length
+		*uint256.NewInt(uint64(len(prefix))),   // offset
+	}
+
+	mockScope := &mockOpContext{
+		memory: memory,
+		stack:  stack,
+	}
+
+	// Call OnOpcode with KECCAK256
+	tracer.OnOpcode(0, byte(vm.KECCAK256), 0, 0, mockScope, nil, 0, nil)
+
+	// Get result
+	result, err := tracer.GetResult()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var hashes map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes
+	err = json.Unmarshal(result, &hashes)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Verify the hash matches the target data, not the prefix
+	expectedHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(testData)
+	require.Len(t, hashes, 1)
+	require.Contains(t, hashes, expectedHash)
+	require.Equal(t, hexutil.Bytes(testData), hashes[expectedHash])
+}
+
+func TestKeccak256PreimageTracerMemoryPadding(t *testing.T) {
+	tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New("keccak256PreimageTracer", &tracers.Context{}, nil, params.MainnetChainConfig)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Test data that extends beyond memory bounds (should be zero-padded)
+	testData := []byte("short")
+	memory := make([]byte, len(testData))
+	copy(memory, testData)
+
+	// Request more data than available in memory
+	requestedLength := len(testData) + 5
+	stack := []uint256.Int{
+		*uint256.NewInt(uint64(requestedLength)), // length > memory size
+		*uint256.NewInt(0),                       // offset
+	}
+
+	mockScope := &mockOpContext{
+		memory: memory,
+		stack:  stack,
+	}
+
+	// Call OnOpcode with KECCAK256
+	tracer.OnOpcode(0, byte(vm.KECCAK256), 0, 0, mockScope, nil, 0, nil)
+
+	// Get result
+	result, err := tracer.GetResult()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var hashes map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes
+	err = json.Unmarshal(result, &hashes)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Verify the hash includes zero padding
+	expectedData := make([]byte, requestedLength)
+	copy(expectedData, testData)
+	// Rest is zero-padded by default
+
+	expectedHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(expectedData)
+	require.Len(t, hashes, 1)
+	require.Contains(t, hashes, expectedHash)
+	require.Equal(t, hexutil.Bytes(expectedData), hashes[expectedHash])
+}
+
+func TestKeccak256PreimageTracerDuplicateHashes(t *testing.T) {
+	tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New("keccak256PreimageTracer", &tracers.Context{}, nil, params.MainnetChainConfig)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	testData := []byte("duplicate_test")
+	memory := make([]byte, len(testData))
+	copy(memory, testData)
+
+	stack := []uint256.Int{
+		*uint256.NewInt(uint64(len(testData))),
+		*uint256.NewInt(0),
+	}
+
+	mockScope := &mockOpContext{
+		memory: memory,
+		stack:  stack,
+	}
+
+	// Call OnOpcode with KECCAK256 multiple times with same data
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		tracer.OnOpcode(0, byte(vm.KECCAK256), 0, 0, mockScope, nil, 0, nil)
+	}
+
+	// Get result
+	result, err := tracer.GetResult()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var hashes map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes
+	err = json.Unmarshal(result, &hashes)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Should only have one entry (duplicates overwrite)
+	expectedHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(testData)
+	require.Len(t, hashes, 1)
+	require.Contains(t, hashes, expectedHash)
+	require.Equal(t, hexutil.Bytes(testData), hashes[expectedHash])
+}
+
+func TestKeccak256PreimageTracerWithExecutionError(t *testing.T) {
+	tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New("keccak256PreimageTracer", &tracers.Context{}, nil, params.MainnetChainConfig)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	testData := []byte("error_test")
+	memory := make([]byte, len(testData))
+	copy(memory, testData)
+
+	stack := []uint256.Int{
+		*uint256.NewInt(uint64(len(testData))),
+		*uint256.NewInt(0),
+	}
+
+	mockScope := &mockOpContext{
+		memory: memory,
+		stack:  stack,
+	}
+
+	// Call OnOpcode with KECCAK256 and an execution error
+	tracer.OnOpcode(0, byte(vm.KECCAK256), 0, 0, mockScope, nil, 0, vm.ErrOutOfGas)
+
+	// Get result - should still record the hash even with execution error
+	result, err := tracer.GetResult()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var hashes map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes
+	err = json.Unmarshal(result, &hashes)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	expectedHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(testData)
+	require.Len(t, hashes, 1)
+	require.Contains(t, hashes, expectedHash)
+	require.Equal(t, hexutil.Bytes(testData), hashes[expectedHash])
+}
+
+func TestKeccak256PreimageTracerInsufficientStack(t *testing.T) {
+	tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New("keccak256PreimageTracer", &tracers.Context{}, nil, params.MainnetChainConfig)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Test with insufficient stack items (should cause panic, but we test it doesn't crash)
+	testData := []byte("test")
+	memory := make([]byte, len(testData))
+	copy(memory, testData)
+
+	// Stack with only one item (need 2 for KECCAK256)
+	stack := []uint256.Int{
+		*uint256.NewInt(0), // only offset, missing length
+	}
+
+	mockScope := &mockOpContext{
+		memory: memory,
+		stack:  stack,
+	}
+
+	// This should not panic due to insufficient stack
+	tracer.OnOpcode(0, byte(vm.KECCAK256), 0, 0, mockScope, nil, 0, nil)
+}
+
+func TestKeccak256PreimageTracerLargeData(t *testing.T) {
+	tracer, err := tracers.DefaultDirectory.New("keccak256PreimageTracer", &tracers.Context{}, nil, params.MainnetChainConfig)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Test with large data
+	largeData := make([]byte, 1024)
+	for i := range largeData {
+		largeData[i] = byte(i % 256)
+	}
+
+	memory := make([]byte, len(largeData))
+	copy(memory, largeData)
+
+	stack := []uint256.Int{
+		*uint256.NewInt(uint64(len(largeData))),
+		*uint256.NewInt(0),
+	}
+
+	mockScope := &mockOpContext{
+		memory: memory,
+		stack:  stack,
+	}
+
+	// Call OnOpcode with KECCAK256
+	tracer.OnOpcode(0, byte(vm.KECCAK256), 0, 0, mockScope, nil, 0, nil)
+
+	// Get result
+	result, err := tracer.GetResult()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	var hashes map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes
+	err = json.Unmarshal(result, &hashes)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	expectedHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(largeData)
+	require.Len(t, hashes, 1)
+	require.Contains(t, hashes, expectedHash)
+	require.Equal(t, hexutil.Bytes(largeData), hashes[expectedHash])
+}

From b19452dc11312afa44e6fbca2f2c9a6489b0c489 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Fri, 26 Sep 2025 23:39:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 204/470] params: add amsterdam fork config (#32687)

Adds Amsterdam as fork config option.

Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 params/config.go      | 74 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 params/forks/forks.go |  2 ++
 2 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/params/config.go b/params/config.go
index 42a2c61ab5..0cf3198ff9 100644
--- a/params/config.go
+++ b/params/config.go
@@ -448,16 +448,17 @@ type ChainConfig struct {
 
 	// Fork scheduling was switched from blocks to timestamps here
 
-	ShanghaiTime *uint64 `json:"shanghaiTime,omitempty"` // Shanghai switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on shanghai)
-	CancunTime   *uint64 `json:"cancunTime,omitempty"`   // Cancun switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on cancun)
-	PragueTime   *uint64 `json:"pragueTime,omitempty"`   // Prague switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on prague)
-	OsakaTime    *uint64 `json:"osakaTime,omitempty"`    // Osaka switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on osaka)
-	VerkleTime   *uint64 `json:"verkleTime,omitempty"`   // Verkle switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on verkle)
-	BPO1Time     *uint64 `json:"bpo1Time,omitempty"`     // BPO1 switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on bpo1)
-	BPO2Time     *uint64 `json:"bpo2Time,omitempty"`     // BPO2 switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on bpo2)
-	BPO3Time     *uint64 `json:"bpo3Time,omitempty"`     // BPO3 switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on bpo3)
-	BPO4Time     *uint64 `json:"bpo4Time,omitempty"`     // BPO4 switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on bpo4)
-	BPO5Time     *uint64 `json:"bpo5Time,omitempty"`     // BPO5 switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on bpo5)
+	ShanghaiTime  *uint64 `json:"shanghaiTime,omitempty"`  // Shanghai switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on shanghai)
+	CancunTime    *uint64 `json:"cancunTime,omitempty"`    // Cancun switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on cancun)
+	PragueTime    *uint64 `json:"pragueTime,omitempty"`    // Prague switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on prague)
+	OsakaTime     *uint64 `json:"osakaTime,omitempty"`     // Osaka switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on osaka)
+	BPO1Time      *uint64 `json:"bpo1Time,omitempty"`      // BPO1 switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on bpo1)
+	BPO2Time      *uint64 `json:"bpo2Time,omitempty"`      // BPO2 switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on bpo2)
+	BPO3Time      *uint64 `json:"bpo3Time,omitempty"`      // BPO3 switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on bpo3)
+	BPO4Time      *uint64 `json:"bpo4Time,omitempty"`      // BPO4 switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on bpo4)
+	BPO5Time      *uint64 `json:"bpo5Time,omitempty"`      // BPO5 switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on bpo5)
+	AmsterdamTime *uint64 `json:"amsterdamTime,omitempty"` // Amsterdam switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on amsterdam)
+	VerkleTime    *uint64 `json:"verkleTime,omitempty"`    // Verkle switch time (nil = no fork, 0 = already on verkle)
 
 	// TerminalTotalDifficulty is the amount of total difficulty reached by
 	// the network that triggers the consensus upgrade.
@@ -575,9 +576,6 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) Description() string {
 	if c.OsakaTime != nil {
 		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Osaka:                       @%-10v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/osaka/__init__.py.html)\n", *c.OsakaTime)
 	}
-	if c.VerkleTime != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Verkle:                      @%-10v\n", *c.VerkleTime)
-	}
 	if c.BPO1Time != nil {
 		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO1:                        @%-10v\n", *c.BPO1Time)
 	}
@@ -593,6 +591,12 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) Description() string {
 	if c.BPO5Time != nil {
 		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO5:                        @%-10v\n", *c.BPO5Time)
 	}
+	if c.AmsterdamTime != nil {
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Amsterdam:									 @%-10v\n", *c.AmsterdamTime)
+	}
+	if c.VerkleTime != nil {
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Verkle:                      @%-10v\n", *c.VerkleTime)
+	}
 	return banner
 }
 
@@ -605,15 +609,16 @@ type BlobConfig struct {
 
 // BlobScheduleConfig determines target and max number of blobs allow per fork.
 type BlobScheduleConfig struct {
-	Cancun *BlobConfig `json:"cancun,omitempty"`
-	Prague *BlobConfig `json:"prague,omitempty"`
-	Osaka  *BlobConfig `json:"osaka,omitempty"`
-	Verkle *BlobConfig `json:"verkle,omitempty"`
-	BPO1   *BlobConfig `json:"bpo1,omitempty"`
-	BPO2   *BlobConfig `json:"bpo2,omitempty"`
-	BPO3   *BlobConfig `json:"bpo3,omitempty"`
-	BPO4   *BlobConfig `json:"bpo4,omitempty"`
-	BPO5   *BlobConfig `json:"bpo5,omitempty"`
+	Cancun    *BlobConfig `json:"cancun,omitempty"`
+	Prague    *BlobConfig `json:"prague,omitempty"`
+	Osaka     *BlobConfig `json:"osaka,omitempty"`
+	Verkle    *BlobConfig `json:"verkle,omitempty"`
+	BPO1      *BlobConfig `json:"bpo1,omitempty"`
+	BPO2      *BlobConfig `json:"bpo2,omitempty"`
+	BPO3      *BlobConfig `json:"bpo3,omitempty"`
+	BPO4      *BlobConfig `json:"bpo4,omitempty"`
+	BPO5      *BlobConfig `json:"bpo5,omitempty"`
+	Amsterdam *BlobConfig `json:"amsterdam,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // IsHomestead returns whether num is either equal to the homestead block or greater.
@@ -726,11 +731,6 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) IsOsaka(num *big.Int, time uint64) bool {
 	return c.IsLondon(num) && isTimestampForked(c.OsakaTime, time)
 }
 
-// IsVerkle returns whether time is either equal to the Verkle fork time or greater.
-func (c *ChainConfig) IsVerkle(num *big.Int, time uint64) bool {
-	return c.IsLondon(num) && isTimestampForked(c.VerkleTime, time)
-}
-
 // IsBPO1 returns whether time is either equal to the BPO1 fork time or greater.
 func (c *ChainConfig) IsBPO1(num *big.Int, time uint64) bool {
 	return c.IsLondon(num) && isTimestampForked(c.BPO1Time, time)
@@ -756,6 +756,16 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) IsBPO5(num *big.Int, time uint64) bool {
 	return c.IsLondon(num) && isTimestampForked(c.BPO5Time, time)
 }
 
+// IsAmsterdam returns whether time is either equal to the Amsterdam fork time or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsAmsterdam(num *big.Int, time uint64) bool {
+	return c.IsLondon(num) && isTimestampForked(c.AmsterdamTime, time)
+}
+
+// IsVerkle returns whether time is either equal to the Verkle fork time or greater.
+func (c *ChainConfig) IsVerkle(num *big.Int, time uint64) bool {
+	return c.IsLondon(num) && isTimestampForked(c.VerkleTime, time)
+}
+
 // IsVerkleGenesis checks whether the verkle fork is activated at the genesis block.
 //
 // Verkle mode is considered enabled if the verkle fork time is configured,
@@ -836,6 +846,7 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) CheckConfigForkOrder() error {
 		{name: "bpo3", timestamp: c.BPO3Time, optional: true},
 		{name: "bpo4", timestamp: c.BPO4Time, optional: true},
 		{name: "bpo5", timestamp: c.BPO5Time, optional: true},
+		{name: "amsterdam", timestamp: c.AmsterdamTime, optional: true},
 	} {
 		if lastFork.name != "" {
 			switch {
@@ -890,6 +901,7 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) CheckConfigForkOrder() error {
 		{name: "bpo3", timestamp: c.BPO3Time, config: bsc.BPO3},
 		{name: "bpo4", timestamp: c.BPO4Time, config: bsc.BPO4},
 		{name: "bpo5", timestamp: c.BPO5Time, config: bsc.BPO5},
+		{name: "amsterdam", timestamp: c.AmsterdamTime, config: bsc.Amsterdam},
 	} {
 		if cur.config != nil {
 			if err := cur.config.validate(); err != nil {
@@ -1005,6 +1017,9 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) checkCompatible(newcfg *ChainConfig, headNumber *big.Int,
 	if isForkTimestampIncompatible(c.BPO5Time, newcfg.BPO5Time, headTimestamp) {
 		return newTimestampCompatError("BPO5 fork timestamp", c.BPO5Time, newcfg.BPO5Time)
 	}
+	if isForkTimestampIncompatible(c.AmsterdamTime, newcfg.AmsterdamTime, headTimestamp) {
+		return newTimestampCompatError("Amsterdam fork timestamp", c.AmsterdamTime, newcfg.AmsterdamTime)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -1024,6 +1039,8 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) LatestFork(time uint64) forks.Fork {
 	london := c.LondonBlock
 
 	switch {
+	case c.IsAmsterdam(london, time):
+		return forks.Amsterdam
 	case c.IsBPO5(london, time):
 		return forks.BPO5
 	case c.IsBPO4(london, time):
@@ -1259,7 +1276,7 @@ type Rules struct {
 	IsByzantium, IsConstantinople, IsPetersburg, IsIstanbul bool
 	IsBerlin, IsLondon                                      bool
 	IsMerge, IsShanghai, IsCancun, IsPrague, IsOsaka        bool
-	IsVerkle                                                bool
+	IsAmsterdam, IsVerkle                                   bool
 }
 
 // Rules ensures c's ChainID is not nil.
@@ -1289,6 +1306,7 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) Rules(num *big.Int, isMerge bool, timestamp uint64) Rules
 		IsCancun:         isMerge && c.IsCancun(num, timestamp),
 		IsPrague:         isMerge && c.IsPrague(num, timestamp),
 		IsOsaka:          isMerge && c.IsOsaka(num, timestamp),
+		IsAmsterdam:      isMerge && c.IsAmsterdam(num, timestamp),
 		IsVerkle:         isVerkle,
 		IsEIP4762:        isVerkle,
 	}
diff --git a/params/forks/forks.go b/params/forks/forks.go
index adb65c8624..641d59434b 100644
--- a/params/forks/forks.go
+++ b/params/forks/forks.go
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ const (
 	BPO3
 	BPO4
 	BPO5
+	Amsterdam
 )
 
 // String implements fmt.Stringer.
@@ -82,4 +83,5 @@ var forkToString = map[Fork]string{
 	BPO3:             "BPO3",
 	BPO4:             "BPO4",
 	BPO5:             "BPO5",
+	Amsterdam:        "Amsterdam",
 }

From 943a30d1ee12a482a1a3e920dccde3bbe705ce7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Sep 2025 10:17:47 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 205/470] build: remove duplicated func FileExist (#32768)

---
 build/ci.go            | 5 +++--
 internal/build/file.go | 9 ---------
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/build/ci.go b/build/ci.go
index c6f4f28c87..da867a1516 100644
--- a/build/ci.go
+++ b/build/ci.go
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/cespare/cp"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/signify"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/build"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/download"
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ func executablePath(name string) string {
 func main() {
 	log.SetFlags(log.Lshortfile)
 
-	if !build.FileExist(filepath.Join("build", "ci.go")) {
+	if !common.FileExist(filepath.Join("build", "ci.go")) {
 		log.Fatal("this script must be run from the root of the repository")
 	}
 	if len(os.Args) < 2 {
@@ -895,7 +896,7 @@ func ppaUpload(workdir, ppa, sshUser string, files []string) {
 	var idfile string
 	if sshkey := getenvBase64("PPA_SSH_KEY"); len(sshkey) > 0 {
 		idfile = filepath.Join(workdir, "sshkey")
-		if !build.FileExist(idfile) {
+		if !common.FileExist(idfile) {
 			os.WriteFile(idfile, sshkey, 0600)
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/internal/build/file.go b/internal/build/file.go
index 7490af281e..2cd090c42c 100644
--- a/internal/build/file.go
+++ b/internal/build/file.go
@@ -25,15 +25,6 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 )
 
-// FileExist checks if a file exists at path.
-func FileExist(path string) bool {
-	_, err := os.Stat(path)
-	if err != nil && os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		return false
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
 // HashFolder iterates all files under the given directory, computing the hash
 // of each.
 func HashFolder(folder string, exlude []string) (map[string][32]byte, error) {

From 265db06242f8b47729ff8c23c482cc79f0421056 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Sep 2025 17:56:39 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 206/470] eth/catalyst: check osaka in engine_getBlobsV1
 (#32731)

ref
https://github.com/ethereum/execution-apis/blob/main/src/engine/osaka.md#cancun-api

> Client software MUST return -38005: Unsupported fork error if the
Osaka fork has been activated.

---------

Signed-off-by: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 eth/catalyst/api.go      | 13 ++++++++++---
 eth/catalyst/api_test.go | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index b37c26149f..6dfe24f729 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -492,6 +492,12 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) getPayload(payloadID engine.PayloadID, full bool) (*eng
 // Client software MAY return an array of all null entries if syncing or otherwise
 // unable to serve blob pool data.
 func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV1(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProofV1, error) {
+	// Reject the request if Osaka has been activated.
+	// follow https://github.com/ethereum/execution-apis/blob/main/src/engine/osaka.md#cancun-api
+	head := api.eth.BlockChain().CurrentHeader()
+	if !api.checkFork(head.Time, forks.Cancun, forks.Prague) {
+		return nil, unsupportedForkErr("engine_getBlobsV1 is only available at Cancun/Prague fork")
+	}
 	if len(hashes) > 128 {
 		return nil, engine.TooLargeRequest.With(fmt.Errorf("requested blob count too large: %v", len(hashes)))
 	}
@@ -532,9 +538,6 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV1(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProo
 //   - if the request is [A_versioned_hash_for_blob_with_blob_proof], the response
 //     MUST be null as well.
 //
-//     Note, geth internally make the conversion from old version to new one, so the
-//     data will be returned normally.
-//
 // Client software MUST support request sizes of at least 128 blob versioned
 // hashes. The client MUST return -38004: Too large request error if the number
 // of requested blobs is too large.
@@ -542,6 +545,10 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV1(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProo
 // Client software MUST return null if syncing or otherwise unable to serve
 // blob pool data.
 func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV2(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProofV2, error) {
+	head := api.eth.BlockChain().CurrentHeader()
+	if api.config().LatestFork(head.Time) < forks.Osaka {
+		return nil, unsupportedForkErr("engine_getBlobsV2 is not available before Osaka fork")
+	}
 	if len(hashes) > 128 {
 		return nil, engine.TooLargeRequest.With(fmt.Errorf("requested blob count too large: %v", len(hashes)))
 	}
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api_test.go b/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
index 659280bf3b..a29fee1a06 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
@@ -1991,6 +1991,31 @@ func TestGetBlobsV1(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestGetBlobsV1AfterOsakaFork(t *testing.T) {
+	genesis := &core.Genesis{
+		Config:     params.MergedTestChainConfig,
+		Alloc:      types.GenesisAlloc{testAddr: {Balance: testBalance}},
+		Difficulty: common.Big0,
+		Timestamp:  1, // Timestamp > 0 to ensure Osaka fork is active
+	}
+	n, ethServ := startEthService(t, genesis, nil)
+	defer n.Close()
+
+	var engineErr *engine.EngineAPIError
+	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(ethServ)
+	_, err := api.GetBlobsV1([]common.Hash{testrand.Hash()})
+	if !errors.As(err, &engineErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected error: %T", err)
+	} else {
+		if engineErr.ErrorCode() != -38005 {
+			t.Fatalf("Expected error code -38005, got %d", engineErr.ErrorCode())
+		}
+		if engineErr.Error() != "Unsupported fork" {
+			t.Fatalf("Expected error message 'Unsupported fork', got '%s'", engineErr.Error())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestGetBlobsV2(t *testing.T) {
 	n, api := newGetBlobEnv(t, 1)
 	defer n.Close()

From c5a1c35cfbce5b2ba6840add3acd13e3a652ab07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: VolodymyrBg <aqdrgg19@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Sep 2025 13:23:43 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 207/470] trie: fix error message in test (#32772)

Fixes an error message in TestReplication
---
 trie/trie_test.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/trie/trie_test.go b/trie/trie_test.go
index 22c3494f47..b8b8edb33e 100644
--- a/trie/trie_test.go
+++ b/trie/trie_test.go
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ func TestReplication(t *testing.T) {
 		updateString(trie2, val.k, val.v)
 	}
 	if trie2.Hash() != hash {
-		t.Errorf("root failure. expected %x got %x", hash, hash)
+		t.Errorf("root failure. expected %x got %x", hash, trie2.Hash())
 	}
 }
 

From 4b080208ea68d5640c9873e58357f2952c725208 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GarmashAlex <garmasholeksii@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Sep 2025 13:31:00 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 208/470] internal/ethapi: remove redundant check in test
 (#32760)

Removes a redundant check in TestCreateAccessListWithStateOverrides
---
 internal/ethapi/api_test.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
index c0a8fe9a58..2e0b1c3bc0 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
@@ -3746,8 +3746,8 @@ func TestCreateAccessListWithStateOverrides(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create access list: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err != nil || result == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to create access list: %v", err)
+	if result == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create access list: result is nil")
 	}
 	require.NotNil(t, result.Accesslist)
 

From 46b7e78cc02f36e4c472f7196316a73f3c069cad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPerezz <37264926+CPerezz@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Sep 2025 12:51:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 209/470] cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool: panic on database
 corruption (#32776)

These functions were previously ignoring the error returned by both
`statedb.Commit()` and the subsequent `state.New()`,
which could silently fail and cause panics later when the `statedb` is
used.
This change adds proper error checking and panics with a descriptive
error
message if state creation fails.

While unlikely in normal operation, this can occur if there are database
corruption issues or if invalid root hashes are provided, making
debugging
significantly easier when such issues do occur.

This issue was encountered and fixed in
https://github.com/gballet/go-ethereum/pull/552
where the error handling proved essential for debugging

cc: @gballet as this was discussed in a call already.
---
 cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go | 15 ++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
index f1e65afe9c..5303d432fb 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
@@ -374,7 +374,10 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc) *state.StateDB {
 	tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
 	sdb := state.NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb)
+	statedb, err := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to create initial state: %v", err))
+	}
 	for addr, a := range accounts {
 		statedb.SetCode(addr, a.Code, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 		statedb.SetNonce(addr, a.Nonce, tracing.NonceChangeGenesis)
@@ -384,8 +387,14 @@ func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc) *state.StateDB
 		}
 	}
 	// Commit and re-open to start with a clean state.
-	root, _ := statedb.Commit(0, false, false)
-	statedb, _ = state.New(root, sdb)
+	root, err := statedb.Commit(0, false, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to commit initial state: %v", err))
+	}
+	statedb, err = state.New(root, sdb)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to reopen state after commit: %v", err))
+	}
 	return statedb
 }
 

From ea28346f91b65c9882e942d2fcad9cdbaa09d706 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lightclient <14004106+lightclient@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Sep 2025 05:44:04 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 210/470] params: fix bpo config comments (#32755)

Looks like we forgot to update names when copying.
---
 params/config.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/params/config.go b/params/config.go
index 0cf3198ff9..ff27b69259 100644
--- a/params/config.go
+++ b/params/config.go
@@ -377,25 +377,25 @@ var (
 		Max:            9,
 		UpdateFraction: 5007716,
 	}
-	// DefaultBPO1BlobConfig is the default blob configuration for the Osaka fork.
+	// DefaultBPO1BlobConfig is the default blob configuration for the BPO1 fork.
 	DefaultBPO1BlobConfig = &BlobConfig{
 		Target:         10,
 		Max:            15,
 		UpdateFraction: 8346193,
 	}
-	// DefaultBPO1BlobConfig is the default blob configuration for the Osaka fork.
+	// DefaultBPO2BlobConfig is the default blob configuration for the BPO2 fork.
 	DefaultBPO2BlobConfig = &BlobConfig{
 		Target:         14,
 		Max:            21,
 		UpdateFraction: 11684671,
 	}
-	// DefaultBPO1BlobConfig is the default blob configuration for the Osaka fork.
+	// DefaultBPO3BlobConfig is the default blob configuration for the BPO3 fork.
 	DefaultBPO3BlobConfig = &BlobConfig{
 		Target:         21,
 		Max:            32,
 		UpdateFraction: 20609697,
 	}
-	// DefaultBPO1BlobConfig is the default blob configuration for the Osaka fork.
+	// DefaultBPO4BlobConfig is the default blob configuration for the BPO4 fork.
 	DefaultBPO4BlobConfig = &BlobConfig{
 		Target:         14,
 		Max:            21,

From 1cfe624d03e445715565f17a355687a3acefdb63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: VolodymyrBg <aqdrgg19@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Sep 2025 15:45:00 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 211/470] core/rawdb: update comments (#32668)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

- Replace outdated NewFreezer doc that referenced map[string]bool/snappy
toggle with accurate description of -map[string]freezerTableConfig
(noSnappy, prunable).
- Fix misleading field comment on freezerTable.config that spoke as if
it were a boolean (“if true”), clarifying it’s a struct and noting
compression is non-retroactive.
---
 core/rawdb/freezer.go       | 5 +++--
 core/rawdb/freezer_table.go | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer.go b/core/rawdb/freezer.go
index a9600c1eef..98ad174ce0 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer.go
@@ -76,8 +76,9 @@ type Freezer struct {
 // NewFreezer creates a freezer instance for maintaining immutable ordered
 // data according to the given parameters.
 //
-// The 'tables' argument defines the data tables. If the value of a map
-// entry is true, snappy compression is disabled for the table.
+// The 'tables' argument defines the freezer tables and their configuration.
+// Each value is a freezerTableConfig specifying whether snappy compression is
+// disabled (noSnappy) and whether the table is prunable (prunable).
 func NewFreezer(datadir string, namespace string, readonly bool, maxTableSize uint32, tables map[string]freezerTableConfig) (*Freezer, error) {
 	// Create the initial freezer object
 	var (
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go
index 19c40cc16e..d3a29a73c6 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ type freezerTable struct {
 	// should never be lower than itemOffset.
 	itemHidden atomic.Uint64
 
-	config      freezerTableConfig // if true, disables snappy compression. Note: does not work retroactively
+	config      freezerTableConfig // table configuration (compression, prunability). Note: compression flag does not apply retroactively to existing files
 	readonly    bool
 	maxFileSize uint32 // Max file size for data-files
 	name        string

From 891bbad9ce219b8afa4790a3e5cae066577cfb08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: futreall <86553580+futreall@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Sep 2025 15:09:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 212/470] params: implement String() method for ChainConfig
 (#32766)

Fixes issue #32762 where ChainConfig logging displays pointer addresses
instead of actual timestamp values for fork activation times.

Before: ShanghaiTime:(*uint64)(0xc000373fb0),
CancunTime:(*uint64)(0xc000373fb8)
After: ShanghaiTime: 1681338455, CancunTime: 1710338135, VerkleTime: nil

The String() method properly dereferences timestamp pointers and handles
nil values for unset fork times, making logs more readable and useful
for debugging chain configuration issues.

---------

Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 params/config.go | 90 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 90 insertions(+)

diff --git a/params/config.go b/params/config.go
index ff27b69259..b441d60661 100644
--- a/params/config.go
+++ b/params/config.go
@@ -504,6 +504,96 @@ func (c CliqueConfig) String() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("clique(period: %d, epoch: %d)", c.Period, c.Epoch)
 }
 
+// String implements the fmt.Stringer interface, returning a string representation
+// of ChainConfig.
+func (c *ChainConfig) String() string {
+	result := fmt.Sprintf("ChainConfig{ChainID: %v", c.ChainID)
+
+	// Add block-based forks
+	if c.HomesteadBlock != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", HomesteadBlock: %v", c.HomesteadBlock)
+	}
+	if c.DAOForkBlock != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", DAOForkBlock: %v", c.DAOForkBlock)
+	}
+	if c.EIP150Block != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", EIP150Block: %v", c.EIP150Block)
+	}
+	if c.EIP155Block != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", EIP155Block: %v", c.EIP155Block)
+	}
+	if c.EIP158Block != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", EIP158Block: %v", c.EIP158Block)
+	}
+	if c.ByzantiumBlock != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", ByzantiumBlock: %v", c.ByzantiumBlock)
+	}
+	if c.ConstantinopleBlock != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", ConstantinopleBlock: %v", c.ConstantinopleBlock)
+	}
+	if c.PetersburgBlock != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", PetersburgBlock: %v", c.PetersburgBlock)
+	}
+	if c.IstanbulBlock != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", IstanbulBlock: %v", c.IstanbulBlock)
+	}
+	if c.MuirGlacierBlock != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", MuirGlacierBlock: %v", c.MuirGlacierBlock)
+	}
+	if c.BerlinBlock != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", BerlinBlock: %v", c.BerlinBlock)
+	}
+	if c.LondonBlock != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", LondonBlock: %v", c.LondonBlock)
+	}
+	if c.ArrowGlacierBlock != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", ArrowGlacierBlock: %v", c.ArrowGlacierBlock)
+	}
+	if c.GrayGlacierBlock != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", GrayGlacierBlock: %v", c.GrayGlacierBlock)
+	}
+	if c.MergeNetsplitBlock != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", MergeNetsplitBlock: %v", c.MergeNetsplitBlock)
+	}
+
+	// Add timestamp-based forks
+	if c.ShanghaiTime != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", ShanghaiTime: %v", *c.ShanghaiTime)
+	}
+	if c.CancunTime != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", CancunTime: %v", *c.CancunTime)
+	}
+	if c.PragueTime != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", PragueTime: %v", *c.PragueTime)
+	}
+	if c.OsakaTime != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", OsakaTime: %v", *c.OsakaTime)
+	}
+	if c.BPO1Time != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", BPO1Time: %v", *c.BPO1Time)
+	}
+	if c.BPO2Time != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", BPO2Time: %v", *c.BPO2Time)
+	}
+	if c.BPO3Time != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", BPO3Time: %v", *c.BPO3Time)
+	}
+	if c.BPO4Time != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", BPO4Time: %v", *c.BPO4Time)
+	}
+	if c.BPO5Time != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", BPO5Time: %v", *c.BPO5Time)
+	}
+	if c.AmsterdamTime != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", AmsterdamTime: %v", *c.AmsterdamTime)
+	}
+	if c.VerkleTime != nil {
+		result += fmt.Sprintf(", VerkleTime: %v", *c.VerkleTime)
+	}
+	result += "}"
+	return result
+}
+
 // Description returns a human-readable description of ChainConfig.
 func (c *ChainConfig) Description() string {
 	var banner string

From 01d0ce0bf156e52a62699b977288aecfa0366833 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Sep 2025 10:05:43 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 213/470] params: add blob config information in the banner
 (#32771)

Extend the chain banner with blob config information.

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 params/config.go | 61 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/params/config.go b/params/config.go
index b441d60661..4e885cbdd4 100644
--- a/params/config.go
+++ b/params/config.go
@@ -618,34 +618,32 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) Description() string {
 	// makes sense for mainnet should be optional at printing to avoid bloating
 	// the output for testnets and private networks.
 	banner += "Pre-Merge hard forks (block based):\n"
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Homestead:                   #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/homestead/__init__.py.html)\n", c.HomesteadBlock)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Homestead:                   #%-8v\n", c.HomesteadBlock)
 	if c.DAOForkBlock != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - DAO Fork:                    #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/dao_fork/__init__.py.html)\n", c.DAOForkBlock)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - DAO Fork:                    #%-8v\n", c.DAOForkBlock)
 	}
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Tangerine Whistle (EIP 150): #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/tangerine_whistle/__init__.py.html)\n", c.EIP150Block)
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Spurious Dragon/1 (EIP 155): #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/spurious_dragon/__init__.py.html)\n", c.EIP155Block)
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Spurious Dragon/2 (EIP 158): #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/spurious_dragon/__init__.py.html)\n", c.EIP155Block)
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Byzantium:                   #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/byzantium/__init__.py.html)\n", c.ByzantiumBlock)
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Constantinople:              #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/constantinople/__init__.py.html)\n", c.ConstantinopleBlock)
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Petersburg:                  #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/constantinople/__init__.py.html)\n", c.PetersburgBlock)
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Istanbul:                    #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/istanbul/__init__.py.html)\n", c.IstanbulBlock)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Tangerine Whistle (EIP 150): #%-8v\n", c.EIP150Block)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Spurious Dragon/1 (EIP 155): #%-8v\n", c.EIP155Block)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Spurious Dragon/2 (EIP 158): #%-8v\n", c.EIP155Block)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Byzantium:                   #%-8v\n", c.ByzantiumBlock)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Constantinople:              #%-8v\n", c.ConstantinopleBlock)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Petersburg:                  #%-8v\n", c.PetersburgBlock)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Istanbul:                    #%-8v\n", c.IstanbulBlock)
 	if c.MuirGlacierBlock != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Muir Glacier:                #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/muir_glacier/__init__.py.html)\n", c.MuirGlacierBlock)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Muir Glacier:                #%-8v\n", c.MuirGlacierBlock)
 	}
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Berlin:                      #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/berlin/__init__.py.html)\n", c.BerlinBlock)
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - London:                      #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/london/__init__.py.html)\n", c.LondonBlock)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Berlin:                      #%-8v\n", c.BerlinBlock)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - London:                      #%-8v\n", c.LondonBlock)
 	if c.ArrowGlacierBlock != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Arrow Glacier:               #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/arrow_glacier/__init__.py.html)\n", c.ArrowGlacierBlock)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Arrow Glacier:               #%-8v\n", c.ArrowGlacierBlock)
 	}
 	if c.GrayGlacierBlock != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Gray Glacier:                #%-8v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/gray_glacier/__init__.py.html)\n", c.GrayGlacierBlock)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Gray Glacier:                #%-8v\n", c.GrayGlacierBlock)
 	}
 	banner += "\n"
 
 	// Add a special section for the merge as it's non-obvious
 	banner += "Merge configured:\n"
-	banner += " - Hard-fork specification:    https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/paris/__init__.py.html\n"
-	banner += " - Network known to be merged\n"
 	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Total terminal difficulty:  %v\n", c.TerminalTotalDifficulty)
 	if c.MergeNetsplitBlock != nil {
 		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Merge netsplit block:       #%-8v\n", c.MergeNetsplitBlock)
@@ -655,38 +653,39 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) Description() string {
 	// Create a list of forks post-merge
 	banner += "Post-Merge hard forks (timestamp based):\n"
 	if c.ShanghaiTime != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Shanghai:                    @%-10v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/shanghai/__init__.py.html)\n", *c.ShanghaiTime)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Shanghai:                    @%-10v\n", *c.ShanghaiTime)
 	}
 	if c.CancunTime != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Cancun:                      @%-10v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/cancun/__init__.py.html)\n", *c.CancunTime)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Cancun:                      @%-10v blob: (%s)\n", *c.CancunTime, c.BlobScheduleConfig.Cancun)
 	}
 	if c.PragueTime != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Prague:                      @%-10v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/prague/__init__.py.html)\n", *c.PragueTime)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Prague:                      @%-10v blob: (%s)\n", *c.PragueTime, c.BlobScheduleConfig.Prague)
 	}
 	if c.OsakaTime != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Osaka:                       @%-10v (https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/osaka/__init__.py.html)\n", *c.OsakaTime)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Osaka:                       @%-10v blob: (%s)\n", *c.OsakaTime, c.BlobScheduleConfig.Osaka)
 	}
 	if c.BPO1Time != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO1:                        @%-10v\n", *c.BPO1Time)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO1:                        @%-10v blob: (%s)\n", *c.BPO1Time, c.BlobScheduleConfig.BPO1)
 	}
 	if c.BPO2Time != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO2:                        @%-10v\n", *c.BPO2Time)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO2:                        @%-10v blob: (%s)\n", *c.BPO2Time, c.BlobScheduleConfig.BPO2)
 	}
 	if c.BPO3Time != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO3:                        @%-10v\n", *c.BPO3Time)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO3:                        @%-10v blob: (%s)\n", *c.BPO3Time, c.BlobScheduleConfig.BPO3)
 	}
 	if c.BPO4Time != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO4:                        @%-10v\n", *c.BPO4Time)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO4:                        @%-10v blob: (%s)\n", *c.BPO4Time, c.BlobScheduleConfig.BPO4)
 	}
 	if c.BPO5Time != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO5:                        @%-10v\n", *c.BPO5Time)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - BPO5:                        @%-10v blob: (%s)\n", *c.BPO5Time, c.BlobScheduleConfig.BPO5)
 	}
 	if c.AmsterdamTime != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Amsterdam:									 @%-10v\n", *c.AmsterdamTime)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Amsterdam:									 @%-10v blob: (%s)\n", *c.AmsterdamTime, c.BlobScheduleConfig.Amsterdam)
 	}
 	if c.VerkleTime != nil {
-		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Verkle:                      @%-10v\n", *c.VerkleTime)
+		banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Verkle:                      @%-10v blob: (%s)\n", *c.VerkleTime, c.BlobScheduleConfig.Verkle)
 	}
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf("\nAll fork specifications can be found at https://ethereum.github.io/execution-specs/src/ethereum/forks/\n")
 	return banner
 }
 
@@ -697,6 +696,14 @@ type BlobConfig struct {
 	UpdateFraction uint64 `json:"baseFeeUpdateFraction"`
 }
 
+// String implement fmt.Stringer, returning string format blob config.
+func (bc *BlobConfig) String() string {
+	if bc == nil {
+		return "nil"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("target: %d, max: %d, fraction: %d", bc.Target, bc.Max, bc.UpdateFraction)
+}
+
 // BlobScheduleConfig determines target and max number of blobs allow per fork.
 type BlobScheduleConfig struct {
 	Cancun    *BlobConfig `json:"cancun,omitempty"`

From c1e9d78f1f8339b8dafed994530fb6fd231c48b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: MozirDmitriy <dmitriymozir@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Sep 2025 05:07:54 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 214/470] core/txpool: remove unused signer field from TxPool
 (#32787)

The TxPool.signer field was never read and each subpool (legacy/blob)
maintains its own signer instance. This field remained after txpool
refactoring into subpools and is dead code. Removing it reduces
confusion and simplifies the constructor.
---
 core/txpool/txpool.go | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/txpool.go b/core/txpool/txpool.go
index b5470cd7fc..437861efca 100644
--- a/core/txpool/txpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/txpool.go
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@ type BlockChain interface {
 type TxPool struct {
 	subpools []SubPool // List of subpools for specialized transaction handling
 	chain    BlockChain
-	signer   types.Signer
 
 	stateLock sync.RWMutex   // The lock for protecting state instance
 	state     *state.StateDB // Current state at the blockchain head
@@ -98,7 +97,6 @@ func New(gasTip uint64, chain BlockChain, subpools []SubPool) (*TxPool, error) {
 	pool := &TxPool{
 		subpools: subpools,
 		chain:    chain,
-		signer:   types.LatestSigner(chain.Config()),
 		state:    statedb,
 		quit:     make(chan chan error),
 		term:     make(chan struct{}),

From 2037c53e7a0104b33b996ef4c705a1928df207a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Galoretka <galoretochka@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Sep 2025 05:11:09 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 215/470] core/state: correct expected value in
 TestMessageCallGas (#32780)

---
 core/state/access_events_test.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/state/access_events_test.go b/core/state/access_events_test.go
index 5e1fee767c..e80859a0b4 100644
--- a/core/state/access_events_test.go
+++ b/core/state/access_events_test.go
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ func TestMessageCallGas(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	gas = ae.CodeHashGas(testAddr, false, math.MaxUint64, false)
 	if gas != params.WitnessChunkReadCost {
-		t.Fatalf("incorrect gas computed, got %d, want %d", gas, 0)
+		t.Fatalf("incorrect gas computed, got %d, want %d", gas, params.WitnessChunkReadCost)
 	}
 
 	// Check warm read cost

From 6f8e28b4aab10c07fffef02823810a1dfaa06617 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Sep 2025 12:50:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 216/470] go.mod, cmd/keeper/go.mod: upgrade victoria metrics
 dependency (#32720)

This is required for geth to compile to WASM.
---
 cmd/keeper/go.mod |  4 ++--
 cmd/keeper/go.sum | 14 ++++----------
 go.mod            |  4 ++--
 go.sum            | 10 ++++------
 4 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.mod b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
index d1649da43f..16094d16b1 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.mod
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ require (
 
 require (
 	github.com/StackExchange/wmi v1.2.1 // indirect
-	github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.12.2 // indirect
+	github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.13.0 // indirect
 	github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.20.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.0 // indirect
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/ferranbt/fastssz v0.1.4 // indirect
 	github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/gofrs/flock v0.12.1 // indirect
-	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.5-0.20220116011046-fa5810519dcb // indirect
+	github.com/golang/snappy v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/holiman/bloomfilter/v2 v2.0.3 // indirect
 	github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.9 // indirect
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.sum b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
index e3bc204ba8..3eaef469dc 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.sum
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
@@ -2,15 +2,14 @@ github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.4.5 h1:EndNeuB0l9syBZhut0wns3gV1hL8zX8LIu6ZiVHWLIQ=
 github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.4.5/go.mod h1:1jcaCB/ufaK+sKp1NBhlGmpz41jOoPQ35bpF36t7BBo=
 github.com/StackExchange/wmi v1.2.1 h1:VIkavFPXSjcnS+O8yTq7NI32k0R5Aj+v39y29VYDOSA=
 github.com/StackExchange/wmi v1.2.1/go.mod h1:rcmrprowKIVzvc+NUiLncP2uuArMWLCbu9SBzvHz7e8=
-github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.12.2 h1:N0y9ASrJ0F6h0QaC3o6uJb3NIZ9VKLjCM7NQbSmF7WI=
-github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.12.2/go.mod h1:AmC+Nzz1+3G2eCPapF6UcsnkThDcMsQicp4xDukwJYI=
+github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.13.0 h1:AW4mheMR5Vd9FkAPUv+NH6Nhw+fmbTMGMsNAoA/+4G0=
+github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.13.0/go.mod h1:hHXhl4DA2fTL2HTZDJFXWgW0LNjo6B+4aj2Wmng3TjU=
 github.com/allegro/bigcache v1.2.1-0.20190218064605-e24eb225f156 h1:eMwmnE/GDgah4HI848JfFxHt+iPb26b4zyfspmqY0/8=
 github.com/allegro/bigcache v1.2.1-0.20190218064605-e24eb225f156/go.mod h1:Cb/ax3seSYIx7SuZdm2G2xzfwmv3TPSk2ucNfQESPXM=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
 github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.20.0 h1:2F+rfL86jE2d/bmw7OhqUg2Sj/1rURkBn3MdfoPyRVU=
 github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.20.0/go.mod h1:7hO7Gc7Pp1vODcmWvKMRA9BNmbv6a/7QIWpPxHddWR8=
-github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.2.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 h1:UL815xU9SqsFlibzuggzjXhog7bL6oX9BbNZnL2UFvs=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
 github.com/cockroachdb/errors v1.11.3 h1:5bA+k2Y6r+oz/6Z/RFlNeVCesGARKuC6YymtcDrbC/I=
@@ -31,7 +30,6 @@ github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0 h1:WzDGjHk4gFg6YzV0rJOAsTK4z3Qkz5jd4RE
 github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0/go.mod h1:J9/u5sWfznSObptgfa92Jq8rTswn6ahQWEuiLHOjCUI=
 github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a h1:W8mUrRp6NOVl3J+MYp5kPMoUZPp7aOYHtaua31lwRHg=
 github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a/go.mod h1:sTwzHBvIzm2RfVCGNEBZgRyjwK40bVoun3ZnGOCafNM=
-github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.6.0 h1:XfcQbWM1LlMB8BsJ8N9vW5ehnnPVIw0je80NsVHagjM=
@@ -61,9 +59,8 @@ github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 h1:Ov1cvc58UF3b5XjBnZv7+opcTcQFZebYjWzi34vdm4Q=
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2/go.mod h1:P1XiOD3dCwIKUDQYPy72D8LYyHL2YPYrpS2s69NZV8Q=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 h1:i7eJL8qZTpSEXOPTxNKhASYpMn+8e5Q6AdndVa1dWek=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4/go.mod h1:lnTiLA8Wa4RWRcIUkrtSVa5nRhsEGBg48fD6rSs7xps=
-github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.4/go.mod h1:/XxbfmMg8lxefKM7IXC3fBNl/7bRcc72aCRzEWrmP2Q=
-github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.5-0.20220116011046-fa5810519dcb h1:PBC98N2aIaM3XXiurYmW7fx4GZkL8feAMVq7nEjURHk=
-github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.5-0.20220116011046-fa5810519dcb/go.mod h1:/XxbfmMg8lxefKM7IXC3fBNl/7bRcc72aCRzEWrmP2Q=
+github.com/golang/snappy v1.0.0 h1:Oy607GVXHs7RtbggtPBnr2RmDArIsAefDwvrdWvRhGs=
+github.com/golang/snappy v1.0.0/go.mod h1:/XxbfmMg8lxefKM7IXC3fBNl/7bRcc72aCRzEWrmP2Q=
 github.com/holiman/bloomfilter/v2 v2.0.3 h1:73e0e/V0tCydx14a0SCYS/EWCxgwLZ18CZcZKVu0fao=
 github.com/holiman/bloomfilter/v2 v2.0.3/go.mod h1:zpoh+gs7qcpqrHr3dB55AMiJwo0iURXE7ZOP9L9hSkA=
 github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.3.2 h1:a9EgMPSC1AAaj1SZL5zIQD3WbwTuHrMGOerLjGmM/TA=
@@ -112,8 +109,6 @@ github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.12.0 h1:exVL4IDcn6na9z1rAb56Vxr+CgyK3nn3O+epU
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.12.0/go.mod h1:E+RYuTGaKKdloAfM02xzb0FW3Paa99yedzYV+kq4uf4=
 github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.4-0.20210419000835-c7a38de76ee5+incompatible h1:Bn1aCHHRnjv4Bl16T8rcaFjYSrGrIZvpiGO6P3Q4GpU=
 github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.4-0.20210419000835-c7a38de76ee5+incompatible/go.mod h1:5b4v6he4MtMOwMlS0TUMTu2PcXUg8+E1lC7eC3UO/RA=
-github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
 github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.16-0.20250831170142-f48500c1fdbe h1:nbdqkIGOGfUAD54q1s2YBcBz/WcsxCO9HUQ4aGV5hUw=
@@ -134,7 +129,6 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190916202348-b4ddaad3f8a3/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
 golang.org/x/sys v0.1.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.11.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.14.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0 h1:KVRy2GtZBrk1cBYA7MKu5bEZFxQk4NIDV6RLVcC8o0k=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
 golang.org/x/text v0.23.0 h1:D71I7dUrlY+VX0gQShAThNGHFxZ13dGLBHQLVl1mJlY=
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 03cdf3bb2d..c91cc81d21 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ go 1.24.0
 require (
 	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/storage/azblob v1.2.0
 	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2
-	github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.12.2
+	github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.13.0
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.21.2
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.18.45
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.13.43
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/gballet/go-libpcsclite v0.0.0-20190607065134-2772fd86a8ff
 	github.com/gofrs/flock v0.12.1
 	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.5.2
-	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.5-0.20220116011046-fa5810519dcb
+	github.com/golang/snappy v1.0.0
 	github.com/google/gofuzz v1.2.0
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0
 	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.4.2
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 764cfdb668..779bcde846 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2 h1:F2VQgta7ecxGYO8k3ZZz3RS8fVIXVxONVUPlNERo
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2/go.mod h1:yd8OoFMLzJbo9gZq8j5qaps8bJ9aShtEA8Ipt1oGCvU=
 github.com/StackExchange/wmi v1.2.1 h1:VIkavFPXSjcnS+O8yTq7NI32k0R5Aj+v39y29VYDOSA=
 github.com/StackExchange/wmi v1.2.1/go.mod h1:rcmrprowKIVzvc+NUiLncP2uuArMWLCbu9SBzvHz7e8=
-github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.12.2 h1:N0y9ASrJ0F6h0QaC3o6uJb3NIZ9VKLjCM7NQbSmF7WI=
-github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.12.2/go.mod h1:AmC+Nzz1+3G2eCPapF6UcsnkThDcMsQicp4xDukwJYI=
+github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.13.0 h1:AW4mheMR5Vd9FkAPUv+NH6Nhw+fmbTMGMsNAoA/+4G0=
+github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.13.0/go.mod h1:hHXhl4DA2fTL2HTZDJFXWgW0LNjo6B+4aj2Wmng3TjU=
 github.com/allegro/bigcache v1.2.1-0.20190218064605-e24eb225f156 h1:eMwmnE/GDgah4HI848JfFxHt+iPb26b4zyfspmqY0/8=
 github.com/allegro/bigcache v1.2.1-0.20190218064605-e24eb225f156/go.mod h1:Cb/ax3seSYIx7SuZdm2G2xzfwmv3TPSk2ucNfQESPXM=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.21.2 h1:+LXZ0sgo8quN9UOKXXzAWRT3FWd4NxeXWOZom9pE7GA=
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.20.0 h1:2F+rfL86jE2d/bmw7OhqUg2Sj/1rURkBn3M
 github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.20.0/go.mod h1:7hO7Gc7Pp1vODcmWvKMRA9BNmbv6a/7QIWpPxHddWR8=
 github.com/cespare/cp v0.1.0 h1:SE+dxFebS7Iik5LK0tsi1k9ZCxEaFX4AjQmoyA+1dJk=
 github.com/cespare/cp v0.1.0/go.mod h1:SOGHArjBr4JWaSDEVpWpo/hNg6RoKrls6Oh40hiwW+s=
-github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.2.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 h1:UL815xU9SqsFlibzuggzjXhog7bL6oX9BbNZnL2UFvs=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
 github.com/chzyer/logex v1.2.0/go.mod h1:9+9sk7u7pGNWYMkh0hdiL++6OeibzJccyQU4p4MedaY=
@@ -165,8 +164,8 @@ github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.2/go.mod h1:oDoupMAO8OvCJWAcko0GGGIgR6R6ocIYbsSw
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 h1:i7eJL8qZTpSEXOPTxNKhASYpMn+8e5Q6AdndVa1dWek=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4/go.mod h1:lnTiLA8Wa4RWRcIUkrtSVa5nRhsEGBg48fD6rSs7xps=
 github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.4/go.mod h1:/XxbfmMg8lxefKM7IXC3fBNl/7bRcc72aCRzEWrmP2Q=
-github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.5-0.20220116011046-fa5810519dcb h1:PBC98N2aIaM3XXiurYmW7fx4GZkL8feAMVq7nEjURHk=
-github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.5-0.20220116011046-fa5810519dcb/go.mod h1:/XxbfmMg8lxefKM7IXC3fBNl/7bRcc72aCRzEWrmP2Q=
+github.com/golang/snappy v1.0.0 h1:Oy607GVXHs7RtbggtPBnr2RmDArIsAefDwvrdWvRhGs=
+github.com/golang/snappy v1.0.0/go.mod h1:/XxbfmMg8lxefKM7IXC3fBNl/7bRcc72aCRzEWrmP2Q=
 github.com/golangci/lint-1 v0.0.0-20181222135242-d2cdd8c08219/go.mod h1:/X8TswGSh1pIozq4ZwCfxS0WA5JGXguxk94ar/4c87Y=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.0/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMywk6iLU=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.1/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMywk6iLU=
@@ -450,7 +449,6 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.7.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.11.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.14.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0 h1:KVRy2GtZBrk1cBYA7MKu5bEZFxQk4NIDV6RLVcC8o0k=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201117132131-f5c789dd3221/go.mod h1:Nr5EML6q2oocZ2LXRh80K7BxOlk5/8JxuGnuhpl+muw=

From 9986270fbf78d4c3ccf03c602168f3427fc96cd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yuan-Yao Sung <sungyuanyao@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Sep 2025 19:30:10 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 217/470] eth/catalyst: extend payloadVersion support to
 osaka/post-osaka forks (#32800)

This PR updates the `payloadVersion` function in `simulated_beacon.go`
to handle additional following forks used during development and testing
phases after Osaka.

This change ensures that the simulated beacon correctly resolves the
payload version for these forks, enabling consistent and valid execution
payload handling during local testing or simulation.
---
 eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go b/eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go
index 0642d6a1ad..c10990c233 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ type SimulatedBeacon struct {
 
 func payloadVersion(config *params.ChainConfig, time uint64) engine.PayloadVersion {
 	switch config.LatestFork(time) {
-	case forks.Prague, forks.Cancun:
+	case forks.BPO5, forks.BPO4, forks.BPO3, forks.BPO2, forks.BPO1, forks.Osaka, forks.Prague, forks.Cancun:
 		return engine.PayloadV3
 	case forks.Paris, forks.Shanghai:
 		return engine.PayloadV2

From f9756bb8857706e64fdaf709a092ac1acc7b45e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Zach Brown <zach871@proton.me>
Date: Tue, 30 Sep 2025 19:30:47 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 218/470] p2p: fix error message in test (#32804)

---
 p2p/enode/iter_test.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/p2p/enode/iter_test.go b/p2p/enode/iter_test.go
index 577f9c2825..922e1cde19 100644
--- a/p2p/enode/iter_test.go
+++ b/p2p/enode/iter_test.go
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func TestReadNodesCycle(t *testing.T) {
 	nodes := ReadNodes(iter, 10)
 	checkNodes(t, nodes, 3)
 	if iter.count != 10 {
-		t.Fatalf("%d calls to Next, want %d", iter.count, 100)
+		t.Fatalf("%d calls to Next, want %d", iter.count, 10)
 	}
 }
 

From bb00d26bbe6bdee45d8d0fe231a326e345d53a68 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Zach Brown <zach871@proton.me>
Date: Tue, 30 Sep 2025 19:31:42 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 219/470] signer/core: fix error message in test (#32807)

---
 signer/core/api_test.go         | 2 +-
 signer/core/signed_data_test.go | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/signer/core/api_test.go b/signer/core/api_test.go
index 0e16a1b7fd..ed4fdc5096 100644
--- a/signer/core/api_test.go
+++ b/signer/core/api_test.go
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ func TestSignTx(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Expected nil-response, got %v", res)
 	}
 	if err != keystore.ErrDecrypt {
-		t.Errorf("Expected ErrLocked! %v", err)
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrDecrypt! %v", err)
 	}
 	control.approveCh <- "No way"
 	res, err = api.SignTransaction(t.Context(), tx, &methodSig)
diff --git a/signer/core/signed_data_test.go b/signer/core/signed_data_test.go
index 001f6b6838..8455aaf9c5 100644
--- a/signer/core/signed_data_test.go
+++ b/signer/core/signed_data_test.go
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ func TestSignData(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Expected nil-data, got %x", signature)
 	}
 	if err != keystore.ErrDecrypt {
-		t.Errorf("Expected ErrLocked! '%v'", err)
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrDecrypt! '%v'", err)
 	}
 	control.approveCh <- "No way"
 	signature, err = api.SignData(context.Background(), apitypes.TextPlain.Mime, a, hexutil.Encode([]byte("EHLO world")))

From 1487a8577d1566497e161a04f8cee3204d4b3d36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Zach Brown <zach871@proton.me>
Date: Tue, 30 Sep 2025 19:33:36 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 220/470] params: fix banner message (#32796)

---
 params/config.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/params/config.go b/params/config.go
index 4e885cbdd4..e796d75535 100644
--- a/params/config.go
+++ b/params/config.go
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) Description() string {
 	}
 	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Tangerine Whistle (EIP 150): #%-8v\n", c.EIP150Block)
 	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Spurious Dragon/1 (EIP 155): #%-8v\n", c.EIP155Block)
-	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Spurious Dragon/2 (EIP 158): #%-8v\n", c.EIP155Block)
+	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Spurious Dragon/2 (EIP 158): #%-8v\n", c.EIP158Block)
 	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Byzantium:                   #%-8v\n", c.ByzantiumBlock)
 	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Constantinople:              #%-8v\n", c.ConstantinopleBlock)
 	banner += fmt.Sprintf(" - Petersburg:                  #%-8v\n", c.PetersburgBlock)

From 057667151b1940e7403a97bc9fcbc207cd5b5045 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin HS <martin@swende.se>
Date: Wed, 1 Oct 2025 10:05:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 221/470] core/types, trie: reduce allocations in derivesha
 (#30747)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Alternative to #30746, potential follow-up to #30743 . This PR makes the
stacktrie always copy incoming value buffers, and reuse them internally.

Improvement in #30743:
```
goos: linux
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types
cpu: 12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-1270P
                          │ derivesha.1 │             derivesha.2              │
                          │   sec/op    │    sec/op     vs base                │
DeriveSha200/stack_trie-8   477.8µ ± 2%   430.0µ ± 12%  -10.00% (p=0.000 n=10)

                          │ derivesha.1  │             derivesha.2              │
                          │     B/op     │     B/op      vs base                │
DeriveSha200/stack_trie-8   45.17Ki ± 0%   25.65Ki ± 0%  -43.21% (p=0.000 n=10)

                          │ derivesha.1 │            derivesha.2             │
                          │  allocs/op  │ allocs/op   vs base                │
DeriveSha200/stack_trie-8   1259.0 ± 0%   232.0 ± 0%  -81.57% (p=0.000 n=10)

```
This PR further enhances that:

```
goos: linux
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types
cpu: 12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-1270P
                          │ derivesha.2  │          derivesha.3           │
                          │    sec/op    │    sec/op     vs base          │
DeriveSha200/stack_trie-8   430.0µ ± 12%   423.6µ ± 13%  ~ (p=0.739 n=10)

                          │  derivesha.2  │             derivesha.3              │
                          │     B/op      │     B/op      vs base                │
DeriveSha200/stack_trie-8   25.654Ki ± 0%   4.960Ki ± 0%  -80.67% (p=0.000 n=10)

                          │ derivesha.2 │            derivesha.3             │
                          │  allocs/op  │ allocs/op   vs base                │
DeriveSha200/stack_trie-8   232.00 ± 0%   37.00 ± 0%  -84.05% (p=0.000 n=10)
```
So the total derivesha-improvement over *both PRS* is:
```
goos: linux
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types
cpu: 12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-1270P
                          │ derivesha.1 │             derivesha.3              │
                          │   sec/op    │    sec/op     vs base                │
DeriveSha200/stack_trie-8   477.8µ ± 2%   423.6µ ± 13%  -11.33% (p=0.015 n=10)

                          │  derivesha.1  │             derivesha.3              │
                          │     B/op      │     B/op      vs base                │
DeriveSha200/stack_trie-8   45.171Ki ± 0%   4.960Ki ± 0%  -89.02% (p=0.000 n=10)

                          │ derivesha.1  │            derivesha.3             │
                          │  allocs/op   │ allocs/op   vs base                │
DeriveSha200/stack_trie-8   1259.00 ± 0%   37.00 ± 0%  -97.06% (p=0.000 n=10)
```

Since this PR always copies the incoming value, it adds a little bit of
a penalty on the previous insert-benchmark, which copied nothing (always
passed the same empty slice as input) :

```
goos: linux
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie
cpu: 12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-1270P
             │ stacktrie.7  │          stacktrie.10          │
             │    sec/op    │    sec/op     vs base          │
Insert100K-8   88.21m ± 34%   92.37m ± 31%  ~ (p=0.280 n=10)

             │ stacktrie.7  │             stacktrie.10             │
             │     B/op     │     B/op      vs base                │
Insert100K-8   3.424Ki ± 3%   4.581Ki ± 3%  +33.80% (p=0.000 n=10)

             │ stacktrie.7 │            stacktrie.10            │
             │  allocs/op  │ allocs/op   vs base                │
Insert100K-8    22.00 ± 5%   26.00 ± 4%  +18.18% (p=0.000 n=10)
```

---------

Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 core/types/block.go             |  2 +-
 core/types/hashing.go           | 27 ++++++++-----
 core/types/hashing_test.go      | 39 ++++++++++++------
 internal/blocktest/test_hash.go |  5 ++-
 trie/bytepool.go                | 51 ++++++++++++++++++++----
 trie/list_hasher.go             | 56 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 trie/stacktrie.go               | 70 +++++++++++++++++++--------------
 trie/trie.go                    |  4 +-
 8 files changed, 189 insertions(+), 65 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 trie/list_hasher.go

diff --git a/core/types/block.go b/core/types/block.go
index da9614793a..b5b6468a13 100644
--- a/core/types/block.go
+++ b/core/types/block.go
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ type extblock struct {
 //
 // The receipt's bloom must already calculated for the block's bloom to be
 // correctly calculated.
-func NewBlock(header *Header, body *Body, receipts []*Receipt, hasher TrieHasher) *Block {
+func NewBlock(header *Header, body *Body, receipts []*Receipt, hasher ListHasher) *Block {
 	if body == nil {
 		body = &Body{}
 	}
diff --git a/core/types/hashing.go b/core/types/hashing.go
index 3cc22d50d1..98fe64e15a 100644
--- a/core/types/hashing.go
+++ b/core/types/hashing.go
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 )
 
-// hasherPool holds LegacyKeccak256 hashers for rlpHash.
+// hasherPool holds LegacyKeccak256 buffer for rlpHash.
 var hasherPool = sync.Pool{
 	New: func() interface{} { return crypto.NewKeccakState() },
 }
@@ -75,11 +75,17 @@ func prefixedRlpHash(prefix byte, x interface{}) (h common.Hash) {
 	return h
 }
 
-// TrieHasher is the tool used to calculate the hash of derivable list.
-// This is internal, do not use.
-type TrieHasher interface {
+// ListHasher defines the interface for computing the hash of a derivable list.
+type ListHasher interface {
+	// Reset clears the internal state of the hasher, preparing it for reuse.
 	Reset()
-	Update([]byte, []byte) error
+
+	// Update inserts the given key-value pair into the hasher.
+	// The implementation must copy the provided slices, allowing the caller
+	// to safely modify them after the call returns.
+	Update(key []byte, value []byte) error
+
+	// Hash computes and returns the final hash of all inserted key-value pairs.
 	Hash() common.Hash
 }
 
@@ -91,19 +97,20 @@ type DerivableList interface {
 	EncodeIndex(int, *bytes.Buffer)
 }
 
+// encodeForDerive encodes the element in the list at the position i into the buffer.
 func encodeForDerive(list DerivableList, i int, buf *bytes.Buffer) []byte {
 	buf.Reset()
 	list.EncodeIndex(i, buf)
-	// It's really unfortunate that we need to perform this copy.
-	// StackTrie holds onto the values until Hash is called, so the values
-	// written to it must not alias.
-	return common.CopyBytes(buf.Bytes())
+	return buf.Bytes()
 }
 
 // DeriveSha creates the tree hashes of transactions, receipts, and withdrawals in a block header.
-func DeriveSha(list DerivableList, hasher TrieHasher) common.Hash {
+func DeriveSha(list DerivableList, hasher ListHasher) common.Hash {
 	hasher.Reset()
 
+	// Allocate a buffer for value encoding. As the hasher is claimed that all
+	// supplied key value pairs will be copied by hasher and safe to reuse the
+	// encoding buffer.
 	valueBuf := encodeBufferPool.Get().(*bytes.Buffer)
 	defer encodeBufferPool.Put(valueBuf)
 
diff --git a/core/types/hashing_test.go b/core/types/hashing_test.go
index 54adbc73e8..a7153bf09a 100644
--- a/core/types/hashing_test.go
+++ b/core/types/hashing_test.go
@@ -26,12 +26,10 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 func TestDeriveSha(t *testing.T) {
@@ -40,7 +38,7 @@ func TestDeriveSha(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	for len(txs) < 1000 {
-		exp := types.DeriveSha(txs, trie.NewEmpty(triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)))
+		exp := types.DeriveSha(txs, trie.NewListHasher())
 		got := types.DeriveSha(txs, trie.NewStackTrie(nil))
 		if !bytes.Equal(got[:], exp[:]) {
 			t.Fatalf("%d txs: got %x exp %x", len(txs), got, exp)
@@ -76,30 +74,45 @@ func TestEIP2718DeriveSha(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// goos: darwin
+// goarch: arm64
+// pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types
+// cpu: Apple M1 Pro
+// BenchmarkDeriveSha200
+// BenchmarkDeriveSha200/std_trie
+// BenchmarkDeriveSha200/std_trie-8         	    6754	    174074 ns/op	   80054 B/op	    1926 allocs/op
+// BenchmarkDeriveSha200/stack_trie
+// BenchmarkDeriveSha200/stack_trie-8       	    7296	    162675 ns/op	     745 B/op	      19 allocs/op
 func BenchmarkDeriveSha200(b *testing.B) {
 	txs, err := genTxs(200)
 	if err != nil {
 		b.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	var exp common.Hash
-	var got common.Hash
+	want := types.DeriveSha(txs, trie.NewListHasher())
+
 	b.Run("std_trie", func(b *testing.B) {
 		b.ReportAllocs()
+		var have common.Hash
 		for b.Loop() {
-			exp = types.DeriveSha(txs, trie.NewEmpty(triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)))
+			have = types.DeriveSha(txs, trie.NewListHasher())
+		}
+		if have != want {
+			b.Errorf("have %x want %x", have, want)
 		}
 	})
 
+	st := trie.NewStackTrie(nil)
 	b.Run("stack_trie", func(b *testing.B) {
-		b.ResetTimer()
 		b.ReportAllocs()
+		var have common.Hash
 		for b.Loop() {
-			got = types.DeriveSha(txs, trie.NewStackTrie(nil))
+			st.Reset()
+			have = types.DeriveSha(txs, st)
+		}
+		if have != want {
+			b.Errorf("have %x want %x", have, want)
 		}
 	})
-	if got != exp {
-		b.Errorf("got %x exp %x", got, exp)
-	}
 }
 
 func TestFuzzDeriveSha(t *testing.T) {
@@ -107,7 +120,7 @@ func TestFuzzDeriveSha(t *testing.T) {
 	rndSeed := mrand.Int()
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 		seed := rndSeed + i
-		exp := types.DeriveSha(newDummy(i), trie.NewEmpty(triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)))
+		exp := types.DeriveSha(newDummy(i), trie.NewListHasher())
 		got := types.DeriveSha(newDummy(i), trie.NewStackTrie(nil))
 		if !bytes.Equal(got[:], exp[:]) {
 			printList(t, newDummy(seed))
@@ -135,7 +148,7 @@ func TestDerivableList(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}
 	for i, tc := range tcs[1:] {
-		exp := types.DeriveSha(flatList(tc), trie.NewEmpty(triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)))
+		exp := types.DeriveSha(flatList(tc), trie.NewListHasher())
 		got := types.DeriveSha(flatList(tc), trie.NewStackTrie(nil))
 		if !bytes.Equal(got[:], exp[:]) {
 			t.Fatalf("case %d: got %x exp %x", i, got, exp)
diff --git a/internal/blocktest/test_hash.go b/internal/blocktest/test_hash.go
index 4d2b077e89..b3e7098e2b 100644
--- a/internal/blocktest/test_hash.go
+++ b/internal/blocktest/test_hash.go
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 package blocktest
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"hash"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -48,8 +49,8 @@ func (h *testHasher) Reset() {
 
 // Update updates the hash state with the given key and value.
 func (h *testHasher) Update(key, val []byte) error {
-	h.hasher.Write(key)
-	h.hasher.Write(val)
+	h.hasher.Write(bytes.Clone(key))
+	h.hasher.Write(bytes.Clone(val))
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/trie/bytepool.go b/trie/bytepool.go
index 4f9c5672fd..31be7ae749 100644
--- a/trie/bytepool.go
+++ b/trie/bytepool.go
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ func newBytesPool(sliceCap, nitems int) *bytesPool {
 	}
 }
 
-// Get returns a slice. Safe for concurrent use.
-func (bp *bytesPool) Get() []byte {
+// get returns a slice. Safe for concurrent use.
+func (bp *bytesPool) get() []byte {
 	select {
 	case b := <-bp.c:
 		return b
@@ -42,18 +42,18 @@ func (bp *bytesPool) Get() []byte {
 	}
 }
 
-// GetWithSize returns a slice with specified byte slice size.
-func (bp *bytesPool) GetWithSize(s int) []byte {
-	b := bp.Get()
+// getWithSize returns a slice with specified byte slice size.
+func (bp *bytesPool) getWithSize(s int) []byte {
+	b := bp.get()
 	if cap(b) < s {
 		return make([]byte, s)
 	}
 	return b[:s]
 }
 
-// Put returns a slice to the pool. Safe for concurrent use. This method
+// put returns a slice to the pool. Safe for concurrent use. This method
 // will ignore slices that are too small or too large (>3x the cap)
-func (bp *bytesPool) Put(b []byte) {
+func (bp *bytesPool) put(b []byte) {
 	if c := cap(b); c < bp.w || c > 3*bp.w {
 		return
 	}
@@ -62,3 +62,40 @@ func (bp *bytesPool) Put(b []byte) {
 	default:
 	}
 }
+
+// unsafeBytesPool is a pool for byte slices. It is not safe for concurrent use.
+type unsafeBytesPool struct {
+	items [][]byte
+	w     int
+}
+
+// newUnsafeBytesPool creates a new unsafeBytesPool. The sliceCap sets the
+// capacity of newly allocated slices, and the nitems determines how many
+// items the pool will hold, at maximum.
+func newUnsafeBytesPool(sliceCap, nitems int) *unsafeBytesPool {
+	return &unsafeBytesPool{
+		items: make([][]byte, 0, nitems),
+		w:     sliceCap,
+	}
+}
+
+// Get returns a slice with pre-allocated space.
+func (bp *unsafeBytesPool) get() []byte {
+	if len(bp.items) > 0 {
+		last := bp.items[len(bp.items)-1]
+		bp.items = bp.items[:len(bp.items)-1]
+		return last
+	}
+	return make([]byte, 0, bp.w)
+}
+
+// put returns a slice to the pool. This method will ignore slices that are
+// too small or too large (>3x the cap)
+func (bp *unsafeBytesPool) put(b []byte) {
+	if c := cap(b); c < bp.w || c > 3*bp.w {
+		return
+	}
+	if len(bp.items) < cap(bp.items) {
+		bp.items = append(bp.items, b)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/trie/list_hasher.go b/trie/list_hasher.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f334f9901
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trie/list_hasher.go
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package trie
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+)
+
+// ListHasher is a wrapper of the Merkle-Patricia-Trie, which implements
+// types.ListHasher. Compared to a Trie instance, the Update method of this
+// type always deep-copies its input slices.
+//
+// This implementation is very inefficient in terms of memory allocation,
+// compared with StackTrie. It exists only for correctness comparison purposes.
+type ListHasher struct {
+	tr *Trie
+}
+
+// NewListHasher initializes the list hasher.
+func NewListHasher() *ListHasher {
+	return &ListHasher{
+		tr: NewEmpty(nil),
+	}
+}
+
+// Reset clears the internal state prepares the ListHasher for reuse.
+func (h *ListHasher) Reset() {
+	h.tr.reset()
+}
+
+// Update inserts a key-value pair into the trie.
+func (h *ListHasher) Update(key []byte, value []byte) error {
+	key, value = bytes.Clone(key), bytes.Clone(value)
+	return h.tr.Update(key, value)
+}
+
+// Hash computes the root hash of all inserted key-value pairs.
+func (h *ListHasher) Hash() common.Hash {
+	return h.tr.Hash()
+}
diff --git a/trie/stacktrie.go b/trie/stacktrie.go
index 2b7366c3c5..18fe1eea78 100644
--- a/trie/stacktrie.go
+++ b/trie/stacktrie.go
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import (
 var (
 	stPool = sync.Pool{New: func() any { return new(stNode) }}
 	bPool  = newBytesPool(32, 100)
-	_      = types.TrieHasher((*StackTrie)(nil))
+	_      = types.ListHasher((*StackTrie)(nil))
 )
 
 // OnTrieNode is a callback method invoked when a trie node is committed
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ type StackTrie struct {
 	onTrieNode OnTrieNode
 	kBuf       []byte // buf space used for hex-key during insertions
 	pBuf       []byte // buf space used for path during insertions
+	vPool      *unsafeBytesPool
 }
 
 // NewStackTrie allocates and initializes an empty trie. The committed nodes
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ func NewStackTrie(onTrieNode OnTrieNode) *StackTrie {
 		onTrieNode: onTrieNode,
 		kBuf:       make([]byte, 64),
 		pBuf:       make([]byte, 64),
+		vPool:      newUnsafeBytesPool(300, 20),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -74,6 +76,9 @@ func (t *StackTrie) grow(key []byte) {
 }
 
 // Update inserts a (key, value) pair into the stack trie.
+//
+// Note the supplied key value pair is copied and managed internally,
+// they are safe to be modified after this method returns.
 func (t *StackTrie) Update(key, value []byte) error {
 	if len(value) == 0 {
 		return errors.New("trying to insert empty (deletion)")
@@ -88,7 +93,14 @@ func (t *StackTrie) Update(key, value []byte) error {
 	} else {
 		t.last = append(t.last[:0], k...) // reuse key slice
 	}
-	t.insert(t.root, k, value, t.pBuf[:0])
+	vBuf := t.vPool.get()
+	if cap(vBuf) < len(value) {
+		vBuf = common.CopyBytes(value)
+	} else {
+		vBuf = vBuf[:len(value)]
+		copy(vBuf, value)
+	}
+	t.insert(t.root, k, vBuf, t.pBuf[:0])
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -108,14 +120,16 @@ func (t *StackTrie) TrieKey(key []byte) []byte {
 // stNode represents a node within a StackTrie
 type stNode struct {
 	typ      uint8       // node type (as in branch, ext, leaf)
-	key      []byte      // key chunk covered by this (leaf|ext) node
-	val      []byte      // value contained by this node if it's a leaf
-	children [16]*stNode // list of children (for branch and exts)
+	key      []byte      // exclusive owned key chunk covered by this (leaf|ext) node
+	val      []byte      // exclusive owned value contained by this node (leaf: value; hash: hash)
+	children [16]*stNode // list of children (for branch and ext)
 }
 
-// newLeaf constructs a leaf node with provided node key and value. The key
-// will be deep-copied in the function and safe to modify afterwards, but
-// value is not.
+// newLeaf constructs a leaf node with provided node key and value.
+//
+// The key is deep-copied within the function, so it can be safely modified
+// afterwards. The value is retained directly without copying, as it is
+// exclusively owned by the stackTrie.
 func newLeaf(key, val []byte) *stNode {
 	st := stPool.Get().(*stNode)
 	st.typ = leafNode
@@ -146,9 +160,9 @@ const (
 func (n *stNode) reset() *stNode {
 	if n.typ == hashedNode {
 		// On hashnodes, we 'own' the val: it is guaranteed to be not held
-		// by external caller. Hence, when we arrive here, we can put it back
-		// into the pool
-		bPool.Put(n.val)
+		// by external caller. Hence, when we arrive here, we can put it
+		// back into the pool
+		bPool.put(n.val)
 	}
 	n.key = n.key[:0]
 	n.val = nil
@@ -172,11 +186,6 @@ func (n *stNode) getDiffIndex(key []byte) int {
 }
 
 // Helper function to that inserts a (key, value) pair into the trie.
-//
-//   - The key is not retained by this method, but always copied if needed.
-//   - The value is retained by this method, as long as the leaf that it represents
-//     remains unhashed. However: it is never modified.
-//   - The path is not retained by this method.
 func (t *StackTrie) insert(st *stNode, key, value []byte, path []byte) {
 	switch st.typ {
 	case branchNode: /* Branch */
@@ -235,16 +244,14 @@ func (t *StackTrie) insert(st *stNode, key, value []byte, path []byte) {
 		}
 		var p *stNode
 		if diffidx == 0 {
-			// the break is on the first byte, so
-			// the current node is converted into
-			// a branch node.
+			// the break is on the first byte, so the current node
+			// is converted into a branch node.
 			st.children[0] = nil
-			p = st
 			st.typ = branchNode
+			p = st
 		} else {
-			// the common prefix is at least one byte
-			// long, insert a new intermediate branch
-			// node.
+			// the common prefix is at least one byte long, insert
+			// a new intermediate branch node.
 			st.children[0] = stPool.Get().(*stNode)
 			st.children[0].typ = branchNode
 			p = st.children[0]
@@ -280,8 +287,8 @@ func (t *StackTrie) insert(st *stNode, key, value []byte, path []byte) {
 		if diffidx == 0 {
 			// Convert current leaf into a branch
 			st.typ = branchNode
-			p = st
 			st.children[0] = nil
+			p = st
 		} else {
 			// Convert current node into an ext,
 			// and insert a child branch node.
@@ -307,9 +314,7 @@ func (t *StackTrie) insert(st *stNode, key, value []byte, path []byte) {
 		st.val = nil
 
 	case emptyNode: /* Empty */
-		st.typ = leafNode
-		st.key = append(st.key, key...) // deep-copy the key as it's volatile
-		st.val = value
+		*st = *newLeaf(key, value)
 
 	case hashedNode:
 		panic("trying to insert into hash")
@@ -393,18 +398,23 @@ func (t *StackTrie) hash(st *stNode, path []byte) {
 	st.typ = hashedNode
 	st.key = st.key[:0]
 
-	st.val = nil // Release reference to potentially externally held slice.
+	// Release reference to value slice which is exclusively owned
+	// by stackTrie itself.
+	if cap(st.val) > 0 && t.vPool != nil {
+		t.vPool.put(st.val)
+	}
+	st.val = nil
 
 	// Skip committing the non-root node if the size is smaller than 32 bytes
 	// as tiny nodes are always embedded in their parent except root node.
 	if len(blob) < 32 && len(path) > 0 {
-		st.val = bPool.GetWithSize(len(blob))
+		st.val = bPool.getWithSize(len(blob))
 		copy(st.val, blob)
 		return
 	}
 	// Write the hash to the 'val'. We allocate a new val here to not mutate
 	// input values.
-	st.val = bPool.GetWithSize(32)
+	st.val = bPool.getWithSize(32)
 	t.h.hashDataTo(st.val, blob)
 
 	// Invoke the callback it's provided. Notably, the path and blob slices are
diff --git a/trie/trie.go b/trie/trie.go
index 36cc732ee8..1ef2c2f1a6 100644
--- a/trie/trie.go
+++ b/trie/trie.go
@@ -784,8 +784,8 @@ func (t *Trie) Witness() map[string][]byte {
 	return t.prevalueTracer.Values()
 }
 
-// Reset drops the referenced root node and cleans all internal state.
-func (t *Trie) Reset() {
+// reset drops the referenced root node and cleans all internal state.
+func (t *Trie) reset() {
 	t.root = nil
 	t.owner = common.Hash{}
 	t.unhashed = 0

From f0dc47aae393abe0bb7b084345daf9108ad8897a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: zzzckck <152148891+zzzckck@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Oct 2025 18:43:31 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 222/470]   p2p/enode: fix discovery AyncFilter deadlock on
 shutdown (#32572)

Description:
We found a occasionally node hang issue on BSC, I think Geth may
also have the issue, so pick the fix patch here.
The fix on BSC repo: https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc/pull/3347

When the hang occurs, there are two routines stuck.
- routine 1: AsyncFilter(...)
On node start, it will run part of the DiscoveryV4 protocol, which could
take considerable time, here is its hang callstack:
```
goroutine 9711 [chan receive]:  // this routine was stuck on read channel: `<-f.slots`
github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode.AsyncFilter.func1()
	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode/iter.go:206 +0x125
created by github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode.AsyncFilter in goroutine 1
	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode/iter.go:192 +0x205

```

- Routine 2: Node Stop
It is the main routine to shutdown the process, but it got stuck when it
tries to shutdown the discovery components, as it tries to drain the
channel of `<-f.slots`, but the extra 1 slot will never have chance to
be resumed.
```
goroutine 11796 [chan receive]:
github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode.(*asyncFilterIter).Close.func1()
	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode/iter.go:248 +0x5c
sync.(*Once).doSlow(0xc032a97cb8?, 0xc032a97d18?)
	sync/once.go:78 +0xab
sync.(*Once).Do(...)
	sync/once.go:69
github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode.(*asyncFilterIter).Close(0xc092ff8d00?)
	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode/iter.go:244 +0x36
github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode.(*bufferIter).Close.func1()
	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode/iter.go:299 +0x24
sync.(*Once).doSlow(0x11a175f?, 0x2bfe63e?)
	sync/once.go:78 +0xab
sync.(*Once).Do(...)
	sync/once.go:69
github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode.(*bufferIter).Close(0x30?)
	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode/iter.go:298 +0x36
github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode.(*FairMix).Close(0xc0004bfea0)
	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/enode/iter.go:379 +0xb7
github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth.(*Ethereum).Stop(0xc000997b00)
	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/backend.go:960 +0x4a
github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/node.(*Node).stopServices(0xc0001362a0, {0xc012e16330, 0x1, 0xc000111410?})
	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/node/node.go:333 +0xb3
github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/node.(*Node).Close(0xc0001362a0)
	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/node/node.go:263 +0x167
created by github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/cmd/utils.StartNode.func1.1 in goroutine 9729
	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/cmd/utils/cmd.go:101 +0x78
```

The rootcause of the hang is caused by the extra 1 slot, which was
designed to make sure the routines in `AsyncFilter(...)` can be
finished. This PR fixes it by making sure the extra 1 shot can always be
resumed when node shutdown.
---
 p2p/enode/iter.go | 13 +++++++++----
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/enode/iter.go b/p2p/enode/iter.go
index 4890321f49..265d8648de 100644
--- a/p2p/enode/iter.go
+++ b/p2p/enode/iter.go
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ type AsyncFilterFunc func(context.Context, *Node) *Node
 func AsyncFilter(it Iterator, check AsyncFilterFunc, workers int) Iterator {
 	f := &asyncFilterIter{
 		it:     ensureSourceIter(it),
-		slots:  make(chan struct{}, workers+1),
+		slots:  make(chan struct{}, workers+1), // extra 1 slot to make sure all the goroutines can be completed
 		passed: make(chan iteratorItem),
 	}
 	for range cap(f.slots) {
@@ -193,6 +193,9 @@ func AsyncFilter(it Iterator, check AsyncFilterFunc, workers int) Iterator {
 			return
 		case <-f.slots:
 		}
+		defer func() {
+			f.slots <- struct{}{} // the iterator has ended
+		}()
 		// read from the iterator and start checking nodes in parallel
 		// when a node is checked, it will be sent to the passed channel
 		// and the slot will be released
@@ -201,7 +204,11 @@ func AsyncFilter(it Iterator, check AsyncFilterFunc, workers int) Iterator {
 			nodeSource := f.it.NodeSource()
 
 			// check the node async, in a separate goroutine
-			<-f.slots
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return
+			case <-f.slots:
+			}
 			go func() {
 				if nn := check(ctx, node); nn != nil {
 					item := iteratorItem{nn, nodeSource}
@@ -213,8 +220,6 @@ func AsyncFilter(it Iterator, check AsyncFilterFunc, workers int) Iterator {
 				f.slots <- struct{}{}
 			}()
 		}
-		// the iterator has ended
-		f.slots <- struct{}{}
 	}()
 
 	return f

From fc8c8c1314a0fafc56297332729c2c00372e837e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hero5512 <lvshuaino@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Oct 2025 08:34:06 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 223/470] core: refactor StateProcessor to accept ChainContext
 interface (#32739)

This pr implements https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/32733
to make StateProcessor more customisable.

## Compatibility notes

This introduces a breaking change to users using geth EVM as a library.
The `NewStateProcessor` function now takes one parameter which has the
chainConfig embedded instead of 2 parameters.
---
 core/blockchain.go              |  2 +-
 core/evm.go                     |  9 ++-------
 core/state_processor.go         | 28 ++++++++++++++++------------
 core/stateless.go               |  2 +-
 core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go | 12 ++++++++++++
 eth/tracers/api.go              |  1 +
 eth/tracers/api_test.go         |  4 ++++
 internal/ethapi/api.go          | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 internal/ethapi/simulate.go     | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/state_test_util.go        |  3 +++
 10 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index 30f3da3004..71eb4c45a2 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ func NewBlockChain(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis, engine consensus.Engine,
 	bc.statedb = state.NewDatabase(bc.triedb, nil)
 	bc.validator = NewBlockValidator(chainConfig, bc)
 	bc.prefetcher = newStatePrefetcher(chainConfig, bc.hc)
-	bc.processor = NewStateProcessor(chainConfig, bc.hc)
+	bc.processor = NewStateProcessor(bc.hc)
 
 	genesisHeader := bc.GetHeaderByNumber(0)
 	if genesisHeader == nil {
diff --git a/core/evm.go b/core/evm.go
index 41b4e6ac58..18d940fdd2 100644
--- a/core/evm.go
+++ b/core/evm.go
@@ -25,21 +25,16 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
 // ChainContext supports retrieving headers and consensus parameters from the
 // current blockchain to be used during transaction processing.
 type ChainContext interface {
+	consensus.ChainHeaderReader
+
 	// Engine retrieves the chain's consensus engine.
 	Engine() consensus.Engine
-
-	// GetHeader returns the header corresponding to the hash/number argument pair.
-	GetHeader(common.Hash, uint64) *types.Header
-
-	// Config returns the chain's configuration.
-	Config() *params.ChainConfig
 }
 
 // NewEVMBlockContext creates a new context for use in the EVM.
diff --git a/core/state_processor.go b/core/state_processor.go
index 4a5e69ca6e..b66046f501 100644
--- a/core/state_processor.go
+++ b/core/state_processor.go
@@ -35,18 +35,21 @@ import (
 //
 // StateProcessor implements Processor.
 type StateProcessor struct {
-	config *params.ChainConfig // Chain configuration options
-	chain  *HeaderChain        // Canonical header chain
+	chain ChainContext // Chain context interface
 }
 
 // NewStateProcessor initialises a new StateProcessor.
-func NewStateProcessor(config *params.ChainConfig, chain *HeaderChain) *StateProcessor {
+func NewStateProcessor(chain ChainContext) *StateProcessor {
 	return &StateProcessor{
-		config: config,
-		chain:  chain,
+		chain: chain,
 	}
 }
 
+// chainConfig returns the chain configuration.
+func (p *StateProcessor) chainConfig() *params.ChainConfig {
+	return p.chain.Config()
+}
+
 // Process processes the state changes according to the Ethereum rules by running
 // the transaction messages using the statedb and applying any rewards to both
 // the processor (coinbase) and any included uncles.
@@ -56,6 +59,7 @@ func NewStateProcessor(config *params.ChainConfig, chain *HeaderChain) *StatePro
 // transactions failed to execute due to insufficient gas it will return an error.
 func (p *StateProcessor) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg vm.Config) (*ProcessResult, error) {
 	var (
+		config      = p.chainConfig()
 		receipts    types.Receipts
 		usedGas     = new(uint64)
 		header      = block.Header()
@@ -66,12 +70,12 @@ func (p *StateProcessor) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg
 	)
 
 	// Mutate the block and state according to any hard-fork specs
-	if p.config.DAOForkSupport && p.config.DAOForkBlock != nil && p.config.DAOForkBlock.Cmp(block.Number()) == 0 {
+	if config.DAOForkSupport && config.DAOForkBlock != nil && config.DAOForkBlock.Cmp(block.Number()) == 0 {
 		misc.ApplyDAOHardFork(statedb)
 	}
 	var (
 		context vm.BlockContext
-		signer  = types.MakeSigner(p.config, header.Number, header.Time)
+		signer  = types.MakeSigner(config, header.Number, header.Time)
 	)
 
 	// Apply pre-execution system calls.
@@ -80,12 +84,12 @@ func (p *StateProcessor) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg
 		tracingStateDB = state.NewHookedState(statedb, hooks)
 	}
 	context = NewEVMBlockContext(header, p.chain, nil)
-	evm := vm.NewEVM(context, tracingStateDB, p.config, cfg)
+	evm := vm.NewEVM(context, tracingStateDB, config, cfg)
 
 	if beaconRoot := block.BeaconRoot(); beaconRoot != nil {
 		ProcessBeaconBlockRoot(*beaconRoot, evm)
 	}
-	if p.config.IsPrague(block.Number(), block.Time()) || p.config.IsVerkle(block.Number(), block.Time()) {
+	if config.IsPrague(block.Number(), block.Time()) || config.IsVerkle(block.Number(), block.Time()) {
 		ProcessParentBlockHash(block.ParentHash(), evm)
 	}
 
@@ -106,10 +110,10 @@ func (p *StateProcessor) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg
 	}
 	// Read requests if Prague is enabled.
 	var requests [][]byte
-	if p.config.IsPrague(block.Number(), block.Time()) {
+	if config.IsPrague(block.Number(), block.Time()) {
 		requests = [][]byte{}
 		// EIP-6110
-		if err := ParseDepositLogs(&requests, allLogs, p.config); err != nil {
+		if err := ParseDepositLogs(&requests, allLogs, config); err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse deposit logs: %w", err)
 		}
 		// EIP-7002
@@ -123,7 +127,7 @@ func (p *StateProcessor) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg
 	}
 
 	// Finalize the block, applying any consensus engine specific extras (e.g. block rewards)
-	p.chain.engine.Finalize(p.chain, header, tracingStateDB, block.Body())
+	p.chain.Engine().Finalize(p.chain, header, tracingStateDB, block.Body())
 
 	return &ProcessResult{
 		Receipts: receipts,
diff --git a/core/stateless.go b/core/stateless.go
index d21a62b4a5..b20c909da6 100644
--- a/core/stateless.go
+++ b/core/stateless.go
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func ExecuteStateless(config *params.ChainConfig, vmconfig vm.Config, block *typ
 		headerCache: lru.NewCache[common.Hash, *types.Header](256),
 		engine:      beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()),
 	}
-	processor := NewStateProcessor(config, chain)
+	processor := NewStateProcessor(chain)
 	validator := NewBlockValidator(config, nil) // No chain, we only validate the state, not the block
 
 	// Run the stateless blocks processing and self-validate certain fields
diff --git a/core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go b/core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go
index ddd32df039..a001d81623 100644
--- a/core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go
@@ -312,6 +312,18 @@ func (d *dummyChain) Config() *params.ChainConfig {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (d *dummyChain) CurrentHeader() *types.Header {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d *dummyChain) GetHeaderByNumber(n uint64) *types.Header {
+	return d.GetHeader(common.Hash{}, n)
+}
+
+func (d *dummyChain) GetHeaderByHash(h common.Hash) *types.Header {
+	return nil
+}
+
 // TestBlockhash tests the blockhash operation. It's a bit special, since it internally
 // requires access to a chain reader.
 func TestBlockhash(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/eth/tracers/api.go b/eth/tracers/api.go
index a05b7a7a4a..aebeb48463 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/api.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/api.go
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ type StateReleaseFunc func()
 type Backend interface {
 	HeaderByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Header, error)
 	HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber) (*types.Header, error)
+	CurrentHeader() *types.Header
 	BlockByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Block, error)
 	BlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber) (*types.Block, error)
 	GetCanonicalTransaction(txHash common.Hash) (bool, *types.Transaction, common.Hash, uint64, uint64)
diff --git a/eth/tracers/api_test.go b/eth/tracers/api_test.go
index 39c39ff05d..4173d2a791 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/api_test.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/api_test.go
@@ -142,6 +142,10 @@ func (b *testBackend) ChainDb() ethdb.Database {
 	return b.chaindb
 }
 
+func (b *testBackend) CurrentHeader() *types.Header {
+	return b.chain.CurrentHeader()
+}
+
 // teardown releases the associated resources.
 func (b *testBackend) teardown() {
 	b.chain.Stop()
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index 2432bb70b8..c3f267027c 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -636,6 +636,8 @@ func (api *BlockChainAPI) GetBlockReceipts(ctx context.Context, blockNrOrHash rp
 type ChainContextBackend interface {
 	Engine() consensus.Engine
 	HeaderByNumber(context.Context, rpc.BlockNumber) (*types.Header, error)
+	HeaderByHash(context.Context, common.Hash) (*types.Header, error)
+	CurrentHeader() *types.Header
 	ChainConfig() *params.ChainConfig
 }
 
@@ -669,6 +671,20 @@ func (context *ChainContext) Config() *params.ChainConfig {
 	return context.b.ChainConfig()
 }
 
+func (context *ChainContext) CurrentHeader() *types.Header {
+	return context.b.CurrentHeader()
+}
+
+func (context *ChainContext) GetHeaderByNumber(number uint64) *types.Header {
+	header, _ := context.b.HeaderByNumber(context.ctx, rpc.BlockNumber(number))
+	return header
+}
+
+func (context *ChainContext) GetHeaderByHash(hash common.Hash) *types.Header {
+	header, _ := context.b.HeaderByHash(context.ctx, hash)
+	return header
+}
+
 func doCall(ctx context.Context, b Backend, args TransactionArgs, state *state.StateDB, header *types.Header, overrides *override.StateOverride, blockOverrides *override.BlockOverrides, timeout time.Duration, globalGasCap uint64) (*core.ExecutionResult, error) {
 	blockCtx := core.NewEVMBlockContext(header, NewChainContext(ctx, b), nil)
 	if blockOverrides != nil {
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/simulate.go b/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
index 75b5c5ffa8..2bda69b315 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
@@ -541,3 +541,23 @@ func (b *simBackend) HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber)
 func (b *simBackend) ChainConfig() *params.ChainConfig {
 	return b.b.ChainConfig()
 }
+
+func (b *simBackend) HeaderByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Header, error) {
+	if b.base.Hash() == hash {
+		return b.base, nil
+	}
+	if header, err := b.b.HeaderByHash(ctx, hash); err == nil {
+		return header, nil
+	}
+	// Check simulated headers
+	for _, header := range b.headers {
+		if header.Hash() == hash {
+			return header, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, errors.New("header not found")
+}
+
+func (b *simBackend) CurrentHeader() *types.Header {
+	return b.b.CurrentHeader()
+}
diff --git a/tests/state_test_util.go b/tests/state_test_util.go
index b8d3c4fb92..1d6cc8db70 100644
--- a/tests/state_test_util.go
+++ b/tests/state_test_util.go
@@ -559,3 +559,6 @@ type dummyChain struct {
 func (d *dummyChain) Engine() consensus.Engine                        { return nil }
 func (d *dummyChain) GetHeader(h common.Hash, n uint64) *types.Header { return nil }
 func (d *dummyChain) Config() *params.ChainConfig                     { return d.config }
+func (d *dummyChain) CurrentHeader() *types.Header                    { return nil }
+func (d *dummyChain) GetHeaderByNumber(n uint64) *types.Header        { return nil }
+func (d *dummyChain) GetHeaderByHash(h common.Hash) *types.Header     { return nil }

From 4927e89647a0d27f284472aa563890035d3662db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Oct 2025 17:27:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 224/470] p2p/enode: fix asyncfilter comment (#32823)

just finisher the sentence

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 p2p/enode/iter.go | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/p2p/enode/iter.go b/p2p/enode/iter.go
index 265d8648de..54c2fc7258 100644
--- a/p2p/enode/iter.go
+++ b/p2p/enode/iter.go
@@ -174,7 +174,8 @@ type AsyncFilterFunc func(context.Context, *Node) *Node
 // AsyncFilter creates an iterator which checks nodes in parallel.
 // The 'check' function is called on multiple goroutines to filter each node
 // from the upstream iterator. When check returns nil, the node will be skipped.
-// It can also return a new node to be returned by the iterator instead of the .
+// It can also return a new node to be returned by the iterator instead of the
+// original one.
 func AsyncFilter(it Iterator, check AsyncFilterFunc, workers int) Iterator {
 	f := &asyncFilterIter{
 		it:     ensureSourceIter(it),

From 1e4b39ed122f475ac3f776ae66c8d065e845a84e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hero5512 <lvshuaino@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Oct 2025 11:32:20 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 225/470] trie: cleaner array concatenation (#32756)

It uses the slices.Concat and slices.Clone methods available now in Go.
---
 trie/sync.go | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/trie/sync.go b/trie/sync.go
index 8d0ce6901c..404d67f154 100644
--- a/trie/sync.go
+++ b/trie/sync.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package trie
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"slices"
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -553,7 +554,7 @@ func (s *Sync) children(req *nodeRequest, object node) ([]*nodeRequest, error) {
 		}
 		children = []childNode{{
 			node: node.Val,
-			path: append(append([]byte(nil), req.path...), key...),
+			path: slices.Concat(req.path, key),
 		}}
 		// Mark all internal nodes between shortNode and its **in disk**
 		// child as invalid. This is essential in the case of path mode
@@ -595,7 +596,7 @@ func (s *Sync) children(req *nodeRequest, object node) ([]*nodeRequest, error) {
 			if node.Children[i] != nil {
 				children = append(children, childNode{
 					node: node.Children[i],
-					path: append(append([]byte(nil), req.path...), byte(i)),
+					path: append(slices.Clone(req.path), byte(i)),
 				})
 			}
 		}

From 477ee5873ba9fde828c7964fcb9f881799c9d6c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nikita Mescheryakov <root@nikitam.io>
Date: Mon, 6 Oct 2025 21:19:25 +0500
Subject: [PATCH 226/470] internal/ethapi: add timestamp to logs in
 eth_simulate (#32831)

Adds blockTimestamp to the logs in response of eth_simulateV1.

---------

Co-authored-by: Sina Mahmoodi <itz.s1na@gmail.com>
---
 internal/ethapi/api_test.go  | 30 +++++++++++++++++-------------
 internal/ethapi/logtracer.go | 21 ++++++++++++---------
 internal/ethapi/simulate.go  |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
index 2e0b1c3bc0..d3278c04e7 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
@@ -1327,10 +1327,11 @@ func TestSimulateV1(t *testing.T) {
 		validation       = true
 	)
 	type log struct {
-		Address     common.Address `json:"address"`
-		Topics      []common.Hash  `json:"topics"`
-		Data        hexutil.Bytes  `json:"data"`
-		BlockNumber hexutil.Uint64 `json:"blockNumber"`
+		Address        common.Address `json:"address"`
+		Topics         []common.Hash  `json:"topics"`
+		Data           hexutil.Bytes  `json:"data"`
+		BlockNumber    hexutil.Uint64 `json:"blockNumber"`
+		BlockTimestamp hexutil.Uint64 `json:"blockTimestamp"`
 		// Skip txHash
 		//TxHash common.Hash `json:"transactionHash" gencodec:"required"`
 		TxIndex hexutil.Uint `json:"transactionIndex"`
@@ -1677,10 +1678,11 @@ func TestSimulateV1(t *testing.T) {
 				Calls: []callRes{{
 					ReturnValue: "0x",
 					Logs: []log{{
-						Address:     randomAccounts[2].addr,
-						Topics:      []common.Hash{common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")},
-						BlockNumber: hexutil.Uint64(11),
-						Data:        hexutil.Bytes{},
+						Address:        randomAccounts[2].addr,
+						Topics:         []common.Hash{common.HexToHash("0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff")},
+						BlockNumber:    hexutil.Uint64(11),
+						BlockTimestamp: hexutil.Uint64(0x70),
+						Data:           hexutil.Bytes{},
 					}},
 					GasUsed: "0x5508",
 					Status:  "0x1",
@@ -1853,8 +1855,9 @@ func TestSimulateV1(t *testing.T) {
 							addressToHash(accounts[0].addr),
 							addressToHash(randomAccounts[0].addr),
 						},
-						Data:        hexutil.Bytes(common.BigToHash(big.NewInt(50)).Bytes()),
-						BlockNumber: hexutil.Uint64(11),
+						Data:           hexutil.Bytes(common.BigToHash(big.NewInt(50)).Bytes()),
+						BlockNumber:    hexutil.Uint64(11),
+						BlockTimestamp: hexutil.Uint64(0x70),
 					}, {
 						Address: transferAddress,
 						Topics: []common.Hash{
@@ -1862,9 +1865,10 @@ func TestSimulateV1(t *testing.T) {
 							addressToHash(randomAccounts[0].addr),
 							addressToHash(fixedAccount.addr),
 						},
-						Data:        hexutil.Bytes(common.BigToHash(big.NewInt(100)).Bytes()),
-						BlockNumber: hexutil.Uint64(11),
-						Index:       hexutil.Uint(1),
+						Data:           hexutil.Bytes(common.BigToHash(big.NewInt(100)).Bytes()),
+						BlockNumber:    hexutil.Uint64(11),
+						BlockTimestamp: hexutil.Uint64(0x70),
+						Index:          hexutil.Uint(1),
 					}},
 					Status: "0x1",
 				}},
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/logtracer.go b/internal/ethapi/logtracer.go
index 456aa93736..54d2d653ea 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/logtracer.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/logtracer.go
@@ -53,15 +53,17 @@ type tracer struct {
 	count          int
 	traceTransfers bool
 	blockNumber    uint64
+	blockTimestamp uint64
 	blockHash      common.Hash
 	txHash         common.Hash
 	txIdx          uint
 }
 
-func newTracer(traceTransfers bool, blockNumber uint64, blockHash, txHash common.Hash, txIndex uint) *tracer {
+func newTracer(traceTransfers bool, blockNumber uint64, blockTimestamp uint64, blockHash, txHash common.Hash, txIndex uint) *tracer {
 	return &tracer{
 		traceTransfers: traceTransfers,
 		blockNumber:    blockNumber,
+		blockTimestamp: blockTimestamp,
 		blockHash:      blockHash,
 		txHash:         txHash,
 		txIdx:          txIndex,
@@ -115,14 +117,15 @@ func (t *tracer) onLog(log *types.Log) {
 
 func (t *tracer) captureLog(address common.Address, topics []common.Hash, data []byte) {
 	t.logs[len(t.logs)-1] = append(t.logs[len(t.logs)-1], &types.Log{
-		Address:     address,
-		Topics:      topics,
-		Data:        data,
-		BlockNumber: t.blockNumber,
-		BlockHash:   t.blockHash,
-		TxHash:      t.txHash,
-		TxIndex:     t.txIdx,
-		Index:       uint(t.count),
+		Address:        address,
+		Topics:         topics,
+		Data:           data,
+		BlockNumber:    t.blockNumber,
+		BlockTimestamp: t.blockTimestamp,
+		BlockHash:      t.blockHash,
+		TxHash:         t.txHash,
+		TxIndex:        t.txIdx,
+		Index:          uint(t.count),
 	})
 	t.count++
 }
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/simulate.go b/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
index 2bda69b315..0d1a59b371 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ func (sim *simulator) processBlock(ctx context.Context, block *simBlock, header,
 		callResults          = make([]simCallResult, len(block.Calls))
 		receipts             = make([]*types.Receipt, len(block.Calls))
 		// Block hash will be repaired after execution.
-		tracer   = newTracer(sim.traceTransfers, blockContext.BlockNumber.Uint64(), common.Hash{}, common.Hash{}, 0)
+		tracer   = newTracer(sim.traceTransfers, blockContext.BlockNumber.Uint64(), blockContext.Time, common.Hash{}, common.Hash{}, 0)
 		vmConfig = &vm.Config{
 			NoBaseFee: !sim.validate,
 			Tracer:    tracer.Hooks(),

From ee309827c680d4efc8f9cebf82017bdbec6be051 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sina M <1591639+s1na@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Oct 2025 11:24:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 227/470] build: faster gh actions workflow, no ubuntu on
 appveyor (#32829)

This PR does a few things:

- Sets the gh actions runner sizes for lint (s) and test (l) workflows
- Runs the tests on gh actions in parallel
- Skips fetching the spec tests when unnecessary (on windows in
appveyor)
- Removes ubuntu appveyor runner since it's essentially duplicate of the
gh action workflow now

The gh test seems to go down from ~35min to ~13min.
---
 .github/workflows/go.yml |  6 +++---
 appveyor.yml             | 22 +---------------------
 build/ci.go              | 28 +++++++++++++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/go.yml b/.github/workflows/go.yml
index cc8ea36d74..b8cf7f75e0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/go.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/go.yml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ on:
 jobs:
   lint:
     name: Lint
-    runs-on: self-hosted-ghr
+    runs-on: [self-hosted-ghr, size-s-x64]
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       with:
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ jobs:
   test:
     name: Test
     needs: lint
-    runs-on: self-hosted-ghr
+    runs-on: [self-hosted-ghr, size-l-x64]
     strategy:
       matrix:
         go:
@@ -55,4 +55,4 @@ jobs:
           cache: false
 
       - name: Run tests
-        run: go run build/ci.go test
+        run: go run build/ci.go test -p 8
diff --git a/appveyor.yml b/appveyor.yml
index ae1c74c18e..8dce7f30a2 100644
--- a/appveyor.yml
+++ b/appveyor.yml
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ clone_depth: 5
 version: "{branch}.{build}"
 
 image:
-  - Ubuntu
   - Visual Studio 2019
 
 environment:
@@ -17,25 +16,6 @@ install:
   - go version
 
 for:
-  # Linux has its own script without -arch and -cc.
-  # The linux builder also runs lint.
-  - matrix:
-      only:
-        - image: Ubuntu
-    build_script:
-      - go run build/ci.go lint
-      - go run build/ci.go check_generate
-      - go run build/ci.go check_baddeps
-      - go run build/ci.go install -dlgo
-    test_script:
-      - go run build/ci.go test -dlgo -short
-
-  # linux/386 is disabled.
-  - matrix:
-      exclude:
-        - image: Ubuntu
-          GETH_ARCH: 386
-
   # Windows builds for amd64 + 386.
   - matrix:
       only:
@@ -56,4 +36,4 @@ for:
       - go run build/ci.go archive -arch %GETH_ARCH% -type zip -signer WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY -upload gethstore/builds
       - go run build/ci.go nsis -arch %GETH_ARCH% -signer WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY -upload gethstore/builds
     test_script:
-      - go run build/ci.go test -dlgo -arch %GETH_ARCH% -cc %GETH_CC% -short
+      - go run build/ci.go test -dlgo -arch %GETH_ARCH% -cc %GETH_CC% -short -skip-spectests
diff --git a/build/ci.go b/build/ci.go
index da867a1516..905f6e4072 100644
--- a/build/ci.go
+++ b/build/ci.go
@@ -281,20 +281,26 @@ func buildFlags(env build.Environment, staticLinking bool, buildTags []string) (
 
 func doTest(cmdline []string) {
 	var (
-		dlgo     = flag.Bool("dlgo", false, "Download Go and build with it")
-		arch     = flag.String("arch", "", "Run tests for given architecture")
-		cc       = flag.String("cc", "", "Sets C compiler binary")
-		coverage = flag.Bool("coverage", false, "Whether to record code coverage")
-		verbose  = flag.Bool("v", false, "Whether to log verbosely")
-		race     = flag.Bool("race", false, "Execute the race detector")
-		short    = flag.Bool("short", false, "Pass the 'short'-flag to go test")
-		cachedir = flag.String("cachedir", "./build/cache", "directory for caching downloads")
+		dlgo          = flag.Bool("dlgo", false, "Download Go and build with it")
+		arch          = flag.String("arch", "", "Run tests for given architecture")
+		cc            = flag.String("cc", "", "Sets C compiler binary")
+		coverage      = flag.Bool("coverage", false, "Whether to record code coverage")
+		verbose       = flag.Bool("v", false, "Whether to log verbosely")
+		race          = flag.Bool("race", false, "Execute the race detector")
+		short         = flag.Bool("short", false, "Pass the 'short'-flag to go test")
+		cachedir      = flag.String("cachedir", "./build/cache", "directory for caching downloads")
+		skipspectests = flag.Bool("skip-spectests", false, "Skip downloading execution-spec-tests fixtures")
+		threads       = flag.Int("p", 1, "Number of CPU threads to use for testing")
 	)
 	flag.CommandLine.Parse(cmdline)
 
-	// Get test fixtures.
+	// Load checksums file (needed for both spec tests and dlgo)
 	csdb := download.MustLoadChecksums("build/checksums.txt")
-	downloadSpecTestFixtures(csdb, *cachedir)
+
+	// Get test fixtures.
+	if !*skipspectests {
+		downloadSpecTestFixtures(csdb, *cachedir)
+	}
 
 	// Configure the toolchain.
 	tc := build.GoToolchain{GOARCH: *arch, CC: *cc}
@@ -315,7 +321,7 @@ func doTest(cmdline []string) {
 
 	// Test a single package at a time. CI builders are slow
 	// and some tests run into timeouts under load.
-	gotest.Args = append(gotest.Args, "-p", "1")
+	gotest.Args = append(gotest.Args, "-p", fmt.Sprintf("%d", *threads))
 	if *coverage {
 		gotest.Args = append(gotest.Args, "-covermode=atomic", "-cover")
 	}

From d67037a981cbb6355b657d30429af3c325921364 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Oct 2025 11:14:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 228/470] cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest: update to PoS-only test
 chain (#32850)

---
 cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/mkchain.sh        |     5 +-
 cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/snap.go           |    32 +-
 .../internal/ethtest/testdata/chain.rlp       |   Bin 341951 -> 451888 bytes
 .../internal/ethtest/testdata/forkenv.json    |    37 +-
 .../internal/ethtest/testdata/genesis.json    |    59 +-
 .../internal/ethtest/testdata/headblock.json  |    21 +-
 .../internal/ethtest/testdata/headfcu.json    |     8 +-
 .../internal/ethtest/testdata/headstate.json  |  6492 +++----
 .../internal/ethtest/testdata/newpayload.json | 15735 +++++++++++-----
 .../internal/ethtest/testdata/txinfo.json     |  5390 +++---
 10 files changed, 16749 insertions(+), 11030 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/mkchain.sh b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/mkchain.sh
index b9253e8ca7..fab630d977 100644
--- a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/mkchain.sh
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/mkchain.sh
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 hivechain generate \
+  --pos \
   --fork-interval 6 \
   --tx-interval 1 \
-  --length 500 \
+  --length 600 \
   --outdir testdata \
-  --lastfork cancun \
+  --lastfork prague \
   --outputs accounts,genesis,chain,headstate,txinfo,headblock,headfcu,newpayload,forkenv
diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/snap.go b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/snap.go
index 9c1efa0e8e..f4fce0931f 100644
--- a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/snap.go
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/snap.go
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ func (s *Suite) TestSnapGetAccountRange(t *utesting.T) {
 			root:         root,
 			startingHash: zero,
 			limitHash:    ffHash,
-			expAccounts:  86,
+			expAccounts:  67,
 			expFirst:     firstKey,
-			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x445cb5c1278fdce2f9cbdb681bdd76c52f8e50e41dbd9e220242a69ba99ac099"),
+			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x622e662246601dd04f996289ce8b85e86db7bb15bb17f86487ec9d543ddb6f9a"),
 			desc:         "In this test, we request the entire state range, but limit the response to 4000 bytes.",
 		},
 		{
@@ -96,9 +96,9 @@ func (s *Suite) TestSnapGetAccountRange(t *utesting.T) {
 			root:         root,
 			startingHash: zero,
 			limitHash:    ffHash,
-			expAccounts:  65,
+			expAccounts:  49,
 			expFirst:     firstKey,
-			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x2e6fe1362b3e388184fd7bf08e99e74170b26361624ffd1c5f646da7067b58b6"),
+			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x445cb5c1278fdce2f9cbdb681bdd76c52f8e50e41dbd9e220242a69ba99ac099"),
 			desc:         "In this test, we request the entire state range, but limit the response to 3000 bytes.",
 		},
 		{
@@ -106,9 +106,9 @@ func (s *Suite) TestSnapGetAccountRange(t *utesting.T) {
 			root:         root,
 			startingHash: zero,
 			limitHash:    ffHash,
-			expAccounts:  44,
+			expAccounts:  34,
 			expFirst:     firstKey,
-			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x1c3f74249a4892081ba0634a819aec9ed25f34c7653f5719b9098487e65ab595"),
+			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x2ef46ebd2073cecde499c2e8df028ad79a26d57bfaa812c4c6f7eb4c9617b913"),
 			desc:         "In this test, we request the entire state range, but limit the response to 2000 bytes.",
 		},
 		{
@@ -177,9 +177,9 @@ The server should return the first available account.`,
 			root:         root,
 			startingHash: firstKey,
 			limitHash:    ffHash,
-			expAccounts:  86,
+			expAccounts:  67,
 			expFirst:     firstKey,
-			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x445cb5c1278fdce2f9cbdb681bdd76c52f8e50e41dbd9e220242a69ba99ac099"),
+			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x622e662246601dd04f996289ce8b85e86db7bb15bb17f86487ec9d543ddb6f9a"),
 			desc: `In this test, startingHash is exactly the first available account key.
 The server should return the first available account of the state as the first item.`,
 		},
@@ -188,9 +188,9 @@ The server should return the first available account of the state as the first i
 			root:         root,
 			startingHash: hashAdd(firstKey, 1),
 			limitHash:    ffHash,
-			expAccounts:  86,
+			expAccounts:  67,
 			expFirst:     secondKey,
-			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x4615e5f5df5b25349a00ad313c6cd0436b6c08ee5826e33a018661997f85ebaa"),
+			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x66192e4c757fba1cdc776e6737008f42d50370d3cd801db3624274283bf7cd63"),
 			desc: `In this test, startingHash is after the first available key.
 The server should return the second account of the state as the first item.`,
 		},
@@ -226,9 +226,9 @@ server to return no data because genesis is older than 127 blocks.`,
 			root:         s.chain.RootAt(int(s.chain.Head().Number().Uint64()) - 127),
 			startingHash: zero,
 			limitHash:    ffHash,
-			expAccounts:  84,
+			expAccounts:  66,
 			expFirst:     firstKey,
-			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x580aa878e2f92d113a12c0a3ce3c21972b03dbe80786858d49a72097e2c491a3"),
+			expLast:      common.HexToHash("0x729953a43ed6c913df957172680a17e5735143ad767bda8f58ac84ec62fbec5e"),
 			desc: `This test requests data at a state root that is 127 blocks old.
 We expect the server to have this state available.`,
 		},
@@ -657,8 +657,8 @@ The server should reject the request.`,
 				// It's a bit unfortunate these are hard-coded, but the result depends on
 				// a lot of aspects of the state trie and can't be guessed in a simple
 				// way. So you'll have to update this when the test chain is changed.
-				common.HexToHash("0x3e963a69401a70224cbfb8c0cc2249b019041a538675d71ccf80c9328d114e2e"),
-				common.HexToHash("0xd0670d09cdfbf3c6320eb3e92c47c57baa6c226551a2d488c05581091e6b1689"),
+				common.HexToHash("0x5bdc0d6057b35642a16d27223ea5454e5a17a400e28f7328971a5f2a87773b76"),
+				common.HexToHash("0x0a76c9812ca90ffed8ee4d191e683f93386b6e50cfe3679c0760d27510aa7fc5"),
 				empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty,
 				empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty,
 				empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty,
@@ -678,8 +678,8 @@ The server should reject the request.`,
 			// be updated when the test chain is changed.
 			expHashes: []common.Hash{
 				empty,
-				common.HexToHash("0xd0670d09cdfbf3c6320eb3e92c47c57baa6c226551a2d488c05581091e6b1689"),
-				common.HexToHash("0x3e963a69401a70224cbfb8c0cc2249b019041a538675d71ccf80c9328d114e2e"),
+				common.HexToHash("0x0a76c9812ca90ffed8ee4d191e683f93386b6e50cfe3679c0760d27510aa7fc5"),
+				common.HexToHash("0x5bdc0d6057b35642a16d27223ea5454e5a17a400e28f7328971a5f2a87773b76"),
 			},
 		},
 
diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/chain.rlp b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/chain.rlp
index 2964c02bb1fb7f695fe6eb9c1c113f9db0b7c97b..7d4f4b3efe5d204312966e56040e759ce53b6600 100644
GIT binary patch
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diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/forkenv.json b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/forkenv.json
index 86c49e2b97..6679b73a2e 100644
--- a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/forkenv.json
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/forkenv.json
@@ -1,20 +1,27 @@
 {
-  "HIVE_CANCUN_TIMESTAMP": "840",
+  "HIVE_CANCUN_BLOB_BASE_FEE_UPDATE_FRACTION": "3338477",
+  "HIVE_CANCUN_BLOB_MAX": "6",
+  "HIVE_CANCUN_BLOB_TARGET": "3",
+  "HIVE_CANCUN_TIMESTAMP": "60",
   "HIVE_CHAIN_ID": "3503995874084926",
-  "HIVE_FORK_ARROW_GLACIER": "60",
-  "HIVE_FORK_BERLIN": "48",
-  "HIVE_FORK_BYZANTIUM": "18",
-  "HIVE_FORK_CONSTANTINOPLE": "24",
-  "HIVE_FORK_GRAY_GLACIER": "66",
+  "HIVE_FORK_ARROW_GLACIER": "0",
+  "HIVE_FORK_BERLIN": "0",
+  "HIVE_FORK_BYZANTIUM": "0",
+  "HIVE_FORK_CONSTANTINOPLE": "0",
+  "HIVE_FORK_GRAY_GLACIER": "0",
   "HIVE_FORK_HOMESTEAD": "0",
-  "HIVE_FORK_ISTANBUL": "36",
-  "HIVE_FORK_LONDON": "54",
-  "HIVE_FORK_MUIR_GLACIER": "42",
-  "HIVE_FORK_PETERSBURG": "30",
-  "HIVE_FORK_SPURIOUS": "12",
-  "HIVE_FORK_TANGERINE": "6",
-  "HIVE_MERGE_BLOCK_ID": "72",
+  "HIVE_FORK_ISTANBUL": "0",
+  "HIVE_FORK_LONDON": "0",
+  "HIVE_FORK_MUIR_GLACIER": "0",
+  "HIVE_FORK_PETERSBURG": "0",
+  "HIVE_FORK_SPURIOUS": "0",
+  "HIVE_FORK_TANGERINE": "0",
+  "HIVE_MERGE_BLOCK_ID": "0",
   "HIVE_NETWORK_ID": "3503995874084926",
-  "HIVE_SHANGHAI_TIMESTAMP": "780",
-  "HIVE_TERMINAL_TOTAL_DIFFICULTY": "9454784"
+  "HIVE_PRAGUE_BLOB_BASE_FEE_UPDATE_FRACTION": "5007716",
+  "HIVE_PRAGUE_BLOB_MAX": "9",
+  "HIVE_PRAGUE_BLOB_TARGET": "6",
+  "HIVE_PRAGUE_TIMESTAMP": "120",
+  "HIVE_SHANGHAI_TIMESTAMP": "0",
+  "HIVE_TERMINAL_TOTAL_DIFFICULTY": "131072"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/genesis.json b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/genesis.json
index ace2f78815..c8ed44b885 100644
--- a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/genesis.json
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/genesis.json
@@ -2,28 +2,35 @@
   "config": {
     "chainId": 3503995874084926,
     "homesteadBlock": 0,
-    "eip150Block": 6,
-    "eip155Block": 12,
-    "eip158Block": 12,
-    "byzantiumBlock": 18,
-    "constantinopleBlock": 24,
-    "petersburgBlock": 30,
-    "istanbulBlock": 36,
-    "muirGlacierBlock": 42,
-    "berlinBlock": 48,
-    "londonBlock": 54,
-    "arrowGlacierBlock": 60,
-    "grayGlacierBlock": 66,
-    "mergeNetsplitBlock": 72,
-    "shanghaiTime": 780,
-    "cancunTime": 840,
-    "terminalTotalDifficulty": 9454784,
+    "eip150Block": 0,
+    "eip155Block": 0,
+    "eip158Block": 0,
+    "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+    "constantinopleBlock": 0,
+    "petersburgBlock": 0,
+    "istanbulBlock": 0,
+    "muirGlacierBlock": 0,
+    "berlinBlock": 0,
+    "londonBlock": 0,
+    "arrowGlacierBlock": 0,
+    "grayGlacierBlock": 0,
+    "mergeNetsplitBlock": 0,
+    "shanghaiTime": 0,
+    "cancunTime": 60,
+    "pragueTime": 120,
+    "terminalTotalDifficulty": 131072,
+    "depositContractAddress": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
     "ethash": {},
     "blobSchedule": {
       "cancun": {
         "target": 3,
         "max": 6,
         "baseFeeUpdateFraction": 3338477
+      },
+      "prague": {
+        "target": 6,
+        "max": 9,
+        "baseFeeUpdateFraction": 5007716
       }
     }
   },
@@ -35,6 +42,18 @@
   "mixHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "coinbase": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "alloc": {
+    "00000961ef480eb55e80d19ad83579a64c007002": {
+      "code": "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",
+      "balance": "0x1"
+    },
+    "0000bbddc7ce488642fb579f8b00f3a590007251": {
+      "code": "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",
+      "balance": "0x1"
+    },
+    "0000f90827f1c53a10cb7a02335b175320002935": {
+      "code": "0x3373fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe14604657602036036042575f35600143038111604257611fff81430311604257611fff9006545f5260205ff35b5f5ffd5b5f35611fff60014303065500",
+      "balance": "0x1"
+    },
     "000f3df6d732807ef1319fb7b8bb8522d0beac02": {
       "code": "0x3373fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe14604d57602036146024575f5ffd5b5f35801560495762001fff810690815414603c575f5ffd5b62001fff01545f5260205ff35b5f5ffd5b62001fff42064281555f359062001fff015500",
       "balance": "0x2a"
@@ -81,6 +100,10 @@
     "7435ed30a8b4aeb0877cef0c6e8cffe834eb865f": {
       "balance": "0xc097ce7bc90715b34b9f1000000000"
     },
+    "7dcd17433742f4c0ca53122ab541d0ba67fc27df": {
+      "code": "0x3680600080376000206000548082558060010160005560005263656d697460206000a2",
+      "balance": "0x0"
+    },
     "83c7e323d189f18725ac510004fdc2941f8c4a78": {
       "balance": "0xc097ce7bc90715b34b9f1000000000"
     },
@@ -112,7 +135,7 @@
   "number": "0x0",
   "gasUsed": "0x0",
   "parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-  "baseFeePerGas": null,
+  "baseFeePerGas": "0x3b9aca00",
   "excessBlobGas": null,
   "blobGasUsed": null
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/headblock.json b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/headblock.json
index e84e96b0f0..bb5244be18 100644
--- a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/headblock.json
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/headblock.json
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 {
-  "parentHash": "0x96a73007443980c5e0985dfbb45279aa496dadea16918ad42c65c0bf8122ec39",
+  "parentHash": "0x65151b101682b54cd08ba226f640c14c86176865ff9bfc57e0147dadaeac34bb",
   "sha3Uncles": "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
   "miner": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-  "stateRoot": "0xea4c1f4d9fa8664c22574c5b2f948a78c4b1a753cebc1861e7fb5b1aa21c5a94",
-  "transactionsRoot": "0xecda39025fc4c609ce778d75eed0aa53b65ce1e3d1373b34bad8578cc31e5b48",
-  "receiptsRoot": "0x056b23fbba480696b65fe5a59b8f2148a1299103c4f57df839233af2cf4ca2d2",
+  "stateRoot": "0xce423ebc60fc7764a43f09f1fe3ae61eef25e3eb8d09b1108f7e7eb77dfff5e6",
+  "transactionsRoot": "0x7ec1ae3989efa75d7bcc766e5e2443afa8a89a5fda42ebba90050e7e702980f7",
+  "receiptsRoot": "0xfe160832b1ca85f38c6674cb0aae3a24693bc49be56e2ecdf3698b71a794de86",
   "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "difficulty": "0x0",
-  "number": "0x1f4",
-  "gasLimit": "0x47e7c40",
-  "gasUsed": "0x5208",
-  "timestamp": "0x1388",
+  "number": "0x258",
+  "gasLimit": "0x23f3e20",
+  "gasUsed": "0x19d36",
+  "timestamp": "0x1770",
   "extraData": "0x",
   "mixHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "nonce": "0x0000000000000000",
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
   "withdrawalsRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
   "blobGasUsed": "0x0",
   "excessBlobGas": "0x0",
-  "parentBeaconBlockRoot": "0xf653da50cdff4733f13f7a5e338290e883bdf04adf3f112709728063ea965d6c",
-  "hash": "0x36a166f0dcd160fc5e5c61c9a7c2d7f236d9175bf27f43aaa2150e291f092ef7"
+  "parentBeaconBlockRoot": "0xf5003fc8f92358e790a114bce93ce1d9c283c85e1787f8d7d56714d3489b49e6",
+  "requestsHash": "0xe3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855",
+  "hash": "0xce8d86ba17a2ec303155f0e264c58a4b8f94ce3436274cf1924f91acdb7502d0"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/headfcu.json b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/headfcu.json
index 920212d0c0..9ab3a4de1a 100644
--- a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/headfcu.json
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/headfcu.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "jsonrpc": "2.0",
-  "id": "fcu500",
+  "id": "fcu600",
   "method": "engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV3",
   "params": [
     {
-      "headBlockHash": "0x36a166f0dcd160fc5e5c61c9a7c2d7f236d9175bf27f43aaa2150e291f092ef7",
-      "safeBlockHash": "0x36a166f0dcd160fc5e5c61c9a7c2d7f236d9175bf27f43aaa2150e291f092ef7",
-      "finalizedBlockHash": "0x36a166f0dcd160fc5e5c61c9a7c2d7f236d9175bf27f43aaa2150e291f092ef7"
+      "headBlockHash": "0xce8d86ba17a2ec303155f0e264c58a4b8f94ce3436274cf1924f91acdb7502d0",
+      "safeBlockHash": "0xce8d86ba17a2ec303155f0e264c58a4b8f94ce3436274cf1924f91acdb7502d0",
+      "finalizedBlockHash": "0xce8d86ba17a2ec303155f0e264c58a4b8f94ce3436274cf1924f91acdb7502d0"
     },
     null
   ]
diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/headstate.json b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/headstate.json
index f7b076af69..72c7ebd509 100644
--- a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/headstate.json
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/headstate.json
@@ -1,20 +1,722 @@
 {
-  "root": "ea4c1f4d9fa8664c22574c5b2f948a78c4b1a753cebc1861e7fb5b1aa21c5a94",
+  "root": "ce423ebc60fc7764a43f09f1fe3ae61eef25e3eb8d09b1108f7e7eb77dfff5e6",
   "accounts": {
     "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000": {
-      "balance": "233437500000029008737",
+      "balance": "30749363",
       "nonce": 0,
       "root": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
       "codeHash": "0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470",
+      "address": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
       "key": "0x5380c7b7ae81a58eb98d9c78de4a1fd7fd9535fc953ed2be602daaa41767312a"
     },
-    "0x000f3df6d732807ef1319fb7b8bb8522d0beac02": {
+    "0x00000961Ef480Eb55e80D19ad83579A64c007002": {
+      "balance": "1000000001",
+      "nonce": 0,
+      "root": "0x0ed2d94007a0eecee7c27c531d1249a18f6c48fe86c6d6e87c50b6943a5f015a",
+      "codeHash": "0x0345a365d2f4c5975b9f1599abe0a2ee76b7a3a731bc68781bd04c84e4858f50",
+      "code": "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",
+      "storage": {
+        "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004": "7435ed30a8b4aeb0877cef0c6e8cffe834eb865f",
+        "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005": "b917cfdc0d25b72d55cf94db328e1629b7f4fde2c30cdacf873b664416f76a0c",
+        "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006": "7f7cc50c9f72a3cb84be88144cde91250000000000000d800000000000000000"
+      },
+      "address": "0x00000961ef480eb55e80d19ad83579a64c007002",
+      "key": "0xdf86c581c7d7b44eecbb92fd9e5867945ec1acdc0ea5bbabda21d17dddf06473"
+    },
+    "0x0000BBdDc7CE488642fb579F8B00f3a590007251": {
+      "balance": "1",
+      "nonce": 0,
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     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/newpayload.json b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/newpayload.json
index 7f8c99afa9..0e18cd8525 100644
--- a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/newpayload.json
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/newpayload.json
@@ -1,284 +1,25 @@
 [
   {
     "jsonrpc": "2.0",
-    "id": "np72",
-    "method": "engine_newPayloadV1",
-    "params": [
-      {
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-        "feeRecipient": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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-        "receiptsRoot": "0x056b23fbba480696b65fe5a59b8f2148a1299103c4f57df839233af2cf4ca2d2",
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-        "prevRandao": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-        "blockNumber": "0x48",
-        "gasLimit": "0x47e7c40",
-        "gasUsed": "0x5208",
-        "timestamp": "0x2d0",
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@@ -342,25 +83,109 @@
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@@ -372,25 +197,25 @@
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@@ -402,32 +227,27 @@
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@@ -437,55 +257,57 @@
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@@ -497,25 +319,25 @@
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+        "excessBlobGas": "0x0"
+      },
+      [],
+      "0x64f9ed7df2e19a503f0b6f5b79e4d7b512c66623c28887e7f8968750f081f06a",
+      []
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+    "id": "np596",
+    "method": "engine_newPayloadV4",
+    "params": [
+      {
+        "parentHash": "0x93a7231507f57e163e3b2e48a47132fc1eff83375b041b46a35e61a090ded25e",
+        "feeRecipient": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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+        "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "prevRandao": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockNumber": "0x254",
+        "gasLimit": "0x23f3e20",
+        "gasUsed": "0x5208",
+        "timestamp": "0x1748",
+        "extraData": "0x",
+        "baseFeePerGas": "0x7",
+        "blockHash": "0x42f57c5994becd0c778c625c4564b288f2ddd5523bf3505dcba11d4f31e317ea",
+        "transactions": [
+          "0x02f86b870c72dd9d5e883e820220010882520894d803681e487e6ac18053afc5a6cd813c86ec3e4d0180c080a0061a9064cafcc779bebfc3410463e27e57ef4b69b13b063d79a9a258a363d917a0279a658e80bd6527683f521da84fd287422105c3bddeff127c20420dde99b7f6"
+        ],
+        "withdrawals": [],
+        "blobGasUsed": "0x0",
+        "excessBlobGas": "0x0"
+      },
+      [],
+      "0x020d16dfaa507ca4120cf799ddb20a8998f07a68b2dec691dc61a14e5c929b17",
+      []
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+    "id": "np597",
+    "method": "engine_newPayloadV4",
+    "params": [
+      {
+        "parentHash": "0x42f57c5994becd0c778c625c4564b288f2ddd5523bf3505dcba11d4f31e317ea",
+        "feeRecipient": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "stateRoot": "0x571f92dc76ef8c4ec47f5e496abe8c7182c5c4331537aeae052f95c2521b28c7",
+        "receiptsRoot": "0xd3a6acf9a244d78b33831df95d472c4128ea85bf079a1d41e32ed0b7d2244c9e",
+        "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "prevRandao": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockNumber": "0x255",
+        "gasLimit": "0x23f3e20",
+        "gasUsed": "0x5208",
+        "timestamp": "0x1752",
+        "extraData": "0x",
+        "baseFeePerGas": "0x7",
+        "blockHash": "0x05b8baa80ba3a0782ff6cade5129fb4e3cc8733de5d8da918d2338245ab76b6c",
+        "transactions": [
+          "0x01f86a870c72dd9d5e883e82022108825208947435ed30a8b4aeb0877cef0c6e8cffe834eb865f0180c080a017fe88f6088755cd0167e286cff24eda1e4d2d4cdb035a966036882fc5ce8e92a045ead0434b8343a5db8eefa40b4f88b7191c771313a83550aae586d18be22036"
+        ],
+        "withdrawals": [],
+        "blobGasUsed": "0x0",
+        "excessBlobGas": "0x0"
+      },
+      [],
+      "0x792b0101e0c969be7fda601c282846dbf3f1216b265d7086b3b1acd49882cce5",
+      []
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+    "id": "np598",
+    "method": "engine_newPayloadV4",
+    "params": [
+      {
+        "parentHash": "0x05b8baa80ba3a0782ff6cade5129fb4e3cc8733de5d8da918d2338245ab76b6c",
+        "feeRecipient": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "stateRoot": "0x6b8f10ea0c744a4333a8ba86f8204a648ba50145d4263af8d1ce8d35bfdcc6e3",
+        "receiptsRoot": "0x056b23fbba480696b65fe5a59b8f2148a1299103c4f57df839233af2cf4ca2d2",
+        "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "prevRandao": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockNumber": "0x256",
+        "gasLimit": "0x23f3e20",
+        "gasUsed": "0x5208",
+        "timestamp": "0x175c",
+        "extraData": "0x",
+        "baseFeePerGas": "0x7",
+        "blockHash": "0x7d4219f429001b5f014e933f9a36aa865d09955de79a8292aac8a00e75ba0f03",
+        "transactions": [
+          "0xf86882022208825208941f5bde34b4afc686f136c7a3cb6ec376f735775901808718e5bb3abd10a0a0256584d11c94a5ec9fc723cbd9961e7a2569a48a23bc1eae505a74b46065f33ea0120d196163359143ae54697ae076c590ef82df3a89e275147f807fa12a9b34d9"
+        ],
+        "withdrawals": [],
+        "blobGasUsed": "0x0",
+        "excessBlobGas": "0x0"
+      },
+      [],
+      "0xc331bb6e00dfa4489c3cbe3840bd49c936bb3eb6ef0424f076e2b2a3215545ad",
+      []
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+    "id": "np599",
+    "method": "engine_newPayloadV4",
+    "params": [
+      {
+        "parentHash": "0x7d4219f429001b5f014e933f9a36aa865d09955de79a8292aac8a00e75ba0f03",
+        "feeRecipient": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "stateRoot": "0x2335c84c9cbec7fa7456b92b69afcb95a075433eaacf4aea36c3eb4b9564a333",
+        "receiptsRoot": "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
+        "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "prevRandao": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockNumber": "0x257",
+        "gasLimit": "0x23f3e20",
+        "gasUsed": "0x0",
+        "timestamp": "0x1766",
+        "extraData": "0x",
+        "baseFeePerGas": "0x7",
+        "blockHash": "0x65151b101682b54cd08ba226f640c14c86176865ff9bfc57e0147dadaeac34bb",
+        "transactions": [],
+        "withdrawals": [
+          {
+            "index": "0x35",
+            "validatorIndex": "0x5",
+            "address": "0x1f4924b14f34e24159387c0a4cdbaa32f3ddb0cf",
+            "amount": "0x64"
+          }
+        ],
+        "blobGasUsed": "0x0",
+        "excessBlobGas": "0x0"
+      },
+      [],
+      "0xbf47e8a69bb557bccb9c04b516f1c68adaf982a10fdaada6bea4bb12cb40d818",
+      []
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+    "id": "np600",
+    "method": "engine_newPayloadV4",
+    "params": [
+      {
+        "parentHash": "0x65151b101682b54cd08ba226f640c14c86176865ff9bfc57e0147dadaeac34bb",
+        "feeRecipient": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "stateRoot": "0xce423ebc60fc7764a43f09f1fe3ae61eef25e3eb8d09b1108f7e7eb77dfff5e6",
+        "receiptsRoot": "0xfe160832b1ca85f38c6674cb0aae3a24693bc49be56e2ecdf3698b71a794de86",
+        "logsBloom": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "prevRandao": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+        "blockNumber": "0x258",
+        "gasLimit": "0x23f3e20",
+        "gasUsed": "0x19d36",
+        "timestamp": "0x1770",
+        "extraData": "0x",
+        "baseFeePerGas": "0x7",
+        "blockHash": "0xce8d86ba17a2ec303155f0e264c58a4b8f94ce3436274cf1924f91acdb7502d0",
+        "transactions": [
+          "0xf883820223088301bc1c8080ae43600052600060205260405b604060002060208051600101905281526020016101408110600b57506101006040f38718e5bb3abd10a0a0b0889fe12fde37694f828cdb251c94d1e3abed2fd46e321ceb40d28e9747cb85a048aaf8240ecfb1382b4bc47b52ed705786f67b1ae71fbc2a00eb0169f43d0ec5"
+        ],
+        "withdrawals": [],
+        "blobGasUsed": "0x0",
+        "excessBlobGas": "0x0"
+      },
+      [],
+      "0xf5003fc8f92358e790a114bce93ce1d9c283c85e1787f8d7d56714d3489b49e6",
+      []
     ]
   }
 ]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/txinfo.json b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/txinfo.json
index 8e1d917fb7..254b59d346 100644
--- a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/txinfo.json
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/testdata/txinfo.json
@@ -7,2329 +7,2813 @@
     "contract": "0x17e7eedce4ac02ef114a7ed9fe6e2f33feba1667",
     "block": "0x2"
   },
+  "deploy-callrevert": {
+    "contract": "0x0ee3ab1371c93e7c0c281cc0c2107cdebc8b1930",
+    "block": "0x3"
+  },
   "randomcode": null,
   "randomlogs": null,
   "randomstorage": null,
-  "uncles": {
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-      "hashes": [
-        "0x900edfd7e6de8a4a4ae18d2e7df829de69427e06eb9a381c3fe1e3002a750d75"
-      ]
-    },
-    "16": {
-      "hashes": [
-        "0x750eda0129037fbbcfcbfd6362a60ffbbc53a3f14ba9259cf2ac7f02da2a827c"
-      ]
-    },
-    "21": {
-      "hashes": [
-        "0x763d1a545e23079b4796461f2146cd3b24cc45ceab6e932db010bd2736e45403"
-      ]
-    },
-    "26": {
-      "hashes": [
-        "0x98180f6103a7e303444de4e152e81539ad614d0cd755e0e655715ab676d11e32"
-      ]
-    },
-    "31": {
-      "hashes": [
-        "0x04a8c9b6d23b2ada25bff618036c08bf6428fb35b89bce694607fac697f470e3"
-      ]
-    },
-    "36": {
-      "hashes": [
-        "0x9225da0395e14243f1e626b330ea8fe6afde356e50e8448936a29e1c203d661d"
-      ]
-    },
-    "41": {
-      "hashes": [
-        "0x74a80b9b13a264aff16e9156de67474c916de966327e9e1666fc2027e1bf63ad"
-      ]
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-    "46": {
-      "hashes": [
-        "0xcf2bddf3649c7af6e9c8592aa5fad693f39f46369749e1c7127848d4ae9ff1ec"
-      ]
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-        "0xeb31c29a94de8cf2fc3d0b80023b716fb5d31cc24d695d606eef2389705ade45"
-      ]
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-    "56": {
-      "hashes": [
-        "0xb3a6af7632306e2dbd56b3bbf0e77d7b5c199053f348c74ce938afae615cd4fe"
-      ]
-    },
-    "6": {
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-        "0x97186bc5df663e72934212ab5a7b4449f07f12f44b267e119817791fe0ed66c5"
-      ]
-    },
-    "61": {
-      "hashes": [
-        "0x3a2cf075f456fcf264293a32d41f72506ad8cf9697d6b6d8ab3d8258cdaa90bd"
-      ]
-    },
-    "66": {
-      "hashes": [
-        "0x94d338db2e75740d17df19b0d8a111d5d68b2dfa38819b88929190b4b08b5993"
-      ]
-    },
-    "71": {
-      "hashes": [
-        "0xe9938f6ac90bc4dfdea315ed630b03ad9392b264d362ee1e1b2703fb3db5047a"
-      ]
-    }
+  "tx-eip7702": {
+    "account": "0xeda8645ba6948855e3b3cd596bbb07596d59c603",
+    "proxyAddr": "0x417fe11f58b6a2d089826b60722fbed1d2db96dd",
+    "authorizeTx": "0x09fd47ebbdfe396288c03b04fd643183097559faff558e5cfbf64cdc1a224d4c"
   },
-  "valuetransfer": [
+  "tx-emit-eip1559": [
     {
+      "txhash": "0xaceca283c1a65deea29cfb78389fb2dc90df8ac9426d63d83c9fe67cb0cb7839",
+      "sender": "0x7435ed30a8b4aeb0877cef0c6e8cffe834eb865f",
       "block": "0x7",
-      "sender": "0x7435ed30a8b4aeb0877cef0c6e8cffe834eb865f",
-      "tx": {
-        "type": "0x0",
-        "nonce": "0x5",
-        "to": "0xca358758f6d27e6cf45272937977a748fd88391d",
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-        "gasPrice": "0x1",
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-        "maxFeePerGas": null,
-        "value": "0x1",
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-        "hash": "0xd04f2bb15db6c40aaf1dcb5babc47914b5f6033b2925cb9daa3c0e0dab493fcb"
-      }
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+      "logtopic0": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000656d6974",
+      "logtopic1": "0x3569f740e521d8bb11c5b72660dc96272ad66bfd811ed918c3a9e02acd4ade8f"
     },
     {
-      "block": "0xc",
+      "txhash": "0xd463f0b9ea6530b1d24d8b8b7021979d48dac8452ed957fb722263a5a1b5ed08",
       "sender": "0x7435ed30a8b4aeb0877cef0c6e8cffe834eb865f",
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-        "gas": "0x5208",
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-      }
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+      "indexInBlock": 0,
+      "logtopic0": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000656d6974",
+      "logtopic1": "0xcb55d89f2ee070d017b426876d6072d91c2a7311ade9a1bed2f8200127ec380e"
     },
     {
-      "block": "0x11",
+      "txhash": "0xe131203a45328fe320b0820698177e8ad2f3b3ee8c552787ddb1db725a2c4484",
       "sender": "0x7435ed30a8b4aeb0877cef0c6e8cffe834eb865f",
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-      }
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+      "indexInBlock": 0,
+      "logtopic0": "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000656d6974",
+      "logtopic1": "0x73286395f2a86bb5537d9b45ca7c681044645f31475a11d49285d6a0f028b8f0"
     },
     {
-      "block": "0x16",
+      "txhash": "0x4cee3118350175e8ddab6edac9672440c672baea4c9eecd53e4dd411a978a990",
       "sender": "0x7435ed30a8b4aeb0877cef0c6e8cffe834eb865f",
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-      "tx": {
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-        "chainId": "0xc72dd9d5e883e",
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         {
-          "index": "0x4e",
+          "index": "0x2b",
           "validatorIndex": "0x5",
-          "address": "0xe5ec19296e6d1518a6a38c1dbc7ad024b8a1a248",
+          "address": "0x83c7e323d189f18725ac510004fdc2941f8c4a78",
           "amount": "0x64"
         }
       ]
     },
-    "476": {
-      "withdrawals": [
-        {
-          "index": "0x4f",
-          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
-          "address": "0x2e350f8e7f890a9301f33edbf55f38e67e02d72b",
-          "amount": "0x64"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "481": {
-      "withdrawals": [
-        {
-          "index": "0x50",
-          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
-          "address": "0xc57aa6a4279377063b17c554d3e33a3490e67a9a",
-          "amount": "0x64"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "486": {
-      "withdrawals": [
-        {
-          "index": "0x51",
-          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
-          "address": "0x311df588ca5f412f970891e4cc3ac23648968ca2",
-          "amount": "0x64"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "491": {
-      "withdrawals": [
-        {
-          "index": "0x52",
-          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
-          "address": "0x3f31becc97226d3c17bf574dd86f39735fe0f0c1",
-          "amount": "0x64"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "496": {
-      "withdrawals": [
-        {
-          "index": "0x53",
-          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
-          "address": "0x6cc0ab95752bf25ec58c91b1d603c5eb41b8fbd7",
-          "amount": "0x64"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "81": {
-      "withdrawals": [
-        {
-          "index": "0x0",
-          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
-          "address": "0x4ae81572f06e1b88fd5ced7a1a000945432e83e1",
-          "amount": "0x64"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "86": {
-      "withdrawals": [
-        {
-          "index": "0x1",
-          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
-          "address": "0xde5a6f78116eca62d7fc5ce159d23ae6b889b365",
-          "amount": "0x64"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "91": {
-      "withdrawals": [
-        {
-          "index": "0x2",
-          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
-          "address": "0x245843abef9e72e7efac30138a994bf6301e7e1d",
-          "amount": "0x64"
-        }
-      ]
-    },
-    "96": {
+    "49": {
       "withdrawals": [
         {
           "index": "0x3",
           "validatorIndex": "0x5",
-          "address": "0x8d33f520a3c4cef80d2453aef81b612bfe1cb44c",
+          "address": "0xd803681e487e6ac18053afc5a6cd813c86ec3e4d",
+          "amount": "0x64"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "500": {
+      "withdrawals": [
+        {
+          "index": "0x2c",
+          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
+          "address": "0x7435ed30a8b4aeb0877cef0c6e8cffe834eb865f",
+          "amount": "0x64"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "511": {
+      "withdrawals": [
+        {
+          "index": "0x2d",
+          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
+          "address": "0x717f8aa2b982bee0e29f573d31df288663e1ce16",
+          "amount": "0x64"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "522": {
+      "withdrawals": [
+        {
+          "index": "0x2e",
+          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
+          "address": "0x0c2c51a0990aee1d73c1228de158688341557508",
+          "amount": "0x64"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "533": {
+      "withdrawals": [
+        {
+          "index": "0x2f",
+          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
+          "address": "0xc7b99a164efd027a93f147376cc7da7c67c6bbe0",
+          "amount": "0x64"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "544": {
+      "withdrawals": [
+        {
+          "index": "0x30",
+          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
+          "address": "0x1f5bde34b4afc686f136c7a3cb6ec376f7357759",
+          "amount": "0x64"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "555": {
+      "withdrawals": [
+        {
+          "index": "0x31",
+          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
+          "address": "0x5f552da00dfb4d3749d9e62dcee3c918855a86a0",
+          "amount": "0x64"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "566": {
+      "withdrawals": [
+        {
+          "index": "0x32",
+          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
+          "address": "0x7435ed30a8b4aeb0877cef0c6e8cffe834eb865f",
+          "amount": "0x64"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "577": {
+      "withdrawals": [
+        {
+          "index": "0x33",
+          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
+          "address": "0x7435ed30a8b4aeb0877cef0c6e8cffe834eb865f",
+          "amount": "0x64"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "588": {
+      "withdrawals": [
+        {
+          "index": "0x34",
+          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
+          "address": "0xc7b99a164efd027a93f147376cc7da7c67c6bbe0",
+          "amount": "0x64"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "599": {
+      "withdrawals": [
+        {
+          "index": "0x35",
+          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
+          "address": "0x1f4924b14f34e24159387c0a4cdbaa32f3ddb0cf",
+          "amount": "0x64"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "60": {
+      "withdrawals": [
+        {
+          "index": "0x4",
+          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
+          "address": "0xe7d13f7aa2a838d24c59b40186a0aca1e21cffcc",
+          "amount": "0x64"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "71": {
+      "withdrawals": [
+        {
+          "index": "0x5",
+          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
+          "address": "0x654aa64f5fbefb84c270ec74211b81ca8c44a72e",
+          "amount": "0x64"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "82": {
+      "withdrawals": [
+        {
+          "index": "0x6",
+          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
+          "address": "0x717f8aa2b982bee0e29f573d31df288663e1ce16",
+          "amount": "0x64"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "93": {
+      "withdrawals": [
+        {
+          "index": "0x7",
+          "validatorIndex": "0x5",
+          "address": "0x7435ed30a8b4aeb0877cef0c6e8cffe834eb865f",
           "amount": "0x64"
         }
       ]

From 168d699fbad6f656177dc694b57ee05cd2b2ffb1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sashass1315 <sashass1315@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Oct 2025 12:29:51 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 229/470] core/rawdb: remove duplicated type storedReceiptRLP
 (#32820)

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go | 15 +++------------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
index 0782a0e7da..f20d675ff8 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
@@ -664,15 +664,6 @@ func DeleteReceipts(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, hash common.Hash, number uint64) {
 	}
 }
 
-// storedReceiptRLP is the storage encoding of a receipt.
-// Re-definition in core/types/receipt.go.
-// TODO: Re-use the existing definition.
-type storedReceiptRLP struct {
-	PostStateOrStatus []byte
-	CumulativeGasUsed uint64
-	Logs              []*types.Log
-}
-
 // ReceiptLogs is a barebone version of ReceiptForStorage which only keeps
 // the list of logs. When decoding a stored receipt into this object we
 // avoid creating the bloom filter.
@@ -682,11 +673,11 @@ type receiptLogs struct {
 
 // DecodeRLP implements rlp.Decoder.
 func (r *receiptLogs) DecodeRLP(s *rlp.Stream) error {
-	var stored storedReceiptRLP
-	if err := s.Decode(&stored); err != nil {
+	var rs types.ReceiptForStorage
+	if err := rs.DecodeRLP(s); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	r.Logs = stored.Logs
+	r.Logs = rs.Logs
 	return nil
 }
 

From 064ab701ea98dd4e32b331318ca7f2cc5e5edcaa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicolas Gotchac <ngotchac@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Oct 2025 12:50:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 230/470] eth/protocols/eth: use BlockChain interface in
 Handshake (#32847)

---
 eth/protocols/eth/handshake.go | 11 +++++------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/protocols/eth/handshake.go b/eth/protocols/eth/handshake.go
index 824e49fb2b..bb3d1b8eb4 100644
--- a/eth/protocols/eth/handshake.go
+++ b/eth/protocols/eth/handshake.go
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/forkid"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p"
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ const (
 
 // Handshake executes the eth protocol handshake, negotiating version number,
 // network IDs, difficulties, head and genesis blocks.
-func (p *Peer) Handshake(networkID uint64, chain *core.BlockChain, rangeMsg BlockRangeUpdatePacket) error {
+func (p *Peer) Handshake(networkID uint64, chain forkid.Blockchain, rangeMsg BlockRangeUpdatePacket) error {
 	switch p.version {
 	case ETH69:
 		return p.handshake69(networkID, chain, rangeMsg)
@@ -47,10 +46,10 @@ func (p *Peer) Handshake(networkID uint64, chain *core.BlockChain, rangeMsg Bloc
 	}
 }
 
-func (p *Peer) handshake68(networkID uint64, chain *core.BlockChain) error {
+func (p *Peer) handshake68(networkID uint64, chain forkid.Blockchain) error {
 	var (
 		genesis    = chain.Genesis()
-		latest     = chain.CurrentBlock()
+		latest     = chain.CurrentHeader()
 		forkID     = forkid.NewID(chain.Config(), genesis, latest.Number.Uint64(), latest.Time)
 		forkFilter = forkid.NewFilter(chain)
 	)
@@ -92,10 +91,10 @@ func (p *Peer) readStatus68(networkID uint64, status *StatusPacket68, genesis co
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (p *Peer) handshake69(networkID uint64, chain *core.BlockChain, rangeMsg BlockRangeUpdatePacket) error {
+func (p *Peer) handshake69(networkID uint64, chain forkid.Blockchain, rangeMsg BlockRangeUpdatePacket) error {
 	var (
 		genesis    = chain.Genesis()
-		latest     = chain.CurrentBlock()
+		latest     = chain.CurrentHeader()
 		forkID     = forkid.NewID(chain.Config(), genesis, latest.Number.Uint64(), latest.Time)
 		forkFilter = forkid.NewFilter(chain)
 	)

From e42af536c552538a8ca8c353a26669fd2e9eb150 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexey Osipov <me@flcl.me>
Date: Wed, 8 Oct 2025 20:23:44 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 231/470] cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest: accept responses in any
 order (#32834)

In both `TestSimultaneousRequests` and `TestSameRequestID`, we send two
concurrent requests. The client under test is free to respond in either
order, so we need to handle responses both ways.

Also fixes an issue where some generated blob transactions didn't have
any blobs.

---------

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/protocol.go |  6 ++
 cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/suite.go    | 97 +++++++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/protocol.go b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/protocol.go
index a21d1ca7a1..af76082318 100644
--- a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/protocol.go
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/protocol.go
@@ -86,3 +86,9 @@ func protoOffset(proto Proto) uint64 {
 		panic("unhandled protocol")
 	}
 }
+
+// msgTypePtr is the constraint for protocol message types.
+type msgTypePtr[U any] interface {
+	*U
+	Kind() byte
+}
diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/suite.go b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/suite.go
index 47327b6844..c23360bf82 100644
--- a/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/suite.go
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/internal/ethtest/suite.go
@@ -196,6 +196,7 @@ to check if the node disconnects after receiving multiple invalid requests.`)
 func (s *Suite) TestSimultaneousRequests(t *utesting.T) {
 	t.Log(`This test requests blocks headers from the node, performing two requests
 concurrently, with different request IDs.`)
+
 	conn, err := s.dialAndPeer(nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("peering failed: %v", err)
@@ -235,37 +236,36 @@ concurrently, with different request IDs.`)
 	}
 
 	// Wait for responses.
-	headers1 := new(eth.BlockHeadersPacket)
-	if err := conn.ReadMsg(ethProto, eth.BlockHeadersMsg, &headers1); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("error reading block headers msg: %v", err)
-	}
-	if got, want := headers1.RequestId, req1.RequestId; got != want {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected request id in response: got %d, want %d", got, want)
-	}
-	headers2 := new(eth.BlockHeadersPacket)
-	if err := conn.ReadMsg(ethProto, eth.BlockHeadersMsg, &headers2); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("error reading block headers msg: %v", err)
-	}
-	if got, want := headers2.RequestId, req2.RequestId; got != want {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected request id in response: got %d, want %d", got, want)
+	// Note they can arrive in either order.
+	resp, err := collectResponses(conn, 2, func(msg *eth.BlockHeadersPacket) uint64 {
+		if msg.RequestId != 111 && msg.RequestId != 222 {
+			t.Fatalf("response with unknown request ID: %v", msg.RequestId)
+		}
+		return msg.RequestId
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
-	// Check received headers for accuracy.
+	// Check if headers match.
+	resp1 := resp[111]
 	if expected, err := s.chain.GetHeaders(req1); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to get expected headers for request 1: %v", err)
-	} else if !headersMatch(expected, headers1.BlockHeadersRequest) {
-		t.Fatalf("header mismatch: \nexpected %v \ngot %v", expected, headers1)
+	} else if !headersMatch(expected, resp1.BlockHeadersRequest) {
+		t.Fatalf("header mismatch for request ID %v: \nexpected %v \ngot %v", 111, expected, resp1)
 	}
+	resp2 := resp[222]
 	if expected, err := s.chain.GetHeaders(req2); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to get expected headers for request 2: %v", err)
-	} else if !headersMatch(expected, headers2.BlockHeadersRequest) {
-		t.Fatalf("header mismatch: \nexpected %v \ngot %v", expected, headers2)
+	} else if !headersMatch(expected, resp2.BlockHeadersRequest) {
+		t.Fatalf("header mismatch for request ID %v: \nexpected %v \ngot %v", 222, expected, resp2)
 	}
 }
 
 func (s *Suite) TestSameRequestID(t *utesting.T) {
 	t.Log(`This test requests block headers, performing two concurrent requests with the
 same request ID. The node should handle the request by responding to both requests.`)
+
 	conn, err := s.dialAndPeer(nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("peering failed: %v", err)
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ same request ID. The node should handle the request by responding to both reques
 			Origin: eth.HashOrNumber{
 				Number: 33,
 			},
-			Amount: 2,
+			Amount: 3,
 		},
 	}
 
@@ -301,35 +301,52 @@ same request ID. The node should handle the request by responding to both reques
 		t.Fatalf("failed to write to connection: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	// Wait for the responses.
-	headers1 := new(eth.BlockHeadersPacket)
-	if err := conn.ReadMsg(ethProto, eth.BlockHeadersMsg, &headers1); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("error reading from connection: %v", err)
-	}
-	if got, want := headers1.RequestId, request1.RequestId; got != want {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected request id: got %d, want %d", got, want)
-	}
-	headers2 := new(eth.BlockHeadersPacket)
-	if err := conn.ReadMsg(ethProto, eth.BlockHeadersMsg, &headers2); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("error reading from connection: %v", err)
-	}
-	if got, want := headers2.RequestId, request2.RequestId; got != want {
-		t.Fatalf("unexpected request id: got %d, want %d", got, want)
+	// Wait for the responses. They can arrive in either order, and we can't tell them
+	// apart by their request ID, so use the number of headers instead.
+	resp, err := collectResponses(conn, 2, func(msg *eth.BlockHeadersPacket) uint64 {
+		id := uint64(len(msg.BlockHeadersRequest))
+		if id != 2 && id != 3 {
+			t.Fatalf("invalid number of headers in response: %d", id)
+		}
+		return id
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
 	// Check if headers match.
+	resp1 := resp[2]
 	if expected, err := s.chain.GetHeaders(request1); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to get expected block headers: %v", err)
-	} else if !headersMatch(expected, headers1.BlockHeadersRequest) {
-		t.Fatalf("header mismatch: \nexpected %v \ngot %v", expected, headers1)
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get expected headers for request 1: %v", err)
+	} else if !headersMatch(expected, resp1.BlockHeadersRequest) {
+		t.Fatalf("headers mismatch: \nexpected %v \ngot %v", expected, resp1)
 	}
+	resp2 := resp[3]
 	if expected, err := s.chain.GetHeaders(request2); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to get expected block headers: %v", err)
-	} else if !headersMatch(expected, headers2.BlockHeadersRequest) {
-		t.Fatalf("header mismatch: \nexpected %v \ngot %v", expected, headers2)
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get expected headers for request 2: %v", err)
+	} else if !headersMatch(expected, resp2.BlockHeadersRequest) {
+		t.Fatalf("headers mismatch: \nexpected %v \ngot %v", expected, resp2)
 	}
 }
 
+// collectResponses waits for n messages of type T on the given connection.
+// The messsages are collected according to the 'identity' function.
+func collectResponses[T any, P msgTypePtr[T]](conn *Conn, n int, identity func(P) uint64) (map[uint64]P, error) {
+	resp := make(map[uint64]P, n)
+	for range n {
+		r := new(T)
+		if err := conn.ReadMsg(ethProto, eth.BlockHeadersMsg, r); err != nil {
+			return resp, fmt.Errorf("read error: %v", err)
+		}
+		id := identity(r)
+		if resp[id] != nil {
+			return resp, fmt.Errorf("duplicate response %v", r)
+		}
+		resp[id] = r
+	}
+	return resp, nil
+}
+
 func (s *Suite) TestZeroRequestID(t *utesting.T) {
 	t.Log(`This test sends a GetBlockHeaders message with a request-id of zero,
 and expects a response.`)
@@ -887,7 +904,7 @@ func (s *Suite) makeBlobTxs(count, blobs int, discriminator byte) (txs types.Tra
 	from, nonce := s.chain.GetSender(5)
 	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 		// Make blob data, max of 2 blobs per tx.
-		blobdata := make([]byte, blobs%3)
+		blobdata := make([]byte, min(blobs, 2))
 		for i := range blobdata {
 			blobdata[i] = discriminator
 			blobs -= 1

From 695c1445ab4eb26b630641a7bf6c27fceaa5fc2b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: phrwlk <phrwlk7@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Oct 2025 03:59:06 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 232/470] core/rawdb: correct misleading comments for state
 history accessors (#32783)

---
 core/rawdb/accessors_state.go | 31 +++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go
index 2359fb18f1..46aa5fd070 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go
@@ -170,9 +170,11 @@ func ReadStateHistoryMetaList(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, start uint64, count uint
 	return db.AncientRange(stateHistoryMeta, start-1, count, 0)
 }
 
-// ReadStateAccountIndex retrieves the state root corresponding to the specified
-// state history. Compute the position of state history in freezer by minus one
-// since the id of first state history starts from one(zero for initial state).
+// ReadStateAccountIndex retrieves the account index blob for the specified
+// state history. The index contains fixed-size entries with offsets and lengths
+// into the concatenated account data table. Compute the position of state
+// history in freezer by minus one since the id of first state history starts
+// from one (zero for initial state).
 func ReadStateAccountIndex(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) []byte {
 	blob, err := db.Ancient(stateHistoryAccountIndex, id-1)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -181,9 +183,11 @@ func ReadStateAccountIndex(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) []byte {
 	return blob
 }
 
-// ReadStateStorageIndex retrieves the state root corresponding to the specified
-// state history. Compute the position of state history in freezer by minus one
-// since the id of first state history starts from one(zero for initial state).
+// ReadStateStorageIndex retrieves the storage index blob for the specified
+// state history. The index contains fixed-size entries that locate storage slot
+// data in the concatenated storage data table. Compute the position of state
+// history in freezer by minus one since the id of first state history starts
+// from one (zero for initial state).
 func ReadStateStorageIndex(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) []byte {
 	blob, err := db.Ancient(stateHistoryStorageIndex, id-1)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -192,9 +196,10 @@ func ReadStateStorageIndex(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) []byte {
 	return blob
 }
 
-// ReadStateAccountHistory retrieves the state root corresponding to the specified
-// state history. Compute the position of state history in freezer by minus one
-// since the id of first state history starts from one(zero for initial state).
+// ReadStateAccountHistory retrieves the concatenated account data blob for the
+// specified state history. Offsets and lengths are resolved via the account
+// index. Compute the position of state history in freezer by minus one since
+// the id of first state history starts from one (zero for initial state).
 func ReadStateAccountHistory(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) []byte {
 	blob, err := db.Ancient(stateHistoryAccountData, id-1)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -203,9 +208,11 @@ func ReadStateAccountHistory(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) []byte {
 	return blob
 }
 
-// ReadStateStorageHistory retrieves the state root corresponding to the specified
-// state history. Compute the position of state history in freezer by minus one
-// since the id of first state history starts from one(zero for initial state).
+// ReadStateStorageHistory retrieves the concatenated storage slot data blob for
+// the specified state history. Locations are resolved via the account and
+// storage indexes. Compute the position of state history in freezer by minus
+// one since the id of first state history starts from one (zero for initial
+// state).
 func ReadStateStorageHistory(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) []byte {
 	blob, err := db.Ancient(stateHistoryStorageData, id-1)
 	if err != nil {

From a1b8e4880d24d5e618b0637defa380d75e30c831 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CertiK <138698582+CertiK-Geth@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Oct 2025 17:34:30 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 233/470] eth/filters: terminate pending tx subscription on
 error (#32794)

Fixes issue #32793. When the pending tx subscription ends, the filter
is removed from `api.filters`, but it is not terminated. There is no other
way to terminate it, so the subscription will leak, and potentially block
the producer side.
---
 eth/filters/api.go | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/eth/filters/api.go b/eth/filters/api.go
index d678c40389..334a19f0b5 100644
--- a/eth/filters/api.go
+++ b/eth/filters/api.go
@@ -152,6 +152,7 @@ func (api *FilterAPI) NewPendingTransactionFilter(fullTx *bool) rpc.ID {
 				api.filtersMu.Lock()
 				delete(api.filters, pendingTxSub.ID)
 				api.filtersMu.Unlock()
+				pendingTxSub.Unsubscribe()
 				return
 			}
 		}

From 11208553ddded439c708fa430e559675f25052e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: 10gic <github10gic@proton.me>
Date: Thu, 9 Oct 2025 20:14:53 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 234/470] eth/filters: add `transactionReceipts` subscription
 (#32697)

- Introduce a new subscription kind `transactionReceipts` to allow clients to
  receive transaction receipts over WebSocket as soon as they are available.
- Accept optional `transactionHashes` filter to subscribe to receipts for specific
  transactions; an empty or omitted filter subscribes to all receipts.
- Preserve the same receipt format as returned by `eth_getTransactionReceipt`.
- Avoid additional HTTP polling, reducing RPC load and latency.

---------

Co-authored-by: Sina Mahmoodi <itz.s1na@gmail.com>
---
 core/blockchain.go                |  26 +++++-
 core/events.go                    |   4 +-
 eth/filters/api.go                |  68 ++++++++++++++
 eth/filters/filter.go             |  68 ++++++++++++++
 eth/filters/filter_system.go      |  35 ++++++++
 eth/filters/filter_system_test.go | 141 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 internal/ethapi/api.go            |   8 +-
 7 files changed, 341 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index 71eb4c45a2..b7acd12aca 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -1690,7 +1690,12 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) writeBlockAndSetHead(block *types.Block, receipts []*types
 	// Set new head.
 	bc.writeHeadBlock(block)
 
-	bc.chainFeed.Send(ChainEvent{Header: block.Header()})
+	bc.chainFeed.Send(ChainEvent{
+		Header:       block.Header(),
+		Receipts:     receipts,
+		Transactions: block.Transactions(),
+	})
+
 	if len(logs) > 0 {
 		bc.logsFeed.Send(logs)
 	}
@@ -2342,6 +2347,13 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) recoverAncestors(block *types.Block, makeWitness bool) (co
 // collectLogs collects the logs that were generated or removed during the
 // processing of a block. These logs are later announced as deleted or reborn.
 func (bc *BlockChain) collectLogs(b *types.Block, removed bool) []*types.Log {
+	_, logs := bc.collectReceiptsAndLogs(b, removed)
+	return logs
+}
+
+// collectReceiptsAndLogs retrieves receipts from the database and returns both receipts and logs.
+// This avoids duplicate database reads when both are needed.
+func (bc *BlockChain) collectReceiptsAndLogs(b *types.Block, removed bool) ([]*types.Receipt, []*types.Log) {
 	var blobGasPrice *big.Int
 	if b.ExcessBlobGas() != nil {
 		blobGasPrice = eip4844.CalcBlobFee(bc.chainConfig, b.Header())
@@ -2359,7 +2371,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) collectLogs(b *types.Block, removed bool) []*types.Log {
 			logs = append(logs, log)
 		}
 	}
-	return logs
+	return receipts, logs
 }
 
 // reorg takes two blocks, an old chain and a new chain and will reconstruct the
@@ -2588,8 +2600,14 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) SetCanonical(head *types.Block) (common.Hash, error) {
 	bc.writeHeadBlock(head)
 
 	// Emit events
-	logs := bc.collectLogs(head, false)
-	bc.chainFeed.Send(ChainEvent{Header: head.Header()})
+	receipts, logs := bc.collectReceiptsAndLogs(head, false)
+
+	bc.chainFeed.Send(ChainEvent{
+		Header:       head.Header(),
+		Receipts:     receipts,
+		Transactions: head.Transactions(),
+	})
+
 	if len(logs) > 0 {
 		bc.logsFeed.Send(logs)
 	}
diff --git a/core/events.go b/core/events.go
index 5ad2cb1f7b..ef0de32426 100644
--- a/core/events.go
+++ b/core/events.go
@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ type NewTxsEvent struct{ Txs []*types.Transaction }
 type RemovedLogsEvent struct{ Logs []*types.Log }
 
 type ChainEvent struct {
-	Header *types.Header
+	Header       *types.Header
+	Receipts     []*types.Receipt
+	Transactions []*types.Transaction
 }
 
 type ChainHeadEvent struct {
diff --git a/eth/filters/api.go b/eth/filters/api.go
index 334a19f0b5..9f9209aea7 100644
--- a/eth/filters/api.go
+++ b/eth/filters/api.go
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ var (
 	errPendingLogsUnsupported = errors.New("pending logs are not supported")
 	errExceedMaxTopics        = errors.New("exceed max topics")
 	errExceedLogQueryLimit    = errors.New("exceed max addresses or topics per search position")
+	errExceedMaxTxHashes      = errors.New("exceed max number of transaction hashes allowed per transactionReceipts subscription")
 )
 
 const (
@@ -50,6 +51,8 @@ const (
 	maxTopics = 4
 	// The maximum number of allowed topics within a topic criteria
 	maxSubTopics = 1000
+	// The maximum number of transaction hash criteria allowed in a single subscription
+	maxTxHashes = 200
 )
 
 // filter is a helper struct that holds meta information over the filter type
@@ -296,6 +299,71 @@ func (api *FilterAPI) Logs(ctx context.Context, crit FilterCriteria) (*rpc.Subsc
 	return rpcSub, nil
 }
 
+// TransactionReceiptsFilter defines criteria for transaction receipts subscription.
+// If TransactionHashes is nil or empty, receipts for all transactions included in new blocks will be delivered.
+// Otherwise, only receipts for the specified transactions will be delivered.
+type TransactionReceiptsFilter struct {
+	TransactionHashes []common.Hash `json:"transactionHashes,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// TransactionReceipts creates a subscription that fires transaction receipts when transactions are included in blocks.
+func (api *FilterAPI) TransactionReceipts(ctx context.Context, filter *TransactionReceiptsFilter) (*rpc.Subscription, error) {
+	notifier, supported := rpc.NotifierFromContext(ctx)
+	if !supported {
+		return &rpc.Subscription{}, rpc.ErrNotificationsUnsupported
+	}
+
+	// Validate transaction hashes limit
+	if filter != nil && len(filter.TransactionHashes) > maxTxHashes {
+		return nil, errExceedMaxTxHashes
+	}
+
+	var (
+		rpcSub          = notifier.CreateSubscription()
+		matchedReceipts = make(chan []*ReceiptWithTx)
+		txHashes        []common.Hash
+	)
+
+	if filter != nil {
+		txHashes = filter.TransactionHashes
+	}
+
+	receiptsSub := api.events.SubscribeTransactionReceipts(txHashes, matchedReceipts)
+
+	go func() {
+		defer receiptsSub.Unsubscribe()
+
+		signer := types.LatestSigner(api.sys.backend.ChainConfig())
+
+		for {
+			select {
+			case receiptsWithTxs := <-matchedReceipts:
+				if len(receiptsWithTxs) > 0 {
+					// Convert to the same format as eth_getTransactionReceipt
+					marshaledReceipts := make([]map[string]interface{}, len(receiptsWithTxs))
+					for i, receiptWithTx := range receiptsWithTxs {
+						marshaledReceipts[i] = ethapi.MarshalReceipt(
+							receiptWithTx.Receipt,
+							receiptWithTx.Receipt.BlockHash,
+							receiptWithTx.Receipt.BlockNumber.Uint64(),
+							signer,
+							receiptWithTx.Transaction,
+							int(receiptWithTx.Receipt.TransactionIndex),
+						)
+					}
+
+					// Send a batch of tx receipts in one notification
+					notifier.Notify(rpcSub.ID, marshaledReceipts)
+				}
+			case <-rpcSub.Err():
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return rpcSub, nil
+}
+
 // FilterCriteria represents a request to create a new filter.
 // Same as ethereum.FilterQuery but with UnmarshalJSON() method.
 type FilterCriteria ethereum.FilterQuery
diff --git a/eth/filters/filter.go b/eth/filters/filter.go
index 1a9918d0ee..02399bc801 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter.go
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/filtermaps"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/history"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
@@ -551,3 +552,70 @@ func bloomFilter(bloom types.Bloom, addresses []common.Address, topics [][]commo
 	}
 	return true
 }
+
+// ReceiptWithTx contains a receipt and its corresponding transaction
+type ReceiptWithTx struct {
+	Receipt     *types.Receipt
+	Transaction *types.Transaction
+}
+
+// filterReceipts returns the receipts matching the given criteria
+// In addition to returning receipts, it also returns the corresponding transactions.
+// This is because receipts only contain low-level data, while user-facing data
+// may require additional information from the Transaction.
+func filterReceipts(txHashes []common.Hash, ev core.ChainEvent) []*ReceiptWithTx {
+	var ret []*ReceiptWithTx
+
+	receipts := ev.Receipts
+	txs := ev.Transactions
+
+	if len(receipts) != len(txs) {
+		log.Warn("Receipts and transactions length mismatch", "receipts", len(receipts), "transactions", len(txs))
+		return ret
+	}
+
+	if len(txHashes) == 0 {
+		// No filter, send all receipts with their transactions.
+		ret = make([]*ReceiptWithTx, len(receipts))
+		for i, receipt := range receipts {
+			ret[i] = &ReceiptWithTx{
+				Receipt:     receipt,
+				Transaction: txs[i],
+			}
+		}
+	} else if len(txHashes) == 1 {
+		// Filter by single transaction hash.
+		// This is a common case, so we distinguish it from filtering by multiple tx hashes and made a small optimization.
+		for i, receipt := range receipts {
+			if receipt.TxHash == txHashes[0] {
+				ret = append(ret, &ReceiptWithTx{
+					Receipt:     receipt,
+					Transaction: txs[i],
+				})
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		// Filter by multiple transaction hashes.
+		txHashMap := make(map[common.Hash]bool, len(txHashes))
+		for _, hash := range txHashes {
+			txHashMap[hash] = true
+		}
+
+		for i, receipt := range receipts {
+			if txHashMap[receipt.TxHash] {
+				ret = append(ret, &ReceiptWithTx{
+					Receipt:     receipt,
+					Transaction: txs[i],
+				})
+
+				// Early exit if all receipts are found
+				if len(ret) == len(txHashes) {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ret
+}
diff --git a/eth/filters/filter_system.go b/eth/filters/filter_system.go
index ecf1c870c1..02783fa5ec 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter_system.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter_system.go
@@ -158,6 +158,8 @@ const (
 	PendingTransactionsSubscription
 	// BlocksSubscription queries hashes for blocks that are imported
 	BlocksSubscription
+	// TransactionReceiptsSubscription queries for transaction receipts when transactions are included in blocks
+	TransactionReceiptsSubscription
 	// LastIndexSubscription keeps track of the last index
 	LastIndexSubscription
 )
@@ -182,6 +184,8 @@ type subscription struct {
 	logs      chan []*types.Log
 	txs       chan []*types.Transaction
 	headers   chan *types.Header
+	receipts  chan []*ReceiptWithTx
+	txHashes  []common.Hash // contains transaction hashes for transactionReceipts subscription filtering
 	installed chan struct{} // closed when the filter is installed
 	err       chan error    // closed when the filter is uninstalled
 }
@@ -268,6 +272,7 @@ func (sub *Subscription) Unsubscribe() {
 			case <-sub.f.logs:
 			case <-sub.f.txs:
 			case <-sub.f.headers:
+			case <-sub.f.receipts:
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -353,6 +358,7 @@ func (es *EventSystem) subscribeLogs(crit ethereum.FilterQuery, logs chan []*typ
 		logs:      logs,
 		txs:       make(chan []*types.Transaction),
 		headers:   make(chan *types.Header),
+		receipts:  make(chan []*ReceiptWithTx),
 		installed: make(chan struct{}),
 		err:       make(chan error),
 	}
@@ -369,6 +375,7 @@ func (es *EventSystem) SubscribeNewHeads(headers chan *types.Header) *Subscripti
 		logs:      make(chan []*types.Log),
 		txs:       make(chan []*types.Transaction),
 		headers:   headers,
+		receipts:  make(chan []*ReceiptWithTx),
 		installed: make(chan struct{}),
 		err:       make(chan error),
 	}
@@ -385,6 +392,26 @@ func (es *EventSystem) SubscribePendingTxs(txs chan []*types.Transaction) *Subsc
 		logs:      make(chan []*types.Log),
 		txs:       txs,
 		headers:   make(chan *types.Header),
+		receipts:  make(chan []*ReceiptWithTx),
+		installed: make(chan struct{}),
+		err:       make(chan error),
+	}
+	return es.subscribe(sub)
+}
+
+// SubscribeTransactionReceipts creates a subscription that writes transaction receipts for
+// transactions when they are included in blocks. If txHashes is provided, only receipts
+// for those specific transaction hashes will be delivered.
+func (es *EventSystem) SubscribeTransactionReceipts(txHashes []common.Hash, receipts chan []*ReceiptWithTx) *Subscription {
+	sub := &subscription{
+		id:        rpc.NewID(),
+		typ:       TransactionReceiptsSubscription,
+		created:   time.Now(),
+		logs:      make(chan []*types.Log),
+		txs:       make(chan []*types.Transaction),
+		headers:   make(chan *types.Header),
+		receipts:  receipts,
+		txHashes:  txHashes,
 		installed: make(chan struct{}),
 		err:       make(chan error),
 	}
@@ -415,6 +442,14 @@ func (es *EventSystem) handleChainEvent(filters filterIndex, ev core.ChainEvent)
 	for _, f := range filters[BlocksSubscription] {
 		f.headers <- ev.Header
 	}
+
+	// Handle transaction receipts subscriptions when a new block is added
+	for _, f := range filters[TransactionReceiptsSubscription] {
+		matchedReceipts := filterReceipts(f.txHashes, ev)
+		if len(matchedReceipts) > 0 {
+			f.receipts <- matchedReceipts
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 // eventLoop (un)installs filters and processes mux events.
diff --git a/eth/filters/filter_system_test.go b/eth/filters/filter_system_test.go
index 0048e74995..e5a1a2b25f 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter_system_test.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter_system_test.go
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/filtermaps"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/ethapi"
@@ -781,3 +782,143 @@ func TestPendingTxFilterDeadlock(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+// TestTransactionReceiptsSubscription tests the transaction receipts subscription functionality
+func TestTransactionReceiptsSubscription(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	const txNum = 5
+
+	// Setup test environment
+	var (
+		db           = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+		backend, sys = newTestFilterSystem(db, Config{})
+		api          = NewFilterAPI(sys)
+		key1, _      = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
+		addr1        = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
+		signer       = types.NewLondonSigner(big.NewInt(1))
+		genesis      = &core.Genesis{
+			Alloc:   types.GenesisAlloc{addr1: {Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000000)}}, // 1 ETH
+			Config:  params.TestChainConfig,
+			BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
+		}
+		_, chain, _ = core.GenerateChainWithGenesis(genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), 1, func(i int, gen *core.BlockGen) {
+			// Add transactions to the block
+			for j := 0; j < txNum; j++ {
+				toAddr := common.HexToAddress("0xb794f5ea0ba39494ce83a213fffba74279579268")
+				tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTx(&types.LegacyTx{
+					Nonce:    uint64(j),
+					GasPrice: gen.BaseFee(),
+					Gas:      21000,
+					To:       &toAddr,
+					Value:    big.NewInt(1000),
+					Data:     nil,
+				}), signer, key1)
+				gen.AddTx(tx)
+			}
+		})
+	)
+
+	// Insert the blocks into the chain
+	blockchain, err := core.NewBlockChain(db, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create tester chain: %v", err)
+	}
+	if n, err := blockchain.InsertChain(chain); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("block %d: failed to insert into chain: %v", n, err)
+	}
+
+	// Prepare test data
+	receipts := blockchain.GetReceiptsByHash(chain[0].Hash())
+	if receipts == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get receipts")
+	}
+
+	chainEvent := core.ChainEvent{
+		Header:       chain[0].Header(),
+		Receipts:     receipts,
+		Transactions: chain[0].Transactions(),
+	}
+
+	txHashes := make([]common.Hash, txNum)
+	for i := 0; i < txNum; i++ {
+		txHashes[i] = chain[0].Transactions()[i].Hash()
+	}
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name                    string
+		filterTxHashes          []common.Hash
+		expectedReceiptTxHashes []common.Hash
+		expectError             bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:                    "no filter - should return all receipts",
+			filterTxHashes:          nil,
+			expectedReceiptTxHashes: txHashes,
+			expectError:             false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:                    "single tx hash filter",
+			filterTxHashes:          []common.Hash{txHashes[0]},
+			expectedReceiptTxHashes: []common.Hash{txHashes[0]},
+			expectError:             false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:                    "multiple tx hashes filter",
+			filterTxHashes:          []common.Hash{txHashes[0], txHashes[1], txHashes[2]},
+			expectedReceiptTxHashes: []common.Hash{txHashes[0], txHashes[1], txHashes[2]},
+			expectError:             false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	// Run test cases
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			receiptsChan := make(chan []*ReceiptWithTx)
+			sub := api.events.SubscribeTransactionReceipts(tc.filterTxHashes, receiptsChan)
+
+			// Send chain event
+			backend.chainFeed.Send(chainEvent)
+
+			// Wait for receipts
+			timeout := time.After(1 * time.Second)
+			var receivedReceipts []*types.Receipt
+			for {
+				select {
+				case receiptsWithTx := <-receiptsChan:
+					for _, receiptWithTx := range receiptsWithTx {
+						receivedReceipts = append(receivedReceipts, receiptWithTx.Receipt)
+					}
+				case <-timeout:
+					t.Fatalf("timeout waiting for receipts")
+				}
+				if len(receivedReceipts) >= len(tc.expectedReceiptTxHashes) {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Verify receipt count
+			if len(receivedReceipts) != len(tc.expectedReceiptTxHashes) {
+				t.Errorf("Expected %d receipts, got %d", len(tc.expectedReceiptTxHashes), len(receivedReceipts))
+			}
+
+			// Verify specific transaction hashes are present
+			if tc.expectedReceiptTxHashes != nil {
+				receivedHashes := make(map[common.Hash]bool)
+				for _, receipt := range receivedReceipts {
+					receivedHashes[receipt.TxHash] = true
+				}
+
+				for _, expectedHash := range tc.expectedReceiptTxHashes {
+					if !receivedHashes[expectedHash] {
+						t.Errorf("Expected receipt for tx %x not found", expectedHash)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Cleanup
+			sub.Unsubscribe()
+			<-sub.Err()
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index c3f267027c..a2cb28d3b2 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ func (api *BlockChainAPI) GetBlockReceipts(ctx context.Context, blockNrOrHash rp
 
 	result := make([]map[string]interface{}, len(receipts))
 	for i, receipt := range receipts {
-		result[i] = marshalReceipt(receipt, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), signer, txs[i], i)
+		result[i] = MarshalReceipt(receipt, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), signer, txs[i], i)
 	}
 	return result, nil
 }
@@ -1488,11 +1488,11 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) GetTransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, hash commo
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	// Derive the sender.
-	return marshalReceipt(receipt, blockHash, blockNumber, api.signer, tx, int(index)), nil
+	return MarshalReceipt(receipt, blockHash, blockNumber, api.signer, tx, int(index)), nil
 }
 
-// marshalReceipt marshals a transaction receipt into a JSON object.
-func marshalReceipt(receipt *types.Receipt, blockHash common.Hash, blockNumber uint64, signer types.Signer, tx *types.Transaction, txIndex int) map[string]interface{} {
+// MarshalReceipt marshals a transaction receipt into a JSON object.
+func MarshalReceipt(receipt *types.Receipt, blockHash common.Hash, blockNumber uint64, signer types.Signer, tx *types.Transaction, txIndex int) map[string]interface{} {
 	from, _ := types.Sender(signer, tx)
 
 	fields := map[string]interface{}{

From 4d6d5a3abf7753009255749407c32aefbf3bff78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Oct 2025 07:40:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 235/470] core/txpool/legacypool: fix validTxMeter to count
 transactions (#32845)

invalidTxMeter was counting txs, while validTxMeter was counting
accounts. Better make the two comparable.

---------

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go | 17 ++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
index 80a9faf23f..e199d21c7a 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
@@ -984,17 +984,24 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) Add(txs []*types.Transaction, sync bool) []error {
 
 // addTxsLocked attempts to queue a batch of transactions if they are valid.
 // The transaction pool lock must be held.
+// Returns the error for each tx, and the set of accounts that might became promotable.
 func (pool *LegacyPool) addTxsLocked(txs []*types.Transaction) ([]error, *accountSet) {
-	dirty := newAccountSet(pool.signer)
-	errs := make([]error, len(txs))
+	var (
+		dirty = newAccountSet(pool.signer)
+		errs  = make([]error, len(txs))
+		valid int64
+	)
 	for i, tx := range txs {
 		replaced, err := pool.add(tx)
 		errs[i] = err
-		if err == nil && !replaced {
-			dirty.addTx(tx)
+		if err == nil {
+			if !replaced {
+				dirty.addTx(tx)
+			}
+			valid++
 		}
 	}
-	validTxMeter.Mark(int64(len(dirty.accounts)))
+	validTxMeter.Mark(valid)
 	return errs, dirty
 }
 

From ed264a1f198ea4172b4f2fe622bae5987f114561 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Oct 2025 13:48:25 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 236/470] eth/protocols/snap: optimize incHash (#32748)

---
 eth/protocols/snap/range.go | 11 +++++++----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/protocols/snap/range.go b/eth/protocols/snap/range.go
index 8c98c71d50..f32cca8d23 100644
--- a/eth/protocols/snap/range.go
+++ b/eth/protocols/snap/range.go
@@ -74,8 +74,11 @@ func (r *hashRange) End() common.Hash {
 
 // incHash returns the next hash, in lexicographical order (a.k.a plus one)
 func incHash(h common.Hash) common.Hash {
-	var a uint256.Int
-	a.SetBytes32(h[:])
-	a.AddUint64(&a, 1)
-	return common.Hash(a.Bytes32())
+	for i := len(h) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		h[i]++
+		if h[i] != 0 {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	return h
 }

From de24450dbf0887032eacdee7da130b5e038be5cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Oct 2025 14:51:27 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 237/470] core/rawdb, triedb/pathdb: introduce trienode history
 (#32596)

It's a pull request based on the #32523 , implementing the structure of
trienode history.
---
 core/rawdb/accessors_history.go        |  95 +++-
 core/rawdb/accessors_state.go          |  73 +++
 core/rawdb/ancient_scheme.go           |  50 +-
 core/rawdb/schema.go                   |  43 +-
 triedb/pathdb/database.go              |   4 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history.go               |  57 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_index.go         |  12 +
 triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go       |  76 ++-
 triedb/pathdb/history_state.go         |   6 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go    |  20 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go      | 730 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go | 736 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 triedb/pathdb/metrics.go               |  19 +-
 13 files changed, 1850 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
 create mode 100644 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go

diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_history.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_history.go
index cf1073f387..95a8907edc 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_history.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_history.go
@@ -46,6 +46,27 @@ func DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter) {
 	}
 }
 
+// ReadTrienodeHistoryIndexMetadata retrieves the metadata of trienode history index.
+func ReadTrienodeHistoryIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueReader) []byte {
+	data, _ := db.Get(headTrienodeHistoryIndexKey)
+	return data
+}
+
+// WriteTrienodeHistoryIndexMetadata stores the metadata of trienode history index
+// into database.
+func WriteTrienodeHistoryIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, blob []byte) {
+	if err := db.Put(headTrienodeHistoryIndexKey, blob); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to store the metadata of trienode history index", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// DeleteTrienodeHistoryIndexMetadata removes the metadata of trienode history index.
+func DeleteTrienodeHistoryIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter) {
+	if err := db.Delete(headTrienodeHistoryIndexKey); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to delete the metadata of trienode history index", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
 // ReadAccountHistoryIndex retrieves the account history index with the provided
 // account address.
 func ReadAccountHistoryIndex(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, addressHash common.Hash) []byte {
@@ -95,6 +116,30 @@ func DeleteStorageHistoryIndex(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, addressHash common.Hash,
 	}
 }
 
+// ReadTrienodeHistoryIndex retrieves the trienode history index with the provided
+// account address and storage key hash.
+func ReadTrienodeHistoryIndex(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, addressHash common.Hash, path []byte) []byte {
+	data, err := db.Get(trienodeHistoryIndexKey(addressHash, path))
+	if err != nil || len(data) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return data
+}
+
+// WriteTrienodeHistoryIndex writes the provided trienode history index into database.
+func WriteTrienodeHistoryIndex(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, addressHash common.Hash, path []byte, data []byte) {
+	if err := db.Put(trienodeHistoryIndexKey(addressHash, path), data); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to store trienode history index", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// DeleteTrienodeHistoryIndex deletes the specified trienode index from the database.
+func DeleteTrienodeHistoryIndex(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, addressHash common.Hash, path []byte) {
+	if err := db.Delete(trienodeHistoryIndexKey(addressHash, path)); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to delete trienode history index", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
 // ReadAccountHistoryIndexBlock retrieves the index block with the provided
 // account address along with the block id.
 func ReadAccountHistoryIndexBlock(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, addressHash common.Hash, blockID uint32) []byte {
@@ -143,6 +188,30 @@ func DeleteStorageHistoryIndexBlock(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, addressHash common.
 	}
 }
 
+// ReadTrienodeHistoryIndexBlock retrieves the index block with the provided state
+// identifier along with the block id.
+func ReadTrienodeHistoryIndexBlock(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, addressHash common.Hash, path []byte, blockID uint32) []byte {
+	data, err := db.Get(trienodeHistoryIndexBlockKey(addressHash, path, blockID))
+	if err != nil || len(data) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return data
+}
+
+// WriteTrienodeHistoryIndexBlock writes the provided index block into database.
+func WriteTrienodeHistoryIndexBlock(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, addressHash common.Hash, path []byte, id uint32, data []byte) {
+	if err := db.Put(trienodeHistoryIndexBlockKey(addressHash, path, id), data); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to store trienode index block", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// DeleteTrienodeHistoryIndexBlock deletes the specified index block from the database.
+func DeleteTrienodeHistoryIndexBlock(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, addressHash common.Hash, path []byte, id uint32) {
+	if err := db.Delete(trienodeHistoryIndexBlockKey(addressHash, path, id)); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to delete trienode index block", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
 // increaseKey increase the input key by one bit. Return nil if the entire
 // addition operation overflows.
 func increaseKey(key []byte) []byte {
@@ -155,14 +224,26 @@ func increaseKey(key []byte) []byte {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// DeleteStateHistoryIndex completely removes all history indexing data, including
+// DeleteStateHistoryIndexes completely removes all history indexing data, including
 // indexes for accounts and storages.
-//
-// Note, this method assumes the storage space with prefix `StateHistoryIndexPrefix`
-// is exclusively occupied by the history indexing data!
-func DeleteStateHistoryIndex(db ethdb.KeyValueRangeDeleter) {
-	start := StateHistoryIndexPrefix
-	limit := increaseKey(bytes.Clone(StateHistoryIndexPrefix))
+func DeleteStateHistoryIndexes(db ethdb.KeyValueRangeDeleter) {
+	DeleteHistoryByRange(db, StateHistoryAccountMetadataPrefix)
+	DeleteHistoryByRange(db, StateHistoryStorageMetadataPrefix)
+	DeleteHistoryByRange(db, StateHistoryAccountBlockPrefix)
+	DeleteHistoryByRange(db, StateHistoryStorageBlockPrefix)
+}
+
+// DeleteTrienodeHistoryIndexes completely removes all trienode history indexing data.
+func DeleteTrienodeHistoryIndexes(db ethdb.KeyValueRangeDeleter) {
+	DeleteHistoryByRange(db, TrienodeHistoryMetadataPrefix)
+	DeleteHistoryByRange(db, TrienodeHistoryBlockPrefix)
+}
+
+// DeleteHistoryByRange completely removes all database entries with the specific prefix.
+// Note, this method assumes the space with the given prefix is exclusively occupied!
+func DeleteHistoryByRange(db ethdb.KeyValueRangeDeleter, prefix []byte) {
+	start := prefix
+	limit := increaseKey(bytes.Clone(prefix))
 
 	// Try to remove the data in the range by a loop, as the leveldb
 	// doesn't support the native range deletion.
diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go
index 46aa5fd070..298ad04f40 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go
@@ -299,3 +299,76 @@ func WriteStateHistory(db ethdb.AncientWriter, id uint64, meta []byte, accountIn
 	})
 	return err
 }
+
+// ReadTrienodeHistory retrieves the trienode history corresponding to the specified id.
+// Compute the position of trienode history in freezer by minus one since the id of first
+// trienode history starts from one(zero for initial state).
+func ReadTrienodeHistory(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) ([]byte, []byte, []byte, error) {
+	header, err := db.Ancient(trienodeHistoryHeaderTable, id-1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	keySection, err := db.Ancient(trienodeHistoryKeySectionTable, id-1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	valueSection, err := db.Ancient(trienodeHistoryValueSectionTable, id-1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	return header, keySection, valueSection, nil
+}
+
+// ReadTrienodeHistoryHeader retrieves the header section of trienode history.
+func ReadTrienodeHistoryHeader(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	return db.Ancient(trienodeHistoryHeaderTable, id-1)
+}
+
+// ReadTrienodeHistoryKeySection retrieves the key section of trienode history.
+func ReadTrienodeHistoryKeySection(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	return db.Ancient(trienodeHistoryKeySectionTable, id-1)
+}
+
+// ReadTrienodeHistoryValueSection retrieves the value section of trienode history.
+func ReadTrienodeHistoryValueSection(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	return db.Ancient(trienodeHistoryValueSectionTable, id-1)
+}
+
+// ReadTrienodeHistoryList retrieves the a list of trienode history corresponding
+// to the specified range.
+// Compute the position of trienode history in freezer by minus one since the id
+// of first trienode history starts from one(zero for initial state).
+func ReadTrienodeHistoryList(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, start uint64, count uint64) ([][]byte, [][]byte, [][]byte, error) {
+	header, err := db.AncientRange(trienodeHistoryHeaderTable, start-1, count, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	keySection, err := db.AncientRange(trienodeHistoryKeySectionTable, start-1, count, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	valueSection, err := db.AncientRange(trienodeHistoryValueSectionTable, start-1, count, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	if len(header) != len(keySection) || len(header) != len(valueSection) {
+		return nil, nil, nil, errors.New("trienode history is corrupted")
+	}
+	return header, keySection, valueSection, nil
+}
+
+// WriteTrienodeHistory writes the provided trienode history to database.
+// Compute the position of trienode history in freezer by minus one since
+// the id of first state history starts from one(zero for initial state).
+func WriteTrienodeHistory(db ethdb.AncientWriter, id uint64, header []byte, keySection []byte, valueSection []byte) error {
+	_, err := db.ModifyAncients(func(op ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error {
+		if err := op.AppendRaw(trienodeHistoryHeaderTable, id-1, header); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := op.AppendRaw(trienodeHistoryKeySectionTable, id-1, keySection); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return op.AppendRaw(trienodeHistoryValueSectionTable, id-1, valueSection)
+	})
+	return err
+}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/ancient_scheme.go b/core/rawdb/ancient_scheme.go
index 1ffebed3e7..afec7848c8 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/ancient_scheme.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/ancient_scheme.go
@@ -75,15 +75,38 @@ var stateFreezerTableConfigs = map[string]freezerTableConfig{
 	stateHistoryStorageData:  {noSnappy: false, prunable: true},
 }
 
+const (
+	trienodeHistoryHeaderTable       = "trienode.header"
+	trienodeHistoryKeySectionTable   = "trienode.key"
+	trienodeHistoryValueSectionTable = "trienode.value"
+)
+
+// trienodeFreezerTableConfigs configures the settings for tables in the trienode freezer.
+var trienodeFreezerTableConfigs = map[string]freezerTableConfig{
+	trienodeHistoryHeaderTable: {noSnappy: false, prunable: true},
+
+	// Disable snappy compression to allow efficient partial read.
+	trienodeHistoryKeySectionTable: {noSnappy: true, prunable: true},
+
+	// Disable snappy compression to allow efficient partial read.
+	trienodeHistoryValueSectionTable: {noSnappy: true, prunable: true},
+}
+
 // The list of identifiers of ancient stores.
 var (
-	ChainFreezerName       = "chain"        // the folder name of chain segment ancient store.
-	MerkleStateFreezerName = "state"        // the folder name of state history ancient store.
-	VerkleStateFreezerName = "state_verkle" // the folder name of state history ancient store.
+	ChainFreezerName          = "chain"           // the folder name of chain segment ancient store.
+	MerkleStateFreezerName    = "state"           // the folder name of state history ancient store.
+	VerkleStateFreezerName    = "state_verkle"    // the folder name of state history ancient store.
+	MerkleTrienodeFreezerName = "trienode"        // the folder name of trienode history ancient store.
+	VerkleTrienodeFreezerName = "trienode_verkle" // the folder name of trienode history ancient store.
 )
 
 // freezers the collections of all builtin freezers.
-var freezers = []string{ChainFreezerName, MerkleStateFreezerName, VerkleStateFreezerName}
+var freezers = []string{
+	ChainFreezerName,
+	MerkleStateFreezerName, VerkleStateFreezerName,
+	MerkleTrienodeFreezerName, VerkleTrienodeFreezerName,
+}
 
 // NewStateFreezer initializes the ancient store for state history.
 //
@@ -103,3 +126,22 @@ func NewStateFreezer(ancientDir string, verkle bool, readOnly bool) (ethdb.Reset
 	}
 	return newResettableFreezer(name, "eth/db/state", readOnly, stateHistoryTableSize, stateFreezerTableConfigs)
 }
+
+// NewTrienodeFreezer initializes the ancient store for trienode history.
+//
+//   - if the empty directory is given, initializes the pure in-memory
+//     trienode freezer (e.g. dev mode).
+//   - if non-empty directory is given, initializes the regular file-based
+//     trienode freezer.
+func NewTrienodeFreezer(ancientDir string, verkle bool, readOnly bool) (ethdb.ResettableAncientStore, error) {
+	if ancientDir == "" {
+		return NewMemoryFreezer(readOnly, trienodeFreezerTableConfigs), nil
+	}
+	var name string
+	if verkle {
+		name = filepath.Join(ancientDir, VerkleTrienodeFreezerName)
+	} else {
+		name = filepath.Join(ancientDir, MerkleTrienodeFreezerName)
+	}
+	return newResettableFreezer(name, "eth/db/trienode", readOnly, stateHistoryTableSize, trienodeFreezerTableConfigs)
+}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/schema.go b/core/rawdb/schema.go
index 9a17e1c173..d9140c5fd6 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/schema.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/schema.go
@@ -80,6 +80,10 @@ var (
 	// been indexed.
 	headStateHistoryIndexKey = []byte("LastStateHistoryIndex")
 
+	// headTrienodeHistoryIndexKey tracks the ID of the latest state history that has
+	// been indexed.
+	headTrienodeHistoryIndexKey = []byte("LastTrienodeHistoryIndex")
+
 	// txIndexTailKey tracks the oldest block whose transactions have been indexed.
 	txIndexTailKey = []byte("TransactionIndexTail")
 
@@ -125,8 +129,10 @@ var (
 	StateHistoryIndexPrefix           = []byte("m")   // The global prefix of state history index data
 	StateHistoryAccountMetadataPrefix = []byte("ma")  // StateHistoryAccountMetadataPrefix + account address hash => account metadata
 	StateHistoryStorageMetadataPrefix = []byte("ms")  // StateHistoryStorageMetadataPrefix + account address hash + storage slot hash => slot metadata
+	TrienodeHistoryMetadataPrefix     = []byte("mt")  // TrienodeHistoryMetadataPrefix + account address hash + trienode path => trienode metadata
 	StateHistoryAccountBlockPrefix    = []byte("mba") // StateHistoryAccountBlockPrefix + account address hash + blockID => account block
 	StateHistoryStorageBlockPrefix    = []byte("mbs") // StateHistoryStorageBlockPrefix + account address hash + storage slot hash + blockID => slot block
+	TrienodeHistoryBlockPrefix        = []byte("mbt") // TrienodeHistoryBlockPrefix + account address hash + trienode path + blockID => trienode block
 
 	// VerklePrefix is the database prefix for Verkle trie data, which includes:
 	// (a) Trie nodes
@@ -395,27 +401,34 @@ func storageHistoryIndexKey(addressHash common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash) []
 	return out
 }
 
+// trienodeHistoryIndexKey = TrienodeHistoryMetadataPrefix + addressHash + trienode path
+func trienodeHistoryIndexKey(addressHash common.Hash, path []byte) []byte {
+	totalLen := len(TrienodeHistoryMetadataPrefix) + common.HashLength + len(path)
+	out := make([]byte, totalLen)
+
+	off := 0
+	off += copy(out[off:], TrienodeHistoryMetadataPrefix)
+	off += copy(out[off:], addressHash.Bytes())
+	copy(out[off:], path)
+
+	return out
+}
+
 // accountHistoryIndexBlockKey = StateHistoryAccountBlockPrefix + addressHash + blockID
 func accountHistoryIndexBlockKey(addressHash common.Hash, blockID uint32) []byte {
-	var buf4 [4]byte
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(buf4[:], blockID)
-
 	totalLen := len(StateHistoryAccountBlockPrefix) + common.HashLength + 4
 	out := make([]byte, totalLen)
 
 	off := 0
 	off += copy(out[off:], StateHistoryAccountBlockPrefix)
 	off += copy(out[off:], addressHash.Bytes())
-	copy(out[off:], buf4[:])
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(out[off:], blockID)
 
 	return out
 }
 
 // storageHistoryIndexBlockKey = StateHistoryStorageBlockPrefix + addressHash + storageHash + blockID
 func storageHistoryIndexBlockKey(addressHash common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash, blockID uint32) []byte {
-	var buf4 [4]byte
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(buf4[:], blockID)
-
 	totalLen := len(StateHistoryStorageBlockPrefix) + 2*common.HashLength + 4
 	out := make([]byte, totalLen)
 
@@ -423,7 +436,21 @@ func storageHistoryIndexBlockKey(addressHash common.Hash, storageHash common.Has
 	off += copy(out[off:], StateHistoryStorageBlockPrefix)
 	off += copy(out[off:], addressHash.Bytes())
 	off += copy(out[off:], storageHash.Bytes())
-	copy(out[off:], buf4[:])
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(out[off:], blockID)
+
+	return out
+}
+
+// trienodeHistoryIndexBlockKey = TrienodeHistoryBlockPrefix + addressHash + trienode path + blockID
+func trienodeHistoryIndexBlockKey(addressHash common.Hash, path []byte, blockID uint32) []byte {
+	totalLen := len(TrienodeHistoryBlockPrefix) + common.HashLength + len(path) + 4
+	out := make([]byte, totalLen)
+
+	off := 0
+	off += copy(out[off:], TrienodeHistoryBlockPrefix)
+	off += copy(out[off:], addressHash.Bytes())
+	off += copy(out[off:], path)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(out[off:], blockID)
 
 	return out
 }
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/database.go b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
index 546d2e0301..9fc65de277 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ func (db *Database) repairHistory() error {
 			// Purge all state history indexing data first
 			batch := db.diskdb.NewBatch()
 			rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(batch)
-			rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndex(batch)
+			rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexes(batch)
 			if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
 				log.Crit("Failed to purge state history index", "err", err)
 			}
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ func (db *Database) Enable(root common.Hash) error {
 		// Purge all state history indexing data first
 		batch.Reset()
 		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(batch)
-		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndex(batch)
+		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexes(batch)
 		if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history.go b/triedb/pathdb/history.go
index 81b843d9f1..d78999f218 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history.go
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ type historyType uint8
 const (
 	// typeStateHistory indicates history data related to account or storage changes.
 	typeStateHistory historyType = 0
+
+	// typeTrienodeHistory indicates history data related to trie node changes.
+	typeTrienodeHistory historyType = 1
 )
 
 // String returns the string format representation.
@@ -39,6 +42,8 @@ func (h historyType) String() string {
 	switch h {
 	case typeStateHistory:
 		return "state"
+	case typeTrienodeHistory:
+		return "trienode"
 	default:
 		return fmt.Sprintf("unknown type: %d", h)
 	}
@@ -48,8 +53,9 @@ func (h historyType) String() string {
 type elementType uint8
 
 const (
-	typeAccount elementType = 0 // represents the account data
-	typeStorage elementType = 1 // represents the storage slot data
+	typeAccount  elementType = 0 // represents the account data
+	typeStorage  elementType = 1 // represents the storage slot data
+	typeTrienode elementType = 2 // represents the trie node data
 )
 
 // String returns the string format representation.
@@ -59,6 +65,8 @@ func (e elementType) String() string {
 		return "account"
 	case typeStorage:
 		return "storage"
+	case typeTrienode:
+		return "trienode"
 	default:
 		return fmt.Sprintf("unknown element type: %d", e)
 	}
@@ -69,11 +77,14 @@ func toHistoryType(typ elementType) historyType {
 	if typ == typeAccount || typ == typeStorage {
 		return typeStateHistory
 	}
+	if typ == typeTrienode {
+		return typeTrienodeHistory
+	}
 	panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown element type %v", typ))
 }
 
 // stateIdent represents the identifier of a state element, which can be
-// an account or a storage slot.
+// an account, a storage slot or a trienode.
 type stateIdent struct {
 	typ elementType
 
@@ -91,6 +102,12 @@ type stateIdent struct {
 	//
 	// This field is null if the identifier refers to an account or a trie node.
 	storageHash common.Hash
+
+	// The trie node path within the trie.
+	//
+	// This field is null if the identifier refers to an account or a storage slot.
+	// String type is chosen to make stateIdent comparable.
+	path string
 }
 
 // String returns the string format state identifier.
@@ -98,7 +115,10 @@ func (ident stateIdent) String() string {
 	if ident.typ == typeAccount {
 		return ident.addressHash.Hex()
 	}
-	return ident.addressHash.Hex() + ident.storageHash.Hex()
+	if ident.typ == typeStorage {
+		return ident.addressHash.Hex() + ident.storageHash.Hex()
+	}
+	return ident.addressHash.Hex() + ident.path
 }
 
 // newAccountIdent constructs a state identifier for an account.
@@ -120,8 +140,18 @@ func newStorageIdent(addressHash common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash) stateIden
 	}
 }
 
-// stateIdentQuery is the extension of stateIdent by adding the account address
-// and raw storage key.
+// newTrienodeIdent constructs a state identifier for a trie node.
+// The address denotes the address hash of the associated account;
+// the path denotes the path of the node within the trie;
+func newTrienodeIdent(addressHash common.Hash, path string) stateIdent {
+	return stateIdent{
+		typ:         typeTrienode,
+		addressHash: addressHash,
+		path:        path,
+	}
+}
+
+// stateIdentQuery is the extension of stateIdent by adding the raw storage key.
 type stateIdentQuery struct {
 	stateIdent
 
@@ -150,8 +180,19 @@ func newStorageIdentQuery(address common.Address, addressHash common.Hash, stora
 	}
 }
 
-// history defines the interface of historical data, implemented by stateHistory
-// and trienodeHistory (in the near future).
+// newTrienodeIdentQuery constructs a state identifier for a trie node.
+// the addressHash denotes the address hash of the associated account;
+// the path denotes the path of the node within the trie;
+//
+// nolint:unused
+func newTrienodeIdentQuery(addrHash common.Hash, path []byte) stateIdentQuery {
+	return stateIdentQuery{
+		stateIdent: newTrienodeIdent(addrHash, string(path)),
+	}
+}
+
+// history defines the interface of historical data, shared by stateHistory
+// and trienodeHistory.
 type history interface {
 	// typ returns the historical data type held in the history.
 	typ() historyType
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
index 47cee9820d..5b4c91d7e6 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
@@ -376,6 +376,8 @@ func readStateIndex(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueReader) []byte {
 		return rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash)
 	case typeStorage:
 		return rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash)
+	case typeTrienode:
+		return rawdb.ReadTrienodeHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash, []byte(ident.path))
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
 	}
@@ -389,6 +391,8 @@ func writeStateIndex(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, data []byte) {
 		rawdb.WriteAccountHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash, data)
 	case typeStorage:
 		rawdb.WriteStorageHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash, data)
+	case typeTrienode:
+		rawdb.WriteTrienodeHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash, []byte(ident.path), data)
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
 	}
@@ -402,6 +406,8 @@ func deleteStateIndex(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueWriter) {
 		rawdb.DeleteAccountHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash)
 	case typeStorage:
 		rawdb.DeleteStorageHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash)
+	case typeTrienode:
+		rawdb.DeleteTrienodeHistoryIndex(db, ident.addressHash, []byte(ident.path))
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
 	}
@@ -415,6 +421,8 @@ func readStateIndexBlock(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueReader, id uint32) [
 		return rawdb.ReadAccountHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, id)
 	case typeStorage:
 		return rawdb.ReadStorageHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash, id)
+	case typeTrienode:
+		return rawdb.ReadTrienodeHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, []byte(ident.path), id)
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
 	}
@@ -428,6 +436,8 @@ func writeStateIndexBlock(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, id uint32,
 		rawdb.WriteAccountHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, id, data)
 	case typeStorage:
 		rawdb.WriteStorageHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash, id, data)
+	case typeTrienode:
+		rawdb.WriteTrienodeHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, []byte(ident.path), id, data)
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
 	}
@@ -441,6 +451,8 @@ func deleteStateIndexBlock(ident stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, id uint32)
 		rawdb.DeleteAccountHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, id)
 	case typeStorage:
 		rawdb.DeleteStorageHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, ident.storageHash, id)
+	case typeTrienode:
+		rawdb.DeleteTrienodeHistoryIndexBlock(db, ident.addressHash, []byte(ident.path), id)
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown type: %v", ident.typ))
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
index d618585929..368ff78d41 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
@@ -36,8 +36,10 @@ const (
 	// The batch size for reading state histories
 	historyReadBatch = 1000
 
-	stateIndexV0      = uint8(0)     // initial version of state index structure
-	stateIndexVersion = stateIndexV0 // the current state index version
+	stateHistoryIndexV0         = uint8(0)               // initial version of state index structure
+	stateHistoryIndexVersion    = stateHistoryIndexV0    // the current state index version
+	trienodeHistoryIndexV0      = uint8(0)               // initial version of trienode index structure
+	trienodeHistoryIndexVersion = trienodeHistoryIndexV0 // the current trienode index version
 )
 
 // indexVersion returns the latest index version for the given history type.
@@ -45,7 +47,9 @@ const (
 func indexVersion(typ historyType) uint8 {
 	switch typ {
 	case typeStateHistory:
-		return stateIndexVersion
+		return stateHistoryIndexVersion
+	case typeTrienodeHistory:
+		return trienodeHistoryIndexVersion
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown history type: %d", typ))
 	}
@@ -63,6 +67,8 @@ func loadIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, typ historyType) *indexMetadata
 	switch typ {
 	case typeStateHistory:
 		blob = rawdb.ReadStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db)
+	case typeTrienodeHistory:
+		blob = rawdb.ReadTrienodeHistoryIndexMetadata(db)
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown history type %d", typ))
 	}
@@ -90,6 +96,8 @@ func storeIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, typ historyType, last uint64) {
 	switch typ {
 	case typeStateHistory:
 		rawdb.WriteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db, blob)
+	case typeTrienodeHistory:
+		rawdb.WriteTrienodeHistoryIndexMetadata(db, blob)
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown history type %d", typ))
 	}
@@ -101,6 +109,8 @@ func deleteIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, typ historyType) {
 	switch typ {
 	case typeStateHistory:
 		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(db)
+	case typeTrienodeHistory:
+		rawdb.DeleteTrienodeHistoryIndexMetadata(db)
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown history type %d", typ))
 	}
@@ -215,7 +225,11 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 func indexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientReader, typ historyType) error {
 	start := time.Now()
 	defer func() {
-		indexHistoryTimer.UpdateSince(start)
+		if typ == typeStateHistory {
+			stateIndexHistoryTimer.UpdateSince(start)
+		} else if typ == typeTrienodeHistory {
+			trienodeIndexHistoryTimer.UpdateSince(start)
+		}
 	}()
 
 	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db, typ)
@@ -234,7 +248,7 @@ func indexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.Ancient
 	if typ == typeStateHistory {
 		h, err = readStateHistory(freezer, historyID)
 	} else {
-		// h, err = readTrienodeHistory(freezer, historyID)
+		h, err = readTrienodeHistory(freezer, historyID)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -253,7 +267,11 @@ func indexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.Ancient
 func unindexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientReader, typ historyType) error {
 	start := time.Now()
 	defer func() {
-		unindexHistoryTimer.UpdateSince(start)
+		if typ == typeStateHistory {
+			stateUnindexHistoryTimer.UpdateSince(start)
+		} else if typ == typeTrienodeHistory {
+			trienodeUnindexHistoryTimer.UpdateSince(start)
+		}
 	}()
 
 	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db, typ)
@@ -272,7 +290,7 @@ func unindexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.Ancie
 	if typ == typeStateHistory {
 		h, err = readStateHistory(freezer, historyID)
 	} else {
-		// h, err = readTrienodeHistory(freezer, historyID)
+		h, err = readTrienodeHistory(freezer, historyID)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -546,13 +564,13 @@ func (i *indexIniter) index(done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32, lastID
 				return
 			}
 		} else {
-			// histories, err = readTrienodeHistories(i.freezer, current, count)
-			// if err != nil {
-			//	// The history read might fall if the history is truncated from
-			//	// head due to revert operation.
-			//	i.log.Error("Failed to read history for indexing", "current", current, "count", count, "err", err)
-			//	return
-			// }
+			histories, err = readTrienodeHistories(i.freezer, current, count)
+			if err != nil {
+				// The history read might fall if the history is truncated from
+				// head due to revert operation.
+				i.log.Error("Failed to read history for indexing", "current", current, "count", count, "err", err)
+				return
+			}
 		}
 		for _, h := range histories {
 			if err := batch.process(h, current); err != nil {
@@ -570,7 +588,7 @@ func (i *indexIniter) index(done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32, lastID
 					done = current - beginID
 				)
 				eta := common.CalculateETA(done, left, time.Since(start))
-				i.log.Info("Indexing state history", "processed", done, "left", left, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)), "eta", common.PrettyDuration(eta))
+				i.log.Info("Indexing history", "processed", done, "left", left, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)), "eta", common.PrettyDuration(eta))
 			}
 		}
 		i.indexed.Store(current - 1) // update indexing progress
@@ -657,6 +675,8 @@ func checkVersion(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, typ historyType) {
 	var blob []byte
 	if typ == typeStateHistory {
 		blob = rawdb.ReadStateHistoryIndexMetadata(disk)
+	} else if typ == typeTrienodeHistory {
+		blob = rawdb.ReadTrienodeHistoryIndexMetadata(disk)
 	} else {
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown history type: %v", typ))
 	}
@@ -666,24 +686,32 @@ func checkVersion(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, typ historyType) {
 		return
 	}
 	// Short circuit if the metadata is found and the version is matched
+	ver := stateHistoryIndexVersion
+	if typ == typeTrienodeHistory {
+		ver = trienodeHistoryIndexVersion
+	}
 	var m indexMetadata
 	err := rlp.DecodeBytes(blob, &m)
-	if err == nil && m.Version == stateIndexVersion {
+	if err == nil && m.Version == ver {
 		return
 	}
 	// Version is not matched, prune the existing data and re-index from scratch
+	batch := disk.NewBatch()
+	if typ == typeStateHistory {
+		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(batch)
+		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexes(batch)
+	} else {
+		rawdb.DeleteTrienodeHistoryIndexMetadata(batch)
+		rawdb.DeleteTrienodeHistoryIndexes(batch)
+	}
+	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to purge history index", "type", typ, "err", err)
+	}
 	version := "unknown"
 	if err == nil {
 		version = fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.Version)
 	}
-
-	batch := disk.NewBatch()
-	rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(batch)
-	rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndex(batch)
-	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
-		log.Crit("Failed to purge state history index", "err", err)
-	}
-	log.Info("Cleaned up obsolete state history index", "version", version, "want", stateIndexVersion)
+	log.Info("Cleaned up obsolete history index", "type", typ, "version", version, "want", version)
 }
 
 // newHistoryIndexer constructs the history indexer and launches the background
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
index 9d1e4dfb09..bc21915dba 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
@@ -605,9 +605,9 @@ func writeStateHistory(writer ethdb.AncientWriter, dl *diffLayer) error {
 	if err := rawdb.WriteStateHistory(writer, dl.stateID(), history.meta.encode(), accountIndex, storageIndex, accountData, storageData); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	historyDataBytesMeter.Mark(int64(dataSize))
-	historyIndexBytesMeter.Mark(int64(indexSize))
-	historyBuildTimeMeter.UpdateSince(start)
+	stateHistoryDataBytesMeter.Mark(int64(dataSize))
+	stateHistoryIndexBytesMeter.Mark(int64(indexSize))
+	stateHistoryBuildTimeMeter.UpdateSince(start)
 	log.Debug("Stored state history", "id", dl.stateID(), "block", dl.block, "data", dataSize, "index", indexSize, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 
 	return nil
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go
index 5718081566..4046fb9640 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_state_test.go
@@ -98,13 +98,13 @@ func testEncodeDecodeStateHistory(t *testing.T, rawStorageKey bool) {
 	if !compareSet(dec.accounts, obj.accounts) {
 		t.Fatal("account data is mismatched")
 	}
-	if !compareStorages(dec.storages, obj.storages) {
+	if !compareMapSet(dec.storages, obj.storages) {
 		t.Fatal("storage data is mismatched")
 	}
 	if !compareList(dec.accountList, obj.accountList) {
 		t.Fatal("account list is mismatched")
 	}
-	if !compareStorageList(dec.storageList, obj.storageList) {
+	if !compareMapList(dec.storageList, obj.storageList) {
 		t.Fatal("storage list is mismatched")
 	}
 }
@@ -292,32 +292,32 @@ func compareList[k comparable](a, b []k) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
-func compareStorages(a, b map[common.Address]map[common.Hash][]byte) bool {
+func compareMapSet[K1 comparable, K2 comparable](a, b map[K1]map[K2][]byte) bool {
 	if len(a) != len(b) {
 		return false
 	}
-	for h, subA := range a {
-		subB, ok := b[h]
+	for key, subsetA := range a {
+		subsetB, ok := b[key]
 		if !ok {
 			return false
 		}
-		if !compareSet(subA, subB) {
+		if !compareSet(subsetA, subsetB) {
 			return false
 		}
 	}
 	return true
 }
 
-func compareStorageList(a, b map[common.Address][]common.Hash) bool {
+func compareMapList[K comparable, V comparable](a, b map[K][]V) bool {
 	if len(a) != len(b) {
 		return false
 	}
-	for h, la := range a {
-		lb, ok := b[h]
+	for key, listA := range a {
+		listB, ok := b[key]
 		if !ok {
 			return false
 		}
-		if !compareList(la, lb) {
+		if !compareList(listA, listB) {
 			return false
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a4459d4ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package pathdb
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"iter"
+	"maps"
+	"math"
+	"slices"
+	"sort"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+)
+
+// Each trie node history entry consists of three parts (stored in three freezer
+// tables according):
+//
+// # Header
+// The header records metadata, including:
+//
+//   - the history version    (1 byte)
+//   - the parent state root  (32 bytes)
+//   - the current state root (32 bytes)
+//   - block number           (8 bytes)
+//
+//   - a lexicographically sorted list of trie IDs
+//   - the corresponding offsets into the key and value sections for each trie data chunk
+//
+// Although some fields (e.g., parent state root, block number) are duplicated
+// between the state history and the trienode history, these two histories
+// operate independently. To ensure each remains self-contained and self-descriptive,
+// we have chosen to maintain these duplicate fields.
+//
+// # Key section
+// The key section stores trie node keys (paths) in a compressed format.
+// It also contains relative offsets into the value section for resolving
+// the corresponding trie node data. Note that these offsets are relative
+// to the data chunk for the trie; the chunk offset must be added to obtain
+// the absolute position.
+//
+// # Value section
+// The value section is a concatenated byte stream of all trie node data.
+// Each trie node can be retrieved using the offset and length specified
+// by its index entry.
+//
+// The header and key sections are sufficient for locating a trie node,
+// while a partial read of the value section is enough to retrieve its data.
+
+// Header section:
+//
+//    +----------+------------------+---------------------+---------------------+-------+------------------+---------------------+---------------------|
+//    | metadata | TrieID(32 bytes) | key offset(4 bytes) | val offset(4 bytes) |  ...  | TrieID(32 bytes) | key offset(4 bytes) | val offset(4 bytes) |
+//    +----------+------------------+---------------------+---------------------+-------+------------------+---------------------+---------------------|
+//
+//
+// Key section:
+//
+//      + restart point                 + restart point (depends on restart interval)
+//     /                               /
+//    +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------+
+//    |  node entry 1 |  node entry 2 |      ...      |  node entry n | trailer |
+//    +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------+
+//     \                             /
+//      +---- restart  block ------+
+//
+// node entry:
+//
+//              +---- key len ----+
+//             /                   \
+//    +-------+---------+-----------+---------+-----------------------+-----------------+
+//    | shared (varint) | not shared (varint) | value length (varlen) | key (varlen)    |
+//    +-----------------+---------------------+-----------------------+-----------------+
+//
+// trailer:
+//
+//      +---- 4-bytes ----+     +---- 4-bytes ----+
+//     /                    \ /                     \
+//    +----------------------+------------------------+-----+--------------------------+
+//    | restart_1 key offset | restart_1 value offset | ... | restart number (4-bytes) |
+//    +----------------------+------------------------+-----+--------------------------+
+//
+// Note: Both the key offset and the value offset are relative to the start of
+// the trie data chunk. To obtain the absolute offset, add the offset of the
+// trie data chunk itself.
+//
+// Value section:
+//
+//    +--------------+--------------+-------+---------------+
+//    |  node data 1 |  node data 2 |  ...  |  node data n  |
+//    +--------------+--------------+-------+---------------+
+//
+// NOTE: All fixed-length integer are big-endian.
+
+const (
+	trienodeHistoryV0           = uint8(0)                    // initial version of node history structure
+	trienodeHistoryVersion      = trienodeHistoryV0           // the default node history version
+	trienodeMetadataSize        = 1 + 2*common.HashLength + 8 // the size of metadata in the history
+	trienodeTrieHeaderSize      = 8 + common.HashLength       // the size of a single trie header in history
+	trienodeDataBlockRestartLen = 16                          // The restart interval length of trie node block
+)
+
+// trienodeMetadata describes the meta data of trienode history.
+type trienodeMetadata struct {
+	version uint8       // version tag of history object
+	parent  common.Hash // prev-state root before the state transition
+	root    common.Hash // post-state root after the state transition
+	block   uint64      // associated block number
+}
+
+// trienodeHistory represents a set of trie node changes resulting from a state
+// transition across the main account trie and all associated storage tries.
+type trienodeHistory struct {
+	meta     *trienodeMetadata                 // Metadata of the history
+	owners   []common.Hash                     // List of trie identifier sorted lexicographically
+	nodeList map[common.Hash][]string          // Set of node paths sorted lexicographically
+	nodes    map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte // Set of original value of trie nodes before state transition
+}
+
+// newTrienodeHistory constructs a trienode history with the provided trie nodes.
+func newTrienodeHistory(root common.Hash, parent common.Hash, block uint64, nodes map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte) *trienodeHistory {
+	nodeList := make(map[common.Hash][]string)
+	for owner, subset := range nodes {
+		keys := sort.StringSlice(slices.Collect(maps.Keys(subset)))
+		keys.Sort()
+		nodeList[owner] = keys
+	}
+	return &trienodeHistory{
+		meta: &trienodeMetadata{
+			version: trienodeHistoryVersion,
+			parent:  parent,
+			root:    root,
+			block:   block,
+		},
+		owners:   slices.SortedFunc(maps.Keys(nodes), common.Hash.Cmp),
+		nodeList: nodeList,
+		nodes:    nodes,
+	}
+}
+
+// sharedLen returns the length of the common prefix shared by a and b.
+func sharedLen(a, b []byte) int {
+	n := min(len(a), len(b))
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		if a[i] != b[i] {
+			return i
+		}
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// typ implements the history interface, returning the historical data type held.
+func (h *trienodeHistory) typ() historyType {
+	return typeTrienodeHistory
+}
+
+// forEach implements the history interface, returning an iterator to traverse the
+// state entries in the history.
+func (h *trienodeHistory) forEach() iter.Seq[stateIdent] {
+	return func(yield func(stateIdent) bool) {
+		for _, owner := range h.owners {
+			for _, path := range h.nodeList[owner] {
+				if !yield(newTrienodeIdent(owner, path)) {
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// encode serializes the contained trie nodes into bytes.
+func (h *trienodeHistory) encode() ([]byte, []byte, []byte, error) {
+	var (
+		buf           = make([]byte, 64)
+		headerSection bytes.Buffer
+		keySection    bytes.Buffer
+		valueSection  bytes.Buffer
+	)
+	binary.Write(&headerSection, binary.BigEndian, h.meta.version) // 1 byte
+	headerSection.Write(h.meta.parent.Bytes())                     // 32 bytes
+	headerSection.Write(h.meta.root.Bytes())                       // 32 bytes
+	binary.Write(&headerSection, binary.BigEndian, h.meta.block)   // 8 byte
+
+	for _, owner := range h.owners {
+		// Fill the header section with offsets at key and value section
+		headerSection.Write(owner.Bytes())                                       // 32 bytes
+		binary.Write(&headerSection, binary.BigEndian, uint32(keySection.Len())) // 4 bytes
+
+		// The offset to the value section is theoretically unnecessary, since the
+		// individual value offset is already tracked in the key section. However,
+		// we still keep it here for two reasons:
+		// - It's cheap to store (only 4 bytes for each trie).
+		// - It can be useful for decoding the trie data when key is not required (e.g., in hash mode).
+		binary.Write(&headerSection, binary.BigEndian, uint32(valueSection.Len())) // 4 bytes
+
+		// Fill the key section with node index
+		var (
+			prevKey   []byte
+			restarts  []uint32
+			prefixLen int
+
+			internalKeyOffset uint32 // key offset for the trie internally
+			internalValOffset uint32 // value offset for the trie internally
+		)
+		for i, path := range h.nodeList[owner] {
+			key := []byte(path)
+			if i%trienodeDataBlockRestartLen == 0 {
+				restarts = append(restarts, internalKeyOffset)
+				restarts = append(restarts, internalValOffset)
+				prefixLen = 0
+			} else {
+				prefixLen = sharedLen(prevKey, key)
+			}
+			value := h.nodes[owner][path]
+
+			// key section
+			n := binary.PutUvarint(buf[0:], uint64(prefixLen))          // key length shared (varint)
+			n += binary.PutUvarint(buf[n:], uint64(len(key)-prefixLen)) // key length not shared (varint)
+			n += binary.PutUvarint(buf[n:], uint64(len(value)))         // value length (varint)
+
+			if _, err := keySection.Write(buf[:n]); err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, nil, err
+			}
+			// unshared key
+			if _, err := keySection.Write(key[prefixLen:]); err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, nil, err
+			}
+			n += len(key) - prefixLen
+			prevKey = key
+
+			// value section
+			if _, err := valueSection.Write(value); err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, nil, err
+			}
+			internalKeyOffset += uint32(n)
+			internalValOffset += uint32(len(value))
+		}
+
+		// Encode trailer, the number of restart sections is len(restarts))/2,
+		// as we track the offsets of both key and value sections.
+		var trailer []byte
+		for _, number := range append(restarts, uint32(len(restarts))/2) {
+			binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(buf[:4], number)
+			trailer = append(trailer, buf[:4]...)
+		}
+		if _, err := keySection.Write(trailer); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	return headerSection.Bytes(), keySection.Bytes(), valueSection.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+// decodeHeader resolves the metadata from the header section. An error
+// should be returned if the header section is corrupted.
+func decodeHeader(data []byte) (*trienodeMetadata, []common.Hash, []uint32, []uint32, error) {
+	if len(data) < trienodeMetadataSize {
+		return nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("trienode history is too small, index size: %d", len(data))
+	}
+	version := data[0]
+	if version != trienodeHistoryVersion {
+		return nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("unregonized trienode history version: %d", version)
+	}
+	parent := common.BytesToHash(data[1 : common.HashLength+1])                          // 32 bytes
+	root := common.BytesToHash(data[common.HashLength+1 : common.HashLength*2+1])        // 32 bytes
+	block := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(data[common.HashLength*2+1 : trienodeMetadataSize]) // 8 bytes
+
+	size := len(data) - trienodeMetadataSize
+	if size%trienodeTrieHeaderSize != 0 {
+		return nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("truncated trienode history data, size %d", len(data))
+	}
+	count := size / trienodeTrieHeaderSize
+
+	var (
+		owners     = make([]common.Hash, 0, count)
+		keyOffsets = make([]uint32, 0, count)
+		valOffsets = make([]uint32, 0, count)
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+		n := trienodeMetadataSize + trienodeTrieHeaderSize*i
+		owner := common.BytesToHash(data[n : n+common.HashLength])
+		if i != 0 && bytes.Compare(owner.Bytes(), owners[i-1].Bytes()) <= 0 {
+			return nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("trienode owners are out of order, prev: %v, cur: %v", owners[i-1], owner)
+		}
+		owners = append(owners, owner)
+
+		// Decode the offset to the key section
+		keyOffset := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(data[n+common.HashLength : n+common.HashLength+4])
+		if i != 0 && keyOffset <= keyOffsets[i-1] {
+			return nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("key offset is out of order, prev: %v, cur: %v", keyOffsets[i-1], keyOffset)
+		}
+		keyOffsets = append(keyOffsets, keyOffset)
+
+		// Decode the offset into the value section. Note that identical value offsets
+		// are valid if the node values in the last trie chunk are all zero (e.g., after
+		// a trie deletion).
+		valOffset := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(data[n+common.HashLength+4 : n+common.HashLength+8])
+		if i != 0 && valOffset < valOffsets[i-1] {
+			return nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("value offset is out of order, prev: %v, cur: %v", valOffsets[i-1], valOffset)
+		}
+		valOffsets = append(valOffsets, valOffset)
+	}
+	return &trienodeMetadata{
+		version: version,
+		parent:  parent,
+		root:    root,
+		block:   block,
+	}, owners, keyOffsets, valOffsets, nil
+}
+
+func decodeSingle(keySection []byte, onValue func([]byte, int, int) error) ([]string, error) {
+	var (
+		prevKey    []byte
+		items      int
+		keyOffsets []uint32
+		valOffsets []uint32
+
+		keyOff int // the key offset within the single trie data
+		valOff int // the value offset within the single trie data
+
+		keys []string
+	)
+	// Decode the number of restart section
+	if len(keySection) < 4 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("key section too short, size: %d", len(keySection))
+	}
+	nRestarts := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(keySection[len(keySection)-4:])
+
+	if len(keySection) < int(8*nRestarts)+4 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("key section too short, restarts: %d, size: %d", nRestarts, len(keySection))
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < int(nRestarts); i++ {
+		o := len(keySection) - 4 - (int(nRestarts)-i)*8
+		keyOffset := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(keySection[o : o+4])
+		if i != 0 && keyOffset <= keyOffsets[i-1] {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("key offset is out of order, prev: %v, cur: %v", keyOffsets[i-1], keyOffset)
+		}
+		keyOffsets = append(keyOffsets, keyOffset)
+
+		// Same value offset is allowed just in case all the trie nodes in the last
+		// section have zero-size value.
+		valOffset := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(keySection[o+4 : o+8])
+		if i != 0 && valOffset < valOffsets[i-1] {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("value offset is out of order, prev: %v, cur: %v", valOffsets[i-1], valOffset)
+		}
+		valOffsets = append(valOffsets, valOffset)
+	}
+	keyLimit := len(keySection) - 4 - int(nRestarts)*8
+
+	// Decode data
+	for keyOff < keyLimit {
+		// Validate the key and value offsets within the single trie data chunk
+		if items%trienodeDataBlockRestartLen == 0 {
+			if keyOff != int(keyOffsets[items/trienodeDataBlockRestartLen]) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("key offset is not matched, recorded: %d, want: %d", keyOffsets[items/trienodeDataBlockRestartLen], keyOff)
+			}
+			if valOff != int(valOffsets[items/trienodeDataBlockRestartLen]) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("value offset is not matched, recorded: %d, want: %d", valOffsets[items/trienodeDataBlockRestartLen], valOff)
+			}
+		}
+		// Resolve the entry from key section
+		nShared, nn := binary.Uvarint(keySection[keyOff:]) // key length shared (varint)
+		keyOff += nn
+		nUnshared, nn := binary.Uvarint(keySection[keyOff:]) // key length not shared (varint)
+		keyOff += nn
+		nValue, nn := binary.Uvarint(keySection[keyOff:]) // value length (varint)
+		keyOff += nn
+
+		// Resolve unshared key
+		if keyOff+int(nUnshared) > len(keySection) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("key length too long, unshared key length: %d, off: %d, section size: %d", nUnshared, keyOff, len(keySection))
+		}
+		unsharedKey := keySection[keyOff : keyOff+int(nUnshared)]
+		keyOff += int(nUnshared)
+
+		// Assemble the full key
+		var key []byte
+		if items%trienodeDataBlockRestartLen == 0 {
+			if nShared != 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected non-zero shared key prefix: %d", nShared)
+			}
+			key = unsharedKey
+		} else {
+			if int(nShared) > len(prevKey) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected shared key prefix: %d, prefix key length: %d", nShared, len(prevKey))
+			}
+			key = append([]byte{}, prevKey[:nShared]...)
+			key = append(key, unsharedKey...)
+		}
+		if items != 0 && bytes.Compare(prevKey, key) >= 0 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("trienode paths are out of order, prev: %v, cur: %v", prevKey, key)
+		}
+		prevKey = key
+
+		// Resolve value
+		if onValue != nil {
+			if err := onValue(key, valOff, valOff+int(nValue)); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+		valOff += int(nValue)
+
+		items++
+		keys = append(keys, string(key))
+	}
+	if keyOff != keyLimit {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("excessive key data after decoding, offset: %d, size: %d", keyOff, keyLimit)
+	}
+	return keys, nil
+}
+
+func decodeSingleWithValue(keySection []byte, valueSection []byte) ([]string, map[string][]byte, error) {
+	var (
+		offset int
+		nodes  = make(map[string][]byte)
+	)
+	paths, err := decodeSingle(keySection, func(key []byte, start int, limit int) error {
+		if start != offset {
+			return fmt.Errorf("gapped value section offset: %d, want: %d", start, offset)
+		}
+		// start == limit is allowed for zero-value trie node (e.g., non-existent node)
+		if start > limit {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid value offsets, start: %d, limit: %d", start, limit)
+		}
+		if start > len(valueSection) || limit > len(valueSection) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("value section out of range: start: %d, limit: %d, size: %d", start, limit, len(valueSection))
+		}
+		nodes[string(key)] = valueSection[start:limit]
+
+		offset = limit
+		return nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	if offset != len(valueSection) {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("excessive value data after decoding, offset: %d, size: %d", offset, len(valueSection))
+	}
+	return paths, nodes, nil
+}
+
+// decode deserializes the contained trie nodes from the provided bytes.
+func (h *trienodeHistory) decode(header []byte, keySection []byte, valueSection []byte) error {
+	metadata, owners, keyOffsets, valueOffsets, err := decodeHeader(header)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	h.meta = metadata
+	h.owners = owners
+	h.nodeList = make(map[common.Hash][]string)
+	h.nodes = make(map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte)
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(owners); i++ {
+		// Resolve the boundary of key section
+		keyStart := keyOffsets[i]
+		keyLimit := len(keySection)
+		if i != len(owners)-1 {
+			keyLimit = int(keyOffsets[i+1])
+		}
+		if int(keyStart) > len(keySection) || keyLimit > len(keySection) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid key offsets: keyStart: %d, keyLimit: %d, size: %d", keyStart, keyLimit, len(keySection))
+		}
+
+		// Resolve the boundary of value section
+		valStart := valueOffsets[i]
+		valLimit := len(valueSection)
+		if i != len(owners)-1 {
+			valLimit = int(valueOffsets[i+1])
+		}
+		if int(valStart) > len(valueSection) || valLimit > len(valueSection) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid value offsets: valueStart: %d, valueLimit: %d, size: %d", valStart, valLimit, len(valueSection))
+		}
+
+		// Decode the key and values for this specific trie
+		paths, nodes, err := decodeSingleWithValue(keySection[keyStart:keyLimit], valueSection[valStart:valLimit])
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		h.nodeList[owners[i]] = paths
+		h.nodes[owners[i]] = nodes
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type iRange struct {
+	start uint32
+	limit uint32
+}
+
+// singleTrienodeHistoryReader provides read access to a single trie within the
+// trienode history. It stores an offset to the trie's position in the history,
+// along with a set of per-node offsets that can be resolved on demand.
+type singleTrienodeHistoryReader struct {
+	id                   uint64
+	reader               ethdb.AncientReader
+	valueRange           iRange            // value range within the total value section
+	valueInternalOffsets map[string]iRange // value offset within the single trie data
+}
+
+func newSingleTrienodeHistoryReader(id uint64, reader ethdb.AncientReader, keyRange iRange, valueRange iRange) (*singleTrienodeHistoryReader, error) {
+	// TODO(rjl493456442) partial freezer read should be supported
+	keyData, err := rawdb.ReadTrienodeHistoryKeySection(reader, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	keyStart := int(keyRange.start)
+	keyLimit := int(keyRange.limit)
+	if keyLimit == math.MaxUint32 {
+		keyLimit = len(keyData)
+	}
+	if len(keyData) < keyStart || len(keyData) < keyLimit {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("key section too short, start: %d, limit: %d, size: %d", keyStart, keyLimit, len(keyData))
+	}
+
+	valueOffsets := make(map[string]iRange)
+	_, err = decodeSingle(keyData[keyStart:keyLimit], func(key []byte, start int, limit int) error {
+		valueOffsets[string(key)] = iRange{
+			start: uint32(start),
+			limit: uint32(limit),
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &singleTrienodeHistoryReader{
+		id:                   id,
+		reader:               reader,
+		valueRange:           valueRange,
+		valueInternalOffsets: valueOffsets,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// read retrieves the trie node data with the provided node path.
+func (sr *singleTrienodeHistoryReader) read(path string) ([]byte, error) {
+	offset, exists := sr.valueInternalOffsets[path]
+	if !exists {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("trienode %v not found", []byte(path))
+	}
+	// TODO(rjl493456442) partial freezer read should be supported
+	valueData, err := rawdb.ReadTrienodeHistoryValueSection(sr.reader, sr.id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(valueData) < int(sr.valueRange.start) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("value section too short, start: %d, size: %d", sr.valueRange.start, len(valueData))
+	}
+	entryStart := sr.valueRange.start + offset.start
+	entryLimit := sr.valueRange.start + offset.limit
+	if len(valueData) < int(entryStart) || len(valueData) < int(entryLimit) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("value section too short, start: %d, limit: %d, size: %d", entryStart, entryLimit, len(valueData))
+	}
+	return valueData[int(entryStart):int(entryLimit)], nil
+}
+
+// trienodeHistoryReader provides read access to node data in the trie node history.
+// It resolves data from the underlying ancient store only when needed, minimizing
+// I/O overhead.
+type trienodeHistoryReader struct {
+	id        uint64                                       // ID of the associated trienode history
+	reader    ethdb.AncientReader                          // Database reader of ancient store
+	keyRanges map[common.Hash]iRange                       // Key ranges identifying trie chunks
+	valRanges map[common.Hash]iRange                       // Value ranges identifying trie chunks
+	iReaders  map[common.Hash]*singleTrienodeHistoryReader // readers for each individual trie chunk
+}
+
+// newTrienodeHistoryReader constructs the reader for specific trienode history.
+func newTrienodeHistoryReader(id uint64, reader ethdb.AncientReader) (*trienodeHistoryReader, error) {
+	r := &trienodeHistoryReader{
+		id:        id,
+		reader:    reader,
+		keyRanges: make(map[common.Hash]iRange),
+		valRanges: make(map[common.Hash]iRange),
+		iReaders:  make(map[common.Hash]*singleTrienodeHistoryReader),
+	}
+	if err := r.decodeHeader(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return r, nil
+}
+
+// decodeHeader decodes the header section of trienode history.
+func (r *trienodeHistoryReader) decodeHeader() error {
+	header, err := rawdb.ReadTrienodeHistoryHeader(r.reader, r.id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	_, owners, keyOffsets, valOffsets, err := decodeHeader(header)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for i, owner := range owners {
+		// Decode the key range for this trie chunk
+		var keyLimit uint32
+		if i == len(owners)-1 {
+			keyLimit = math.MaxUint32
+		} else {
+			keyLimit = keyOffsets[i+1]
+		}
+		r.keyRanges[owner] = iRange{
+			start: keyOffsets[i],
+			limit: keyLimit,
+		}
+
+		// Decode the value range for this trie chunk
+		var valLimit uint32
+		if i == len(owners)-1 {
+			valLimit = math.MaxUint32
+		} else {
+			valLimit = valOffsets[i+1]
+		}
+		r.valRanges[owner] = iRange{
+			start: valOffsets[i],
+			limit: valLimit,
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// read retrieves the trie node data with the provided TrieID and node path.
+func (r *trienodeHistoryReader) read(owner common.Hash, path string) ([]byte, error) {
+	ir, ok := r.iReaders[owner]
+	if !ok {
+		keyRange, exists := r.keyRanges[owner]
+		if !exists {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("trie %x is unknown", owner)
+		}
+		valRange, exists := r.valRanges[owner]
+		if !exists {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("trie %x is unknown", owner)
+		}
+		var err error
+		ir, err = newSingleTrienodeHistoryReader(r.id, r.reader, keyRange, valRange)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		r.iReaders[owner] = ir
+	}
+	return ir.read(path)
+}
+
+// writeTrienodeHistory persists the trienode history associated with the given diff layer.
+// nolint:unused
+func writeTrienodeHistory(writer ethdb.AncientWriter, dl *diffLayer) error {
+	start := time.Now()
+	h := newTrienodeHistory(dl.rootHash(), dl.parent.rootHash(), dl.block, dl.nodes.nodeOrigin)
+	header, keySection, valueSection, err := h.encode()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Write history data into five freezer table respectively.
+	if err := rawdb.WriteTrienodeHistory(writer, dl.stateID(), header, keySection, valueSection); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	trienodeHistoryDataBytesMeter.Mark(int64(len(valueSection)))
+	trienodeHistoryIndexBytesMeter.Mark(int64(len(header) + len(keySection)))
+	trienodeHistoryBuildTimeMeter.UpdateSince(start)
+
+	log.Debug(
+		"Stored trienode history", "id", dl.stateID(), "block", dl.block,
+		"header", common.StorageSize(len(header)),
+		"keySection", common.StorageSize(len(keySection)),
+		"valueSection", common.StorageSize(len(valueSection)),
+		"elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)),
+	)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// readTrienodeMetadata resolves the metadata of the specified trienode history.
+// nolint:unused
+func readTrienodeMetadata(reader ethdb.AncientReader, id uint64) (*trienodeMetadata, error) {
+	header, err := rawdb.ReadTrienodeHistoryHeader(reader, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	metadata, _, _, _, err := decodeHeader(header)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return metadata, nil
+}
+
+// readTrienodeHistory resolves a single trienode history object with specific id.
+func readTrienodeHistory(reader ethdb.AncientReader, id uint64) (*trienodeHistory, error) {
+	header, keySection, valueSection, err := rawdb.ReadTrienodeHistory(reader, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var h trienodeHistory
+	if err := h.decode(header, keySection, valueSection); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &h, nil
+}
+
+// readTrienodeHistories resolves a list of trienode histories with the specific range.
+func readTrienodeHistories(reader ethdb.AncientReader, start uint64, count uint64) ([]history, error) {
+	headers, keySections, valueSections, err := rawdb.ReadTrienodeHistoryList(reader, start, count)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var res []history
+	for i, header := range headers {
+		var h trienodeHistory
+		if err := h.decode(header, keySections[i], valueSections[i]); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		res = append(res, &h)
+	}
+	return res, nil
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d6b80f61f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,736 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package pathdb
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"math/rand"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/testrand"
+)
+
+// randomTrienodes generates a random trienode set.
+func randomTrienodes(n int) (map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte, common.Hash) {
+	var (
+		root  common.Hash
+		nodes = make(map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte)
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		owner := testrand.Hash()
+		if i == 0 {
+			owner = common.Hash{}
+		}
+		nodes[owner] = make(map[string][]byte)
+
+		for j := 0; j < 10; j++ {
+			path := testrand.Bytes(rand.Intn(10))
+			for z := 0; z < len(path); z++ {
+				nodes[owner][string(path[:z])] = testrand.Bytes(rand.Intn(128))
+			}
+		}
+		// zero-size trie node, representing it was non-existent before
+		for j := 0; j < 10; j++ {
+			path := testrand.Bytes(32)
+			nodes[owner][string(path)] = nil
+		}
+		// root node with zero-size path
+		rnode := testrand.Bytes(256)
+		nodes[owner][""] = rnode
+		if owner == (common.Hash{}) {
+			root = crypto.Keccak256Hash(rnode)
+		}
+	}
+	return nodes, root
+}
+
+func makeTrienodeHistory() *trienodeHistory {
+	nodes, root := randomTrienodes(10)
+	return newTrienodeHistory(root, common.Hash{}, 1, nodes)
+}
+
+func makeTrienodeHistories(n int) []*trienodeHistory {
+	var (
+		parent common.Hash
+		result []*trienodeHistory
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		nodes, root := randomTrienodes(10)
+		result = append(result, newTrienodeHistory(root, parent, uint64(i+1), nodes))
+		parent = root
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func TestEncodeDecodeTrienodeHistory(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		dec trienodeHistory
+		obj = makeTrienodeHistory()
+	)
+	header, keySection, valueSection, err := obj.encode()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to encode trienode history: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := dec.decode(header, keySection, valueSection); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to decode trienode history: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(obj.meta, dec.meta) {
+		t.Fatal("trienode metadata is mismatched")
+	}
+	if !compareList(dec.owners, obj.owners) {
+		t.Fatal("trie owner list is mismatched")
+	}
+	if !compareMapList(dec.nodeList, obj.nodeList) {
+		t.Fatal("trienode list is mismatched")
+	}
+	if !compareMapSet(dec.nodes, obj.nodes) {
+		t.Fatal("trienode content is mismatched")
+	}
+
+	// Re-encode again, ensuring the encoded blob still match
+	header2, keySection2, valueSection2, err := dec.encode()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to encode trienode history: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(header, header2) {
+		t.Fatal("re-encoded header is mismatched")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(keySection, keySection2) {
+		t.Fatal("re-encoded key section is mismatched")
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(valueSection, valueSection2) {
+		t.Fatal("re-encoded value section is mismatched")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTrienodeHistoryReader(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		hs         = makeTrienodeHistories(10)
+		freezer, _ = rawdb.NewTrienodeFreezer(t.TempDir(), false, false)
+	)
+	defer freezer.Close()
+
+	for i, h := range hs {
+		header, keySection, valueSection, _ := h.encode()
+		if err := rawdb.WriteTrienodeHistory(freezer, uint64(i+1), header, keySection, valueSection); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to write trienode history: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+	for i, h := range hs {
+		tr, err := newTrienodeHistoryReader(uint64(i+1), freezer)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to construct the history reader: %v", err)
+		}
+		for _, owner := range h.owners {
+			nodes := h.nodes[owner]
+			for key, value := range nodes {
+				blob, err := tr.read(owner, key)
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("Failed to read trienode history: %v", err)
+				}
+				if !bytes.Equal(blob, value) {
+					t.Fatalf("Unexpected trie node data, want: %v, got: %v", value, blob)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	for i, h := range hs {
+		metadata, err := readTrienodeMetadata(freezer, uint64(i+1))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to read trienode history metadata: %v", err)
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(h.meta, metadata) {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected trienode metadata, want: %v, got: %v", h.meta, metadata)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestEmptyTrienodeHistory tests encoding/decoding of empty trienode history
+func TestEmptyTrienodeHistory(t *testing.T) {
+	h := newTrienodeHistory(common.Hash{}, common.Hash{}, 1, make(map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte))
+
+	// Test encoding empty history
+	header, keySection, valueSection, err := h.encode()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to encode empty trienode history: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Verify sections are minimal but valid
+	if len(header) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("Header should not be empty")
+	}
+	if len(keySection) != 0 {
+		t.Fatal("Key section should be empty for empty history")
+	}
+	if len(valueSection) != 0 {
+		t.Fatal("Value section should be empty for empty history")
+	}
+
+	// Test decoding empty history
+	var decoded trienodeHistory
+	if err := decoded.decode(header, keySection, valueSection); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to decode empty trienode history: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(decoded.owners) != 0 {
+		t.Fatal("Decoded history should have no owners")
+	}
+	if len(decoded.nodeList) != 0 {
+		t.Fatal("Decoded history should have no node lists")
+	}
+	if len(decoded.nodes) != 0 {
+		t.Fatal("Decoded history should have no nodes")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSingleTrieHistory tests encoding/decoding of history with single trie
+func TestSingleTrieHistory(t *testing.T) {
+	nodes := make(map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte)
+	owner := testrand.Hash()
+	nodes[owner] = make(map[string][]byte)
+
+	// Add some nodes with various sizes
+	nodes[owner][""] = testrand.Bytes(32)      // empty key
+	nodes[owner]["a"] = testrand.Bytes(1)      // small value
+	nodes[owner]["bb"] = testrand.Bytes(100)   // medium value
+	nodes[owner]["ccc"] = testrand.Bytes(1000) // large value
+	nodes[owner]["dddd"] = testrand.Bytes(0)   // empty value
+
+	h := newTrienodeHistory(common.Hash{}, common.Hash{}, 1, nodes)
+	testEncodeDecode(t, h)
+}
+
+// TestMultipleTries tests multiple tries with different node counts
+func TestMultipleTries(t *testing.T) {
+	nodes := make(map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte)
+
+	// First trie with many small nodes
+	owner1 := testrand.Hash()
+	nodes[owner1] = make(map[string][]byte)
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		key := string(testrand.Bytes(rand.Intn(10)))
+		nodes[owner1][key] = testrand.Bytes(rand.Intn(50))
+	}
+
+	// Second trie with few large nodes
+	owner2 := testrand.Hash()
+	nodes[owner2] = make(map[string][]byte)
+	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+		key := string(testrand.Bytes(rand.Intn(20)))
+		nodes[owner2][key] = testrand.Bytes(1000 + rand.Intn(1000))
+	}
+
+	// Third trie with nil values (zero-size nodes)
+	owner3 := testrand.Hash()
+	nodes[owner3] = make(map[string][]byte)
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		key := string(testrand.Bytes(rand.Intn(15)))
+		nodes[owner3][key] = nil
+	}
+
+	h := newTrienodeHistory(common.Hash{}, common.Hash{}, 1, nodes)
+	testEncodeDecode(t, h)
+}
+
+// TestLargeNodeValues tests encoding/decoding with very large node values
+func TestLargeNodeValues(t *testing.T) {
+	nodes := make(map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte)
+	owner := testrand.Hash()
+	nodes[owner] = make(map[string][]byte)
+
+	// Test with progressively larger values
+	sizes := []int{1024, 10 * 1024, 100 * 1024, 1024 * 1024} // 1KB, 10KB, 100KB, 1MB
+	for _, size := range sizes {
+		key := string(testrand.Bytes(10))
+		nodes[owner][key] = testrand.Bytes(size)
+
+		h := newTrienodeHistory(common.Hash{}, common.Hash{}, 1, nodes)
+		testEncodeDecode(t, h)
+		t.Logf("Successfully tested encoding/decoding with %dKB value", size/1024)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestNilNodeValues tests encoding/decoding with nil (zero-length) node values
+func TestNilNodeValues(t *testing.T) {
+	nodes := make(map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte)
+	owner := testrand.Hash()
+	nodes[owner] = make(map[string][]byte)
+
+	// Mix of nil and non-nil values
+	nodes[owner]["nil"] = nil
+	nodes[owner]["data1"] = []byte("some data")
+	nodes[owner]["data2"] = []byte("more data")
+
+	h := newTrienodeHistory(common.Hash{}, common.Hash{}, 1, nodes)
+	testEncodeDecode(t, h)
+
+	// Verify nil values are preserved
+	_, ok := h.nodes[owner]["nil"]
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("Nil value should be preserved")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCorruptedHeader tests error handling for corrupted header data
+func TestCorruptedHeader(t *testing.T) {
+	h := makeTrienodeHistory()
+	header, keySection, valueSection, _ := h.encode()
+
+	// Test corrupted version
+	corruptedHeader := make([]byte, len(header))
+	copy(corruptedHeader, header)
+	corruptedHeader[0] = 0xFF // Invalid version
+
+	var decoded trienodeHistory
+	if err := decoded.decode(corruptedHeader, keySection, valueSection); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for corrupted version")
+	}
+
+	// Test truncated header
+	truncatedHeader := header[:len(header)-5]
+	if err := decoded.decode(truncatedHeader, keySection, valueSection); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for truncated header")
+	}
+
+	// Test header with invalid trie header size
+	invalidHeader := make([]byte, len(header))
+	copy(invalidHeader, header)
+	invalidHeader = invalidHeader[:trienodeMetadataSize+5] // Not divisible by trie header size
+
+	if err := decoded.decode(invalidHeader, keySection, valueSection); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for invalid header size")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCorruptedKeySection tests error handling for corrupted key section data
+func TestCorruptedKeySection(t *testing.T) {
+	h := makeTrienodeHistory()
+	header, keySection, valueSection, _ := h.encode()
+
+	// Test empty key section when header indicates data
+	if len(keySection) > 0 {
+		var decoded trienodeHistory
+		if err := decoded.decode(header, []byte{}, valueSection); err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("Expected error for empty key section with non-empty header")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Test truncated key section
+	if len(keySection) > 10 {
+		truncatedKeySection := keySection[:len(keySection)-10]
+		var decoded trienodeHistory
+		if err := decoded.decode(header, truncatedKeySection, valueSection); err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("Expected error for truncated key section")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Test corrupted key section with invalid varint
+	corruptedKeySection := make([]byte, len(keySection))
+	copy(corruptedKeySection, keySection)
+	if len(corruptedKeySection) > 5 {
+		corruptedKeySection[5] = 0xFF // Corrupt varint encoding
+		var decoded trienodeHistory
+		if err := decoded.decode(header, corruptedKeySection, valueSection); err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("Expected error for corrupted varint in key section")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCorruptedValueSection tests error handling for corrupted value section data
+func TestCorruptedValueSection(t *testing.T) {
+	h := makeTrienodeHistory()
+	header, keySection, valueSection, _ := h.encode()
+
+	// Test truncated value section
+	if len(valueSection) > 10 {
+		truncatedValueSection := valueSection[:len(valueSection)-10]
+		var decoded trienodeHistory
+		if err := decoded.decode(header, keySection, truncatedValueSection); err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("Expected error for truncated value section")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Test empty value section when key section indicates data exists
+	if len(valueSection) > 0 {
+		var decoded trienodeHistory
+		if err := decoded.decode(header, keySection, []byte{}); err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("Expected error for empty value section with non-empty key section")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInvalidOffsets tests error handling for invalid offsets in encoded data
+func TestInvalidOffsets(t *testing.T) {
+	h := makeTrienodeHistory()
+	header, keySection, valueSection, _ := h.encode()
+
+	// Corrupt key offset in header (make it larger than key section)
+	corruptedHeader := make([]byte, len(header))
+	copy(corruptedHeader, header)
+	corruptedHeader[trienodeMetadataSize+common.HashLength] = 0xff
+
+	var dec1 trienodeHistory
+	if err := dec1.decode(corruptedHeader, keySection, valueSection); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for invalid key offset")
+	}
+
+	// Corrupt value offset in header (make it larger than value section)
+	corruptedHeader = make([]byte, len(header))
+	copy(corruptedHeader, header)
+	corruptedHeader[trienodeMetadataSize+common.HashLength+4] = 0xff
+
+	var dec2 trienodeHistory
+	if err := dec2.decode(corruptedHeader, keySection, valueSection); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for invalid value offset")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTrienodeHistoryReaderNonExistentPath tests reading non-existent paths
+func TestTrienodeHistoryReaderNonExistentPath(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		h          = makeTrienodeHistory()
+		freezer, _ = rawdb.NewTrienodeFreezer(t.TempDir(), false, false)
+	)
+	defer freezer.Close()
+
+	header, keySection, valueSection, _ := h.encode()
+	if err := rawdb.WriteTrienodeHistory(freezer, 1, header, keySection, valueSection); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to write trienode history: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	tr, err := newTrienodeHistoryReader(1, freezer)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to construct history reader: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Try to read a non-existent path
+	_, err = tr.read(testrand.Hash(), "nonexistent")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for non-existent trie owner")
+	}
+
+	// Try to read from existing owner but non-existent path
+	owner := h.owners[0]
+	_, err = tr.read(owner, "nonexistent-path")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for non-existent path")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTrienodeHistoryReaderNilValues tests reading nil (zero-length) values
+func TestTrienodeHistoryReaderNilValues(t *testing.T) {
+	nodes := make(map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte)
+	owner := testrand.Hash()
+	nodes[owner] = make(map[string][]byte)
+
+	// Add some nil values
+	nodes[owner]["nil1"] = nil
+	nodes[owner]["nil2"] = nil
+	nodes[owner]["data1"] = []byte("some data")
+
+	h := newTrienodeHistory(common.Hash{}, common.Hash{}, 1, nodes)
+
+	var freezer, _ = rawdb.NewTrienodeFreezer(t.TempDir(), false, false)
+	defer freezer.Close()
+
+	header, keySection, valueSection, _ := h.encode()
+	if err := rawdb.WriteTrienodeHistory(freezer, 1, header, keySection, valueSection); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to write trienode history: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	tr, err := newTrienodeHistoryReader(1, freezer)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to construct history reader: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Test reading nil values
+	data1, err := tr.read(owner, "nil1")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to read nil value: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(data1) != 0 {
+		t.Fatal("Expected nil data for nil value")
+	}
+
+	data2, err := tr.read(owner, "nil2")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to read nil value: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(data2) != 0 {
+		t.Fatal("Expected nil data for nil value")
+	}
+
+	// Test reading non-nil value
+	data3, err := tr.read(owner, "data1")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to read non-nil value: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(data3, []byte("some data")) {
+		t.Fatal("Data mismatch for non-nil value")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTrienodeHistoryReaderNilKey tests reading nil (zero-length) key
+func TestTrienodeHistoryReaderNilKey(t *testing.T) {
+	nodes := make(map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte)
+	owner := testrand.Hash()
+	nodes[owner] = make(map[string][]byte)
+
+	// Add some nil values
+	nodes[owner][""] = []byte("some data")
+	nodes[owner]["data1"] = []byte("some data")
+
+	h := newTrienodeHistory(common.Hash{}, common.Hash{}, 1, nodes)
+
+	var freezer, _ = rawdb.NewTrienodeFreezer(t.TempDir(), false, false)
+	defer freezer.Close()
+
+	header, keySection, valueSection, _ := h.encode()
+	if err := rawdb.WriteTrienodeHistory(freezer, 1, header, keySection, valueSection); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to write trienode history: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	tr, err := newTrienodeHistoryReader(1, freezer)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to construct history reader: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Test reading nil values
+	data1, err := tr.read(owner, "")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to read nil value: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(data1, []byte("some data")) {
+		t.Fatal("Data mismatch for nil key")
+	}
+
+	// Test reading non-nil value
+	data2, err := tr.read(owner, "data1")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to read non-nil value: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(data2, []byte("some data")) {
+		t.Fatal("Data mismatch for non-nil key")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTrienodeHistoryReaderIterator tests the iterator functionality
+func TestTrienodeHistoryReaderIterator(t *testing.T) {
+	h := makeTrienodeHistory()
+
+	// Count expected entries
+	expectedCount := 0
+	expectedNodes := make(map[stateIdent]bool)
+	for owner, nodeList := range h.nodeList {
+		expectedCount += len(nodeList)
+		for _, node := range nodeList {
+			expectedNodes[stateIdent{
+				typ:         typeTrienode,
+				addressHash: owner,
+				path:        node,
+			}] = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Test the iterator
+	actualCount := 0
+	for x := range h.forEach() {
+		_ = x
+		actualCount++
+	}
+	if actualCount != expectedCount {
+		t.Fatalf("Iterator count mismatch: expected %d, got %d", expectedCount, actualCount)
+	}
+
+	// Test that iterator yields expected state identifiers
+	seen := make(map[stateIdent]bool)
+	for ident := range h.forEach() {
+		if ident.typ != typeTrienode {
+			t.Fatal("Iterator should only yield trienode history identifiers")
+		}
+		key := stateIdent{typ: ident.typ, addressHash: ident.addressHash, path: ident.path}
+		if seen[key] {
+			t.Fatal("Iterator yielded duplicate identifier")
+		}
+		seen[key] = true
+
+		if !expectedNodes[key] {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected yielded identifier %v", key)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSharedLen tests the sharedLen helper function
+func TestSharedLen(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		a, b     []byte
+		expected int
+	}{
+		// Empty strings
+		{[]byte(""), []byte(""), 0},
+		// One empty string
+		{[]byte(""), []byte("abc"), 0},
+		{[]byte("abc"), []byte(""), 0},
+		// No common prefix
+		{[]byte("abc"), []byte("def"), 0},
+		// Partial common prefix
+		{[]byte("abc"), []byte("abx"), 2},
+		{[]byte("prefix"), []byte("pref"), 4},
+		// Complete common prefix (shorter first)
+		{[]byte("ab"), []byte("abcd"), 2},
+		// Complete common prefix (longer first)
+		{[]byte("abcd"), []byte("ab"), 2},
+		// Identical strings
+		{[]byte("identical"), []byte("identical"), 9},
+		// Binary data
+		{[]byte{0x00, 0x01, 0x02}, []byte{0x00, 0x01, 0x03}, 2},
+		// Large strings
+		{bytes.Repeat([]byte("a"), 1000), bytes.Repeat([]byte("a"), 1000), 1000},
+		{bytes.Repeat([]byte("a"), 1000), append(bytes.Repeat([]byte("a"), 999), []byte("b")...), 999},
+	}
+
+	for i, test := range tests {
+		result := sharedLen(test.a, test.b)
+		if result != test.expected {
+			t.Errorf("Test %d: sharedLen(%q, %q) = %d, expected %d",
+				i, test.a, test.b, result, test.expected)
+		}
+		// Test commutativity
+		resultReverse := sharedLen(test.b, test.a)
+		if result != resultReverse {
+			t.Errorf("Test %d: sharedLen is not commutative: sharedLen(a,b)=%d, sharedLen(b,a)=%d",
+				i, result, resultReverse)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDecodeHeaderCorruptedData tests decodeHeader with corrupted data
+func TestDecodeHeaderCorruptedData(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create valid header data first
+	h := makeTrienodeHistory()
+	header, _, _, _ := h.encode()
+
+	// Test with empty header
+	_, _, _, _, err := decodeHeader([]byte{})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for empty header")
+	}
+
+	// Test with invalid version
+	corruptedVersion := make([]byte, len(header))
+	copy(corruptedVersion, header)
+	corruptedVersion[0] = 0xFF
+	_, _, _, _, err = decodeHeader(corruptedVersion)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for invalid version")
+	}
+
+	// Test with truncated header (not divisible by trie header size)
+	truncated := header[:trienodeMetadataSize+5]
+	_, _, _, _, err = decodeHeader(truncated)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for truncated header")
+	}
+
+	// Test with unordered trie owners
+	unordered := make([]byte, len(header))
+	copy(unordered, header)
+
+	// Swap two owner hashes to make them unordered
+	hash1Start := trienodeMetadataSize
+	hash2Start := trienodeMetadataSize + trienodeTrieHeaderSize
+	hash1 := unordered[hash1Start : hash1Start+common.HashLength]
+	hash2 := unordered[hash2Start : hash2Start+common.HashLength]
+
+	// Only swap if they would be out of order
+	copy(unordered[hash1Start:hash1Start+common.HashLength], hash2)
+	copy(unordered[hash2Start:hash2Start+common.HashLength], hash1)
+
+	_, _, _, _, err = decodeHeader(unordered)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for unordered trie owners")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDecodeSingleCorruptedData tests decodeSingle with corrupted data
+func TestDecodeSingleCorruptedData(t *testing.T) {
+	h := makeTrienodeHistory()
+	_, keySection, _, _ := h.encode()
+
+	// Test with empty key section
+	_, err := decodeSingle([]byte{}, nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for empty key section")
+	}
+
+	// Test with key section too small for trailer
+	if len(keySection) > 0 {
+		_, err := decodeSingle(keySection[:3], nil) // Less than 4 bytes for trailer
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("Expected error for key section too small for trailer")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Test with corrupted varint in key section
+	corrupted := make([]byte, len(keySection))
+	copy(corrupted, keySection)
+	corrupted[5] = 0xFF // Corrupt varint
+	_, err = decodeSingle(corrupted, nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for corrupted varint")
+	}
+
+	// Test with corrupted trailer (invalid restart count)
+	corrupted = make([]byte, len(keySection))
+	copy(corrupted, keySection)
+	// Set restart count to something too large
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(corrupted[len(corrupted)-4:], 10000)
+	_, err = decodeSingle(corrupted, nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for invalid restart count")
+	}
+}
+
+// Helper function to test encode/decode cycle
+func testEncodeDecode(t *testing.T, h *trienodeHistory) {
+	header, keySection, valueSection, err := h.encode()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to encode trienode history: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var decoded trienodeHistory
+	if err := decoded.decode(header, keySection, valueSection); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to decode trienode history: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Compare the decoded history with original
+	if !compareList(decoded.owners, h.owners) {
+		t.Fatal("Trie owner list mismatch")
+	}
+	if !compareMapList(decoded.nodeList, h.nodeList) {
+		t.Fatal("Trienode list mismatch")
+	}
+	if !compareMapSet(decoded.nodes, h.nodes) {
+		t.Fatal("Trienode content mismatch")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/metrics.go b/triedb/pathdb/metrics.go
index 779f9d813f..31c40053fc 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/metrics.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/metrics.go
@@ -69,12 +69,21 @@ var (
 	gcStorageMeter       = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("pathdb/gc/storage/count", nil)
 	gcStorageBytesMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("pathdb/gc/storage/bytes", nil)
 
-	historyBuildTimeMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/history/time", nil)
-	historyDataBytesMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("pathdb/history/bytes/data", nil)
-	historyIndexBytesMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("pathdb/history/bytes/index", nil)
+	stateHistoryBuildTimeMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/history/state/time", nil)
+	stateHistoryDataBytesMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("pathdb/history/state/bytes/data", nil)
+	stateHistoryIndexBytesMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("pathdb/history/state/bytes/index", nil)
 
-	indexHistoryTimer   = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/history/index/time", nil)
-	unindexHistoryTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/history/unindex/time", nil)
+	//nolint:unused
+	trienodeHistoryBuildTimeMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/history/trienode/time", nil)
+	//nolint:unused
+	trienodeHistoryDataBytesMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("pathdb/history/trienode/bytes/data", nil)
+	//nolint:unused
+	trienodeHistoryIndexBytesMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("pathdb/history/trienode/bytes/index", nil)
+
+	stateIndexHistoryTimer      = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/history/state/index/time", nil)
+	stateUnindexHistoryTimer    = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/history/state/unindex/time", nil)
+	trienodeIndexHistoryTimer   = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/history/trienode/index/time", nil)
+	trienodeUnindexHistoryTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/history/trienode/unindex/time", nil)
 
 	lookupAddLayerTimer    = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/lookup/add/time", nil)
 	lookupRemoveLayerTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/lookup/remove/time", nil)

From 659342a52300d9cd8218face5528a91e7434a8fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: 10gic <github10gic@proton.me>
Date: Fri, 10 Oct 2025 17:47:33 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 238/470] ethclient: add SubscribeTransactionReceipts (#32869)

Add `SubscribeTransactionReceipts` for ethclient. This is a complement
to https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/32697.
---
 eth/filters/api.go     | 24 ++++++++++++++++++------
 ethclient/ethclient.go |  9 +++++++++
 interfaces.go          | 12 ++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/filters/api.go b/eth/filters/api.go
index 9f9209aea7..a3ed00f33b 100644
--- a/eth/filters/api.go
+++ b/eth/filters/api.go
@@ -299,15 +299,27 @@ func (api *FilterAPI) Logs(ctx context.Context, crit FilterCriteria) (*rpc.Subsc
 	return rpcSub, nil
 }
 
-// TransactionReceiptsFilter defines criteria for transaction receipts subscription.
-// If TransactionHashes is nil or empty, receipts for all transactions included in new blocks will be delivered.
-// Otherwise, only receipts for the specified transactions will be delivered.
-type TransactionReceiptsFilter struct {
-	TransactionHashes []common.Hash `json:"transactionHashes,omitempty"`
+// TransactionReceiptsQuery defines criteria for transaction receipts subscription.
+// Same as ethereum.TransactionReceiptsQuery but with UnmarshalJSON() method.
+type TransactionReceiptsQuery ethereum.TransactionReceiptsQuery
+
+// UnmarshalJSON sets *args fields with given data.
+func (args *TransactionReceiptsQuery) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	type input struct {
+		TransactionHashes []common.Hash `json:"transactionHashes"`
+	}
+
+	var raw input
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &raw); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	args.TransactionHashes = raw.TransactionHashes
+	return nil
 }
 
 // TransactionReceipts creates a subscription that fires transaction receipts when transactions are included in blocks.
-func (api *FilterAPI) TransactionReceipts(ctx context.Context, filter *TransactionReceiptsFilter) (*rpc.Subscription, error) {
+func (api *FilterAPI) TransactionReceipts(ctx context.Context, filter *TransactionReceiptsQuery) (*rpc.Subscription, error) {
 	notifier, supported := rpc.NotifierFromContext(ctx)
 	if !supported {
 		return &rpc.Subscription{}, rpc.ErrNotificationsUnsupported
diff --git a/ethclient/ethclient.go b/ethclient/ethclient.go
index 1195929f7d..8b26f5b3ca 100644
--- a/ethclient/ethclient.go
+++ b/ethclient/ethclient.go
@@ -350,6 +350,15 @@ func (ec *Client) TransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (*
 	return r, err
 }
 
+// SubscribeTransactionReceipts subscribes to notifications about transaction receipts.
+func (ec *Client) SubscribeTransactionReceipts(ctx context.Context, q *ethereum.TransactionReceiptsQuery, ch chan<- []*types.Receipt) (ethereum.Subscription, error) {
+	sub, err := ec.c.EthSubscribe(ctx, ch, "transactionReceipts", q)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return sub, nil
+}
+
 // SyncProgress retrieves the current progress of the sync algorithm. If there's
 // no sync currently running, it returns nil.
 func (ec *Client) SyncProgress(ctx context.Context) (*ethereum.SyncProgress, error) {
diff --git a/interfaces.go b/interfaces.go
index be5b970851..2828af1cc9 100644
--- a/interfaces.go
+++ b/interfaces.go
@@ -62,6 +62,13 @@ type ChainReader interface {
 	SubscribeNewHead(ctx context.Context, ch chan<- *types.Header) (Subscription, error)
 }
 
+// TransactionReceiptsQuery defines criteria for transaction receipts subscription.
+// If TransactionHashes is empty, receipts for all transactions included in new blocks will be delivered.
+// Otherwise, only receipts for the specified transactions will be delivered.
+type TransactionReceiptsQuery struct {
+	TransactionHashes []common.Hash
+}
+
 // TransactionReader provides access to past transactions and their receipts.
 // Implementations may impose arbitrary restrictions on the transactions and receipts that
 // can be retrieved. Historic transactions may not be available.
@@ -81,6 +88,11 @@ type TransactionReader interface {
 	// transaction may not be included in the current canonical chain even if a receipt
 	// exists.
 	TransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (*types.Receipt, error)
+	// SubscribeTransactionReceipts subscribes to notifications about transaction receipts.
+	// The receipts are delivered in batches when transactions are included in blocks.
+	// If q is nil or has empty TransactionHashes, all receipts from new blocks will be delivered.
+	// Otherwise, only receipts for the specified transaction hashes will be delivered.
+	SubscribeTransactionReceipts(ctx context.Context, q *TransactionReceiptsQuery, ch chan<- []*types.Receipt) (Subscription, error)
 }
 
 // ChainStateReader wraps access to the state trie of the canonical blockchain. Note that

From a3aae29845736cbf40c2bedbdee1c3396dd2f88c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Luke Ma <lukema95@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Oct 2025 15:26:35 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 239/470] node: fix error condition in
 gzipResponseWriter.init() (#32896)

---
 node/rpcstack.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/node/rpcstack.go b/node/rpcstack.go
index 655f7db9e4..a1cc832f9f 100644
--- a/node/rpcstack.go
+++ b/node/rpcstack.go
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ func (w *gzipResponseWriter) init() {
 	hdr := w.resp.Header()
 	length := hdr.Get("content-length")
 	if len(length) > 0 {
-		if n, err := strconv.ParseUint(length, 10, 64); err != nil {
+		if n, err := strconv.ParseUint(length, 10, 64); err == nil {
 			w.hasLength = true
 			w.contentLength = n
 		}

From 2010781c2998557ccf9883155b6ff4e73d1d64a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Oct 2025 16:39:10 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 240/470] core/types: optimize MergeBloom by using bitutil
 (#32882)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

```
goos: darwin
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types
cpu: VirtualApple @ 2.50GHz
                                 │   old.txt    │               new.txt               │
                                 │    sec/op    │   sec/op     vs base                │
CreateBloom/small-createbloom-10    1.676µ ± 4%   1.646µ ± 1%   -1.76% (p=0.000 n=10)
CreateBloom/large-createbloom-10    164.8µ ± 3%   164.3µ ± 0%        ~ (p=0.247 n=10)
CreateBloom/small-mergebloom-10    231.60n ± 0%   68.00n ± 0%  -70.64% (p=0.000 n=10)
CreateBloom/large-mergebloom-10    21.803µ ± 3%   5.107µ ± 1%  -76.58% (p=0.000 n=10)
geomean                             6.111µ        3.113µ       -49.06%

                                 │    old.txt     │                new.txt                │
                                 │      B/op      │     B/op      vs base                 │
CreateBloom/small-createbloom-10     112.0 ± 0%       112.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
CreateBloom/large-createbloom-10   10.94Ki ± 0%     10.94Ki ± 0%       ~ (p=0.474 n=10)
CreateBloom/small-mergebloom-10      0.000 ± 0%       0.000 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
CreateBloom/large-mergebloom-10      0.000 ± 0%       0.000 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
geomean                                         ²                 +0.00%                ²
¹ all samples are equal
² summaries must be >0 to compute geomean

                                 │   old.txt    │               new.txt               │
                                 │  allocs/op   │ allocs/op   vs base                 │
CreateBloom/small-createbloom-10   6.000 ± 0%     6.000 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
CreateBloom/large-createbloom-10   600.0 ± 0%     600.0 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
CreateBloom/small-mergebloom-10    0.000 ± 0%     0.000 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
CreateBloom/large-mergebloom-10    0.000 ± 0%     0.000 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹
geomean                                       ²               +0.00%                ²
¹ all samples are equal
² summaries must be >0 to compute geomean
```
---
 core/types/bloom9.go | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/types/bloom9.go b/core/types/bloom9.go
index 5a6e49c220..1d57e8e4bc 100644
--- a/core/types/bloom9.go
+++ b/core/types/bloom9.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/bitutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 )
@@ -125,9 +126,7 @@ func MergeBloom(receipts Receipts) Bloom {
 	for _, receipt := range receipts {
 		if len(receipt.Logs) != 0 {
 			bl := receipt.Bloom.Bytes()
-			for i := range bin {
-				bin[i] |= bl[i]
-			}
+			bitutil.ORBytes(bin[:], bin[:], bl)
 		}
 	}
 	return bin

From 85e9977faecd23909b0373ae4c8268e8bf62b6a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Oct 2025 16:40:08 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 241/470] p2p: rm unused var seedMinTableTime (#32876)

---
 p2p/discover/table.go | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/table.go b/p2p/discover/table.go
index 6a1c7494ee..e5b2c7c8c5 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/table.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/table.go
@@ -54,9 +54,8 @@ const (
 	bucketIPLimit, bucketSubnet = 2, 24 // at most 2 addresses from the same /24
 	tableIPLimit, tableSubnet   = 10, 24
 
-	seedMinTableTime = 5 * time.Minute
-	seedCount        = 30
-	seedMaxAge       = 5 * 24 * time.Hour
+	seedCount  = 30
+	seedMaxAge = 5 * 24 * time.Hour
 )
 
 // Table is the 'node table', a Kademlia-like index of neighbor nodes. The table keeps

From bc0a21a1d5e69513530cbe781b73c6b116856627 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lewis <lewis.kim@kaia.io>
Date: Mon, 13 Oct 2025 20:10:44 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 242/470] eth/filters: uninstall subscription in filter apis on
 error (#32894)

Fix https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/32893.

In the previous https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/32794, it
only handles the pending tx filter, while there are also head and log
filters. This PR applies the patch to all filter APIs and uses `defer`
to maintain code consistency.
---
 eth/filters/api.go | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/eth/filters/api.go b/eth/filters/api.go
index a3ed00f33b..58baf2c3aa 100644
--- a/eth/filters/api.go
+++ b/eth/filters/api.go
@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ func (api *FilterAPI) NewPendingTransactionFilter(fullTx *bool) rpc.ID {
 	api.filtersMu.Unlock()
 
 	go func() {
+		defer pendingTxSub.Unsubscribe()
 		for {
 			select {
 			case pTx := <-pendingTxs:
@@ -155,7 +156,6 @@ func (api *FilterAPI) NewPendingTransactionFilter(fullTx *bool) rpc.ID {
 				api.filtersMu.Lock()
 				delete(api.filters, pendingTxSub.ID)
 				api.filtersMu.Unlock()
-				pendingTxSub.Unsubscribe()
 				return
 			}
 		}
@@ -218,6 +218,7 @@ func (api *FilterAPI) NewBlockFilter() rpc.ID {
 	api.filtersMu.Unlock()
 
 	go func() {
+		defer headerSub.Unsubscribe()
 		for {
 			select {
 			case h := <-headers:
@@ -403,6 +404,7 @@ func (api *FilterAPI) NewFilter(crit FilterCriteria) (rpc.ID, error) {
 	api.filtersMu.Unlock()
 
 	go func() {
+		defer logsSub.Unsubscribe()
 		for {
 			select {
 			case l := <-logs:

From a7359ceb69fcd183e59f651e34aae873cf03e5a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Oct 2025 19:40:03 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 243/470] triedb, core/rawdb: implement the partial read in
 freezer (#32132)

This PR implements the partial read functionalities in the freezer, optimizing
the state history reader by resolving less data from freezer.

---------

Signed-off-by: jsvisa <delweng@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 core/rawdb/accessors_state.go    | 24 +++---------
 core/rawdb/chain_freezer.go      |  4 ++
 core/rawdb/database.go           |  6 +++
 core/rawdb/freezer.go            |  9 +++++
 core/rawdb/freezer_memory.go     | 25 ++++++++++++
 core/rawdb/freezer_resettable.go |  9 +++++
 core/rawdb/freezer_table.go      | 65 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 core/rawdb/freezer_table_test.go | 62 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 core/rawdb/table.go              |  6 +++
 ethdb/database.go                |  4 ++
 ethdb/remotedb/remotedb.go       |  4 ++
 triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go  | 38 +++++++------------
 12 files changed, 214 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go
index 298ad04f40..714c1f77d6 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go
@@ -188,24 +188,16 @@ func ReadStateAccountIndex(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) []byte {
 // data in the concatenated storage data table. Compute the position of state
 // history in freezer by minus one since the id of first state history starts
 // from one (zero for initial state).
-func ReadStateStorageIndex(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) []byte {
-	blob, err := db.Ancient(stateHistoryStorageIndex, id-1)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return blob
+func ReadStateStorageIndex(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64, offset, length int) ([]byte, error) {
+	return db.AncientBytes(stateHistoryStorageIndex, id-1, uint64(offset), uint64(length))
 }
 
 // ReadStateAccountHistory retrieves the concatenated account data blob for the
 // specified state history. Offsets and lengths are resolved via the account
 // index. Compute the position of state history in freezer by minus one since
 // the id of first state history starts from one (zero for initial state).
-func ReadStateAccountHistory(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) []byte {
-	blob, err := db.Ancient(stateHistoryAccountData, id-1)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return blob
+func ReadStateAccountHistory(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64, offset, length int) ([]byte, error) {
+	return db.AncientBytes(stateHistoryAccountData, id-1, uint64(offset), uint64(length))
 }
 
 // ReadStateStorageHistory retrieves the concatenated storage slot data blob for
@@ -213,12 +205,8 @@ func ReadStateAccountHistory(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) []byte {
 // storage indexes. Compute the position of state history in freezer by minus
 // one since the id of first state history starts from one (zero for initial
 // state).
-func ReadStateStorageHistory(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) []byte {
-	blob, err := db.Ancient(stateHistoryStorageData, id-1)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return blob
+func ReadStateStorageHistory(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64, offset, length int) ([]byte, error) {
+	return db.AncientBytes(stateHistoryStorageData, id-1, uint64(offset), uint64(length))
 }
 
 // ReadStateHistory retrieves the state history from database with provided id.
diff --git a/core/rawdb/chain_freezer.go b/core/rawdb/chain_freezer.go
index c12f2ab8fe..d33f7ce33d 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/chain_freezer.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/chain_freezer.go
@@ -403,6 +403,10 @@ func (f *chainFreezer) AncientRange(kind string, start, count, maxBytes uint64)
 	return f.ancients.AncientRange(kind, start, count, maxBytes)
 }
 
+func (f *chainFreezer) AncientBytes(kind string, id, offset, length uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	return f.ancients.AncientBytes(kind, id, offset, length)
+}
+
 func (f *chainFreezer) ModifyAncients(fn func(ethdb.AncientWriteOp) error) (int64, error) {
 	return f.ancients.ModifyAncients(fn)
 }
diff --git a/core/rawdb/database.go b/core/rawdb/database.go
index 626d390c0d..724c90ead6 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/database.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/database.go
@@ -100,6 +100,12 @@ func (db *nofreezedb) AncientRange(kind string, start, max, maxByteSize uint64)
 	return nil, errNotSupported
 }
 
+// AncientBytes retrieves the value segment of the element specified by the id
+// and value offsets.
+func (db *nofreezedb) AncientBytes(kind string, id, offset, length uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, errNotSupported
+}
+
 // Ancients returns an error as we don't have a backing chain freezer.
 func (db *nofreezedb) Ancients() (uint64, error) {
 	return 0, errNotSupported
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer.go b/core/rawdb/freezer.go
index 98ad174ce0..42cd2a7999 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer.go
@@ -202,6 +202,15 @@ func (f *Freezer) AncientRange(kind string, start, count, maxBytes uint64) ([][]
 	return nil, errUnknownTable
 }
 
+// AncientBytes retrieves the value segment of the element specified by the id
+// and value offsets.
+func (f *Freezer) AncientBytes(kind string, id, offset, length uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	if table := f.tables[kind]; table != nil {
+		return table.RetrieveBytes(id, offset, length)
+	}
+	return nil, errUnknownTable
+}
+
 // Ancients returns the length of the frozen items.
 func (f *Freezer) Ancients() (uint64, error) {
 	return f.frozen.Load(), nil
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_memory.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_memory.go
index f5621ac4c6..8cb4cc2006 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_memory.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_memory.go
@@ -412,3 +412,28 @@ func (f *MemoryFreezer) Reset() error {
 func (f *MemoryFreezer) AncientDatadir() (string, error) {
 	return "", nil
 }
+
+// AncientBytes retrieves the value segment of the element specified by the id
+// and value offsets.
+func (f *MemoryFreezer) AncientBytes(kind string, id, offset, length uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	f.lock.RLock()
+	defer f.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	table := f.tables[kind]
+	if table == nil {
+		return nil, errUnknownTable
+	}
+	entries, err := table.retrieve(id, 1, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(entries) == 0 {
+		return nil, errOutOfBounds
+	}
+	data := entries[0]
+
+	if offset > uint64(len(data)) || offset+length > uint64(len(data)) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("requested range out of bounds: item size %d, offset %d, length %d", len(data), offset, length)
+	}
+	return data[offset : offset+length], nil
+}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_resettable.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_resettable.go
index 9db71cfd0e..f531e668c3 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_resettable.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_resettable.go
@@ -126,6 +126,15 @@ func (f *resettableFreezer) AncientRange(kind string, start, count, maxBytes uin
 	return f.freezer.AncientRange(kind, start, count, maxBytes)
 }
 
+// AncientBytes retrieves the value segment of the element specified by the id
+// and value offsets.
+func (f *resettableFreezer) AncientBytes(kind string, id, offset, length uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	f.lock.RLock()
+	defer f.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	return f.freezer.AncientBytes(kind, id, offset, length)
+}
+
 // Ancients returns the length of the frozen items.
 func (f *resettableFreezer) Ancients() (uint64, error) {
 	f.lock.RLock()
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go
index d3a29a73c6..01a754c5c8 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go
@@ -1107,6 +1107,71 @@ func (t *freezerTable) retrieveItems(start, count, maxBytes uint64) ([]byte, []i
 	return output, sizes, nil
 }
 
+// RetrieveBytes retrieves the value segment of the element specified by the id
+// and value offsets.
+func (t *freezerTable) RetrieveBytes(item, offset, length uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	t.lock.RLock()
+	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	if t.index == nil || t.head == nil || t.metadata.file == nil {
+		return nil, errClosed
+	}
+	items, hidden := t.items.Load(), t.itemHidden.Load()
+	if items <= item || hidden > item {
+		return nil, errOutOfBounds
+	}
+
+	// Retrieves the index entries for the specified ID and its immediate successor
+	indices, err := t.getIndices(item, 1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	index0, index1 := indices[0], indices[1]
+
+	itemStart, itemLimit, fileId := index0.bounds(index1)
+	itemSize := itemLimit - itemStart
+
+	dataFile, exist := t.files[fileId]
+	if !exist {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing data file %d", fileId)
+	}
+
+	// Perform the partial read if no-compression was enabled upon
+	if t.config.noSnappy {
+		if offset > uint64(itemSize) || offset+length > uint64(itemSize) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("requested range out of bounds: item size %d, offset %d, length %d", itemSize, offset, length)
+		}
+		itemStart += uint32(offset)
+
+		buf := make([]byte, length)
+		_, err = dataFile.ReadAt(buf, int64(itemStart))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		t.readMeter.Mark(int64(length))
+		return buf, nil
+	} else {
+		// If compressed, read the full item, decompress, then slice.
+		// Unfortunately, in this case, there is no performance gain
+		// by performing the partial read at all.
+		buf := make([]byte, itemSize)
+		_, err = dataFile.ReadAt(buf, int64(itemStart))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		t.readMeter.Mark(int64(itemSize))
+
+		data, err := snappy.Decode(nil, buf)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if offset > uint64(len(data)) || offset+length > uint64(len(data)) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("requested range out of bounds: item size %d, offset %d, length %d", len(data), offset, length)
+		}
+		return data[offset : offset+length], nil
+	}
+}
+
 // size returns the total data size in the freezer table.
 func (t *freezerTable) size() (uint64, error) {
 	t.lock.RLock()
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_table_test.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_table_test.go
index 96edac7e4a..fc21ea6c63 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_table_test.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_table_test.go
@@ -1571,3 +1571,65 @@ func TestTailTruncationCrash(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("Unexpected index flush offset, want: %d, got: %d", 26*indexEntrySize, f.metadata.flushOffset)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestFreezerAncientBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	types := []struct {
+		name   string
+		config freezerTableConfig
+	}{
+		{"uncompressed", freezerTableConfig{noSnappy: true}},
+		{"compressed", freezerTableConfig{noSnappy: false}},
+	}
+	for _, typ := range types {
+		t.Run(typ.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			f, err := newTable(os.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("ancientbytes-%s-%d", typ.name, rand.Uint64()), metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewMeter(), metrics.NewGauge(), 1000, typ.config, false)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			defer f.Close()
+
+			for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+				data := getChunk(100, i)
+				batch := f.newBatch()
+				require.NoError(t, batch.AppendRaw(uint64(i), data))
+				require.NoError(t, batch.commit())
+			}
+
+			for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+				full, err := f.Retrieve(uint64(i))
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+
+				// Full read
+				got, err := f.RetrieveBytes(uint64(i), 0, uint64(len(full)))
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				if !bytes.Equal(got, full) {
+					t.Fatalf("full read mismatch for entry %d", i)
+				}
+				// Empty read
+				got, err = f.RetrieveBytes(uint64(i), 0, 0)
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				if !bytes.Equal(got, full[:0]) {
+					t.Fatalf("empty read mismatch for entry %d", i)
+				}
+				// Middle slice
+				got, err = f.RetrieveBytes(uint64(i), 10, 50)
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				if !bytes.Equal(got, full[10:60]) {
+					t.Fatalf("middle slice mismatch for entry %d", i)
+				}
+				// Single byte
+				got, err = f.RetrieveBytes(uint64(i), 99, 1)
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				if !bytes.Equal(got, full[99:100]) {
+					t.Fatalf("single byte mismatch for entry %d", i)
+				}
+				// Out of bounds
+				_, err = f.RetrieveBytes(uint64(i), 100, 1)
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Fatalf("expected error for out-of-bounds read for entry %d", i)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/table.go b/core/rawdb/table.go
index 45c8aecf0c..d38afdaa35 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/table.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/table.go
@@ -62,6 +62,12 @@ func (t *table) AncientRange(kind string, start, count, maxBytes uint64) ([][]by
 	return t.db.AncientRange(kind, start, count, maxBytes)
 }
 
+// AncientBytes is a noop passthrough that just forwards the request to the underlying
+// database.
+func (t *table) AncientBytes(kind string, id, offset, length uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	return t.db.AncientBytes(kind, id, offset, length)
+}
+
 // Ancients is a noop passthrough that just forwards the request to the underlying
 // database.
 func (t *table) Ancients() (uint64, error) {
diff --git a/ethdb/database.go b/ethdb/database.go
index e665a84a61..534fcad4fc 100644
--- a/ethdb/database.go
+++ b/ethdb/database.go
@@ -121,6 +121,10 @@ type AncientReaderOp interface {
 	//   - if maxBytes is not specified, 'count' items will be returned if they are present
 	AncientRange(kind string, start, count, maxBytes uint64) ([][]byte, error)
 
+	// AncientBytes retrieves the value segment of the element specified by the id
+	// and value offsets.
+	AncientBytes(kind string, id, offset, length uint64) ([]byte, error)
+
 	// Ancients returns the ancient item numbers in the ancient store.
 	Ancients() (uint64, error)
 
diff --git a/ethdb/remotedb/remotedb.go b/ethdb/remotedb/remotedb.go
index 7fe154ea95..0d0d854fe4 100644
--- a/ethdb/remotedb/remotedb.go
+++ b/ethdb/remotedb/remotedb.go
@@ -140,6 +140,10 @@ func (db *Database) Close() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (db *Database) AncientBytes(kind string, id, offset, length uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	panic("not supported")
+}
+
 func New(client *rpc.Client) ethdb.Database {
 	if client == nil {
 		return nil
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
index ce6aa693d1..1bf4cf648d 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
@@ -144,25 +144,17 @@ func (r *historyReader) readAccountMetadata(address common.Address, historyID ui
 // readStorageMetadata resolves the storage slot metadata within the specified
 // state history.
 func (r *historyReader) readStorageMetadata(storageKey common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash, historyID uint64, slotOffset, slotNumber int) ([]byte, error) {
-	// TODO(rj493456442) optimize it with partial read
-	blob := rawdb.ReadStateStorageIndex(r.freezer, historyID)
-	if len(blob) == 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("storage index is truncated, historyID: %d", historyID)
+	data, err := rawdb.ReadStateStorageIndex(r.freezer, historyID, slotIndexSize*slotOffset, slotIndexSize*slotNumber)
+	if err != nil {
+		msg := fmt.Sprintf("id: %d, slot-offset: %d, slot-length: %d", historyID, slotOffset, slotNumber)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("storage indices corrupted, %s, %w", msg, err)
 	}
-	if len(blob)%slotIndexSize != 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("storage indices is corrupted, historyID: %d, size: %d", historyID, len(blob))
-	}
-	if slotIndexSize*(slotOffset+slotNumber) > len(blob) {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("storage indices is truncated, historyID: %d, size: %d, offset: %d, length: %d", historyID, len(blob), slotOffset, slotNumber)
-	}
-	subSlice := blob[slotIndexSize*slotOffset : slotIndexSize*(slotOffset+slotNumber)]
-
 	// TODO(rj493456442) get rid of the metadata resolution
 	var (
 		m      meta
 		target common.Hash
 	)
-	blob = rawdb.ReadStateHistoryMeta(r.freezer, historyID)
+	blob := rawdb.ReadStateHistoryMeta(r.freezer, historyID)
 	if err := m.decode(blob); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -172,17 +164,17 @@ func (r *historyReader) readStorageMetadata(storageKey common.Hash, storageHash
 		target = storageKey
 	}
 	pos := sort.Search(slotNumber, func(i int) bool {
-		slotID := subSlice[slotIndexSize*i : slotIndexSize*i+common.HashLength]
+		slotID := data[slotIndexSize*i : slotIndexSize*i+common.HashLength]
 		return bytes.Compare(slotID, target.Bytes()) >= 0
 	})
 	if pos == slotNumber {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("storage metadata is not found, slot key: %#x, historyID: %d", storageKey, historyID)
 	}
 	offset := slotIndexSize * pos
-	if target != common.BytesToHash(subSlice[offset:offset+common.HashLength]) {
+	if target != common.BytesToHash(data[offset:offset+common.HashLength]) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("storage metadata is not found, slot key: %#x, historyID: %d", storageKey, historyID)
 	}
-	return subSlice[offset : slotIndexSize*(pos+1)], nil
+	return data[offset : slotIndexSize*(pos+1)], nil
 }
 
 // readAccount retrieves the account data from the specified state history.
@@ -194,12 +186,11 @@ func (r *historyReader) readAccount(address common.Address, historyID uint64) ([
 	length := int(metadata[common.AddressLength])                                                     // one byte for account data length
 	offset := int(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(metadata[common.AddressLength+1 : common.AddressLength+5])) // four bytes for the account data offset
 
-	// TODO(rj493456442) optimize it with partial read
-	data := rawdb.ReadStateAccountHistory(r.freezer, historyID)
-	if len(data) < length+offset {
+	data, err := rawdb.ReadStateAccountHistory(r.freezer, historyID, offset, length)
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("account data is truncated, address: %#x, historyID: %d, size: %d, offset: %d, len: %d", address, historyID, len(data), offset, length)
 	}
-	return data[offset : offset+length], nil
+	return data, nil
 }
 
 // readStorage retrieves the storage slot data from the specified state history.
@@ -222,12 +213,11 @@ func (r *historyReader) readStorage(address common.Address, storageKey common.Ha
 	length := int(slotMetadata[common.HashLength])                                                  // one byte for slot data length
 	offset := int(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(slotMetadata[common.HashLength+1 : common.HashLength+5])) // four bytes for slot data offset
 
-	// TODO(rj493456442) optimize it with partial read
-	data := rawdb.ReadStateStorageHistory(r.freezer, historyID)
-	if len(data) < offset+length {
+	data, err := rawdb.ReadStateStorageHistory(r.freezer, historyID, offset, length)
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("storage data is truncated, address: %#x, key: %#x, historyID: %d, size: %d, offset: %d, len: %d", address, storageKey, historyID, len(data), offset, length)
 	}
-	return data[offset : offset+length], nil
+	return data, nil
 }
 
 // read retrieves the state element data associated with the stateID.

From 5c6ba6b40042bf6fdf7a36d2620b658d041bd3ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Oct 2025 20:00:43 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 244/470] p2p/enode: optimize LogDist (#32887)

This speeds up LogDist by 75% using 64-bit operations instead
of byte-wise XOR.

---------

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 p2p/enode/node.go      | 11 +++++++----
 p2p/enode/node_test.go | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/enode/node.go b/p2p/enode/node.go
index d6f2ac7ff5..8198050353 100644
--- a/p2p/enode/node.go
+++ b/p2p/enode/node.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package enode
 import (
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
 	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/binary"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -373,12 +374,14 @@ func DistCmp(target, a, b ID) int {
 // LogDist returns the logarithmic distance between a and b, log2(a ^ b).
 func LogDist(a, b ID) int {
 	lz := 0
-	for i := range a {
-		x := a[i] ^ b[i]
+	for i := 0; i < len(a); i += 8 {
+		ai := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(a[i : i+8])
+		bi := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[i : i+8])
+		x := ai ^ bi
 		if x == 0 {
-			lz += 8
+			lz += 64
 		} else {
-			lz += bits.LeadingZeros8(x)
+			lz += bits.LeadingZeros64(x)
 			break
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/p2p/enode/node_test.go b/p2p/enode/node_test.go
index e9fe631f34..f276af6638 100644
--- a/p2p/enode/node_test.go
+++ b/p2p/enode/node_test.go
@@ -378,6 +378,28 @@ func TestID_logdist(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func makeIDs() (ID, ID) {
+	var a, b ID
+	size := len(a)
+	// last byte differs
+	for i := 0; i < size-1; i++ {
+		a[i] = 0xAA
+		b[i] = 0xAA
+	}
+	a[size-1] = 0xAA
+	b[size-1] = 0xAB
+	return a, b
+}
+
+// Benchmark LogDist
+func BenchmarkLogDist(b *testing.B) {
+	aID, bID := makeIDs() // 256-bit ID
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		_ = LogDist(aID, bID)
+	}
+}
+
 // The random tests is likely to miss the case where a and b are equal,
 // this test checks it explicitly.
 func TestID_logdistEqual(t *testing.T) {

From b87581f2977393c842123d18c6e29e268f9b26cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Oct 2025 22:16:07 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 245/470] p2p/enode: optimize DistCmp (#32888)

This speeds up DistCmp by 75% through using 64-bit operations instead of
byte-wise XOR.
---
 p2p/enode/node.go      |  7 ++++---
 p2p/enode/node_test.go | 10 ++++++++++
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/enode/node.go b/p2p/enode/node.go
index 8198050353..dafde51d6a 100644
--- a/p2p/enode/node.go
+++ b/p2p/enode/node.go
@@ -359,9 +359,10 @@ func ParseID(in string) (ID, error) {
 // Returns -1 if a is closer to target, 1 if b is closer to target
 // and 0 if they are equal.
 func DistCmp(target, a, b ID) int {
-	for i := range target {
-		da := a[i] ^ target[i]
-		db := b[i] ^ target[i]
+	for i := 0; i < len(target); i += 8 {
+		tn := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(target[i : i+8])
+		da := tn ^ binary.BigEndian.Uint64(a[i:i+8])
+		db := tn ^ binary.BigEndian.Uint64(b[i:i+8])
 		if da > db {
 			return 1
 		} else if da < db {
diff --git a/p2p/enode/node_test.go b/p2p/enode/node_test.go
index f276af6638..51bc4ebe15 100644
--- a/p2p/enode/node_test.go
+++ b/p2p/enode/node_test.go
@@ -368,6 +368,16 @@ func TestID_distcmpEqual(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func BenchmarkDistCmp(b *testing.B) {
+	base := ID{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}
+	aID := ID{15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0}
+	bID := ID{15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1}
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		_ = DistCmp(base, aID, bID)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestID_logdist(t *testing.T) {
 	logdistBig := func(a, b ID) int {
 		abig, bbig := new(big.Int).SetBytes(a[:]), new(big.Int).SetBytes(b[:])

From 7b693ea17c9e5e950a36df29262fab7862ffda23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Mon, 13 Oct 2025 19:07:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 246/470] core/txpool/legacypool: move queue out of main txpool
 (#32270)

This PR move the queue out of the main transaction pool.
For now there should be no functional changes.
I see this as a first step to refactor the legacypool and make the queue
a fully separate concept from the main pending pool.

---------

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go      | 241 +++++--------------
 core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool_test.go |  67 +++---
 core/txpool/legacypool/queue.go           | 271 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 370 insertions(+), 209 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 core/txpool/legacypool/queue.go

diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
index e199d21c7a..b36d86dd19 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import (
 	"math"
 	"math/big"
 	"slices"
-	"sort"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
@@ -238,11 +237,10 @@ type LegacyPool struct {
 	pendingNonces *noncer                      // Pending state tracking virtual nonces
 	reserver      txpool.Reserver              // Address reserver to ensure exclusivity across subpools
 
-	pending map[common.Address]*list     // All currently processable transactions
-	queue   map[common.Address]*list     // Queued but non-processable transactions
-	beats   map[common.Address]time.Time // Last heartbeat from each known account
-	all     *lookup                      // All transactions to allow lookups
-	priced  *pricedList                  // All transactions sorted by price
+	pending map[common.Address]*list // All currently processable transactions
+	queue   *queue
+	all     *lookup     // All transactions to allow lookups
+	priced  *pricedList // All transactions sorted by price
 
 	reqResetCh      chan *txpoolResetRequest
 	reqPromoteCh    chan *accountSet
@@ -266,14 +264,14 @@ func New(config Config, chain BlockChain) *LegacyPool {
 	config = (&config).sanitize()
 
 	// Create the transaction pool with its initial settings
+	signer := types.LatestSigner(chain.Config())
 	pool := &LegacyPool{
 		config:          config,
 		chain:           chain,
 		chainconfig:     chain.Config(),
-		signer:          types.LatestSigner(chain.Config()),
+		signer:          signer,
 		pending:         make(map[common.Address]*list),
-		queue:           make(map[common.Address]*list),
-		beats:           make(map[common.Address]time.Time),
+		queue:           newQueue(config, signer),
 		all:             newLookup(),
 		reqResetCh:      make(chan *txpoolResetRequest),
 		reqPromoteCh:    make(chan *accountSet),
@@ -369,15 +367,9 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) loop() {
 		// Handle inactive account transaction eviction
 		case <-evict.C:
 			pool.mu.Lock()
-			for addr := range pool.queue {
-				// Any old enough should be removed
-				if time.Since(pool.beats[addr]) > pool.config.Lifetime {
-					list := pool.queue[addr].Flatten()
-					for _, tx := range list {
-						pool.removeTx(tx.Hash(), true, true)
-					}
-					queuedEvictionMeter.Mark(int64(len(list)))
-				}
+			evicted := pool.queue.evict(false)
+			for _, hash := range evicted {
+				pool.removeTx(hash, true, true)
 			}
 			pool.mu.Unlock()
 		}
@@ -459,11 +451,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) stats() (int, int) {
 	for _, list := range pool.pending {
 		pending += list.Len()
 	}
-	queued := 0
-	for _, list := range pool.queue {
-		queued += list.Len()
-	}
-	return pending, queued
+	return pending, pool.queue.stats()
 }
 
 // Content retrieves the data content of the transaction pool, returning all the
@@ -476,10 +464,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) Content() (map[common.Address][]*types.Transaction, map[
 	for addr, list := range pool.pending {
 		pending[addr] = list.Flatten()
 	}
-	queued := make(map[common.Address][]*types.Transaction, len(pool.queue))
-	for addr, list := range pool.queue {
-		queued[addr] = list.Flatten()
-	}
+	queued := pool.queue.content()
 	return pending, queued
 }
 
@@ -493,10 +478,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) ContentFrom(addr common.Address) ([]*types.Transaction,
 	if list, ok := pool.pending[addr]; ok {
 		pending = list.Flatten()
 	}
-	var queued []*types.Transaction
-	if list, ok := pool.queue[addr]; ok {
-		queued = list.Flatten()
-	}
+	queued := pool.queue.contentFrom(addr)
 	return pending, queued
 }
 
@@ -644,7 +626,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) validateAuth(tx *types.Transaction) error {
 			if pending := pool.pending[auth]; pending != nil {
 				count += pending.Len()
 			}
-			if queue := pool.queue[auth]; queue != nil {
+			if queue, ok := pool.queue.get(auth); ok {
 				count += queue.Len()
 			}
 			if count > 1 {
@@ -691,7 +673,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) add(tx *types.Transaction) (replaced bool, err error) {
 	// only by this subpool until all transactions are evicted
 	var (
 		_, hasPending = pool.pending[from]
-		_, hasQueued  = pool.queue[from]
+		_, hasQueued  = pool.queue.get(from)
 	)
 	if !hasPending && !hasQueued {
 		if err := pool.reserver.Hold(from); err != nil {
@@ -790,7 +772,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) add(tx *types.Transaction) (replaced bool, err error) {
 		log.Trace("Pooled new executable transaction", "hash", hash, "from", from, "to", tx.To())
 
 		// Successful promotion, bump the heartbeat
-		pool.beats[from] = time.Now()
+		pool.queue.bump(from)
 		return old != nil, nil
 	}
 	// New transaction isn't replacing a pending one, push into queue
@@ -815,7 +797,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) isGapped(from common.Address, tx *types.Transaction) boo
 	}
 	// The transaction has a nonce gap with pending list, it's only considered
 	// as executable if transactions in queue can fill up the nonce gap.
-	queue, ok := pool.queue[from]
+	queue, ok := pool.queue.get(from)
 	if !ok {
 		return true
 	}
@@ -831,25 +813,12 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) isGapped(from common.Address, tx *types.Transaction) boo
 //
 // Note, this method assumes the pool lock is held!
 func (pool *LegacyPool) enqueueTx(hash common.Hash, tx *types.Transaction, addAll bool) (bool, error) {
-	// Try to insert the transaction into the future queue
-	from, _ := types.Sender(pool.signer, tx) // already validated
-	if pool.queue[from] == nil {
-		pool.queue[from] = newList(false)
+	replaced, err := pool.queue.add(hash, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
 	}
-	inserted, old := pool.queue[from].Add(tx, pool.config.PriceBump)
-	if !inserted {
-		// An older transaction was better, discard this
-		queuedDiscardMeter.Mark(1)
-		return false, txpool.ErrReplaceUnderpriced
-	}
-	// Discard any previous transaction and mark this
-	if old != nil {
-		pool.all.Remove(old.Hash())
-		pool.priced.Removed(1)
-		queuedReplaceMeter.Mark(1)
-	} else {
-		// Nothing was replaced, bump the queued counter
-		queuedGauge.Inc(1)
+	if replaced != nil {
+		pool.removeTx(*replaced, true, true)
 	}
 	// If the transaction isn't in lookup set but it's expected to be there,
 	// show the error log.
@@ -860,11 +829,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) enqueueTx(hash common.Hash, tx *types.Transaction, addAl
 		pool.all.Add(tx)
 		pool.priced.Put(tx)
 	}
-	// If we never record the heartbeat, do it right now.
-	if _, exist := pool.beats[from]; !exist {
-		pool.beats[from] = time.Now()
-	}
-	return old != nil, nil
+	return replaced != nil, nil
 }
 
 // promoteTx adds a transaction to the pending (processable) list of transactions
@@ -899,7 +864,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) promoteTx(addr common.Address, hash common.Hash, tx *typ
 	pool.pendingNonces.set(addr, tx.Nonce()+1)
 
 	// Successful promotion, bump the heartbeat
-	pool.beats[addr] = time.Now()
+	pool.queue.bump(addr)
 	return true
 }
 
@@ -1019,7 +984,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) Status(hash common.Hash) txpool.TxStatus {
 
 	if txList := pool.pending[from]; txList != nil && txList.txs.items[tx.Nonce()] != nil {
 		return txpool.TxStatusPending
-	} else if txList := pool.queue[from]; txList != nil && txList.txs.items[tx.Nonce()] != nil {
+	} else if txList, ok := pool.queue.get(from); ok && txList.txs.items[tx.Nonce()] != nil {
 		return txpool.TxStatusQueued
 	}
 	return txpool.TxStatusUnknown
@@ -1096,7 +1061,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) removeTx(hash common.Hash, outofbound bool, unreserve bo
 		defer func() {
 			var (
 				_, hasPending = pool.pending[addr]
-				_, hasQueued  = pool.queue[addr]
+				_, hasQueued  = pool.queue.get(addr)
 			)
 			if !hasPending && !hasQueued {
 				pool.reserver.Release(addr)
@@ -1128,16 +1093,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) removeTx(hash common.Hash, outofbound bool, unreserve bo
 		}
 	}
 	// Transaction is in the future queue
-	if future := pool.queue[addr]; future != nil {
-		if removed, _ := future.Remove(tx); removed {
-			// Reduce the queued counter
-			queuedGauge.Dec(1)
-		}
-		if future.Empty() {
-			delete(pool.queue, addr)
-			delete(pool.beats, addr)
-		}
-	}
+	pool.queue.removeTx(addr, tx)
 	return 0
 }
 
@@ -1285,10 +1241,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) runReorg(done chan struct{}, reset *txpoolResetRequest,
 			}
 		}
 		// Reset needs promote for all addresses
-		promoteAddrs = make([]common.Address, 0, len(pool.queue))
-		for addr := range pool.queue {
-			promoteAddrs = append(promoteAddrs, addr)
-		}
+		promoteAddrs = append(promoteAddrs, pool.queue.addresses()...)
 	}
 	// Check for pending transactions for every account that sent new ones
 	promoted := pool.promoteExecutables(promoteAddrs)
@@ -1442,62 +1395,32 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) reset(oldHead, newHead *types.Header) {
 // future queue to the set of pending transactions. During this process, all
 // invalidated transactions (low nonce, low balance) are deleted.
 func (pool *LegacyPool) promoteExecutables(accounts []common.Address) []*types.Transaction {
-	// Track the promoted transactions to broadcast them at once
-	var promoted []*types.Transaction
-
-	// Iterate over all accounts and promote any executable transactions
 	gasLimit := pool.currentHead.Load().GasLimit
-	for _, addr := range accounts {
-		list := pool.queue[addr]
-		if list == nil {
-			continue // Just in case someone calls with a non existing account
-		}
-		// Drop all transactions that are deemed too old (low nonce)
-		forwards := list.Forward(pool.currentState.GetNonce(addr))
-		for _, tx := range forwards {
-			pool.all.Remove(tx.Hash())
-		}
-		log.Trace("Removed old queued transactions", "count", len(forwards))
-		// Drop all transactions that are too costly (low balance or out of gas)
-		drops, _ := list.Filter(pool.currentState.GetBalance(addr), gasLimit)
-		for _, tx := range drops {
-			pool.all.Remove(tx.Hash())
-		}
-		log.Trace("Removed unpayable queued transactions", "count", len(drops))
-		queuedNofundsMeter.Mark(int64(len(drops)))
+	promotable, dropped, removedAddresses := pool.queue.promoteExecutables(accounts, gasLimit, pool.currentState, pool.pendingNonces)
+	promoted := make([]*types.Transaction, 0, len(promotable))
 
-		// Gather all executable transactions and promote them
-		readies := list.Ready(pool.pendingNonces.get(addr))
-		for _, tx := range readies {
-			hash := tx.Hash()
-			if pool.promoteTx(addr, hash, tx) {
-				promoted = append(promoted, tx)
-			}
-		}
-		log.Trace("Promoted queued transactions", "count", len(promoted))
-		queuedGauge.Dec(int64(len(readies)))
-
-		// Drop all transactions over the allowed limit
-		var caps = list.Cap(int(pool.config.AccountQueue))
-		for _, tx := range caps {
-			hash := tx.Hash()
-			pool.all.Remove(hash)
-			log.Trace("Removed cap-exceeding queued transaction", "hash", hash)
-		}
-		queuedRateLimitMeter.Mark(int64(len(caps)))
-		// Mark all the items dropped as removed
-		pool.priced.Removed(len(forwards) + len(drops) + len(caps))
-		queuedGauge.Dec(int64(len(forwards) + len(drops) + len(caps)))
-
-		// Delete the entire queue entry if it became empty.
-		if list.Empty() {
-			delete(pool.queue, addr)
-			delete(pool.beats, addr)
-			if _, ok := pool.pending[addr]; !ok {
-				pool.reserver.Release(addr)
-			}
+	// promote all promoteable transactions
+	for _, tx := range promotable {
+		from, _ := pool.signer.Sender(tx)
+		if pool.promoteTx(from, tx.Hash(), tx) {
+			promoted = append(promoted, tx)
 		}
 	}
+
+	// remove all removable transactions
+	for _, hash := range dropped {
+		pool.all.Remove(hash)
+	}
+
+	// release all accounts that have no more transactions in the pool
+	for _, addr := range removedAddresses {
+		_, hasPending := pool.pending[addr]
+		_, hasQueued := pool.queue.get(addr)
+		if !hasPending && !hasQueued {
+			pool.reserver.Release(addr)
+		}
+	}
+
 	return promoted
 }
 
@@ -1585,43 +1508,17 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) truncatePending() {
 
 // truncateQueue drops the oldest transactions in the queue if the pool is above the global queue limit.
 func (pool *LegacyPool) truncateQueue() {
-	queued := uint64(0)
-	for _, list := range pool.queue {
-		queued += uint64(list.Len())
-	}
-	if queued <= pool.config.GlobalQueue {
-		return
+	removed, removedAddresses := pool.queue.truncate()
+
+	// remove all removable transactions
+	for _, hash := range removed {
+		pool.all.Remove(hash)
 	}
 
-	// Sort all accounts with queued transactions by heartbeat
-	addresses := make(addressesByHeartbeat, 0, len(pool.queue))
-	for addr := range pool.queue {
-		addresses = append(addresses, addressByHeartbeat{addr, pool.beats[addr]})
-	}
-	sort.Sort(sort.Reverse(addresses))
-
-	// Drop transactions until the total is below the limit
-	for drop := queued - pool.config.GlobalQueue; drop > 0 && len(addresses) > 0; {
-		addr := addresses[len(addresses)-1]
-		list := pool.queue[addr.address]
-
-		addresses = addresses[:len(addresses)-1]
-
-		// Drop all transactions if they are less than the overflow
-		if size := uint64(list.Len()); size <= drop {
-			for _, tx := range list.Flatten() {
-				pool.removeTx(tx.Hash(), true, true)
-			}
-			drop -= size
-			queuedRateLimitMeter.Mark(int64(size))
-			continue
-		}
-		// Otherwise drop only last few transactions
-		txs := list.Flatten()
-		for i := len(txs) - 1; i >= 0 && drop > 0; i-- {
-			pool.removeTx(txs[i].Hash(), true, true)
-			drop--
-			queuedRateLimitMeter.Mark(1)
+	for _, addr := range removedAddresses {
+		_, hasPending := pool.pending[addr]
+		if !hasPending {
+			pool.reserver.Release(addr)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1679,25 +1576,13 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) demoteUnexecutables() {
 		// Delete the entire pending entry if it became empty.
 		if list.Empty() {
 			delete(pool.pending, addr)
-			if _, ok := pool.queue[addr]; !ok {
+			if _, ok := pool.queue.get(addr); !ok {
 				pool.reserver.Release(addr)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-// addressByHeartbeat is an account address tagged with its last activity timestamp.
-type addressByHeartbeat struct {
-	address   common.Address
-	heartbeat time.Time
-}
-
-type addressesByHeartbeat []addressByHeartbeat
-
-func (a addressesByHeartbeat) Len() int           { return len(a) }
-func (a addressesByHeartbeat) Less(i, j int) bool { return a[i].heartbeat.Before(a[j].heartbeat) }
-func (a addressesByHeartbeat) Swap(i, j int)      { a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] }
-
 // accountSet is simply a set of addresses to check for existence, and a signer
 // capable of deriving addresses from transactions.
 type accountSet struct {
@@ -1938,17 +1823,17 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) Clear() {
 	// acquire the subpool lock until the transaction addition is completed.
 
 	for addr := range pool.pending {
-		if _, ok := pool.queue[addr]; !ok {
+		if _, ok := pool.queue.get(addr); !ok {
 			pool.reserver.Release(addr)
 		}
 	}
-	for addr := range pool.queue {
+	for _, addr := range pool.queue.addresses() {
 		pool.reserver.Release(addr)
 	}
 	pool.all.Clear()
 	pool.priced.Reheap()
 	pool.pending = make(map[common.Address]*list)
-	pool.queue = make(map[common.Address]*list)
+	pool.queue = newQueue(pool.config, pool.signer)
 	pool.pendingNonces = newNoncer(pool.currentState)
 }
 
diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool_test.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool_test.go
index 0c8642659d..fb994d8208 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool_test.go
@@ -466,8 +466,8 @@ func TestQueue(t *testing.T) {
 	if _, ok := pool.pending[from].txs.items[tx.Nonce()]; ok {
 		t.Error("expected transaction to be in tx pool")
 	}
-	if len(pool.queue) > 0 {
-		t.Error("expected transaction queue to be empty. is", len(pool.queue))
+	if len(pool.queue.queued) > 0 {
+		t.Error("expected transaction queue to be empty. is", len(pool.queue.queued))
 	}
 }
 
@@ -492,8 +492,8 @@ func TestQueue2(t *testing.T) {
 	if len(pool.pending) != 1 {
 		t.Error("expected pending length to be 1, got", len(pool.pending))
 	}
-	if pool.queue[from].Len() != 2 {
-		t.Error("expected len(queue) == 2, got", pool.queue[from].Len())
+	if list, _ := pool.queue.get(from); list.Len() != 2 {
+		t.Error("expected len(queue) == 2, got", list.Len())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -639,8 +639,8 @@ func TestMissingNonce(t *testing.T) {
 	if len(pool.pending) != 0 {
 		t.Error("expected 0 pending transactions, got", len(pool.pending))
 	}
-	if pool.queue[addr].Len() != 1 {
-		t.Error("expected 1 queued transaction, got", pool.queue[addr].Len())
+	if list, _ := pool.queue.get(addr); list.Len() != 1 {
+		t.Error("expected 1 queued transaction, got", list.Len())
 	}
 	if pool.all.Count() != 1 {
 		t.Error("expected 1 total transactions, got", pool.all.Count())
@@ -712,8 +712,8 @@ func TestDropping(t *testing.T) {
 	if pool.pending[account].Len() != 3 {
 		t.Errorf("pending transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.pending[account].Len(), 3)
 	}
-	if pool.queue[account].Len() != 3 {
-		t.Errorf("queued transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.queue[account].Len(), 3)
+	if list, _ := pool.queue.get(account); list.Len() != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("queued transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", list.Len(), 3)
 	}
 	if pool.all.Count() != 6 {
 		t.Errorf("total transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.all.Count(), 6)
@@ -722,8 +722,8 @@ func TestDropping(t *testing.T) {
 	if pool.pending[account].Len() != 3 {
 		t.Errorf("pending transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.pending[account].Len(), 3)
 	}
-	if pool.queue[account].Len() != 3 {
-		t.Errorf("queued transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.queue[account].Len(), 3)
+	if list, _ := pool.queue.get(account); list.Len() != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("queued transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", list.Len(), 3)
 	}
 	if pool.all.Count() != 6 {
 		t.Errorf("total transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.all.Count(), 6)
@@ -741,13 +741,14 @@ func TestDropping(t *testing.T) {
 	if _, ok := pool.pending[account].txs.items[tx2.Nonce()]; ok {
 		t.Errorf("out-of-fund pending transaction present: %v", tx1)
 	}
-	if _, ok := pool.queue[account].txs.items[tx10.Nonce()]; !ok {
+	list, _ := pool.queue.get(account)
+	if _, ok := list.txs.items[tx10.Nonce()]; !ok {
 		t.Errorf("funded queued transaction missing: %v", tx10)
 	}
-	if _, ok := pool.queue[account].txs.items[tx11.Nonce()]; !ok {
+	if _, ok := list.txs.items[tx11.Nonce()]; !ok {
 		t.Errorf("funded queued transaction missing: %v", tx10)
 	}
-	if _, ok := pool.queue[account].txs.items[tx12.Nonce()]; ok {
+	if _, ok := list.txs.items[tx12.Nonce()]; ok {
 		t.Errorf("out-of-fund queued transaction present: %v", tx11)
 	}
 	if pool.all.Count() != 4 {
@@ -763,10 +764,11 @@ func TestDropping(t *testing.T) {
 	if _, ok := pool.pending[account].txs.items[tx1.Nonce()]; ok {
 		t.Errorf("over-gased pending transaction present: %v", tx1)
 	}
-	if _, ok := pool.queue[account].txs.items[tx10.Nonce()]; !ok {
+	list, _ = pool.queue.get(account)
+	if _, ok := list.txs.items[tx10.Nonce()]; !ok {
 		t.Errorf("funded queued transaction missing: %v", tx10)
 	}
-	if _, ok := pool.queue[account].txs.items[tx11.Nonce()]; ok {
+	if _, ok := list.txs.items[tx11.Nonce()]; ok {
 		t.Errorf("over-gased queued transaction present: %v", tx11)
 	}
 	if pool.all.Count() != 2 {
@@ -820,8 +822,8 @@ func TestPostponing(t *testing.T) {
 	if pending := pool.pending[accs[0]].Len() + pool.pending[accs[1]].Len(); pending != len(txs) {
 		t.Errorf("pending transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pending, len(txs))
 	}
-	if len(pool.queue) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("queued accounts mismatch: have %d, want %d", len(pool.queue), 0)
+	if len(pool.queue.addresses()) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("queued accounts mismatch: have %d, want %d", len(pool.queue.addresses()), 0)
 	}
 	if pool.all.Count() != len(txs) {
 		t.Errorf("total transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.all.Count(), len(txs))
@@ -830,8 +832,8 @@ func TestPostponing(t *testing.T) {
 	if pending := pool.pending[accs[0]].Len() + pool.pending[accs[1]].Len(); pending != len(txs) {
 		t.Errorf("pending transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pending, len(txs))
 	}
-	if len(pool.queue) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("queued accounts mismatch: have %d, want %d", len(pool.queue), 0)
+	if len(pool.queue.addresses()) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("queued accounts mismatch: have %d, want %d", len(pool.queue.addresses()), 0)
 	}
 	if pool.all.Count() != len(txs) {
 		t.Errorf("total transaction mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.all.Count(), len(txs))
@@ -847,7 +849,8 @@ func TestPostponing(t *testing.T) {
 	if _, ok := pool.pending[accs[0]].txs.items[txs[0].Nonce()]; !ok {
 		t.Errorf("tx %d: valid and funded transaction missing from pending pool: %v", 0, txs[0])
 	}
-	if _, ok := pool.queue[accs[0]].txs.items[txs[0].Nonce()]; ok {
+	list, _ := pool.queue.get(accs[0])
+	if _, ok := list.txs.items[txs[0].Nonce()]; ok {
 		t.Errorf("tx %d: valid and funded transaction present in future queue: %v", 0, txs[0])
 	}
 	for i, tx := range txs[1:100] {
@@ -855,14 +858,14 @@ func TestPostponing(t *testing.T) {
 			if _, ok := pool.pending[accs[0]].txs.items[tx.Nonce()]; ok {
 				t.Errorf("tx %d: valid but future transaction present in pending pool: %v", i+1, tx)
 			}
-			if _, ok := pool.queue[accs[0]].txs.items[tx.Nonce()]; !ok {
+			if _, ok := list.txs.items[tx.Nonce()]; !ok {
 				t.Errorf("tx %d: valid but future transaction missing from future queue: %v", i+1, tx)
 			}
 		} else {
 			if _, ok := pool.pending[accs[0]].txs.items[tx.Nonce()]; ok {
 				t.Errorf("tx %d: out-of-fund transaction present in pending pool: %v", i+1, tx)
 			}
-			if _, ok := pool.queue[accs[0]].txs.items[tx.Nonce()]; ok {
+			if _, ok := list.txs.items[tx.Nonce()]; ok {
 				t.Errorf("tx %d: out-of-fund transaction present in future queue: %v", i+1, tx)
 			}
 		}
@@ -872,13 +875,14 @@ func TestPostponing(t *testing.T) {
 	if pool.pending[accs[1]] != nil {
 		t.Errorf("invalidated account still has pending transactions")
 	}
+	list, _ = pool.queue.get(accs[1])
 	for i, tx := range txs[100:] {
 		if i%2 == 1 {
-			if _, ok := pool.queue[accs[1]].txs.items[tx.Nonce()]; !ok {
+			if _, ok := list.txs.items[tx.Nonce()]; !ok {
 				t.Errorf("tx %d: valid but future transaction missing from future queue: %v", 100+i, tx)
 			}
 		} else {
-			if _, ok := pool.queue[accs[1]].txs.items[tx.Nonce()]; ok {
+			if _, ok := list.txs.items[tx.Nonce()]; ok {
 				t.Errorf("tx %d: out-of-fund transaction present in future queue: %v", 100+i, tx)
 			}
 		}
@@ -963,13 +967,14 @@ func TestQueueAccountLimiting(t *testing.T) {
 		if len(pool.pending) != 0 {
 			t.Errorf("tx %d: pending pool size mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, len(pool.pending), 0)
 		}
+		list, _ := pool.queue.get(account)
 		if i <= testTxPoolConfig.AccountQueue {
-			if pool.queue[account].Len() != int(i) {
-				t.Errorf("tx %d: queue size mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, pool.queue[account].Len(), i)
+			if list.Len() != int(i) {
+				t.Errorf("tx %d: queue size mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, list.Len(), i)
 			}
 		} else {
-			if pool.queue[account].Len() != int(testTxPoolConfig.AccountQueue) {
-				t.Errorf("tx %d: queue limit mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, pool.queue[account].Len(), testTxPoolConfig.AccountQueue)
+			if list.Len() != int(testTxPoolConfig.AccountQueue) {
+				t.Errorf("tx %d: queue limit mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, list.Len(), testTxPoolConfig.AccountQueue)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -1020,7 +1025,7 @@ func TestQueueGlobalLimiting(t *testing.T) {
 	pool.addRemotesSync(txs)
 
 	queued := 0
-	for addr, list := range pool.queue {
+	for addr, list := range pool.queue.queued {
 		if list.Len() > int(config.AccountQueue) {
 			t.Errorf("addr %x: queued accounts overflown allowance: %d > %d", addr, list.Len(), config.AccountQueue)
 		}
@@ -1179,8 +1184,8 @@ func TestPendingLimiting(t *testing.T) {
 		if pool.pending[account].Len() != int(i)+1 {
 			t.Errorf("tx %d: pending pool size mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, pool.pending[account].Len(), i+1)
 		}
-		if len(pool.queue) != 0 {
-			t.Errorf("tx %d: queue size mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, pool.queue[account].Len(), 0)
+		if len(pool.queue.addresses()) != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("tx %d: queue size mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, len(pool.queue.addresses()), 0)
 		}
 	}
 	if pool.all.Count() != int(testTxPoolConfig.AccountQueue+5) {
diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/queue.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/queue.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8417064f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/queue.go
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package legacypool
+
+import (
+	"sort"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/txpool"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+)
+
+type queue struct {
+	config Config
+	signer types.Signer
+	queued map[common.Address]*list     // Queued but non-processable transactions
+	beats  map[common.Address]time.Time // Last heartbeat from each known account
+}
+
+func newQueue(config Config, signer types.Signer) *queue {
+	return &queue{
+		signer: signer,
+		config: config,
+		queued: make(map[common.Address]*list),
+		beats:  make(map[common.Address]time.Time),
+	}
+}
+
+func (q *queue) evict(force bool) []common.Hash {
+	removed := make([]common.Hash, 0)
+	for addr, list := range q.queued {
+		// Any transactions old enough should be removed
+		if force || time.Since(q.beats[addr]) > q.config.Lifetime {
+			list := list.Flatten()
+			for _, tx := range list {
+				q.removeTx(addr, tx)
+				removed = append(removed, tx.Hash())
+			}
+			queuedEvictionMeter.Mark(int64(len(list)))
+		}
+	}
+	return removed
+}
+
+func (q *queue) stats() int {
+	queued := 0
+	for _, list := range q.queued {
+		queued += list.Len()
+	}
+	return queued
+}
+
+func (q *queue) content() map[common.Address][]*types.Transaction {
+	queued := make(map[common.Address][]*types.Transaction, len(q.queued))
+	for addr, list := range q.queued {
+		queued[addr] = list.Flatten()
+	}
+	return queued
+}
+
+func (q *queue) contentFrom(addr common.Address) []*types.Transaction {
+	var queued []*types.Transaction
+	if list, ok := q.get(addr); ok {
+		queued = list.Flatten()
+	}
+	return queued
+}
+
+func (q *queue) get(addr common.Address) (*list, bool) {
+	l, ok := q.queued[addr]
+	return l, ok
+}
+
+func (q *queue) bump(addr common.Address) {
+	q.beats[addr] = time.Now()
+}
+
+func (q *queue) addresses() []common.Address {
+	addrs := make([]common.Address, 0, len(q.queued))
+	for addr := range q.queued {
+		addrs = append(addrs, addr)
+	}
+	return addrs
+}
+
+func (q queue) removeTx(addr common.Address, tx *types.Transaction) {
+	if future := q.queued[addr]; future != nil {
+		if txOld := future.txs.Get(tx.Nonce()); txOld != nil && txOld.Hash() != tx.Hash() {
+			// Edge case, a different transaction
+			// with the same nonce is in the queued, just ignore
+			return
+		}
+		if removed, _ := future.Remove(tx); removed {
+			// Reduce the queued counter
+			queuedGauge.Dec(1)
+		}
+		if future.Empty() {
+			delete(q.queued, addr)
+			delete(q.beats, addr)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (q *queue) add(hash common.Hash, tx *types.Transaction) (*common.Hash, error) {
+	// Try to insert the transaction into the future queue
+	from, _ := types.Sender(q.signer, tx) // already validated
+	if q.queued[from] == nil {
+		q.queued[from] = newList(false)
+	}
+	inserted, old := q.queued[from].Add(tx, q.config.PriceBump)
+	if !inserted {
+		// An older transaction was better, discard this
+		queuedDiscardMeter.Mark(1)
+		return nil, txpool.ErrReplaceUnderpriced
+	}
+	// If we never record the heartbeat, do it right now.
+	if _, exist := q.beats[from]; !exist {
+		q.beats[from] = time.Now()
+	}
+	if old == nil {
+		// Nothing was replaced, bump the queued counter
+		queuedGauge.Inc(1)
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	h := old.Hash()
+	// Transaction was replaced, bump the replacement counter
+	queuedReplaceMeter.Mark(1)
+	return &h, nil
+}
+
+// promoteExecutables iterates over all accounts with queued transactions, selecting
+// for promotion any that are now executable. It also drops any transactions that are
+// deemed too old (nonce too low) or too costly (insufficient funds or over gas limit).
+//
+// Returns three lists: all transactions that were removed from the queue and selected
+// for promotion; all other transactions that were removed from the queue and dropped;
+// the list of addresses removed.
+func (q *queue) promoteExecutables(accounts []common.Address, gasLimit uint64, currentState *state.StateDB, nonces *noncer) ([]*types.Transaction, []common.Hash, []common.Address) {
+	// Track the promotable transactions to broadcast them at once
+	var promotable []*types.Transaction
+	var dropped []common.Hash
+	var removedAddresses []common.Address
+
+	// Iterate over all accounts and promote any executable transactions
+	for _, addr := range accounts {
+		list := q.queued[addr]
+		if list == nil {
+			continue // Just in case someone calls with a non existing account
+		}
+		// Drop all transactions that are deemed too old (low nonce)
+		forwards := list.Forward(currentState.GetNonce(addr))
+		for _, tx := range forwards {
+			dropped = append(dropped, tx.Hash())
+		}
+		log.Trace("Removing old queued transactions", "count", len(forwards))
+		// Drop all transactions that are too costly (low balance or out of gas)
+		drops, _ := list.Filter(currentState.GetBalance(addr), gasLimit)
+		for _, tx := range drops {
+			dropped = append(dropped, tx.Hash())
+		}
+		log.Trace("Removing unpayable queued transactions", "count", len(drops))
+		queuedNofundsMeter.Mark(int64(len(drops)))
+
+		// Gather all executable transactions and promote them
+		readies := list.Ready(nonces.get(addr))
+		promotable = append(promotable, readies...)
+		log.Trace("Promoting queued transactions", "count", len(promotable))
+		queuedGauge.Dec(int64(len(readies)))
+
+		// Drop all transactions over the allowed limit
+		var caps = list.Cap(int(q.config.AccountQueue))
+		for _, tx := range caps {
+			hash := tx.Hash()
+			dropped = append(dropped, hash)
+			log.Trace("Removing cap-exceeding queued transaction", "hash", hash)
+		}
+		queuedRateLimitMeter.Mark(int64(len(caps)))
+
+		// Delete the entire queue entry if it became empty.
+		if list.Empty() {
+			delete(q.queued, addr)
+			delete(q.beats, addr)
+			removedAddresses = append(removedAddresses, addr)
+		}
+	}
+	queuedGauge.Dec(int64(len(dropped)))
+	return promotable, dropped, removedAddresses
+}
+
+// truncate drops the oldest transactions from the queue until the total
+// number is below the configured limit.
+// Returns the hashes of all dropped transactions, and the addresses of
+// accounts that became empty due to the truncation.
+func (q *queue) truncate() ([]common.Hash, []common.Address) {
+	queued := uint64(0)
+	for _, list := range q.queued {
+		queued += uint64(list.Len())
+	}
+	if queued <= q.config.GlobalQueue {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// Sort all accounts with queued transactions by heartbeat
+	addresses := make(addressesByHeartbeat, 0, len(q.queued))
+	for addr := range q.queued {
+		addresses = append(addresses, addressByHeartbeat{addr, q.beats[addr]})
+	}
+	sort.Sort(sort.Reverse(addresses))
+	removed := make([]common.Hash, 0)
+	removedAddresses := make([]common.Address, 0)
+
+	// Drop transactions until the total is below the limit
+	for drop := queued - q.config.GlobalQueue; drop > 0 && len(addresses) > 0; {
+		addr := addresses[len(addresses)-1]
+		list := q.queued[addr.address]
+
+		addresses = addresses[:len(addresses)-1]
+
+		// Drop all transactions if they are less than the overflow
+		if size := uint64(list.Len()); size <= drop {
+			for _, tx := range list.Flatten() {
+				q.removeTx(addr.address, tx)
+				removed = append(removed, tx.Hash())
+			}
+			drop -= size
+			queuedRateLimitMeter.Mark(int64(size))
+			removedAddresses = append(removedAddresses, addr.address)
+			continue
+		}
+		// Otherwise drop only last few transactions
+		txs := list.Flatten()
+		for i := len(txs) - 1; i >= 0 && drop > 0; i-- {
+			q.removeTx(addr.address, txs[i])
+			removed = append(removed, txs[i].Hash())
+			drop--
+			queuedRateLimitMeter.Mark(1)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// no need to clear empty accounts, removeTx already does that
+	return removed, removedAddresses
+}
+
+// addressByHeartbeat is an account address tagged with its last activity timestamp.
+type addressByHeartbeat struct {
+	address   common.Address
+	heartbeat time.Time
+}
+
+type addressesByHeartbeat []addressByHeartbeat
+
+func (a addressesByHeartbeat) Len() int           { return len(a) }
+func (a addressesByHeartbeat) Less(i, j int) bool { return a[i].heartbeat.Before(a[j].heartbeat) }
+func (a addressesByHeartbeat) Swap(i, j int)      { a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] }

From b28241ba85a294ad0f860390943170329c37a53b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Felf=C3=B6ldi=20Zsolt?= <zsfelfoldi@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Oct 2025 19:21:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 247/470] cmd/workload: filter fuzzer test (#31613)

This PR adds a `filterfuzz` subcommand to the workload tester that
generates requests similarly to `filtergen` (though with a much smaller
block length limit) and also verifies the results by retrieving all
block receipts in the range and locally filtering out relevant results.
Unlike `filtergen` that operates on the finalized chain range only,
`filterfuzz` does check the head region, actually it seeds a new query
at every new chain head.
---
 cmd/workload/filtertest.go     |  15 +-
 cmd/workload/filtertestfuzz.go | 337 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 cmd/workload/filtertestgen.go  |  59 +++---
 cmd/workload/main.go           |   1 +
 4 files changed, 378 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 cmd/workload/filtertestfuzz.go

diff --git a/cmd/workload/filtertest.go b/cmd/workload/filtertest.go
index 9f0b6cab44..d77cbc5768 100644
--- a/cmd/workload/filtertest.go
+++ b/cmd/workload/filtertest.go
@@ -182,13 +182,14 @@ func (s *filterTestSuite) loadQueries() error {
 
 // filterQuery is a single query for testing.
 type filterQuery struct {
-	FromBlock  int64            `json:"fromBlock"`
-	ToBlock    int64            `json:"toBlock"`
-	Address    []common.Address `json:"address"`
-	Topics     [][]common.Hash  `json:"topics"`
-	ResultHash *common.Hash     `json:"resultHash,omitempty"`
-	results    []types.Log
-	Err        error `json:"error,omitempty"`
+	FromBlock     int64 `json:"fromBlock"`
+	ToBlock       int64 `json:"toBlock"`
+	lastBlockHash common.Hash
+	Address       []common.Address `json:"address"`
+	Topics        [][]common.Hash  `json:"topics"`
+	ResultHash    *common.Hash     `json:"resultHash,omitempty"`
+	results       []types.Log
+	Err           error `json:"error,omitempty"`
 }
 
 func (fq *filterQuery) isWildcard() bool {
diff --git a/cmd/workload/filtertestfuzz.go b/cmd/workload/filtertestfuzz.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3549f4db56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/workload/filtertestfuzz.go
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of go-ethereum.
+//
+// go-ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// go-ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with go-ethereum. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+	"slices"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/lru"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+)
+
+const maxFilterRangeForTestFuzz = 300
+
+var (
+	filterFuzzCommand = &cli.Command{
+		Name:      "filterfuzz",
+		Usage:     "Generates queries and compares results against matches derived from receipts",
+		ArgsUsage: "<RPC endpoint URL>",
+		Action:    filterFuzzCmd,
+		Flags:     []cli.Flag{},
+	}
+)
+
+// filterFuzzCmd is the main function of the filter fuzzer.
+func filterFuzzCmd(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	f := newFilterTestGen(ctx, maxFilterRangeForTestFuzz)
+	var lastHead *types.Header
+	headerCache := lru.NewCache[common.Hash, *types.Header](200)
+
+	commonAncestor := func(oldPtr, newPtr *types.Header) *types.Header {
+		if oldPtr == nil || newPtr == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if newPtr.Number.Uint64() > oldPtr.Number.Uint64()+100 || oldPtr.Number.Uint64() > newPtr.Number.Uint64()+100 {
+			return nil
+		}
+		for oldPtr.Hash() != newPtr.Hash() {
+			if newPtr.Number.Uint64() >= oldPtr.Number.Uint64() {
+				if parent, _ := headerCache.Get(newPtr.ParentHash); parent != nil {
+					newPtr = parent
+				} else {
+					newPtr, _ = getHeaderByHash(f.client, newPtr.ParentHash)
+					if newPtr == nil {
+						return nil
+					}
+					headerCache.Add(newPtr.Hash(), newPtr)
+				}
+			}
+			if oldPtr.Number.Uint64() > newPtr.Number.Uint64() {
+				oldPtr, _ = headerCache.Get(oldPtr.ParentHash)
+				if oldPtr == nil {
+					return nil
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return newPtr
+	}
+
+	fetchHead := func() (*types.Header, bool) {
+		currentHead, err := getLatestHeader(f.client)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Println("Could not fetch head block", err)
+			return nil, false
+		}
+		headerCache.Add(currentHead.Hash(), currentHead)
+		if lastHead != nil && currentHead.Hash() == lastHead.Hash() {
+			return currentHead, false
+		}
+		f.blockLimit = currentHead.Number.Int64()
+		ca := commonAncestor(lastHead, currentHead)
+		fmt.Print("*** New head ", f.blockLimit)
+		if ca == nil {
+			fmt.Println("  <no common ancestor>")
+		} else {
+			if reorged := lastHead.Number.Uint64() - ca.Number.Uint64(); reorged > 0 {
+				fmt.Print("  reorged ", reorged)
+			}
+			if missed := currentHead.Number.Uint64() - ca.Number.Uint64() - 1; missed > 0 {
+				fmt.Print("  missed ", missed)
+			}
+			fmt.Println()
+		}
+		lastHead = currentHead
+		return currentHead, true
+	}
+
+	tryExtendQuery := func(query *filterQuery) *filterQuery {
+		for {
+			extQuery := f.extendRange(query)
+			if extQuery == nil {
+				return query
+			}
+			extQuery.checkLastBlockHash(f.client)
+			extQuery.run(f.client, nil)
+			if extQuery.Err == nil && len(extQuery.results) == 0 {
+				// query is useless now due to major reorg; abandon and continue
+				fmt.Println("Zero length results")
+				return nil
+			}
+			if extQuery.Err != nil {
+				extQuery.printError()
+				return nil
+			}
+			if len(extQuery.results) > maxFilterResultSize {
+				return query
+			}
+			query = extQuery
+		}
+	}
+
+	var (
+		mmQuery              *filterQuery
+		mmRetry, mmNextRetry int
+	)
+
+mainLoop:
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil
+		default:
+		}
+		var query *filterQuery
+		if mmQuery != nil {
+			if mmRetry == 0 {
+				query = mmQuery
+				mmRetry = mmNextRetry
+				mmNextRetry *= 2
+				query.checkLastBlockHash(f.client)
+				query.run(f.client, nil)
+				if query.Err != nil {
+					query.printError()
+					continue
+				}
+				fmt.Println("Retrying query  from:", query.FromBlock, "to:", query.ToBlock, "results:", len(query.results))
+			} else {
+				mmRetry--
+			}
+		}
+		if query == nil {
+			currentHead, isNewHead := fetchHead()
+			if currentHead == nil {
+				select {
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					return nil
+				case <-time.After(time.Second):
+				}
+				continue mainLoop
+			}
+			if isNewHead {
+				query = f.newHeadSeedQuery(currentHead.Number.Int64())
+			} else {
+				query = f.newQuery()
+			}
+			query.checkLastBlockHash(f.client)
+			query.run(f.client, nil)
+			if query.Err != nil {
+				query.printError()
+				continue
+			}
+			fmt.Println("New query  from:", query.FromBlock, "to:", query.ToBlock, "results:", len(query.results))
+			if len(query.results) == 0 || len(query.results) > maxFilterResultSize {
+				continue mainLoop
+			}
+			if query = tryExtendQuery(query); query == nil {
+				continue mainLoop
+			}
+		}
+		if !query.checkLastBlockHash(f.client) {
+			fmt.Println("Reorg during search")
+			continue mainLoop
+		}
+		// now we have a new query; check results
+		results, err := query.getResultsFromReceipts(f.client)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Println("Could not fetch results from receipts", err)
+			continue mainLoop
+		}
+		if !query.checkLastBlockHash(f.client) {
+			fmt.Println("Reorg during search")
+			continue mainLoop
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(query.results, results) {
+			fmt.Println("Results mismatch  from:", query.FromBlock, "to:", query.ToBlock, "addresses:", query.Address, "topics:", query.Topics)
+			resShared, resGetLogs, resReceipts := compareResults(query.results, results)
+			fmt.Println(" shared:", len(resShared))
+			fmt.Println(" only from getLogs:", len(resGetLogs), resGetLogs)
+			fmt.Println(" only from receipts:", len(resReceipts), resReceipts)
+			if mmQuery != query {
+				mmQuery = query
+				mmRetry = 0
+				mmNextRetry = 1
+			}
+			continue mainLoop
+		}
+		fmt.Println("Successful query  from:", query.FromBlock, "to:", query.ToBlock, "results:", len(query.results))
+		f.storeQuery(query)
+	}
+}
+
+func compareResults(a, b []types.Log) (shared, onlya, onlyb []types.Log) {
+	for len(a) > 0 && len(b) > 0 {
+		if reflect.DeepEqual(a[0], b[0]) {
+			shared = append(shared, a[0])
+			a = a[1:]
+			b = b[1:]
+		} else {
+			for i := 1; ; i++ {
+				if i >= len(a) { // b[0] not found in a
+					onlyb = append(onlyb, b[0])
+					b = b[1:]
+					break
+				}
+				if i >= len(b) { // a[0] not found in b
+					onlya = append(onlya, a[0])
+					a = a[1:]
+					break
+				}
+				if reflect.DeepEqual(b[0], a[i]) { // a[:i] not found in b
+					onlya = append(onlya, a[:i]...)
+					a = a[i:]
+					break
+				}
+				if reflect.DeepEqual(a[0], b[i]) { // b[:i] not found in a
+					onlyb = append(onlyb, b[:i]...)
+					b = b[i:]
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	onlya = append(onlya, a...)
+	onlyb = append(onlyb, b...)
+	return
+}
+
+func getLatestHeader(client *client) (*types.Header, error) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*5)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	return client.Eth.HeaderByNumber(ctx, big.NewInt(int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber)))
+}
+
+func getHeaderByHash(client *client, hash common.Hash) (*types.Header, error) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*5)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	return client.Eth.HeaderByHash(ctx, hash)
+}
+
+// newHeadSeedQuery creates a query that gets all logs from the latest head.
+func (s *filterTestGen) newHeadSeedQuery(head int64) *filterQuery {
+	return &filterQuery{
+		FromBlock: head,
+		ToBlock:   head,
+	}
+}
+
+func (fq *filterQuery) checkLastBlockHash(client *client) bool {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*30)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	header, err := client.Eth.HeaderByNumber(ctx, big.NewInt(fq.ToBlock))
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println("Cound not fetch last block hash of query  number:", fq.ToBlock, "error:", err)
+		fq.lastBlockHash = common.Hash{}
+		return false
+	}
+	hash := header.Hash()
+	if fq.lastBlockHash == hash {
+		return true
+	}
+	fq.lastBlockHash = hash
+	return false
+}
+
+func (fq *filterQuery) filterLog(log *types.Log) bool {
+	if len(fq.Address) > 0 && !slices.Contains(fq.Address, log.Address) {
+		return false
+	}
+	// If the to filtered topics is greater than the amount of topics in logs, skip.
+	if len(fq.Topics) > len(log.Topics) {
+		return false
+	}
+	for i, sub := range fq.Topics {
+		if len(sub) == 0 {
+			continue // empty rule set == wildcard
+		}
+		if !slices.Contains(sub, log.Topics[i]) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (fq *filterQuery) getResultsFromReceipts(client *client) ([]types.Log, error) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*30)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	var results []types.Log
+	for blockNumber := fq.FromBlock; blockNumber <= fq.ToBlock; blockNumber++ {
+		receipts, err := client.Eth.BlockReceipts(ctx, rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(rpc.BlockNumber(blockNumber)))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		for _, receipt := range receipts {
+			for _, log := range receipt.Logs {
+				if fq.filterLog(log) {
+					results = append(results, *log)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return results, nil
+}
diff --git a/cmd/workload/filtertestgen.go b/cmd/workload/filtertestgen.go
index 6d1f639819..603e3dea67 100644
--- a/cmd/workload/filtertestgen.go
+++ b/cmd/workload/filtertestgen.go
@@ -32,6 +32,17 @@ import (
 	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
 )
 
+const (
+	// Parameter of the random filter query generator.
+	maxFilterRangeForTestGen = 100000000000
+	maxFilterResultSize      = 1000
+	filterBuckets            = 10
+	maxFilterBucketSize      = 100
+	filterSeedChance         = 10
+	filterMergeChance        = 45
+	filterExtendChance       = 50
+)
+
 var (
 	filterGenerateCommand = &cli.Command{
 		Name:      "filtergen",
@@ -58,7 +69,7 @@ var (
 
 // filterGenCmd is the main function of the filter tests generator.
 func filterGenCmd(ctx *cli.Context) error {
-	f := newFilterTestGen(ctx)
+	f := newFilterTestGen(ctx, maxFilterRangeForTestGen)
 	lastWrite := time.Now()
 	for {
 		select {
@@ -67,7 +78,7 @@ func filterGenCmd(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		default:
 		}
 
-		f.updateFinalizedBlock()
+		f.setLimitToFinalizedBlock()
 		query := f.newQuery()
 		query.run(f.client, nil)
 		if query.Err != nil {
@@ -75,7 +86,7 @@ func filterGenCmd(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			exit("filter query failed")
 		}
 		if len(query.results) > 0 && len(query.results) <= maxFilterResultSize {
-			for {
+			for rand.Intn(100) < filterExtendChance {
 				extQuery := f.extendRange(query)
 				if extQuery == nil {
 					break
@@ -108,39 +119,32 @@ func filterGenCmd(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 
 // filterTestGen is the filter query test generator.
 type filterTestGen struct {
-	client    *client
-	queryFile string
+	client         *client
+	queryFile      string
+	maxFilterRange int64
 
-	finalizedBlock int64
-	queries        [filterBuckets][]*filterQuery
+	blockLimit int64
+	queries    [filterBuckets][]*filterQuery
 }
 
-func newFilterTestGen(ctx *cli.Context) *filterTestGen {
+func newFilterTestGen(ctx *cli.Context, maxFilterRange int64) *filterTestGen {
 	return &filterTestGen{
-		client:    makeClient(ctx),
-		queryFile: ctx.String(filterQueryFileFlag.Name),
+		client:         makeClient(ctx),
+		queryFile:      ctx.String(filterQueryFileFlag.Name),
+		maxFilterRange: maxFilterRange,
 	}
 }
 
-func (s *filterTestGen) updateFinalizedBlock() {
-	s.finalizedBlock = mustGetFinalizedBlock(s.client)
+func (s *filterTestGen) setLimitToFinalizedBlock() {
+	s.blockLimit = mustGetFinalizedBlock(s.client)
 }
 
-const (
-	// Parameter of the random filter query generator.
-	maxFilterRange      = 10000000
-	maxFilterResultSize = 300
-	filterBuckets       = 10
-	maxFilterBucketSize = 100
-	filterSeedChance    = 10
-	filterMergeChance   = 45
-)
-
 // storeQuery adds a filter query to the output file.
 func (s *filterTestGen) storeQuery(query *filterQuery) {
 	query.ResultHash = new(common.Hash)
 	*query.ResultHash = query.calculateHash()
-	logRatio := math.Log(float64(len(query.results))*float64(s.finalizedBlock)/float64(query.ToBlock+1-query.FromBlock)) / math.Log(float64(s.finalizedBlock)*maxFilterResultSize)
+	maxFilterRange := min(s.maxFilterRange, s.blockLimit)
+	logRatio := math.Log(float64(len(query.results))*float64(maxFilterRange)/float64(query.ToBlock+1-query.FromBlock)) / math.Log(float64(maxFilterRange)*maxFilterResultSize)
 	bucket := int(math.Floor(logRatio * filterBuckets))
 	if bucket >= filterBuckets {
 		bucket = filterBuckets - 1
@@ -160,13 +164,13 @@ func (s *filterTestGen) storeQuery(query *filterQuery) {
 func (s *filterTestGen) extendRange(q *filterQuery) *filterQuery {
 	rangeLen := q.ToBlock + 1 - q.FromBlock
 	extLen := rand.Int63n(rangeLen) + 1
-	if rangeLen+extLen > s.finalizedBlock {
+	if rangeLen+extLen > min(s.maxFilterRange, s.blockLimit) {
 		return nil
 	}
 	extBefore := min(rand.Int63n(extLen+1), q.FromBlock)
 	extAfter := extLen - extBefore
-	if q.ToBlock+extAfter > s.finalizedBlock {
-		d := q.ToBlock + extAfter - s.finalizedBlock
+	if q.ToBlock+extAfter > s.blockLimit {
+		d := q.ToBlock + extAfter - s.blockLimit
 		extAfter -= d
 		if extBefore+d <= q.FromBlock {
 			extBefore += d
@@ -203,7 +207,7 @@ func (s *filterTestGen) newQuery() *filterQuery {
 
 // newSeedQuery creates a query that gets all logs in a random non-finalized block.
 func (s *filterTestGen) newSeedQuery() *filterQuery {
-	block := rand.Int63n(s.finalizedBlock + 1)
+	block := rand.Int63n(s.blockLimit + 1)
 	return &filterQuery{
 		FromBlock: block,
 		ToBlock:   block,
@@ -358,6 +362,7 @@ func (s *filterTestGen) writeQueries() {
 func mustGetFinalizedBlock(client *client) int64 {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second*5)
 	defer cancel()
+
 	header, err := client.Eth.HeaderByNumber(ctx, big.NewInt(int64(rpc.FinalizedBlockNumber)))
 	if err != nil {
 		exit(fmt.Errorf("could not fetch finalized header (error: %v)", err))
diff --git a/cmd/workload/main.go b/cmd/workload/main.go
index 32618d6a79..8ac0e5b6cb 100644
--- a/cmd/workload/main.go
+++ b/cmd/workload/main.go
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ func init() {
 		filterGenerateCommand,
 		traceGenerateCommand,
 		filterPerfCommand,
+		filterFuzzCommand,
 	}
 }
 

From 6337577434abcd99a24ff5e14dce9bd6381efbeb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Oct 2025 01:58:50 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 248/470] p2p/discover: wait for bootstrap to be done (#32881)

This ensures the node is ready to accept other nodes into the
table before it is used in a test.

Closes #32863
---
 p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go b/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go
index 44863183fa..287f0c34fa 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/v4_udp_test.go
@@ -575,6 +575,13 @@ func startLocalhostV4(t *testing.T, cfg Config) *UDPv4 {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
+
+	// Wait for bootstrap to complete.
+	select {
+	case <-udp.tab.initDone:
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatalf("timed out waiting for table initialization")
+	}
 	return udp
 }
 

From 52c484de868dd6842b9205eede1d6add781bd424 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Oct 2025 03:23:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 249/470] triedb/pathdb: catch int conversion overflow in
 32-bit (#32899)

The limit check for `MaxUint32` is done after the cast to `int`. On 64
bits machines, that will work without a problem. On 32 bits machines,
that will always fail. The compiler catches it and refuses to build.

Note that this only fixes the compiler build. ~~If the limit is above
`MaxInt32` but strictly below `MaxUint32` then this will fail at runtime
and we have another issue.~~ I checked and this should not happen during
regular execution, although it might happen in tests.
---
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
index 2a4459d4ad..f5eb590a9a 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ func newTrienodeHistory(root common.Hash, parent common.Hash, block uint64, node
 // sharedLen returns the length of the common prefix shared by a and b.
 func sharedLen(a, b []byte) int {
 	n := min(len(a), len(b))
-	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+	for i := range n {
 		if a[i] != b[i] {
 			return i
 		}
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ func decodeHeader(data []byte) (*trienodeMetadata, []common.Hash, []uint32, []ui
 		keyOffsets = make([]uint32, 0, count)
 		valOffsets = make([]uint32, 0, count)
 	)
-	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+	for i := range count {
 		n := trienodeMetadataSize + trienodeTrieHeaderSize*i
 		owner := common.BytesToHash(data[n : n+common.HashLength])
 		if i != 0 && bytes.Compare(owner.Bytes(), owners[i-1].Bytes()) <= 0 {
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ func decodeSingle(keySection []byte, onValue func([]byte, int, int) error) ([]st
 	if len(keySection) < int(8*nRestarts)+4 {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("key section too short, restarts: %d, size: %d", nRestarts, len(keySection))
 	}
-	for i := 0; i < int(nRestarts); i++ {
+	for i := range int(nRestarts) {
 		o := len(keySection) - 4 - (int(nRestarts)-i)*8
 		keyOffset := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(keySection[o : o+4])
 		if i != 0 && keyOffset <= keyOffsets[i-1] {
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ func (h *trienodeHistory) decode(header []byte, keySection []byte, valueSection
 	h.nodeList = make(map[common.Hash][]string)
 	h.nodes = make(map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte)
 
-	for i := 0; i < len(owners); i++ {
+	for i := range len(owners) {
 		// Resolve the boundary of key section
 		keyStart := keyOffsets[i]
 		keyLimit := len(keySection)
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ func newSingleTrienodeHistoryReader(id uint64, reader ethdb.AncientReader, keyRa
 	}
 	keyStart := int(keyRange.start)
 	keyLimit := int(keyRange.limit)
-	if keyLimit == math.MaxUint32 {
+	if keyRange.limit == math.MaxUint32 {
 		keyLimit = len(keyData)
 	}
 	if len(keyData) < keyStart || len(keyData) < keyLimit {

From 00f6f2b32fd49255dd7fcab24f0326c1da91d1e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Oct 2025 05:01:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 250/470] eth/catalyst: remove useless log on enabling Engine
 API (#32901)

---
 eth/catalyst/api.go | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index 6dfe24f729..75b263bf6b 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ import (
 
 // Register adds the engine API to the full node.
 func Register(stack *node.Node, backend *eth.Ethereum) error {
-	log.Warn("Engine API enabled", "protocol", "eth")
 	stack.RegisterAPIs([]rpc.API{
 		{
 			Namespace:     "engine",

From fb8d2298b615aedd964635c6fb45587246da67ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Oct 2025 05:03:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 251/470] eth: do not warn on switching from snap sync to full
 sync (#32900)

This happens normally after a restart, so it is better to use Info level
here.

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 eth/handler.go | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/handler.go b/eth/handler.go
index 304560a158..ff970e2ba6 100644
--- a/eth/handler.go
+++ b/eth/handler.go
@@ -181,8 +181,7 @@ func newHandler(config *handlerConfig) (*handler, error) {
 	} else {
 		head := h.chain.CurrentBlock()
 		if head.Number.Uint64() > 0 && h.chain.HasState(head.Root) {
-			// Print warning log if database is not empty to run snap sync.
-			log.Warn("Switch sync mode from snap sync to full sync", "reason", "snap sync complete")
+			log.Info("Switch sync mode from snap sync to full sync", "reason", "snap sync complete")
 		} else {
 			// If snap sync was requested and our database is empty, grant it
 			h.snapSync.Store(true)

From e03d97a42052097d817eb13c22a2f1a6459518e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Oct 2025 14:40:04 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 252/470] core/txpool/legacypool: fix pricedList updates
 (#32906)

This pr addresses a few issues brought by the #32270

- Add updates to pricedList after dropping transactions.
- Remove redundant deletions in queue.evictList, since
pool.removeTx(hash, true, true) already performs the removal.
- Prevent duplicate addresses during promotion when Reset is not nil.
---
 core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go | 21 +++++------
 core/txpool/legacypool/queue.go      | 56 +++++++++++++++-------------
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
index b36d86dd19..ceedc74a53 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
@@ -367,8 +367,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) loop() {
 		// Handle inactive account transaction eviction
 		case <-evict.C:
 			pool.mu.Lock()
-			evicted := pool.queue.evict(false)
-			for _, hash := range evicted {
+			for _, hash := range pool.queue.evictList() {
 				pool.removeTx(hash, true, true)
 			}
 			pool.mu.Unlock()
@@ -813,7 +812,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) isGapped(from common.Address, tx *types.Transaction) boo
 //
 // Note, this method assumes the pool lock is held!
 func (pool *LegacyPool) enqueueTx(hash common.Hash, tx *types.Transaction, addAll bool) (bool, error) {
-	replaced, err := pool.queue.add(hash, tx)
+	replaced, err := pool.queue.add(tx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
@@ -1093,7 +1092,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) removeTx(hash common.Hash, outofbound bool, unreserve bo
 		}
 	}
 	// Transaction is in the future queue
-	pool.queue.removeTx(addr, tx)
+	pool.queue.remove(addr, tx)
 	return 0
 }
 
@@ -1241,7 +1240,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) runReorg(done chan struct{}, reset *txpoolResetRequest,
 			}
 		}
 		// Reset needs promote for all addresses
-		promoteAddrs = append(promoteAddrs, pool.queue.addresses()...)
+		promoteAddrs = pool.queue.addresses()
 	}
 	// Check for pending transactions for every account that sent new ones
 	promoted := pool.promoteExecutables(promoteAddrs)
@@ -1397,9 +1396,9 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) reset(oldHead, newHead *types.Header) {
 func (pool *LegacyPool) promoteExecutables(accounts []common.Address) []*types.Transaction {
 	gasLimit := pool.currentHead.Load().GasLimit
 	promotable, dropped, removedAddresses := pool.queue.promoteExecutables(accounts, gasLimit, pool.currentState, pool.pendingNonces)
-	promoted := make([]*types.Transaction, 0, len(promotable))
 
-	// promote all promoteable transactions
+	// promote all promotable transactions
+	promoted := make([]*types.Transaction, 0, len(promotable))
 	for _, tx := range promotable {
 		from, _ := pool.signer.Sender(tx)
 		if pool.promoteTx(from, tx.Hash(), tx) {
@@ -1411,16 +1410,15 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) promoteExecutables(accounts []common.Address) []*types.T
 	for _, hash := range dropped {
 		pool.all.Remove(hash)
 	}
+	pool.priced.Removed(len(dropped))
 
 	// release all accounts that have no more transactions in the pool
 	for _, addr := range removedAddresses {
 		_, hasPending := pool.pending[addr]
-		_, hasQueued := pool.queue.get(addr)
-		if !hasPending && !hasQueued {
+		if !hasPending {
 			pool.reserver.Release(addr)
 		}
 	}
-
 	return promoted
 }
 
@@ -1510,10 +1508,11 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) truncatePending() {
 func (pool *LegacyPool) truncateQueue() {
 	removed, removedAddresses := pool.queue.truncate()
 
-	// remove all removable transactions
+	// Remove all removable transactions from the lookup and global price list
 	for _, hash := range removed {
 		pool.all.Remove(hash)
 	}
+	pool.priced.Removed(len(removed))
 
 	for _, addr := range removedAddresses {
 		_, hasPending := pool.pending[addr]
diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/queue.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/queue.go
index b8417064f7..a889debe37 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/queue.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/queue.go
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 )
 
+// queue manages nonce-gapped transactions that have been validated but are
+// not yet processable.
 type queue struct {
 	config Config
 	signer types.Signer
@@ -43,19 +45,17 @@ func newQueue(config Config, signer types.Signer) *queue {
 	}
 }
 
-func (q *queue) evict(force bool) []common.Hash {
-	removed := make([]common.Hash, 0)
+// evictList returns the hashes of transactions that are old enough to be evicted.
+func (q *queue) evictList() []common.Hash {
+	var removed []common.Hash
 	for addr, list := range q.queued {
-		// Any transactions old enough should be removed
-		if force || time.Since(q.beats[addr]) > q.config.Lifetime {
-			list := list.Flatten()
-			for _, tx := range list {
-				q.removeTx(addr, tx)
+		if time.Since(q.beats[addr]) > q.config.Lifetime {
+			for _, tx := range list.Flatten() {
 				removed = append(removed, tx.Hash())
 			}
-			queuedEvictionMeter.Mark(int64(len(list)))
 		}
 	}
+	queuedEvictionMeter.Mark(int64(len(removed)))
 	return removed
 }
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ func (q *queue) addresses() []common.Address {
 	return addrs
 }
 
-func (q queue) removeTx(addr common.Address, tx *types.Transaction) {
+func (q *queue) remove(addr common.Address, tx *types.Transaction) {
 	if future := q.queued[addr]; future != nil {
 		if txOld := future.txs.Get(tx.Nonce()); txOld != nil && txOld.Hash() != tx.Hash() {
 			// Edge case, a different transaction
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ func (q queue) removeTx(addr common.Address, tx *types.Transaction) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (q *queue) add(hash common.Hash, tx *types.Transaction) (*common.Hash, error) {
+func (q *queue) add(tx *types.Transaction) (*common.Hash, error) {
 	// Try to insert the transaction into the future queue
 	from, _ := types.Sender(q.signer, tx) // already validated
 	if q.queued[from] == nil {
@@ -149,15 +149,17 @@ func (q *queue) add(hash common.Hash, tx *types.Transaction) (*common.Hash, erro
 // for promotion any that are now executable. It also drops any transactions that are
 // deemed too old (nonce too low) or too costly (insufficient funds or over gas limit).
 //
-// Returns three lists: all transactions that were removed from the queue and selected
-// for promotion; all other transactions that were removed from the queue and dropped;
-// the list of addresses removed.
+// Returns three lists:
+// - all transactions that were removed from the queue and selected for promotion;
+// - all other transactions that were removed from the queue and dropped;
+// - the list of addresses removed.
 func (q *queue) promoteExecutables(accounts []common.Address, gasLimit uint64, currentState *state.StateDB, nonces *noncer) ([]*types.Transaction, []common.Hash, []common.Address) {
 	// Track the promotable transactions to broadcast them at once
-	var promotable []*types.Transaction
-	var dropped []common.Hash
-	var removedAddresses []common.Address
-
+	var (
+		promotable       []*types.Transaction
+		dropped          []common.Hash
+		removedAddresses []common.Address
+	)
 	// Iterate over all accounts and promote any executable transactions
 	for _, addr := range accounts {
 		list := q.queued[addr]
@@ -170,6 +172,7 @@ func (q *queue) promoteExecutables(accounts []common.Address, gasLimit uint64, c
 			dropped = append(dropped, tx.Hash())
 		}
 		log.Trace("Removing old queued transactions", "count", len(forwards))
+
 		// Drop all transactions that are too costly (low balance or out of gas)
 		drops, _ := list.Filter(currentState.GetBalance(addr), gasLimit)
 		for _, tx := range drops {
@@ -205,9 +208,9 @@ func (q *queue) promoteExecutables(accounts []common.Address, gasLimit uint64, c
 }
 
 // truncate drops the oldest transactions from the queue until the total
-// number is below the configured limit.
-// Returns the hashes of all dropped transactions, and the addresses of
-// accounts that became empty due to the truncation.
+// number is below the configured limit. Returns the hashes of all dropped
+// transactions and the addresses of accounts that became empty due to
+// the truncation.
 func (q *queue) truncate() ([]common.Hash, []common.Address) {
 	queued := uint64(0)
 	for _, list := range q.queued {
@@ -223,10 +226,12 @@ func (q *queue) truncate() ([]common.Hash, []common.Address) {
 		addresses = append(addresses, addressByHeartbeat{addr, q.beats[addr]})
 	}
 	sort.Sort(sort.Reverse(addresses))
-	removed := make([]common.Hash, 0)
-	removedAddresses := make([]common.Address, 0)
 
 	// Drop transactions until the total is below the limit
+	var (
+		removed          = make([]common.Hash, 0)
+		removedAddresses = make([]common.Address, 0)
+	)
 	for drop := queued - q.config.GlobalQueue; drop > 0 && len(addresses) > 0; {
 		addr := addresses[len(addresses)-1]
 		list := q.queued[addr.address]
@@ -236,7 +241,7 @@ func (q *queue) truncate() ([]common.Hash, []common.Address) {
 		// Drop all transactions if they are less than the overflow
 		if size := uint64(list.Len()); size <= drop {
 			for _, tx := range list.Flatten() {
-				q.removeTx(addr.address, tx)
+				q.remove(addr.address, tx)
 				removed = append(removed, tx.Hash())
 			}
 			drop -= size
@@ -247,14 +252,13 @@ func (q *queue) truncate() ([]common.Hash, []common.Address) {
 		// Otherwise drop only last few transactions
 		txs := list.Flatten()
 		for i := len(txs) - 1; i >= 0 && drop > 0; i-- {
-			q.removeTx(addr.address, txs[i])
+			q.remove(addr.address, txs[i])
 			removed = append(removed, txs[i].Hash())
 			drop--
 			queuedRateLimitMeter.Mark(1)
 		}
 	}
-
-	// no need to clear empty accounts, removeTx already does that
+	// No need to clear empty accounts, remove already does that
 	return removed, removedAddresses
 }
 

From 55a53208b7f6fe656fe13e0f34a652aaedad6e9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Oct 2025 17:07:48 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 253/470] accounts/abi: check presence of payable fallback or
 receive before proceeding with transfer (#32374)

remove todo
---
 accounts/abi/abigen/bind_test.go | 6 +++---
 accounts/abi/bind/v2/base.go     | 6 ++++--
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/accounts/abi/abigen/bind_test.go b/accounts/abi/abigen/bind_test.go
index b3c52e81e5..1651e637c8 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/abigen/bind_test.go
+++ b/accounts/abi/abigen/bind_test.go
@@ -485,13 +485,13 @@ var bindTests = []struct {
 			contract Defaulter {
 				address public caller;
 
-				function() {
+				fallback() external payable {
 					caller = msg.sender;
 				}
 			}
 		`,
-		[]string{`6060604052606a8060106000396000f360606040523615601d5760e060020a6000350463fc9c8d3981146040575b605e6000805473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff191633179055565b606060005473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1681565b005b6060908152602090f3`},
-		[]string{`[{"constant":true,"inputs":[],"name":"caller","outputs":[{"name":"","type":"address"}],"type":"function"}]`},
+		[]string{`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`},
+		[]string{`[{"stateMutability":"payable","type":"fallback"},{"inputs":[],"name":"caller","outputs":[{"internalType":"address","name":"","type":"address"}],"stateMutability":"view","type":"function"}]`},
 		`
 			"math/big"
 
diff --git a/accounts/abi/bind/v2/base.go b/accounts/abi/bind/v2/base.go
index f714848efb..4f2013b4a3 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/bind/v2/base.go
+++ b/accounts/abi/bind/v2/base.go
@@ -277,8 +277,10 @@ func (c *BoundContract) RawCreationTransact(opts *TransactOpts, calldata []byte)
 // Transfer initiates a plain transaction to move funds to the contract, calling
 // its default method if one is available.
 func (c *BoundContract) Transfer(opts *TransactOpts) (*types.Transaction, error) {
-	// todo(rjl493456442) check the payable fallback or receive is defined
-	// or not, reject invalid transaction at the first place
+	// Check if payable fallback or receive is defined
+	if !c.abi.HasReceive() && !(c.abi.HasFallback() && c.abi.Fallback.IsPayable()) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("contract does not have a payable fallback or receive function")
+	}
 	return c.transact(opts, &c.address, nil)
 }
 

From f6064f32c4abeffa99c4c29674fe9ba756e90e08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Oct 2025 14:40:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 254/470] internal/ethapi: convert legacy blobtx proofs in
 sendRawTransaction (#32849)

This adds a temporary conversion path for blob transactions with legacy
proof sidecar. This feature will activate after Fusaka. We will phase
this out when the fork has sufficiently settled and client side
libraries have been upgraded to send the new proofs.
---
 internal/ethapi/api.go | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index a2cb28d3b2..c10a4754af 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -1619,16 +1619,9 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, args Transaction
 // processing (signing + broadcast).
 func (api *TransactionAPI) FillTransaction(ctx context.Context, args TransactionArgs) (*SignTransactionResult, error) {
 	// Set some sanity defaults and terminate on failure
-	sidecarVersion := types.BlobSidecarVersion0
-	if len(args.Blobs) > 0 {
-		h := api.b.CurrentHeader()
-		if api.b.ChainConfig().IsOsaka(h.Number, h.Time) {
-			sidecarVersion = types.BlobSidecarVersion1
-		}
-	}
 	config := sidecarConfig{
 		blobSidecarAllowed: true,
-		blobSidecarVersion: sidecarVersion,
+		blobSidecarVersion: api.currentBlobSidecarVersion(),
 	}
 	if err := args.setDefaults(ctx, api.b, config); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -1642,6 +1635,14 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) FillTransaction(ctx context.Context, args Transaction
 	return &SignTransactionResult{data, tx}, nil
 }
 
+func (api *TransactionAPI) currentBlobSidecarVersion() byte {
+	h := api.b.CurrentHeader()
+	if api.b.ChainConfig().IsOsaka(h.Number, h.Time) {
+		return types.BlobSidecarVersion1
+	}
+	return types.BlobSidecarVersion0
+}
+
 // SendRawTransaction will add the signed transaction to the transaction pool.
 // The sender is responsible for signing the transaction and using the correct nonce.
 func (api *TransactionAPI) SendRawTransaction(ctx context.Context, input hexutil.Bytes) (common.Hash, error) {
@@ -1649,6 +1650,19 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) SendRawTransaction(ctx context.Context, input hexutil
 	if err := tx.UnmarshalBinary(input); err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
+
+	// Convert legacy blob transaction proofs.
+	// TODO: remove in go-ethereum v1.17.x
+	if sc := tx.BlobTxSidecar(); sc != nil {
+		exp := api.currentBlobSidecarVersion()
+		if sc.Version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 && exp == types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
+			if err := sc.ToV1(); err != nil {
+				return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("blob sidecar conversion failed: %v", err)
+			}
+			tx = tx.WithBlobTxSidecar(sc)
+		}
+	}
+
 	return SubmitTransaction(ctx, api.b, tx)
 }
 

From 3cfc33477bcd84aefa8cfbc8cee33625b8cfea6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: mishraa-G <divyansh.mishra.mec23@itbhu.ac.in>
Date: Wed, 15 Oct 2025 13:09:00 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 255/470] rpc: fix flaky test TestServerWebsocketReadLimit
 (#32889)

---
 rpc/server_test.go | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/rpc/server_test.go b/rpc/server_test.go
index a38a64b080..8334d4e80d 100644
--- a/rpc/server_test.go
+++ b/rpc/server_test.go
@@ -273,7 +273,8 @@ func TestServerWebsocketReadLimit(t *testing.T) {
 					}
 				} else if !errors.Is(err, websocket.ErrReadLimit) &&
 					!strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(err.Error()), "1009") &&
-					!strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(err.Error()), "message too big") {
+					!strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(err.Error()), "message too big") &&
+					!strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(err.Error()), "connection reset by peer") {
 					// Not the error we expect from exceeding the message size limit.
 					t.Fatalf("unexpected error for read limit violation: %v", err)
 				}

From 40505a9bc065033472be5c0bcaf2882efd421ce2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Oct 2025 16:24:48 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 256/470] eth/protocols/eth: reject message containing
 duplicated txs and drop peer (#32728)

Drop peer if sending the same transaction multiple times in a single message.

Fixes https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/32724


---------

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 eth/protocols/eth/handlers.go | 18 ++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/protocols/eth/handlers.go b/eth/protocols/eth/handlers.go
index 15ad048bcf..aad3353d88 100644
--- a/eth/protocols/eth/handlers.go
+++ b/eth/protocols/eth/handlers.go
@@ -494,12 +494,19 @@ func handleTransactions(backend Backend, msg Decoder, peer *Peer) error {
 	if err := msg.Decode(&txs); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	// Duplicate transactions are not allowed
+	seen := make(map[common.Hash]struct{})
 	for i, tx := range txs {
 		// Validate and mark the remote transaction
 		if tx == nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("Transactions: transaction %d is nil", i)
 		}
-		peer.markTransaction(tx.Hash())
+		hash := tx.Hash()
+		if _, exists := seen[hash]; exists {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Transactions: multiple copies of the same hash %v", hash)
+		}
+		seen[hash] = struct{}{}
+		peer.markTransaction(hash)
 	}
 	return backend.Handle(peer, &txs)
 }
@@ -514,12 +521,19 @@ func handlePooledTransactions(backend Backend, msg Decoder, peer *Peer) error {
 	if err := msg.Decode(&txs); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	// Duplicate transactions are not allowed
+	seen := make(map[common.Hash]struct{})
 	for i, tx := range txs.PooledTransactionsResponse {
 		// Validate and mark the remote transaction
 		if tx == nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("PooledTransactions: transaction %d is nil", i)
 		}
-		peer.markTransaction(tx.Hash())
+		hash := tx.Hash()
+		if _, exists := seen[hash]; exists {
+			return fmt.Errorf("PooledTransactions: multiple copies of the same hash %v", hash)
+		}
+		seen[hash] = struct{}{}
+		peer.markTransaction(hash)
 	}
 	requestTracker.Fulfil(peer.id, peer.version, PooledTransactionsMsg, txs.RequestId)
 

From 7c107c2691fa66a1da60e2b95f5946c3a3921b00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Oct 2025 11:51:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 257/470] p2p/discover: remove hot-spin in table refresh
 trigger (#32912)

This fixes a regression introduced in #32518. In that PR, we removed the
slowdown logic that would throttle lookups when the table runs empty.
Said logic was originally added in #20389.

Usually it's fine, but there exist pathological cases, such as hive
tests, where the node can only discover one other node, so it can only
ever query that node and won't get any results. In cases like these, we
need to throttle the creation of lookups to avoid crazy CPU usage.
---
 p2p/discover/lookup.go | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/lookup.go b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
index 9cca0118ac..416256fb36 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/lookup.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/lookup.go
@@ -153,6 +153,7 @@ type lookupIterator struct {
 	cancel        func()
 	lookup        *lookup
 	tabRefreshing <-chan struct{}
+	lastLookup    time.Time
 }
 
 type lookupFunc func(ctx context.Context) *lookup
@@ -185,6 +186,9 @@ func (it *lookupIterator) Next() bool {
 			return false
 		}
 		if it.lookup == nil {
+			// Ensure enough time has passed between lookup creations.
+			it.slowdown()
+
 			it.lookup = it.nextLookup(it.ctx)
 			if it.lookup.empty() {
 				// If the lookup is empty right after creation, it means the local table
@@ -235,6 +239,25 @@ func (it *lookupIterator) lookupFailed(tab *Table, timeout time.Duration) {
 	tab.waitForNodes(tout, 1)
 }
 
+// slowdown applies a delay between creating lookups. This exists to prevent hot-spinning
+// in some test environments where lookups don't yield any results.
+func (it *lookupIterator) slowdown() {
+	const minInterval = 1 * time.Second
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	diff := now.Sub(it.lastLookup)
+	it.lastLookup = now
+	if diff > minInterval {
+		return
+	}
+	wait := time.NewTimer(diff)
+	defer wait.Stop()
+	select {
+	case <-wait.C:
+	case <-it.ctx.Done():
+	}
+}
+
 // Close ends the iterator.
 func (it *lookupIterator) Close() {
 	it.cancel()

From 32ccb548d34b26edb665446d1695870573d136c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Oct 2025 09:58:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 258/470] version: release go-ethereum v1.16.5 stable

---
 version/version.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/version/version.go b/version/version.go
index db4e5394b9..f50a9892a4 100644
--- a/version/version.go
+++ b/version/version.go
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 package version
 
 const (
-	Major = 1          // Major version component of the current release
-	Minor = 16         // Minor version component of the current release
-	Patch = 5          // Patch version component of the current release
-	Meta  = "unstable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
+	Major = 1        // Major version component of the current release
+	Minor = 16       // Minor version component of the current release
+	Patch = 5        // Patch version component of the current release
+	Meta  = "stable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
 )

From 367b5fbe4211a01cfa15b3166b68b0d0dc5cecdc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Oct 2025 09:59:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 259/470] version: begin v1.16.6 release cycle

---
 version/version.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/version/version.go b/version/version.go
index f50a9892a4..ead2d04f2a 100644
--- a/version/version.go
+++ b/version/version.go
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 package version
 
 const (
-	Major = 1        // Major version component of the current release
-	Minor = 16       // Minor version component of the current release
-	Patch = 5        // Patch version component of the current release
-	Meta  = "stable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
+	Major = 1          // Major version component of the current release
+	Minor = 16         // Minor version component of the current release
+	Patch = 6          // Patch version component of the current release
+	Meta  = "unstable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
 )

From 5c535074acc26b76612ff1f6921fe54333d0912d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Galoretka <galoretochka@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Oct 2025 14:49:41 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 260/470] cmd/geth: log current key in expandVerkle instead of
 keylist[0] (#32689)

Fix logging in the verkle dump path to report the actual key being
processed.
Previously, the loop always logged keylist[0], which misled users when
expanding multiple keys and made debugging harder. This change aligns
the
log with the key passed to root.Get, improving traceability and
diagnostics.
---
 cmd/geth/verkle.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/cmd/geth/verkle.go b/cmd/geth/verkle.go
index 6490f832af..67dc7257c0 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/verkle.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/verkle.go
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ func expandVerkle(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	}
 
 	for i, key := range keylist {
-		log.Info("Reading key", "index", i, "key", keylist[0])
+		log.Info("Reading key", "index", i, "key", key)
 		root.Get(key, chaindb.Get)
 	}
 

From c37bd6701930eb164f5a677327ebb0c43293ccf4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hero5512 <lvshuaino@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Oct 2025 11:32:55 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 261/470] ethclient: add support for eth_simulateV1 (#32856)

Adds ethclient support for the eth_simulateV1 RPC method, which allows
simulating transactions on top of a base state without making changes to
the blockchain.

---------

Co-authored-by: Sina Mahmoodi <itz.s1na@gmail.com>
---
 ethclient/ethclient.go                 |  86 +++++++++
 ethclient/ethclient_test.go            | 247 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 ethclient/gen_simulate_block_result.go |  80 ++++++++
 ethclient/gen_simulate_call_result.go  |  61 ++++++
 ethclient/gethclient/gethclient.go     |  98 +---------
 interfaces.go                          |  97 ++++++++++
 6 files changed, 575 insertions(+), 94 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 ethclient/gen_simulate_block_result.go
 create mode 100644 ethclient/gen_simulate_call_result.go

diff --git a/ethclient/ethclient.go b/ethclient/ethclient.go
index 8b26f5b3ca..0b676fccfb 100644
--- a/ethclient/ethclient.go
+++ b/ethclient/ethclient.go
@@ -828,3 +828,89 @@ func (p *rpcProgress) toSyncProgress() *ethereum.SyncProgress {
 		StateIndexRemaining:    uint64(p.StateIndexRemaining),
 	}
 }
+
+// SimulateOptions represents the options for eth_simulateV1.
+type SimulateOptions struct {
+	BlockStateCalls        []SimulateBlock `json:"blockStateCalls"`
+	TraceTransfers         bool            `json:"traceTransfers"`
+	Validation             bool            `json:"validation"`
+	ReturnFullTransactions bool            `json:"returnFullTransactions"`
+}
+
+// SimulateBlock represents a batch of calls to be simulated.
+type SimulateBlock struct {
+	BlockOverrides *ethereum.BlockOverrides                    `json:"blockOverrides,omitempty"`
+	StateOverrides map[common.Address]ethereum.OverrideAccount `json:"stateOverrides,omitempty"`
+	Calls          []ethereum.CallMsg                          `json:"calls"`
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON implements json.Marshaler for SimulateBlock.
+func (s SimulateBlock) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type Alias struct {
+		BlockOverrides *ethereum.BlockOverrides                    `json:"blockOverrides,omitempty"`
+		StateOverrides map[common.Address]ethereum.OverrideAccount `json:"stateOverrides,omitempty"`
+		Calls          []interface{}                               `json:"calls"`
+	}
+	calls := make([]interface{}, len(s.Calls))
+	for i, call := range s.Calls {
+		calls[i] = toCallArg(call)
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(Alias{
+		BlockOverrides: s.BlockOverrides,
+		StateOverrides: s.StateOverrides,
+		Calls:          calls,
+	})
+}
+
+//go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type SimulateCallResult -field-override simulateCallResultMarshaling -out gen_simulate_call_result.go
+
+// SimulateCallResult is the result of a simulated call.
+type SimulateCallResult struct {
+	ReturnValue []byte       `json:"returnData"`
+	Logs        []*types.Log `json:"logs"`
+	GasUsed     uint64       `json:"gasUsed"`
+	Status      uint64       `json:"status"`
+	Error       *CallError   `json:"error,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type simulateCallResultMarshaling struct {
+	ReturnValue hexutil.Bytes
+	GasUsed     hexutil.Uint64
+	Status      hexutil.Uint64
+}
+
+// CallError represents an error from a simulated call.
+type CallError struct {
+	Code    int    `json:"code"`
+	Message string `json:"message"`
+	Data    string `json:"data,omitempty"`
+}
+
+//go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type SimulateBlockResult -field-override simulateBlockResultMarshaling -out gen_simulate_block_result.go
+
+// SimulateBlockResult represents the result of a simulated block.
+type SimulateBlockResult struct {
+	Number        *big.Int             `json:"number"`
+	Hash          common.Hash          `json:"hash"`
+	Timestamp     uint64               `json:"timestamp"`
+	GasLimit      uint64               `json:"gasLimit"`
+	GasUsed       uint64               `json:"gasUsed"`
+	FeeRecipient  common.Address       `json:"miner"`
+	BaseFeePerGas *big.Int             `json:"baseFeePerGas,omitempty"`
+	Calls         []SimulateCallResult `json:"calls"`
+}
+
+type simulateBlockResultMarshaling struct {
+	Number        *hexutil.Big
+	Timestamp     hexutil.Uint64
+	GasLimit      hexutil.Uint64
+	GasUsed       hexutil.Uint64
+	BaseFeePerGas *hexutil.Big
+}
+
+// SimulateV1 executes transactions on top of a base state.
+func (ec *Client) SimulateV1(ctx context.Context, opts SimulateOptions, blockNrOrHash *rpc.BlockNumberOrHash) ([]SimulateBlockResult, error) {
+	var result []SimulateBlockResult
+	err := ec.c.CallContext(ctx, &result, "eth_simulateV1", opts, blockNrOrHash)
+	return result, err
+}
diff --git a/ethclient/ethclient_test.go b/ethclient/ethclient_test.go
index 815bc29de4..302ccf2e16 100644
--- a/ethclient/ethclient_test.go
+++ b/ethclient/ethclient_test.go
@@ -754,3 +754,250 @@ func ExampleRevertErrorData() {
 	// revert: 08c379a00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a75736572206572726f72
 	// message: user error
 }
+
+func TestSimulateV1(t *testing.T) {
+	backend, _, err := newTestBackend(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create test backend: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer backend.Close()
+
+	client := ethclient.NewClient(backend.Attach())
+	defer client.Close()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Get current base fee
+	header, err := client.HeaderByNumber(ctx, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to get header: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Simple test: transfer ETH from one account to another
+	from := testAddr
+	to := common.HexToAddress("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001")
+	value := big.NewInt(100)
+	gas := uint64(100000)
+	maxFeePerGas := new(big.Int).Mul(header.BaseFee, big.NewInt(2))
+
+	opts := ethclient.SimulateOptions{
+		BlockStateCalls: []ethclient.SimulateBlock{
+			{
+				Calls: []ethereum.CallMsg{
+					{
+						From:      from,
+						To:        &to,
+						Value:     value,
+						Gas:       gas,
+						GasFeeCap: maxFeePerGas,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		Validation: true,
+	}
+
+	results, err := client.SimulateV1(ctx, opts, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SimulateV1 failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(results) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 block result, got %d", len(results))
+	}
+
+	if len(results[0].Calls) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 call result, got %d", len(results[0].Calls))
+	}
+
+	// Check that the transaction succeeded
+	if results[0].Calls[0].Status != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected status 1 (success), got %d", results[0].Calls[0].Status)
+	}
+
+	if results[0].Calls[0].Error != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected no error, got %v", results[0].Calls[0].Error)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSimulateV1WithBlockOverrides(t *testing.T) {
+	backend, _, err := newTestBackend(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create test backend: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer backend.Close()
+
+	client := ethclient.NewClient(backend.Attach())
+	defer client.Close()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Get current base fee
+	header, err := client.HeaderByNumber(ctx, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to get header: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	from := testAddr
+	to := common.HexToAddress("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001")
+	value := big.NewInt(100)
+	gas := uint64(100000)
+	maxFeePerGas := new(big.Int).Mul(header.BaseFee, big.NewInt(2))
+
+	// Override timestamp only
+	timestamp := uint64(1234567890)
+
+	opts := ethclient.SimulateOptions{
+		BlockStateCalls: []ethclient.SimulateBlock{
+			{
+				BlockOverrides: &ethereum.BlockOverrides{
+					Time: timestamp,
+				},
+				Calls: []ethereum.CallMsg{
+					{
+						From:      from,
+						To:        &to,
+						Value:     value,
+						Gas:       gas,
+						GasFeeCap: maxFeePerGas,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		Validation: true,
+	}
+
+	results, err := client.SimulateV1(ctx, opts, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SimulateV1 with block overrides failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(results) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 block result, got %d", len(results))
+	}
+
+	// Verify the timestamp was overridden
+	if results[0].Timestamp != timestamp {
+		t.Errorf("expected timestamp %d, got %d", timestamp, results[0].Timestamp)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSimulateV1WithStateOverrides(t *testing.T) {
+	backend, _, err := newTestBackend(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create test backend: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer backend.Close()
+
+	client := ethclient.NewClient(backend.Attach())
+	defer client.Close()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Get current base fee
+	header, err := client.HeaderByNumber(ctx, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to get header: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	from := testAddr
+	to := common.HexToAddress("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001")
+	value := big.NewInt(1000000000000000000) // 1 ETH
+	gas := uint64(100000)
+	maxFeePerGas := new(big.Int).Mul(header.BaseFee, big.NewInt(2))
+
+	// Override the balance of the 'from' address
+	balanceStr := "1000000000000000000000"
+	balance := new(big.Int)
+	balance.SetString(balanceStr, 10)
+
+	stateOverrides := map[common.Address]ethereum.OverrideAccount{
+		from: {
+			Balance: balance,
+		},
+	}
+
+	opts := ethclient.SimulateOptions{
+		BlockStateCalls: []ethclient.SimulateBlock{
+			{
+				StateOverrides: stateOverrides,
+				Calls: []ethereum.CallMsg{
+					{
+						From:      from,
+						To:        &to,
+						Value:     value,
+						Gas:       gas,
+						GasFeeCap: maxFeePerGas,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		Validation: true,
+	}
+
+	results, err := client.SimulateV1(ctx, opts, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SimulateV1 with state overrides failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(results) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 block result, got %d", len(results))
+	}
+
+	if results[0].Calls[0].Status != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected status 1 (success), got %d", results[0].Calls[0].Status)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSimulateV1WithBlockNumberOrHash(t *testing.T) {
+	backend, _, err := newTestBackend(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create test backend: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer backend.Close()
+
+	client := ethclient.NewClient(backend.Attach())
+	defer client.Close()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Get current base fee
+	header, err := client.HeaderByNumber(ctx, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to get header: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	from := testAddr
+	to := common.HexToAddress("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001")
+	value := big.NewInt(100)
+	gas := uint64(100000)
+	maxFeePerGas := new(big.Int).Mul(header.BaseFee, big.NewInt(2))
+
+	opts := ethclient.SimulateOptions{
+		BlockStateCalls: []ethclient.SimulateBlock{
+			{
+				Calls: []ethereum.CallMsg{
+					{
+						From:      from,
+						To:        &to,
+						Value:     value,
+						Gas:       gas,
+						GasFeeCap: maxFeePerGas,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		Validation: true,
+	}
+
+	// Simulate on the latest block
+	latest := rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(rpc.LatestBlockNumber)
+	results, err := client.SimulateV1(ctx, opts, &latest)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SimulateV1 with latest block failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(results) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 block result, got %d", len(results))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/ethclient/gen_simulate_block_result.go b/ethclient/gen_simulate_block_result.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8cd6ebf2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ethclient/gen_simulate_block_result.go
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// Code generated by github.com/fjl/gencodec. DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package ethclient
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
+)
+
+var _ = (*simulateBlockResultMarshaling)(nil)
+
+// MarshalJSON marshals as JSON.
+func (s SimulateBlockResult) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type SimulateBlockResult struct {
+		Number        *hexutil.Big         `json:"number"`
+		Hash          common.Hash          `json:"hash"`
+		Timestamp     hexutil.Uint64       `json:"timestamp"`
+		GasLimit      hexutil.Uint64       `json:"gasLimit"`
+		GasUsed       hexutil.Uint64       `json:"gasUsed"`
+		FeeRecipient  common.Address       `json:"miner"`
+		BaseFeePerGas *hexutil.Big         `json:"baseFeePerGas,omitempty"`
+		Calls         []SimulateCallResult `json:"calls"`
+	}
+	var enc SimulateBlockResult
+	enc.Number = (*hexutil.Big)(s.Number)
+	enc.Hash = s.Hash
+	enc.Timestamp = hexutil.Uint64(s.Timestamp)
+	enc.GasLimit = hexutil.Uint64(s.GasLimit)
+	enc.GasUsed = hexutil.Uint64(s.GasUsed)
+	enc.FeeRecipient = s.FeeRecipient
+	enc.BaseFeePerGas = (*hexutil.Big)(s.BaseFeePerGas)
+	enc.Calls = s.Calls
+	return json.Marshal(&enc)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON unmarshals from JSON.
+func (s *SimulateBlockResult) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	type SimulateBlockResult struct {
+		Number        *hexutil.Big         `json:"number"`
+		Hash          *common.Hash         `json:"hash"`
+		Timestamp     *hexutil.Uint64      `json:"timestamp"`
+		GasLimit      *hexutil.Uint64      `json:"gasLimit"`
+		GasUsed       *hexutil.Uint64      `json:"gasUsed"`
+		FeeRecipient  *common.Address      `json:"miner"`
+		BaseFeePerGas *hexutil.Big         `json:"baseFeePerGas,omitempty"`
+		Calls         []SimulateCallResult `json:"calls"`
+	}
+	var dec SimulateBlockResult
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(input, &dec); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if dec.Number != nil {
+		s.Number = (*big.Int)(dec.Number)
+	}
+	if dec.Hash != nil {
+		s.Hash = *dec.Hash
+	}
+	if dec.Timestamp != nil {
+		s.Timestamp = uint64(*dec.Timestamp)
+	}
+	if dec.GasLimit != nil {
+		s.GasLimit = uint64(*dec.GasLimit)
+	}
+	if dec.GasUsed != nil {
+		s.GasUsed = uint64(*dec.GasUsed)
+	}
+	if dec.FeeRecipient != nil {
+		s.FeeRecipient = *dec.FeeRecipient
+	}
+	if dec.BaseFeePerGas != nil {
+		s.BaseFeePerGas = (*big.Int)(dec.BaseFeePerGas)
+	}
+	if dec.Calls != nil {
+		s.Calls = dec.Calls
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/ethclient/gen_simulate_call_result.go b/ethclient/gen_simulate_call_result.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..55e14cd697
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ethclient/gen_simulate_call_result.go
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Code generated by github.com/fjl/gencodec. DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package ethclient
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+)
+
+var _ = (*simulateCallResultMarshaling)(nil)
+
+// MarshalJSON marshals as JSON.
+func (s SimulateCallResult) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type SimulateCallResult struct {
+		ReturnValue hexutil.Bytes  `json:"returnData"`
+		Logs        []*types.Log   `json:"logs"`
+		GasUsed     hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gasUsed"`
+		Status      hexutil.Uint64 `json:"status"`
+		Error       *CallError     `json:"error,omitempty"`
+	}
+	var enc SimulateCallResult
+	enc.ReturnValue = s.ReturnValue
+	enc.Logs = s.Logs
+	enc.GasUsed = hexutil.Uint64(s.GasUsed)
+	enc.Status = hexutil.Uint64(s.Status)
+	enc.Error = s.Error
+	return json.Marshal(&enc)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON unmarshals from JSON.
+func (s *SimulateCallResult) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
+	type SimulateCallResult struct {
+		ReturnValue *hexutil.Bytes  `json:"returnData"`
+		Logs        []*types.Log    `json:"logs"`
+		GasUsed     *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"gasUsed"`
+		Status      *hexutil.Uint64 `json:"status"`
+		Error       *CallError      `json:"error,omitempty"`
+	}
+	var dec SimulateCallResult
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(input, &dec); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if dec.ReturnValue != nil {
+		s.ReturnValue = *dec.ReturnValue
+	}
+	if dec.Logs != nil {
+		s.Logs = dec.Logs
+	}
+	if dec.GasUsed != nil {
+		s.GasUsed = uint64(*dec.GasUsed)
+	}
+	if dec.Status != nil {
+		s.Status = uint64(*dec.Status)
+	}
+	if dec.Error != nil {
+		s.Error = dec.Error
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/ethclient/gethclient/gethclient.go b/ethclient/gethclient/gethclient.go
index 54997cbf51..6a0f5eb312 100644
--- a/ethclient/gethclient/gethclient.go
+++ b/ethclient/gethclient/gethclient.go
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ package gethclient
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
 	"runtime"
@@ -280,97 +279,8 @@ func toCallArg(msg ethereum.CallMsg) interface{} {
 	return arg
 }
 
-// OverrideAccount specifies the state of an account to be overridden.
-type OverrideAccount struct {
-	// Nonce sets nonce of the account. Note: the nonce override will only
-	// be applied when it is set to a non-zero value.
-	Nonce uint64
+// OverrideAccount is an alias for ethereum.OverrideAccount.
+type OverrideAccount = ethereum.OverrideAccount
 
-	// Code sets the contract code. The override will be applied
-	// when the code is non-nil, i.e. setting empty code is possible
-	// using an empty slice.
-	Code []byte
-
-	// Balance sets the account balance.
-	Balance *big.Int
-
-	// State sets the complete storage. The override will be applied
-	// when the given map is non-nil. Using an empty map wipes the
-	// entire contract storage during the call.
-	State map[common.Hash]common.Hash
-
-	// StateDiff allows overriding individual storage slots.
-	StateDiff map[common.Hash]common.Hash
-}
-
-func (a OverrideAccount) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	type acc struct {
-		Nonce     hexutil.Uint64              `json:"nonce,omitempty"`
-		Code      string                      `json:"code,omitempty"`
-		Balance   *hexutil.Big                `json:"balance,omitempty"`
-		State     interface{}                 `json:"state,omitempty"`
-		StateDiff map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"stateDiff,omitempty"`
-	}
-
-	output := acc{
-		Nonce:     hexutil.Uint64(a.Nonce),
-		Balance:   (*hexutil.Big)(a.Balance),
-		StateDiff: a.StateDiff,
-	}
-	if a.Code != nil {
-		output.Code = hexutil.Encode(a.Code)
-	}
-	if a.State != nil {
-		output.State = a.State
-	}
-	return json.Marshal(output)
-}
-
-// BlockOverrides specifies the  set of header fields to override.
-type BlockOverrides struct {
-	// Number overrides the block number.
-	Number *big.Int
-	// Difficulty overrides the block difficulty.
-	Difficulty *big.Int
-	// Time overrides the block timestamp. Time is applied only when
-	// it is non-zero.
-	Time uint64
-	// GasLimit overrides the block gas limit. GasLimit is applied only when
-	// it is non-zero.
-	GasLimit uint64
-	// Coinbase overrides the block coinbase. Coinbase is applied only when
-	// it is different from the zero address.
-	Coinbase common.Address
-	// Random overrides the block extra data which feeds into the RANDOM opcode.
-	// Random is applied only when it is a non-zero hash.
-	Random common.Hash
-	// BaseFee overrides the block base fee.
-	BaseFee *big.Int
-}
-
-func (o BlockOverrides) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	type override struct {
-		Number     *hexutil.Big    `json:"number,omitempty"`
-		Difficulty *hexutil.Big    `json:"difficulty,omitempty"`
-		Time       hexutil.Uint64  `json:"time,omitempty"`
-		GasLimit   hexutil.Uint64  `json:"gasLimit,omitempty"`
-		Coinbase   *common.Address `json:"feeRecipient,omitempty"`
-		Random     *common.Hash    `json:"prevRandao,omitempty"`
-		BaseFee    *hexutil.Big    `json:"baseFeePerGas,omitempty"`
-	}
-
-	output := override{
-		Number:     (*hexutil.Big)(o.Number),
-		Difficulty: (*hexutil.Big)(o.Difficulty),
-		Time:       hexutil.Uint64(o.Time),
-		GasLimit:   hexutil.Uint64(o.GasLimit),
-		BaseFee:    (*hexutil.Big)(o.BaseFee),
-	}
-	if o.Coinbase != (common.Address{}) {
-		output.Coinbase = &o.Coinbase
-	}
-	if o.Random != (common.Hash{}) {
-		output.Random = &o.Random
-	}
-	return json.Marshal(output)
-}
+// BlockOverrides is an alias for ethereum.BlockOverrides.
+type BlockOverrides = ethereum.BlockOverrides
diff --git a/interfaces.go b/interfaces.go
index 2828af1cc9..21d42c6d34 100644
--- a/interfaces.go
+++ b/interfaces.go
@@ -19,10 +19,12 @@ package ethereum
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 )
 
@@ -293,3 +295,98 @@ type BlockNumberReader interface {
 type ChainIDReader interface {
 	ChainID(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error)
 }
+
+// OverrideAccount specifies the state of an account to be overridden.
+type OverrideAccount struct {
+	// Nonce sets nonce of the account. Note: the nonce override will only
+	// be applied when it is set to a non-zero value.
+	Nonce uint64
+
+	// Code sets the contract code. The override will be applied
+	// when the code is non-nil, i.e. setting empty code is possible
+	// using an empty slice.
+	Code []byte
+
+	// Balance sets the account balance.
+	Balance *big.Int
+
+	// State sets the complete storage. The override will be applied
+	// when the given map is non-nil. Using an empty map wipes the
+	// entire contract storage during the call.
+	State map[common.Hash]common.Hash
+
+	// StateDiff allows overriding individual storage slots.
+	StateDiff map[common.Hash]common.Hash
+}
+
+func (a OverrideAccount) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type acc struct {
+		Nonce     hexutil.Uint64              `json:"nonce,omitempty"`
+		Code      string                      `json:"code,omitempty"`
+		Balance   *hexutil.Big                `json:"balance,omitempty"`
+		State     interface{}                 `json:"state,omitempty"`
+		StateDiff map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"stateDiff,omitempty"`
+	}
+
+	output := acc{
+		Nonce:     hexutil.Uint64(a.Nonce),
+		Balance:   (*hexutil.Big)(a.Balance),
+		StateDiff: a.StateDiff,
+	}
+	if a.Code != nil {
+		output.Code = hexutil.Encode(a.Code)
+	}
+	if a.State != nil {
+		output.State = a.State
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(output)
+}
+
+// BlockOverrides specifies the set of header fields to override.
+type BlockOverrides struct {
+	// Number overrides the block number.
+	Number *big.Int
+	// Difficulty overrides the block difficulty.
+	Difficulty *big.Int
+	// Time overrides the block timestamp. Time is applied only when
+	// it is non-zero.
+	Time uint64
+	// GasLimit overrides the block gas limit. GasLimit is applied only when
+	// it is non-zero.
+	GasLimit uint64
+	// Coinbase overrides the block coinbase. Coinbase is applied only when
+	// it is different from the zero address.
+	Coinbase common.Address
+	// Random overrides the block extra data which feeds into the RANDOM opcode.
+	// Random is applied only when it is a non-zero hash.
+	Random common.Hash
+	// BaseFee overrides the block base fee.
+	BaseFee *big.Int
+}
+
+func (o BlockOverrides) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	type override struct {
+		Number     *hexutil.Big    `json:"number,omitempty"`
+		Difficulty *hexutil.Big    `json:"difficulty,omitempty"`
+		Time       hexutil.Uint64  `json:"time,omitempty"`
+		GasLimit   hexutil.Uint64  `json:"gasLimit,omitempty"`
+		Coinbase   *common.Address `json:"feeRecipient,omitempty"`
+		Random     *common.Hash    `json:"prevRandao,omitempty"`
+		BaseFee    *hexutil.Big    `json:"baseFeePerGas,omitempty"`
+	}
+
+	output := override{
+		Number:     (*hexutil.Big)(o.Number),
+		Difficulty: (*hexutil.Big)(o.Difficulty),
+		Time:       hexutil.Uint64(o.Time),
+		GasLimit:   hexutil.Uint64(o.GasLimit),
+		BaseFee:    (*hexutil.Big)(o.BaseFee),
+	}
+	if o.Coinbase != (common.Address{}) {
+		output.Coinbase = &o.Coinbase
+	}
+	if o.Random != (common.Hash{}) {
+		output.Random = &o.Random
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(output)
+}

From ff54ca02de232ae770a31cd25d0dc2ddfd08dc9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: aodhgan <36907214+aodhgan@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Oct 2025 08:34:47 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 262/470] internal/ethapi: add eth_SendRawTransactionSync
 (#32830)

New RPC method eth_sendRawTransactionSync(rawTx, timeoutMs?) that
submits a signed tx and blocks until a receipt is available or a timeout
elapses.

Two CLI flags to tune server-side limits:

--rpc.txsync.defaulttimeout (default wait window)

--rpc.txsync.maxtimeout (upper bound; requests are clamped)

closes https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/32094

---------

Co-authored-by: aodhgan <gawnieg@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Sina Mahmoodi <itz.s1na@gmail.com>
---
 cmd/geth/main.go            |   2 +
 cmd/utils/flags.go          |  18 ++++
 eth/api_backend.go          |   8 ++
 eth/ethconfig/config.go     |  48 +++++-----
 ethclient/ethclient.go      |  34 +++++++
 internal/ethapi/api.go      |  87 ++++++++++++++++++
 internal/ethapi/api_test.go | 175 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 internal/ethapi/backend.go  |   2 +
 internal/ethapi/errors.go   |  11 +++
 9 files changed, 359 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index 2465b52ad1..cc294b2f30 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -188,6 +188,8 @@ var (
 		utils.AllowUnprotectedTxs,
 		utils.BatchRequestLimit,
 		utils.BatchResponseMaxSize,
+		utils.RPCTxSyncDefaultTimeoutFlag,
+		utils.RPCTxSyncMaxTimeoutFlag,
 	}
 
 	metricsFlags = []cli.Flag{
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index c9da08578c..0c5db9e6d8 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -615,6 +615,18 @@ var (
 		Value:    ethconfig.Defaults.LogQueryLimit,
 		Category: flags.APICategory,
 	}
+	RPCTxSyncDefaultTimeoutFlag = &cli.DurationFlag{
+		Name:     "rpc.txsync.defaulttimeout",
+		Usage:    "Default timeout for eth_sendRawTransactionSync (e.g. 2s, 500ms)",
+		Value:    ethconfig.Defaults.TxSyncDefaultTimeout,
+		Category: flags.APICategory,
+	}
+	RPCTxSyncMaxTimeoutFlag = &cli.DurationFlag{
+		Name:     "rpc.txsync.maxtimeout",
+		Usage:    "Maximum allowed timeout for eth_sendRawTransactionSync (e.g. 5m)",
+		Value:    ethconfig.Defaults.TxSyncMaxTimeout,
+		Category: flags.APICategory,
+	}
 	// Authenticated RPC HTTP settings
 	AuthListenFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
 		Name:     "authrpc.addr",
@@ -1717,6 +1729,12 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	if ctx.IsSet(RPCGlobalLogQueryLimit.Name) {
 		cfg.LogQueryLimit = ctx.Int(RPCGlobalLogQueryLimit.Name)
 	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(RPCTxSyncDefaultTimeoutFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.TxSyncDefaultTimeout = ctx.Duration(RPCTxSyncDefaultTimeoutFlag.Name)
+	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(RPCTxSyncMaxTimeoutFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.TxSyncMaxTimeout = ctx.Duration(RPCTxSyncMaxTimeoutFlag.Name)
+	}
 	if !ctx.Bool(SnapshotFlag.Name) || cfg.SnapshotCache == 0 {
 		// If snap-sync is requested, this flag is also required
 		if cfg.SyncMode == ethconfig.SnapSync {
diff --git a/eth/api_backend.go b/eth/api_backend.go
index 3ae73e78af..766a99fc1e 100644
--- a/eth/api_backend.go
+++ b/eth/api_backend.go
@@ -486,3 +486,11 @@ func (b *EthAPIBackend) StateAtBlock(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, re
 func (b *EthAPIBackend) StateAtTransaction(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, txIndex int, reexec uint64) (*types.Transaction, vm.BlockContext, *state.StateDB, tracers.StateReleaseFunc, error) {
 	return b.eth.stateAtTransaction(ctx, block, txIndex, reexec)
 }
+
+func (b *EthAPIBackend) RPCTxSyncDefaultTimeout() time.Duration {
+	return b.eth.config.TxSyncDefaultTimeout
+}
+
+func (b *EthAPIBackend) RPCTxSyncMaxTimeout() time.Duration {
+	return b.eth.config.TxSyncMaxTimeout
+}
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/config.go b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
index 6020387bcd..c4a0956b3b 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
@@ -49,27 +49,29 @@ var FullNodeGPO = gasprice.Config{
 
 // Defaults contains default settings for use on the Ethereum main net.
 var Defaults = Config{
-	HistoryMode:        history.KeepAll,
-	SyncMode:           SnapSync,
-	NetworkId:          0, // enable auto configuration of networkID == chainID
-	TxLookupLimit:      2350000,
-	TransactionHistory: 2350000,
-	LogHistory:         2350000,
-	StateHistory:       params.FullImmutabilityThreshold,
-	DatabaseCache:      512,
-	TrieCleanCache:     154,
-	TrieDirtyCache:     256,
-	TrieTimeout:        60 * time.Minute,
-	SnapshotCache:      102,
-	FilterLogCacheSize: 32,
-	LogQueryLimit:      1000,
-	Miner:              miner.DefaultConfig,
-	TxPool:             legacypool.DefaultConfig,
-	BlobPool:           blobpool.DefaultConfig,
-	RPCGasCap:          50000000,
-	RPCEVMTimeout:      5 * time.Second,
-	GPO:                FullNodeGPO,
-	RPCTxFeeCap:        1, // 1 ether
+	HistoryMode:          history.KeepAll,
+	SyncMode:             SnapSync,
+	NetworkId:            0, // enable auto configuration of networkID == chainID
+	TxLookupLimit:        2350000,
+	TransactionHistory:   2350000,
+	LogHistory:           2350000,
+	StateHistory:         params.FullImmutabilityThreshold,
+	DatabaseCache:        512,
+	TrieCleanCache:       154,
+	TrieDirtyCache:       256,
+	TrieTimeout:          60 * time.Minute,
+	SnapshotCache:        102,
+	FilterLogCacheSize:   32,
+	LogQueryLimit:        1000,
+	Miner:                miner.DefaultConfig,
+	TxPool:               legacypool.DefaultConfig,
+	BlobPool:             blobpool.DefaultConfig,
+	RPCGasCap:            50000000,
+	RPCEVMTimeout:        5 * time.Second,
+	GPO:                  FullNodeGPO,
+	RPCTxFeeCap:          1, // 1 ether
+	TxSyncDefaultTimeout: 20 * time.Second,
+	TxSyncMaxTimeout:     1 * time.Minute,
 }
 
 //go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type Config -formats toml -out gen_config.go
@@ -183,6 +185,10 @@ type Config struct {
 
 	// OverrideVerkle (TODO: remove after the fork)
 	OverrideVerkle *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
+
+	// EIP-7966: eth_sendRawTransactionSync timeouts
+	TxSyncDefaultTimeout time.Duration `toml:",omitempty"`
+	TxSyncMaxTimeout     time.Duration `toml:",omitempty"`
 }
 
 // CreateConsensusEngine creates a consensus engine for the given chain config.
diff --git a/ethclient/ethclient.go b/ethclient/ethclient.go
index 0b676fccfb..5008378da6 100644
--- a/ethclient/ethclient.go
+++ b/ethclient/ethclient.go
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -705,6 +706,39 @@ func (ec *Client) SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) er
 	return ec.c.CallContext(ctx, nil, "eth_sendRawTransaction", hexutil.Encode(data))
 }
 
+// SendTransactionSync submits a signed tx and waits for a receipt (or until
+// the optional timeout elapses on the server side). If timeout == 0, the server
+// uses its default.
+func (ec *Client) SendTransactionSync(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	tx *types.Transaction,
+	timeout *time.Duration,
+) (*types.Receipt, error) {
+	raw, err := tx.MarshalBinary()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return ec.SendRawTransactionSync(ctx, raw, timeout)
+}
+
+func (ec *Client) SendRawTransactionSync(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	rawTx []byte,
+	timeout *time.Duration,
+) (*types.Receipt, error) {
+	var ms *hexutil.Uint64
+	if timeout != nil {
+		if d := hexutil.Uint64(timeout.Milliseconds()); d > 0 {
+			ms = &d
+		}
+	}
+	var receipt types.Receipt
+	if err := ec.c.CallContext(ctx, &receipt, "eth_sendRawTransactionSync", hexutil.Bytes(rawTx), ms); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &receipt, nil
+}
+
 // RevertErrorData returns the 'revert reason' data of a contract call.
 //
 // This can be used with CallContract and EstimateGas, and only when the server is Geth.
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index c10a4754af..eb7a34474c 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ import (
 const estimateGasErrorRatio = 0.015
 
 var errBlobTxNotSupported = errors.New("signing blob transactions not supported")
+var errSubClosed = errors.New("chain subscription closed")
 
 // EthereumAPI provides an API to access Ethereum related information.
 type EthereumAPI struct {
@@ -1666,6 +1667,92 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) SendRawTransaction(ctx context.Context, input hexutil
 	return SubmitTransaction(ctx, api.b, tx)
 }
 
+// SendRawTransactionSync will add the signed transaction to the transaction pool
+// and wait until the transaction has been included in a block and return the receipt, or the timeout.
+func (api *TransactionAPI) SendRawTransactionSync(ctx context.Context, input hexutil.Bytes, timeoutMs *hexutil.Uint64) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
+	tx := new(types.Transaction)
+	if err := tx.UnmarshalBinary(input); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	ch := make(chan core.ChainEvent, 128)
+	sub := api.b.SubscribeChainEvent(ch)
+	subErrCh := sub.Err()
+	defer sub.Unsubscribe()
+
+	hash, err := SubmitTransaction(ctx, api.b, tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	maxTimeout := api.b.RPCTxSyncMaxTimeout()
+	defaultTimeout := api.b.RPCTxSyncDefaultTimeout()
+
+	timeout := defaultTimeout
+	if timeoutMs != nil && *timeoutMs > 0 {
+		req := time.Duration(*timeoutMs) * time.Millisecond
+		if req > maxTimeout {
+			timeout = maxTimeout
+		} else {
+			timeout = req
+		}
+	}
+
+	receiptCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, timeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	// Fast path.
+	if r, err := api.GetTransactionReceipt(receiptCtx, hash); err == nil && r != nil {
+		return r, nil
+	}
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-receiptCtx.Done():
+			// If server-side wait window elapsed, return the structured timeout.
+			if errors.Is(receiptCtx.Err(), context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+				return nil, &txSyncTimeoutError{
+					msg:  fmt.Sprintf("The transaction was added to the transaction pool but wasn't processed in %v.", timeout),
+					hash: hash,
+				}
+			}
+			return nil, receiptCtx.Err()
+
+		case err, ok := <-subErrCh:
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, errSubClosed
+			}
+			return nil, err
+
+		case ev, ok := <-ch:
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, errSubClosed
+			}
+			rs := ev.Receipts
+			txs := ev.Transactions
+			if len(rs) == 0 || len(rs) != len(txs) {
+				continue
+			}
+			for i := range rs {
+				if rs[i].TxHash == hash {
+					if rs[i].BlockNumber != nil && rs[i].BlockHash != (common.Hash{}) {
+						signer := types.LatestSigner(api.b.ChainConfig())
+						return MarshalReceipt(
+							rs[i],
+							rs[i].BlockHash,
+							rs[i].BlockNumber.Uint64(),
+							signer,
+							txs[i],
+							int(rs[i].TransactionIndex),
+						), nil
+					}
+					return api.GetTransactionReceipt(receiptCtx, hash)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // Sign calculates an ECDSA signature for:
 // keccak256("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n" + len(message) + message).
 //
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
index d3278c04e7..aaa002b5ec 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api_test.go
@@ -440,6 +440,19 @@ type testBackend struct {
 
 	pending         *types.Block
 	pendingReceipts types.Receipts
+
+	chainFeed *event.Feed
+	autoMine  bool
+
+	sentTx     *types.Transaction
+	sentTxHash common.Hash
+
+	syncDefaultTimeout time.Duration
+	syncMaxTimeout     time.Duration
+}
+
+func fakeBlockHash(txh common.Hash) common.Hash {
+	return crypto.Keccak256Hash([]byte("testblock"), txh.Bytes())
 }
 
 func newTestBackend(t *testing.T, n int, gspec *core.Genesis, engine consensus.Engine, generator func(i int, b *core.BlockGen)) *testBackend {
@@ -466,6 +479,7 @@ func newTestBackend(t *testing.T, n int, gspec *core.Genesis, engine consensus.E
 		acc:             acc,
 		pending:         blocks[n],
 		pendingReceipts: receipts[n],
+		chainFeed:       new(event.Feed),
 	}
 	return backend
 }
@@ -587,19 +601,64 @@ func (b testBackend) GetEVM(ctx context.Context, state *state.StateDB, header *t
 	return vm.NewEVM(context, state, b.chain.Config(), *vmConfig)
 }
 func (b testBackend) SubscribeChainEvent(ch chan<- core.ChainEvent) event.Subscription {
-	panic("implement me")
+	return b.chainFeed.Subscribe(ch)
 }
 func (b testBackend) SubscribeChainHeadEvent(ch chan<- core.ChainHeadEvent) event.Subscription {
 	panic("implement me")
 }
-func (b testBackend) SendTx(ctx context.Context, signedTx *types.Transaction) error {
-	panic("implement me")
+func (b *testBackend) SendTx(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error {
+	b.sentTx = tx
+	b.sentTxHash = tx.Hash()
+
+	if b.autoMine {
+		// Synthesize a "mined" receipt at head+1
+		num := b.chain.CurrentHeader().Number.Uint64() + 1
+		receipt := &types.Receipt{
+			TxHash:            tx.Hash(),
+			Status:            types.ReceiptStatusSuccessful,
+			BlockHash:         fakeBlockHash(tx.Hash()),
+			BlockNumber:       new(big.Int).SetUint64(num),
+			TransactionIndex:  0,
+			CumulativeGasUsed: 21000,
+			GasUsed:           21000,
+		}
+		// Broadcast a ChainEvent that includes the receipts and txs
+		b.chainFeed.Send(core.ChainEvent{
+			Header: &types.Header{
+				Number: new(big.Int).SetUint64(num),
+			},
+			Receipts:     types.Receipts{receipt},
+			Transactions: types.Transactions{tx},
+		})
+	}
+	return nil
 }
-func (b testBackend) GetCanonicalTransaction(txHash common.Hash) (bool, *types.Transaction, common.Hash, uint64, uint64) {
+func (b *testBackend) GetCanonicalTransaction(txHash common.Hash) (bool, *types.Transaction, common.Hash, uint64, uint64) {
+	// Treat the auto-mined tx as canonically placed at head+1.
+	if b.autoMine && txHash == b.sentTxHash {
+		num := b.chain.CurrentHeader().Number.Uint64() + 1
+		return true, b.sentTx, fakeBlockHash(txHash), num, 0
+	}
 	tx, blockHash, blockNumber, index := rawdb.ReadCanonicalTransaction(b.db, txHash)
 	return tx != nil, tx, blockHash, blockNumber, index
 }
-func (b testBackend) GetCanonicalReceipt(tx *types.Transaction, blockHash common.Hash, blockNumber, blockIndex uint64) (*types.Receipt, error) {
+func (b *testBackend) GetCanonicalReceipt(tx *types.Transaction, blockHash common.Hash, blockNumber, blockIndex uint64) (*types.Receipt, error) {
+	if b.autoMine && tx != nil && tx.Hash() == b.sentTxHash &&
+		blockHash == fakeBlockHash(tx.Hash()) &&
+		blockIndex == 0 &&
+		blockNumber == b.chain.CurrentHeader().Number.Uint64()+1 {
+		return &types.Receipt{
+			Type:              tx.Type(),
+			Status:            types.ReceiptStatusSuccessful,
+			CumulativeGasUsed: 21000,
+			GasUsed:           21000,
+			EffectiveGasPrice: big.NewInt(1),
+			BlockHash:         blockHash,
+			BlockNumber:       new(big.Int).SetUint64(blockNumber),
+			TransactionIndex:  0,
+			TxHash:            tx.Hash(),
+		}, nil
+	}
 	return b.chain.GetCanonicalReceipt(tx, blockHash, blockNumber, blockIndex)
 }
 func (b testBackend) TxIndexDone() bool {
@@ -3889,3 +3948,109 @@ func (b configTimeBackend) HeaderByNumber(_ context.Context, n rpc.BlockNumber)
 func (b configTimeBackend) CurrentHeader() *types.Header {
 	return &types.Header{Time: b.time}
 }
+
+func (b *testBackend) RPCTxSyncDefaultTimeout() time.Duration {
+	if b.syncDefaultTimeout != 0 {
+		return b.syncDefaultTimeout
+	}
+	return 2 * time.Second
+}
+func (b *testBackend) RPCTxSyncMaxTimeout() time.Duration {
+	if b.syncMaxTimeout != 0 {
+		return b.syncMaxTimeout
+	}
+	return 5 * time.Minute
+}
+func (b *backendMock) RPCTxSyncDefaultTimeout() time.Duration { return 2 * time.Second }
+func (b *backendMock) RPCTxSyncMaxTimeout() time.Duration     { return 5 * time.Minute }
+
+func makeSignedRaw(t *testing.T, api *TransactionAPI, from, to common.Address, value *big.Int) (hexutil.Bytes, *types.Transaction) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	fillRes, err := api.FillTransaction(context.Background(), TransactionArgs{
+		From:  &from,
+		To:    &to,
+		Value: (*hexutil.Big)(value),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("FillTransaction failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	signRes, err := api.SignTransaction(context.Background(), argsFromTransaction(fillRes.Tx, from))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SignTransaction failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	return signRes.Raw, signRes.Tx
+}
+
+// makeSelfSignedRaw is a convenience for a 0-ETH self-transfer.
+func makeSelfSignedRaw(t *testing.T, api *TransactionAPI, addr common.Address) (hexutil.Bytes, *types.Transaction) {
+	return makeSignedRaw(t, api, addr, addr, big.NewInt(0))
+}
+
+func TestSendRawTransactionSync_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	genesis := &core.Genesis{
+		Config: params.TestChainConfig,
+		Alloc:  types.GenesisAlloc{},
+	}
+	b := newTestBackend(t, 0, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), nil)
+	b.autoMine = true // immediately “mines” the tx in-memory
+
+	api := NewTransactionAPI(b, new(AddrLocker))
+
+	raw, _ := makeSelfSignedRaw(t, api, b.acc.Address)
+
+	receipt, err := api.SendRawTransactionSync(context.Background(), raw, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if receipt == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected non-nil receipt")
+	}
+	if _, ok := receipt["blockNumber"]; !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected blockNumber in receipt, got %#v", receipt)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSendRawTransactionSync_Timeout(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	genesis := &core.Genesis{
+		Config: params.TestChainConfig,
+		Alloc:  types.GenesisAlloc{},
+	}
+	b := newTestBackend(t, 0, genesis, ethash.NewFaker(), nil)
+	b.autoMine = false // don't mine, should time out
+
+	api := NewTransactionAPI(b, new(AddrLocker))
+
+	raw, _ := makeSelfSignedRaw(t, api, b.acc.Address)
+
+	timeout := hexutil.Uint64(200) // 200ms
+	receipt, err := api.SendRawTransactionSync(context.Background(), raw, &timeout)
+
+	if receipt != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected nil receipt, got %#v", receipt)
+	}
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected timeout error, got nil")
+	}
+	// assert error shape & data (hash)
+	var de interface {
+		ErrorCode() int
+		ErrorData() interface{}
+	}
+	if !errors.As(err, &de) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected data error with code/data, got %T %v", err, err)
+	}
+	if de.ErrorCode() != errCodeTxSyncTimeout {
+		t.Fatalf("expected code %d, got %d", errCodeTxSyncTimeout, de.ErrorCode())
+	}
+	tx := new(types.Transaction)
+	if e := tx.UnmarshalBinary(raw); e != nil {
+		t.Fatal(e)
+	}
+	if got, want := de.ErrorData(), tx.Hash().Hex(); got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrorData=%s, got %v", want, got)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/backend.go b/internal/ethapi/backend.go
index f709a1fcdc..af3d592b82 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/backend.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/backend.go
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@ type Backend interface {
 	RPCEVMTimeout() time.Duration // global timeout for eth_call over rpc: DoS protection
 	RPCTxFeeCap() float64         // global tx fee cap for all transaction related APIs
 	UnprotectedAllowed() bool     // allows only for EIP155 transactions.
+	RPCTxSyncDefaultTimeout() time.Duration
+	RPCTxSyncMaxTimeout() time.Duration
 
 	// Blockchain API
 	SetHead(number uint64)
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/errors.go b/internal/ethapi/errors.go
index 154938fa0e..30711a0167 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/errors.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/errors.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/abi"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
@@ -33,6 +34,11 @@ type revertError struct {
 	reason string // revert reason hex encoded
 }
 
+type txSyncTimeoutError struct {
+	msg  string
+	hash common.Hash
+}
+
 // ErrorCode returns the JSON error code for a revert.
 // See: https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/apis/json-rpc/#error-codes
 func (e *revertError) ErrorCode() int {
@@ -108,6 +114,7 @@ const (
 	errCodeInvalidParams           = -32602
 	errCodeReverted                = -32000
 	errCodeVMError                 = -32015
+	errCodeTxSyncTimeout           = 4
 )
 
 func txValidationError(err error) *invalidTxError {
@@ -168,3 +175,7 @@ type blockGasLimitReachedError struct{ message string }
 
 func (e *blockGasLimitReachedError) Error() string  { return e.message }
 func (e *blockGasLimitReachedError) ErrorCode() int { return errCodeBlockGasLimitReached }
+
+func (e *txSyncTimeoutError) Error() string          { return e.msg }
+func (e *txSyncTimeoutError) ErrorCode() int         { return errCodeTxSyncTimeout }
+func (e *txSyncTimeoutError) ErrorData() interface{} { return e.hash.Hex() }

From b373d797d88e05ff318416c1ee80e87aadb59a13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Youssef Azzaoui <y@azzaoui.fr>
Date: Thu, 16 Oct 2025 14:19:44 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 263/470] core/state: state copy bugfixes with Verkle Trees
 (#31696)

This change addresses critical issues in the state object duplication
process specific to Verkle trie implementations. Without these
modifications, updates to state objects fail to propagate correctly
through the trie structure after a statedb copy operation, leading to
inaccuracies in the computation of the state root hash.

---------

Co-authored-by: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 core/state/database.go     |  2 ++
 core/state/state_object.go | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 trie/transition.go         |  3 ++-
 3 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state/database.go b/core/state/database.go
index 3a0ac422ee..58d0ccfe82 100644
--- a/core/state/database.go
+++ b/core/state/database.go
@@ -302,6 +302,8 @@ func mustCopyTrie(t Trie) Trie {
 		return t.Copy()
 	case *trie.VerkleTrie:
 		return t.Copy()
+	case *trie.TransitionTrie:
+		return t.Copy()
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown trie type %T", t))
 	}
diff --git a/core/state/state_object.go b/core/state/state_object.go
index 2938750503..fdeb4254c1 100644
--- a/core/state/state_object.go
+++ b/core/state/state_object.go
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
@@ -494,8 +495,20 @@ func (s *stateObject) deepCopy(db *StateDB) *stateObject {
 		selfDestructed:     s.selfDestructed,
 		newContract:        s.newContract,
 	}
-	if s.trie != nil {
+
+	switch s.trie.(type) {
+	case *trie.VerkleTrie:
+		// Verkle uses only one tree, and the copy has already been
+		// made in mustCopyTrie.
+		obj.trie = db.trie
+	case *trie.TransitionTrie:
+		// Same thing for the transition tree, since the MPT is
+		// read-only.
+		obj.trie = db.trie
+	case *trie.StateTrie:
 		obj.trie = mustCopyTrie(s.trie)
+	case nil:
+		// do nothing
 	}
 	return obj
 }
diff --git a/trie/transition.go b/trie/transition.go
index da49c6cdc2..c6eecd3937 100644
--- a/trie/transition.go
+++ b/trie/transition.go
@@ -211,7 +211,8 @@ func (t *TransitionTrie) UpdateStem(key []byte, values [][]byte) error {
 func (t *TransitionTrie) Copy() *TransitionTrie {
 	return &TransitionTrie{
 		overlay: t.overlay.Copy(),
-		base:    t.base.Copy(),
+		// base in immutable, so there is no need to copy it
+		base:    t.base,
 		storage: t.storage,
 	}
 }

From 0a2c21acd59767cb07c950ad86c67ee8b6db49ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ucwong <ucwong@126.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2025 03:35:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 264/470] eth/ethconfig : fix eth generate config (#32929)

---
 eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
index 6f6e541368..6f18dc34c5 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
@@ -58,10 +58,12 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 		RPCGasCap               uint64
 		RPCEVMTimeout           time.Duration
 		RPCTxFeeCap             float64
-		OverrideOsaka           *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
-		OverrideBPO1            *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
-		OverrideBPO2            *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
-		OverrideVerkle          *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
+		OverrideOsaka           *uint64       `toml:",omitempty"`
+		OverrideBPO1            *uint64       `toml:",omitempty"`
+		OverrideBPO2            *uint64       `toml:",omitempty"`
+		OverrideVerkle          *uint64       `toml:",omitempty"`
+		TxSyncDefaultTimeout    time.Duration `toml:",omitempty"`
+		TxSyncMaxTimeout        time.Duration `toml:",omitempty"`
 	}
 	var enc Config
 	enc.Genesis = c.Genesis
@@ -109,6 +111,8 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 	enc.OverrideBPO1 = c.OverrideBPO1
 	enc.OverrideBPO2 = c.OverrideBPO2
 	enc.OverrideVerkle = c.OverrideVerkle
+	enc.TxSyncDefaultTimeout = c.TxSyncDefaultTimeout
+	enc.TxSyncMaxTimeout = c.TxSyncMaxTimeout
 	return &enc, nil
 }
 
@@ -156,10 +160,12 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 		RPCGasCap               *uint64
 		RPCEVMTimeout           *time.Duration
 		RPCTxFeeCap             *float64
-		OverrideOsaka           *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
-		OverrideBPO1            *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
-		OverrideBPO2            *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
-		OverrideVerkle          *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
+		OverrideOsaka           *uint64        `toml:",omitempty"`
+		OverrideBPO1            *uint64        `toml:",omitempty"`
+		OverrideBPO2            *uint64        `toml:",omitempty"`
+		OverrideVerkle          *uint64        `toml:",omitempty"`
+		TxSyncDefaultTimeout    *time.Duration `toml:",omitempty"`
+		TxSyncMaxTimeout        *time.Duration `toml:",omitempty"`
 	}
 	var dec Config
 	if err := unmarshal(&dec); err != nil {
@@ -300,5 +306,11 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 	if dec.OverrideVerkle != nil {
 		c.OverrideVerkle = dec.OverrideVerkle
 	}
+	if dec.TxSyncDefaultTimeout != nil {
+		c.TxSyncDefaultTimeout = *dec.TxSyncDefaultTimeout
+	}
+	if dec.TxSyncMaxTimeout != nil {
+		c.TxSyncMaxTimeout = *dec.TxSyncMaxTimeout
+	}
 	return nil
 }

From 342285b13972da269160eec6239c76aa5a97aa35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2025 13:34:35 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 265/470] eth, internal: add blob conversion for
 SendRawTransactionSync (#32930)

---
 internal/ethapi/api.go | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index eb7a34474c..d7cf47468c 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -1675,9 +1675,20 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) SendRawTransactionSync(ctx context.Context, input hex
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	// Convert legacy blob transaction proofs.
+	// TODO: remove in go-ethereum v1.17.x
+	if sc := tx.BlobTxSidecar(); sc != nil {
+		exp := api.currentBlobSidecarVersion()
+		if sc.Version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 && exp == types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
+			if err := sc.ToV1(); err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("blob sidecar conversion failed: %v", err)
+			}
+			tx = tx.WithBlobTxSidecar(sc)
+		}
+	}
+
 	ch := make(chan core.ChainEvent, 128)
 	sub := api.b.SubscribeChainEvent(ch)
-	subErrCh := sub.Err()
 	defer sub.Unsubscribe()
 
 	hash, err := SubmitTransaction(ctx, api.b, tx)
@@ -1685,10 +1696,11 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) SendRawTransactionSync(ctx context.Context, input hex
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	maxTimeout := api.b.RPCTxSyncMaxTimeout()
-	defaultTimeout := api.b.RPCTxSyncDefaultTimeout()
-
-	timeout := defaultTimeout
+	var (
+		maxTimeout     = api.b.RPCTxSyncMaxTimeout()
+		defaultTimeout = api.b.RPCTxSyncDefaultTimeout()
+		timeout        = defaultTimeout
+	)
 	if timeoutMs != nil && *timeoutMs > 0 {
 		req := time.Duration(*timeoutMs) * time.Millisecond
 		if req > maxTimeout {
@@ -1697,7 +1709,6 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) SendRawTransactionSync(ctx context.Context, input hex
 			timeout = req
 		}
 	}
-
 	receiptCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, timeout)
 	defer cancel()
 
@@ -1706,19 +1717,20 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) SendRawTransactionSync(ctx context.Context, input hex
 		return r, nil
 	}
 
+	// Monitor the receipts
 	for {
 		select {
 		case <-receiptCtx.Done():
 			// If server-side wait window elapsed, return the structured timeout.
 			if errors.Is(receiptCtx.Err(), context.DeadlineExceeded) {
 				return nil, &txSyncTimeoutError{
-					msg:  fmt.Sprintf("The transaction was added to the transaction pool but wasn't processed in %v.", timeout),
+					msg:  fmt.Sprintf("The transaction was added to the transaction pool but wasn't processed in %v", timeout),
 					hash: hash,
 				}
 			}
 			return nil, receiptCtx.Err()
 
-		case err, ok := <-subErrCh:
+		case err, ok := <-sub.Err():
 			if !ok {
 				return nil, errSubClosed
 			}
@@ -1728,8 +1740,7 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) SendRawTransactionSync(ctx context.Context, input hex
 			if !ok {
 				return nil, errSubClosed
 			}
-			rs := ev.Receipts
-			txs := ev.Transactions
+			rs, txs := ev.Receipts, ev.Transactions
 			if len(rs) == 0 || len(rs) != len(txs) {
 				continue
 			}

From 0ec63272bf6107d0eb5d256a2f35071543693579 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CertiK <138698582+CertiK-Geth@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Oct 2025 19:54:56 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 266/470] cmd/utils: use maximum uint64 value for receipt chain
 insertion (#32934)

---
 cmd/utils/cmd.go | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/cmd/utils/cmd.go b/cmd/utils/cmd.go
index db7bd691d8..3e337a3d00 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/cmd.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/cmd.go
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"math"
 	"math/big"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
@@ -311,7 +312,7 @@ func ImportHistory(chain *core.BlockChain, dir string, network string) error {
 					return fmt.Errorf("error reading receipts %d: %w", it.Number(), err)
 				}
 				encReceipts := types.EncodeBlockReceiptLists([]types.Receipts{receipts})
-				if _, err := chain.InsertReceiptChain([]*types.Block{block}, encReceipts, 2^64-1); err != nil {
+				if _, err := chain.InsertReceiptChain([]*types.Block{block}, encReceipts, math.MaxUint64); err != nil {
 					return fmt.Errorf("error inserting body %d: %w", it.Number(), err)
 				}
 				imported += 1

From a9e66262aff1d44511d585c570daffc9304616c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bosul Mun <bsbs8645@snu.ac.kr>
Date: Mon, 20 Oct 2025 11:10:58 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 267/470] eth/fetcher: add metrics for tracking slow peers
 (#32964)

This PR introduces two new metrics to monitor slow peers
- One tracks the number of slow peers.
- The other measures the time it takes for those peers to become
"unfrozen"

These metrics help with monitoring and evaluating the need for future
optimization of the transaction fetcher and peer management, for example i
n peer scoring and prioritization.

Additionally, this PR moves the fetcher metrics into a separate file,
`eth/fetcher/metrics.go`.
---
 eth/fetcher/metrics.go    | 59 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go | 39 ++++++--------------------
 2 files changed, 68 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 eth/fetcher/metrics.go

diff --git a/eth/fetcher/metrics.go b/eth/fetcher/metrics.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd1678dd30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eth/fetcher/metrics.go
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+
+// Contains the metrics collected by the txfetcher.
+
+package fetcher
+
+import "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
+
+var (
+	txAnnounceInMeter          = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/announces/in", nil)
+	txAnnounceKnownMeter       = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/announces/known", nil)
+	txAnnounceUnderpricedMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/announces/underpriced", nil)
+	txAnnounceDOSMeter         = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/announces/dos", nil)
+
+	txBroadcastInMeter          = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/broadcasts/in", nil)
+	txBroadcastKnownMeter       = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/broadcasts/known", nil)
+	txBroadcastUnderpricedMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/broadcasts/underpriced", nil)
+	txBroadcastOtherRejectMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/broadcasts/otherreject", nil)
+
+	txRequestOutMeter     = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/request/out", nil)
+	txRequestFailMeter    = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/request/fail", nil)
+	txRequestDoneMeter    = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/request/done", nil)
+	txRequestTimeoutMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/request/timeout", nil)
+
+	txReplyInMeter          = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/replies/in", nil)
+	txReplyKnownMeter       = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/replies/known", nil)
+	txReplyUnderpricedMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/replies/underpriced", nil)
+	txReplyOtherRejectMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/replies/otherreject", nil)
+
+	txFetcherWaitingPeers   = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/fetcher/transaction/waiting/peers", nil)
+	txFetcherWaitingHashes  = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/fetcher/transaction/waiting/hashes", nil)
+	txFetcherQueueingPeers  = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/fetcher/transaction/queueing/peers", nil)
+	txFetcherQueueingHashes = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/fetcher/transaction/queueing/hashes", nil)
+	txFetcherFetchingPeers  = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/fetcher/transaction/fetching/peers", nil)
+	txFetcherFetchingHashes = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/fetcher/transaction/fetching/hashes", nil)
+
+	txFetcherSlowPeers = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/fetcher/transaction/slow/peers", nil)
+	// Note: this metric does not mean that the fetching of a transaction
+	// was blocked by a specific peer during this period, since we request
+	// another peer to fetch the same transaction hash.
+	// The purpose of this metric is to measure how long it takes for a slow peer
+	// to become "unfrozen", either by eventually replying to the request
+	// or by being dropped, measuring from the moment the request was sent.
+	txFetcherSlowWait = metrics.NewRegisteredHistogram("eth/fetcher/transaction/slow/wait", nil, metrics.NewExpDecaySample(1028, 0.015))
+)
diff --git a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go
index 3e050320e9..5ba72e6b01 100644
--- a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go
+++ b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/txpool"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -80,35 +79,6 @@ var (
 	txFetchTimeout = 5 * time.Second
 )
 
-var (
-	txAnnounceInMeter          = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/announces/in", nil)
-	txAnnounceKnownMeter       = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/announces/known", nil)
-	txAnnounceUnderpricedMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/announces/underpriced", nil)
-	txAnnounceDOSMeter         = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/announces/dos", nil)
-
-	txBroadcastInMeter          = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/broadcasts/in", nil)
-	txBroadcastKnownMeter       = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/broadcasts/known", nil)
-	txBroadcastUnderpricedMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/broadcasts/underpriced", nil)
-	txBroadcastOtherRejectMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/broadcasts/otherreject", nil)
-
-	txRequestOutMeter     = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/request/out", nil)
-	txRequestFailMeter    = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/request/fail", nil)
-	txRequestDoneMeter    = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/request/done", nil)
-	txRequestTimeoutMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/request/timeout", nil)
-
-	txReplyInMeter          = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/replies/in", nil)
-	txReplyKnownMeter       = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/replies/known", nil)
-	txReplyUnderpricedMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/replies/underpriced", nil)
-	txReplyOtherRejectMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("eth/fetcher/transaction/replies/otherreject", nil)
-
-	txFetcherWaitingPeers   = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/fetcher/transaction/waiting/peers", nil)
-	txFetcherWaitingHashes  = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/fetcher/transaction/waiting/hashes", nil)
-	txFetcherQueueingPeers  = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/fetcher/transaction/queueing/peers", nil)
-	txFetcherQueueingHashes = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/fetcher/transaction/queueing/hashes", nil)
-	txFetcherFetchingPeers  = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/fetcher/transaction/fetching/peers", nil)
-	txFetcherFetchingHashes = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("eth/fetcher/transaction/fetching/hashes", nil)
-)
-
 var errTerminated = errors.New("terminated")
 
 // txAnnounce is the notification of the availability of a batch
@@ -635,6 +605,7 @@ func (f *TxFetcher) loop() {
 					}
 					// Keep track of the request as dangling, but never expire
 					f.requests[peer].hashes = nil
+					txFetcherSlowPeers.Inc(1)
 				}
 			}
 			// Schedule a new transaction retrieval
@@ -728,6 +699,10 @@ func (f *TxFetcher) loop() {
 					log.Warn("Unexpected transaction delivery", "peer", delivery.origin)
 					break
 				}
+				if req.hashes == nil {
+					txFetcherSlowPeers.Dec(1)
+					txFetcherSlowWait.Update(time.Duration(f.clock.Now() - req.time).Nanoseconds())
+				}
 				delete(f.requests, delivery.origin)
 
 				// Anything not delivered should be re-scheduled (with or without
@@ -807,6 +782,10 @@ func (f *TxFetcher) loop() {
 					}
 					delete(f.fetching, hash)
 				}
+				if request.hashes == nil {
+					txFetcherSlowPeers.Dec(1)
+					txFetcherSlowWait.Update(time.Duration(f.clock.Now() - request.time).Nanoseconds())
+				}
 				delete(f.requests, drop.peer)
 			}
 			// Clean up general announcement tracking

From 88576c52e246c52438687a3679424a1cfddfbb8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bosul Mun <bsbs8645@snu.ac.kr>
Date: Mon, 20 Oct 2025 11:26:55 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 268/470] eth/fetcher: remove dangling peers from alternates
 (#32947)

This PR removes dangling peers in `alternates` map

In the current code, a dropped peer is removed from alternates for only
the specific transaction hash it was requesting. If that peer is listed
as an alternate for other transaction hashes, those entries still stick
around in alternates/announced even though that peer already got
dropped.
---
 eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go      |  6 +++-
 eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go | 50 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go
index 5ba72e6b01..d919ac8a5f 100644
--- a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go
+++ b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go
@@ -795,6 +795,10 @@ func (f *TxFetcher) loop() {
 					if len(f.announced[hash]) == 0 {
 						delete(f.announced, hash)
 					}
+					delete(f.alternates[hash], drop.peer)
+					if len(f.alternates[hash]) == 0 {
+						delete(f.alternates, hash)
+					}
 				}
 				delete(f.announces, drop.peer)
 			}
@@ -858,7 +862,7 @@ func (f *TxFetcher) rescheduleWait(timer *mclock.Timer, trigger chan struct{}) {
 // This method is a bit "flaky" "by design". In theory the timeout timer only ever
 // should be rescheduled if some request is pending. In practice, a timeout will
 // cause the timer to be rescheduled every 5 secs (until the peer comes through or
-// disconnects). This is a limitation of the fetcher code because we don't trac
+// disconnects). This is a limitation of the fetcher code because we don't track
 // pending requests and timed out requests separately. Without double tracking, if
 // we simply didn't reschedule the timer on all-timeout then the timer would never
 // be set again since len(request) > 0 => something's running.
diff --git a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go
index 0f05a1c995..bb41f62932 100644
--- a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go
+++ b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go
@@ -1858,6 +1858,56 @@ func TestBlobTransactionAnnounce(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestTransactionFetcherDropAlternates(t *testing.T) {
+	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
+		init: func() *TxFetcher {
+			return NewTxFetcher(
+				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
+					return make([]error, len(txs))
+				},
+				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
+				nil,
+			)
+		},
+		steps: []interface{}{
+			doTxNotify{peer: "A", hashes: []common.Hash{testTxsHashes[0]}, types: []byte{testTxs[0].Type()}, sizes: []uint32{uint32(testTxs[0].Size())}},
+			doWait{time: txArriveTimeout, step: true},
+			doTxNotify{peer: "B", hashes: []common.Hash{testTxsHashes[0]}, types: []byte{testTxs[0].Type()}, sizes: []uint32{uint32(testTxs[0].Size())}},
+
+			isScheduled{
+				tracking: map[string][]announce{
+					"A": {
+						{testTxsHashes[0], testTxs[0].Type(), uint32(testTxs[0].Size())},
+					},
+					"B": {
+						{testTxsHashes[0], testTxs[0].Type(), uint32(testTxs[0].Size())},
+					},
+				},
+				fetching: map[string][]common.Hash{
+					"A": {testTxsHashes[0]},
+				},
+			},
+			doDrop("B"),
+
+			isScheduled{
+				tracking: map[string][]announce{
+					"A": {
+						{testTxsHashes[0], testTxs[0].Type(), uint32(testTxs[0].Size())},
+					},
+				},
+				fetching: map[string][]common.Hash{
+					"A": {testTxsHashes[0]},
+				},
+			},
+			doDrop("A"),
+			isScheduled{
+				tracking: nil, fetching: nil,
+			},
+		},
+	})
+}
+
 func testTransactionFetcherParallel(t *testing.T, tt txFetcherTest) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	testTransactionFetcher(t, tt)

From 11c0fb98af8ba14deb6abe77b357cbe927ba05ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hero5512 <lvshuaino@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 19 Oct 2025 22:29:46 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 269/470] triedb/pathdb: fix index out of range panic in
 decodeSingle (#32937)

Fixes TestCorruptedKeySection flaky test failure.
https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/actions/runs/18600235182/job/53037084761?pr=32920
---
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go | 12 ++++++++----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
index f5eb590a9a..2f31238612 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
@@ -370,11 +370,15 @@ func decodeSingle(keySection []byte, onValue func([]byte, int, int) error) ([]st
 	for keyOff < keyLimit {
 		// Validate the key and value offsets within the single trie data chunk
 		if items%trienodeDataBlockRestartLen == 0 {
-			if keyOff != int(keyOffsets[items/trienodeDataBlockRestartLen]) {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("key offset is not matched, recorded: %d, want: %d", keyOffsets[items/trienodeDataBlockRestartLen], keyOff)
+			restartIndex := items / trienodeDataBlockRestartLen
+			if restartIndex >= len(keyOffsets) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("restart index out of range: %d, available restarts: %d", restartIndex, len(keyOffsets))
 			}
-			if valOff != int(valOffsets[items/trienodeDataBlockRestartLen]) {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("value offset is not matched, recorded: %d, want: %d", valOffsets[items/trienodeDataBlockRestartLen], valOff)
+			if keyOff != int(keyOffsets[restartIndex]) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("key offset is not matched, recorded: %d, want: %d", keyOffsets[restartIndex], keyOff)
+			}
+			if valOff != int(valOffsets[restartIndex]) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("value offset is not matched, recorded: %d, want: %d", valOffsets[restartIndex], valOff)
 			}
 		}
 		// Resolve the entry from key section

From 69df6bb8d59027f617c6bf0a24f7af17c06cae39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Oct 2025 10:35:14 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 270/470] core/types: prealloc map in HashDifference as in
 TxDifference (#32946)

---
 core/types/transaction.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/types/transaction.go b/core/types/transaction.go
index be8e90364e..e98563b85f 100644
--- a/core/types/transaction.go
+++ b/core/types/transaction.go
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ func TxDifference(a, b Transactions) Transactions {
 func HashDifference(a, b []common.Hash) []common.Hash {
 	keep := make([]common.Hash, 0, len(a))
 
-	remove := make(map[common.Hash]struct{})
+	remove := make(map[common.Hash]struct{}, len(b))
 	for _, hash := range b {
 		remove[hash] = struct{}{}
 	}

From cfb311148c5227e5dbab750aaa37f1abcbfd3beb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: maskpp <maskpp266@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Oct 2025 16:18:17 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 271/470] eth/filters: avoid rebuild the hash map multi times
 (#32965)

---
 eth/filters/filter.go        | 22 ++--------------------
 eth/filters/filter_system.go | 12 ++++++++----
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/filters/filter.go b/eth/filters/filter.go
index 02399bc801..422e5cd67b 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter.go
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ type ReceiptWithTx struct {
 // In addition to returning receipts, it also returns the corresponding transactions.
 // This is because receipts only contain low-level data, while user-facing data
 // may require additional information from the Transaction.
-func filterReceipts(txHashes []common.Hash, ev core.ChainEvent) []*ReceiptWithTx {
+func filterReceipts(txHashes map[common.Hash]bool, ev core.ChainEvent) []*ReceiptWithTx {
 	var ret []*ReceiptWithTx
 
 	receipts := ev.Receipts
@@ -583,27 +583,9 @@ func filterReceipts(txHashes []common.Hash, ev core.ChainEvent) []*ReceiptWithTx
 				Transaction: txs[i],
 			}
 		}
-	} else if len(txHashes) == 1 {
-		// Filter by single transaction hash.
-		// This is a common case, so we distinguish it from filtering by multiple tx hashes and made a small optimization.
-		for i, receipt := range receipts {
-			if receipt.TxHash == txHashes[0] {
-				ret = append(ret, &ReceiptWithTx{
-					Receipt:     receipt,
-					Transaction: txs[i],
-				})
-				break
-			}
-		}
 	} else {
-		// Filter by multiple transaction hashes.
-		txHashMap := make(map[common.Hash]bool, len(txHashes))
-		for _, hash := range txHashes {
-			txHashMap[hash] = true
-		}
-
 		for i, receipt := range receipts {
-			if txHashMap[receipt.TxHash] {
+			if txHashes[receipt.TxHash] {
 				ret = append(ret, &ReceiptWithTx{
 					Receipt:     receipt,
 					Transaction: txs[i],
diff --git a/eth/filters/filter_system.go b/eth/filters/filter_system.go
index 02783fa5ec..f10e6a277b 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter_system.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter_system.go
@@ -185,9 +185,9 @@ type subscription struct {
 	txs       chan []*types.Transaction
 	headers   chan *types.Header
 	receipts  chan []*ReceiptWithTx
-	txHashes  []common.Hash // contains transaction hashes for transactionReceipts subscription filtering
-	installed chan struct{} // closed when the filter is installed
-	err       chan error    // closed when the filter is uninstalled
+	txHashes  map[common.Hash]bool // contains transaction hashes for transactionReceipts subscription filtering
+	installed chan struct{}        // closed when the filter is installed
+	err       chan error           // closed when the filter is uninstalled
 }
 
 // EventSystem creates subscriptions, processes events and broadcasts them to the
@@ -403,6 +403,10 @@ func (es *EventSystem) SubscribePendingTxs(txs chan []*types.Transaction) *Subsc
 // transactions when they are included in blocks. If txHashes is provided, only receipts
 // for those specific transaction hashes will be delivered.
 func (es *EventSystem) SubscribeTransactionReceipts(txHashes []common.Hash, receipts chan []*ReceiptWithTx) *Subscription {
+	hashSet := make(map[common.Hash]bool)
+	for _, h := range txHashes {
+		hashSet[h] = true
+	}
 	sub := &subscription{
 		id:        rpc.NewID(),
 		typ:       TransactionReceiptsSubscription,
@@ -411,7 +415,7 @@ func (es *EventSystem) SubscribeTransactionReceipts(txHashes []common.Hash, rece
 		txs:       make(chan []*types.Transaction),
 		headers:   make(chan *types.Header),
 		receipts:  receipts,
-		txHashes:  txHashes,
+		txHashes:  hashSet,
 		installed: make(chan struct{}),
 		err:       make(chan error),
 	}

From b6a4ac99610328410881a9ad57b4c02361b0056c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jwasinger <j-wasinger@hotmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Oct 2025 17:51:29 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 272/470] core/vm: don't call SetCode after contract creation
 if initcode didn't return anything (#32916)

The code change is a noop here, and the tracing hook shouldn't be
invoked if the account code doesn't actually change.
---
 core/vm/evm.go | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/vm/evm.go b/core/vm/evm.go
index 88ef1cf121..8975c791c8 100644
--- a/core/vm/evm.go
+++ b/core/vm/evm.go
@@ -601,7 +601,9 @@ func (evm *EVM) initNewContract(contract *Contract, address common.Address) ([]b
 		}
 	}
 
-	evm.StateDB.SetCode(address, ret, tracing.CodeChangeContractCreation)
+	if len(ret) > 0 {
+		evm.StateDB.SetCode(address, ret, tracing.CodeChangeContractCreation)
+	}
 	return ret, nil
 }
 

From b1809d13d14ee60f35dfdfec710f5baffaec0b98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Oct 2025 11:52:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 273/470] cmd/keeper: use the ziren keccak precompile (#32816)

Uses the go module's `replace` directive to delegate keccak computation
to precompiles.

This is still in draft because it needs more testing. Also, it relies on
a PR that I created, that hasn't been merged yet.

_Note that this PR doesn't implement the stateful keccak state
structure, and it reverts to the current behavior. This is a bit silly
since this is what is used in the tree root computation. The runtime
doesn't currently export the sponge. I will see if I can fix that in a
further PR, but it is going to take more time. In the meantime, this is
a useful first step_
---
 cmd/keeper/getpayload_ziren.go |  2 +-
 cmd/keeper/go.mod              |  7 ++--
 cmd/keeper/go.sum              |  4 +--
 crypto/crypto.go               | 48 -------------------------
 crypto/keccak.go               | 63 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 crypto/keccak_ziren.go         | 64 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 go.mod                         |  1 +
 go.sum                         |  2 ++
 8 files changed, 135 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crypto/keccak.go
 create mode 100644 crypto/keccak_ziren.go

diff --git a/cmd/keeper/getpayload_ziren.go b/cmd/keeper/getpayload_ziren.go
index 11c5845bcc..bc373db94f 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/getpayload_ziren.go
+++ b/cmd/keeper/getpayload_ziren.go
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 package main
 
 import (
-	zkruntime "github.com/zkMIPS/zkMIPS/crates/go-runtime/zkm_runtime"
+	zkruntime "github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime"
 )
 
 // getInput reads the input payload from the zkVM runtime environment.
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.mod b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
index 16094d16b1..2b12297a7a 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.mod
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ module github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/cmd/keeper
 go 1.24.0
 
 require (
+	github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20251001021608-1fe7b43fc4d6
 	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000
-	github.com/zkMIPS/zkMIPS/crates/go-runtime/zkm_runtime v0.0.0-20250915074013-fbc07aa2c6f5
 )
 
 require (
@@ -43,7 +43,4 @@ require (
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
 )
 
-replace (
-	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum => ../../
-	github.com/zkMIPS/zkMIPS/crates/go-runtime/zkm_runtime => github.com/weilzkm/zkMIPS/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20250915074013-fbc07aa2c6f5
-)
+replace github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum => ../../
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.sum b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
index 3eaef469dc..b280a368d0 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.sum
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.4.5 h1:EndNeuB0l9syBZhut0wns3gV1hL8zX8LIu6ZiVHWLIQ=
 github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.4.5/go.mod h1:1jcaCB/ufaK+sKp1NBhlGmpz41jOoPQ35bpF36t7BBo=
+github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20251001021608-1fe7b43fc4d6 h1:1zYrtlhrZ6/b6SAjLSfKzWtdgqK0U+HtH/VcBWh1BaU=
+github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20251001021608-1fe7b43fc4d6/go.mod h1:ioLG6R+5bUSO1oeGSDxOV3FADARuMoytZCSX6MEMQkI=
 github.com/StackExchange/wmi v1.2.1 h1:VIkavFPXSjcnS+O8yTq7NI32k0R5Aj+v39y29VYDOSA=
 github.com/StackExchange/wmi v1.2.1/go.mod h1:rcmrprowKIVzvc+NUiLncP2uuArMWLCbu9SBzvHz7e8=
 github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.13.0 h1:AW4mheMR5Vd9FkAPUv+NH6Nhw+fmbTMGMsNAoA/+4G0=
@@ -117,8 +119,6 @@ github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.12 h1:0QaGUFOdQaIVdPgfITYzaTegZvdCjmYO52cSFA
 github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.12/go.mod h1:Ho14jnntGE1fpdOqQEEaiKRpvIavV0hSfmBq8nJbHYI=
 github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.6.1 h1:ng9scYS7az0Bk4OZLvrNXNSAO2Pxr1XXRAPyjhIx+Fk=
 github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.6.1/go.mod h1:1XfjsgE2zo8GVw7POkMbHENHzVg3GzmoZ9fESEdAacY=
-github.com/weilzkm/zkMIPS/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20250915074013-fbc07aa2c6f5 h1:MxKlbmI7Dta6O6Nsc9OAer/rOltjoL11CVLMqCiYnxU=
-github.com/weilzkm/zkMIPS/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20250915074013-fbc07aa2c6f5/go.mod h1:zk/SUgiiVz2U1ufZ+yM2MHPbD93W25KH5zK3qAxXbT4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0 h1:AnAEvhDddvBdpY+uR+MyHmuZzzNqXSe/GvuDeob5L34=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0/go.mod h1:Y4J0ReaxCR1IMaabaSMugxJES1EpwhBHhv2bDHklZvc=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230626212559-97b1e661b5df h1:UA2aFVmmsIlefxMk29Dp2juaUSth8Pyn3Tq5Y5mJGME=
diff --git a/crypto/crypto.go b/crypto/crypto.go
index 09596c05ce..db6b6ee071 100644
--- a/crypto/crypto.go
+++ b/crypto/crypto.go
@@ -28,12 +28,10 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"math/big"
 	"os"
-	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
 )
 
 // SignatureLength indicates the byte length required to carry a signature with recovery id.
@@ -69,17 +67,6 @@ type KeccakState interface {
 	Read([]byte) (int, error)
 }
 
-// NewKeccakState creates a new KeccakState
-func NewKeccakState() KeccakState {
-	return sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256().(KeccakState)
-}
-
-var hasherPool = sync.Pool{
-	New: func() any {
-		return sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256().(KeccakState)
-	},
-}
-
 // HashData hashes the provided data using the KeccakState and returns a 32 byte hash
 func HashData(kh KeccakState, data []byte) (h common.Hash) {
 	kh.Reset()
@@ -88,41 +75,6 @@ func HashData(kh KeccakState, data []byte) (h common.Hash) {
 	return h
 }
 
-// Keccak256 calculates and returns the Keccak256 hash of the input data.
-func Keccak256(data ...[]byte) []byte {
-	b := make([]byte, 32)
-	d := hasherPool.Get().(KeccakState)
-	d.Reset()
-	for _, b := range data {
-		d.Write(b)
-	}
-	d.Read(b)
-	hasherPool.Put(d)
-	return b
-}
-
-// Keccak256Hash calculates and returns the Keccak256 hash of the input data,
-// converting it to an internal Hash data structure.
-func Keccak256Hash(data ...[]byte) (h common.Hash) {
-	d := hasherPool.Get().(KeccakState)
-	d.Reset()
-	for _, b := range data {
-		d.Write(b)
-	}
-	d.Read(h[:])
-	hasherPool.Put(d)
-	return h
-}
-
-// Keccak512 calculates and returns the Keccak512 hash of the input data.
-func Keccak512(data ...[]byte) []byte {
-	d := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak512()
-	for _, b := range data {
-		d.Write(b)
-	}
-	return d.Sum(nil)
-}
-
 // CreateAddress creates an ethereum address given the bytes and the nonce
 func CreateAddress(b common.Address, nonce uint64) common.Address {
 	data, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes([]interface{}{b, nonce})
diff --git a/crypto/keccak.go b/crypto/keccak.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ad79a63c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crypto/keccak.go
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build !ziren
+
+package crypto
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+)
+
+// NewKeccakState creates a new KeccakState
+func NewKeccakState() KeccakState {
+	return sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256().(KeccakState)
+}
+
+var hasherPool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() any {
+		return sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256().(KeccakState)
+	},
+}
+
+// Keccak256 calculates and returns the Keccak256 hash of the input data.
+func Keccak256(data ...[]byte) []byte {
+	b := make([]byte, 32)
+	d := hasherPool.Get().(KeccakState)
+	d.Reset()
+	for _, b := range data {
+		d.Write(b)
+	}
+	d.Read(b)
+	hasherPool.Put(d)
+	return b
+}
+
+// Keccak256Hash calculates and returns the Keccak256 hash of the input data,
+// converting it to an internal Hash data structure.
+func Keccak256Hash(data ...[]byte) (h common.Hash) {
+	d := hasherPool.Get().(KeccakState)
+	d.Reset()
+	for _, b := range data {
+		d.Write(b)
+	}
+	d.Read(h[:])
+	hasherPool.Put(d)
+	return h
+}
diff --git a/crypto/keccak_ziren.go b/crypto/keccak_ziren.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..033c0ec42c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crypto/keccak_ziren.go
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build ziren
+
+package crypto
+
+import (
+	"github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+)
+
+// NewKeccakState creates a new KeccakState
+// For now, we fallback to the original implementation for the stateful interface.
+// TODO: Implement a stateful wrapper around zkvm_runtime.Keccak256 if needed.
+func NewKeccakState() KeccakState {
+	return sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256().(KeccakState)
+}
+
+// Keccak256 calculates and returns the Keccak256 hash using the Ziren zkvm_runtime implementation.
+func Keccak256(data ...[]byte) []byte {
+	// For multiple data chunks, concatenate them
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		result := zkvm_runtime.Keccak256(nil)
+		return result[:]
+	}
+	if len(data) == 1 {
+		result := zkvm_runtime.Keccak256(data[0])
+		return result[:]
+	}
+
+	// Concatenate multiple data chunks
+	var totalLen int
+	for _, d := range data {
+		totalLen += len(d)
+	}
+
+	combined := make([]byte, 0, totalLen)
+	for _, d := range data {
+		combined = append(combined, d...)
+	}
+
+	result := zkvm_runtime.Keccak256(combined)
+	return result[:]
+}
+
+// Keccak256Hash calculates and returns the Keccak256 hash as a Hash using the Ziren zkvm_runtime implementation.
+func Keccak256Hash(data ...[]byte) common.Hash {
+	return common.Hash(Keccak256(data...))
+}
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index c91cc81d21..ae5e4cc114 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v1.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal v1.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.4.5 // indirect
+	github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20251001021608-1fe7b43fc4d6
 	github.com/StackExchange/wmi v1.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.13.13 // indirect
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.1.43 // indirect
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 779bcde846..8122f4b548 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.4.5 h1:EndNeuB0l9syBZhut0wns3gV1hL8zX8LIu6ZiVHWLIQ=
 github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.4.5/go.mod h1:1jcaCB/ufaK+sKp1NBhlGmpz41jOoPQ35bpF36t7BBo=
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2 h1:F2VQgta7ecxGYO8k3ZZz3RS8fVIXVxONVUPlNERoyfY=
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2/go.mod h1:yd8OoFMLzJbo9gZq8j5qaps8bJ9aShtEA8Ipt1oGCvU=
+github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20251001021608-1fe7b43fc4d6 h1:1zYrtlhrZ6/b6SAjLSfKzWtdgqK0U+HtH/VcBWh1BaU=
+github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20251001021608-1fe7b43fc4d6/go.mod h1:ioLG6R+5bUSO1oeGSDxOV3FADARuMoytZCSX6MEMQkI=
 github.com/StackExchange/wmi v1.2.1 h1:VIkavFPXSjcnS+O8yTq7NI32k0R5Aj+v39y29VYDOSA=
 github.com/StackExchange/wmi v1.2.1/go.mod h1:rcmrprowKIVzvc+NUiLncP2uuArMWLCbu9SBzvHz7e8=
 github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.13.0 h1:AW4mheMR5Vd9FkAPUv+NH6Nhw+fmbTMGMsNAoA/+4G0=

From b81f03e8ff375b7c8c444c6c4b2b7fce22bd0ac1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Mon, 20 Oct 2025 17:24:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 274/470] params: enable osaka on dev mode (#32917)

enables the osaka fork on dev mode

---------

Co-authored-by: Sina Mahmoodi <itz.s1na@gmail.com>
---
 core/genesis.go  | 35 ++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 params/config.go |  2 ++
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/genesis.go b/core/genesis.go
index 2fd044c70a..d0d490874d 100644
--- a/core/genesis.go
+++ b/core/genesis.go
@@ -669,23 +669,24 @@ func DeveloperGenesisBlock(gasLimit uint64, faucet *common.Address) *Genesis {
 		BaseFee:    big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
 		Difficulty: big.NewInt(0),
 		Alloc: map[common.Address]types.Account{
-			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x01}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ECRecover
-			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x02}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // SHA256
-			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x03}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // RIPEMD
-			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x04}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // Identity
-			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x05}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ModExp
-			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x06}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ECAdd
-			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x07}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ECScalarMul
-			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x08}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ECPairing
-			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x09}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLAKE2b
-			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x0a}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // KZGPointEval
-			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x0b}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLSG1Add
-			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x0c}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLSG1MultiExp
-			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x0d}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLSG2Add
-			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x0e}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLSG2MultiExp
-			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x0f}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLSG1Pairing
-			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x10}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLSG1MapG1
-			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x11}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLSG2MapG2
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x01}):    {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ECRecover
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x02}):    {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // SHA256
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x03}):    {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // RIPEMD
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x04}):    {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // Identity
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x05}):    {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ModExp
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x06}):    {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ECAdd
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x07}):    {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ECScalarMul
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x08}):    {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ECPairing
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x09}):    {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLAKE2b
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x0a}):    {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // KZGPointEval
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x0b}):    {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLSG1Add
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x0c}):    {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLSG1MultiExp
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x0d}):    {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLSG2Add
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x0e}):    {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLSG2MultiExp
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x0f}):    {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLSG1Pairing
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x10}):    {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLSG1MapG1
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x11}):    {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLSG2MapG2
+			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{0x1, 00}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // P256Verify
 			// Pre-deploy system contracts
 			params.BeaconRootsAddress:        {Nonce: 1, Code: params.BeaconRootsCode, Balance: common.Big0},
 			params.HistoryStorageAddress:     {Nonce: 1, Code: params.HistoryStorageCode, Balance: common.Big0},
diff --git a/params/config.go b/params/config.go
index e796d75535..06288575ae 100644
--- a/params/config.go
+++ b/params/config.go
@@ -225,9 +225,11 @@ var (
 		CancunTime:              newUint64(0),
 		TerminalTotalDifficulty: big.NewInt(0),
 		PragueTime:              newUint64(0),
+		OsakaTime:               newUint64(0),
 		BlobScheduleConfig: &BlobScheduleConfig{
 			Cancun: DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 			Prague: DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+			Osaka:  DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
 		},
 	}
 

From d73bfeb3d91753f6692092650770a8ed79f8e270 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kyrin <kyrincode@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Oct 2025 15:41:38 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 275/470] core/txpool: Initialize journal writer for tx tracker
 (#32921)

Previously, the journal writer is nil until the first time rejournal
(default 1h), which means during this period, txs submitted to this node
are not written into journal file (transactions.rlp). If this node is
shutdown before the first time rejournal, then txs in pending or queue
will get lost.

Here, this PR initializes the journal writer soon after launch to solve
this issue.

---------

Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 core/txpool/locals/journal.go         | 20 +++++++++-
 core/txpool/locals/tx_tracker.go      | 38 +++++++++++-------
 core/txpool/locals/tx_tracker_test.go | 55 ++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 3 files changed, 92 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/locals/journal.go b/core/txpool/locals/journal.go
index 46fd6de346..cd2be8a794 100644
--- a/core/txpool/locals/journal.go
+++ b/core/txpool/locals/journal.go
@@ -117,6 +117,25 @@ func (journal *journal) load(add func([]*types.Transaction) []error) error {
 	return failure
 }
 
+func (journal *journal) setupWriter() error {
+	if journal.writer != nil {
+		if err := journal.writer.Close(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		journal.writer = nil
+	}
+
+	// Re-open the journal file for appending
+	// Use O_APPEND to ensure we always write to the end of the file
+	sink, err := os.OpenFile(journal.path, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND, 0644)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	journal.writer = sink
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // insert adds the specified transaction to the local disk journal.
 func (journal *journal) insert(tx *types.Transaction) error {
 	if journal.writer == nil {
@@ -177,7 +196,6 @@ func (journal *journal) rotate(all map[common.Address]types.Transactions) error
 // close flushes the transaction journal contents to disk and closes the file.
 func (journal *journal) close() error {
 	var err error
-
 	if journal.writer != nil {
 		err = journal.writer.Close()
 		journal.writer = nil
diff --git a/core/txpool/locals/tx_tracker.go b/core/txpool/locals/tx_tracker.go
index e08384ce71..bb178f175e 100644
--- a/core/txpool/locals/tx_tracker.go
+++ b/core/txpool/locals/tx_tracker.go
@@ -114,13 +114,14 @@ func (tracker *TxTracker) TrackAll(txs []*types.Transaction) {
 }
 
 // recheck checks and returns any transactions that needs to be resubmitted.
-func (tracker *TxTracker) recheck(journalCheck bool) (resubmits []*types.Transaction, rejournal map[common.Address]types.Transactions) {
+func (tracker *TxTracker) recheck(journalCheck bool) []*types.Transaction {
 	tracker.mu.Lock()
 	defer tracker.mu.Unlock()
 
 	var (
 		numStales = 0
 		numOk     = 0
+		resubmits []*types.Transaction
 	)
 	for sender, txs := range tracker.byAddr {
 		// Wipe the stales
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ func (tracker *TxTracker) recheck(journalCheck bool) (resubmits []*types.Transac
 	}
 
 	if journalCheck { // rejournal
-		rejournal = make(map[common.Address]types.Transactions)
+		rejournal := make(map[common.Address]types.Transactions)
 		for _, tx := range tracker.all {
 			addr, _ := types.Sender(tracker.signer, tx)
 			rejournal[addr] = append(rejournal[addr], tx)
@@ -153,10 +154,18 @@ func (tracker *TxTracker) recheck(journalCheck bool) (resubmits []*types.Transac
 				return int(a.Nonce() - b.Nonce())
 			})
 		}
+		// Rejournal the tracker while holding the lock. No new transactions will
+		// be added to the old journal during this period, preventing any potential
+		// transaction loss.
+		if tracker.journal != nil {
+			if err := tracker.journal.rotate(rejournal); err != nil {
+				log.Warn("Transaction journal rotation failed", "err", err)
+			}
+		}
 	}
 	localGauge.Update(int64(len(tracker.all)))
 	log.Debug("Tx tracker status", "need-resubmit", len(resubmits), "stale", numStales, "ok", numOk)
-	return resubmits, rejournal
+	return resubmits
 }
 
 // Start implements node.Lifecycle interface
@@ -185,6 +194,12 @@ func (tracker *TxTracker) loop() {
 			tracker.TrackAll(transactions)
 			return nil
 		})
+
+		// Setup the writer for the upcoming transactions
+		if err := tracker.journal.setupWriter(); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to setup the journal writer", "err", err)
+			return
+		}
 		defer tracker.journal.close()
 	}
 	var (
@@ -196,20 +211,15 @@ func (tracker *TxTracker) loop() {
 		case <-tracker.shutdownCh:
 			return
 		case <-timer.C:
-			checkJournal := tracker.journal != nil && time.Since(lastJournal) > tracker.rejournal
-			resubmits, rejournal := tracker.recheck(checkJournal)
+			var rejournal bool
+			if tracker.journal != nil && time.Since(lastJournal) > tracker.rejournal {
+				rejournal, lastJournal = true, time.Now()
+				log.Debug("Rejournal the transaction tracker")
+			}
+			resubmits := tracker.recheck(rejournal)
 			if len(resubmits) > 0 {
 				tracker.pool.Add(resubmits, false)
 			}
-			if checkJournal {
-				// Lock to prevent journal.rotate <-> journal.insert (via TrackAll) conflicts
-				tracker.mu.Lock()
-				lastJournal = time.Now()
-				if err := tracker.journal.rotate(rejournal); err != nil {
-					log.Warn("Transaction journal rotation failed", "err", err)
-				}
-				tracker.mu.Unlock()
-			}
 			timer.Reset(recheckInterval)
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/core/txpool/locals/tx_tracker_test.go b/core/txpool/locals/tx_tracker_test.go
index 367fb6b6da..dde8754605 100644
--- a/core/txpool/locals/tx_tracker_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/locals/tx_tracker_test.go
@@ -17,7 +17,11 @@
 package locals
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"maps"
 	"math/big"
+	"math/rand"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -146,20 +150,59 @@ func TestResubmit(t *testing.T) {
 	txsA := txs[:len(txs)/2]
 	txsB := txs[len(txs)/2:]
 	env.pool.Add(txsA, true)
+
 	pending, queued := env.pool.ContentFrom(address)
 	if len(pending) != len(txsA) || len(queued) != 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("Unexpected txpool content: %d, %d", len(pending), len(queued))
 	}
 	env.tracker.TrackAll(txs)
 
-	resubmit, all := env.tracker.recheck(true)
+	resubmit := env.tracker.recheck(true)
 	if len(resubmit) != len(txsB) {
 		t.Fatalf("Unexpected transactions to resubmit, got: %d, want: %d", len(resubmit), len(txsB))
 	}
-	if len(all) == 0 || len(all[address]) == 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("Unexpected transactions being tracked, got: %d, want: %d", 0, len(txs))
-	}
-	if len(all[address]) != len(txs) {
-		t.Fatalf("Unexpected transactions being tracked, got: %d, want: %d", len(all[address]), len(txs))
+	env.tracker.mu.Lock()
+	allCopy := maps.Clone(env.tracker.all)
+	env.tracker.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if len(allCopy) != len(txs) {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected transactions being tracked, got: %d, want: %d", len(allCopy), len(txs))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestJournal(t *testing.T) {
+	journalPath := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("%d", rand.Int63()))
+	env := newTestEnv(t, 10, 0, journalPath)
+	defer env.close()
+
+	env.tracker.Start()
+	defer env.tracker.Stop()
+
+	txs := env.makeTxs(10)
+	txsA := txs[:len(txs)/2]
+	txsB := txs[len(txs)/2:]
+	env.pool.Add(txsA, true)
+
+	pending, queued := env.pool.ContentFrom(address)
+	if len(pending) != len(txsA) || len(queued) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected txpool content: %d, %d", len(pending), len(queued))
+	}
+	env.tracker.TrackAll(txsA)
+	env.tracker.TrackAll(txsB)
+	env.tracker.recheck(true) // manually rejournal the tracker
+
+	// Make sure all the transactions are properly journalled
+	trackerB := New(journalPath, time.Minute, gspec.Config, env.pool)
+	trackerB.journal.load(func(transactions []*types.Transaction) []error {
+		trackerB.TrackAll(transactions)
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	trackerB.mu.Lock()
+	allCopy := maps.Clone(trackerB.all)
+	trackerB.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if len(allCopy) != len(txs) {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected transactions being tracked, got: %d, want: %d", len(allCopy), len(txs))
 	}
 }

From 79b6a56d3a3a5e831b8ca49b819ce487aebe3a22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Oct 2025 16:03:56 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 276/470] core/state: prevent SetCode hook if contract code is
 not changed (#32980)

This PR prevents the SetCode hook from being called when the contract
code
remains unchanged.

This situation can occur in the following cases:
- The deployed runtime code has zero length
- An EIP-7702 authorization attempt tries to unset a non-delegated
account
- An EIP-7702 authorization attempt tries to delegate to the same
account
---
 core/state/statedb_hooked.go | 17 +++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state/statedb_hooked.go b/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
index d2595bcefe..9db201fc2b 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
@@ -191,17 +191,18 @@ func (s *hookedStateDB) SetNonce(address common.Address, nonce uint64, reason tr
 
 func (s *hookedStateDB) SetCode(address common.Address, code []byte, reason tracing.CodeChangeReason) []byte {
 	prev := s.inner.SetCode(address, code, reason)
+
 	if s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil || s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil {
-		prevHash := types.EmptyCodeHash
-		if len(prev) != 0 {
-			prevHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(prev)
-		}
+		prevHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(prev)
 		codeHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(code)
 
-		if s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil {
-			s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2(address, prevHash, prev, codeHash, code, reason)
-		} else if s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil {
-			s.hooks.OnCodeChange(address, prevHash, prev, codeHash, code)
+		// Invoke the hooks only if the contract code is changed
+		if prevHash != codeHash {
+			if s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil {
+				s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2(address, prevHash, prev, codeHash, code, reason)
+			} else if s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil {
+				s.hooks.OnCodeChange(address, prevHash, prev, codeHash, code)
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	return prev

From 0a8b8207251862a552904913c727b4e0c1701252 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Oct 2025 19:11:36 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 277/470] triedb/pathdb: make batch with pre-allocated size
 (#32914)

In this PR, the database batch for writing the history index data is
pre-allocated.

It's observed that database batch repeatedly grows the size of the
mega-batch,
causing significant memory allocation pressure. This approach can
effectively
mitigate the overhead.
---
 triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go |  8 ++++----
 triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go     | 23 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go
index 7648b99226..5abdee682a 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	indexBlockDescSize   = 14        // The size of index block descriptor
-	indexBlockEntriesCap = 4096      // The maximum number of entries can be grouped in a block
-	indexBlockRestartLen = 256       // The restart interval length of index block
-	historyIndexBatch    = 1_000_000 // The number of state history indexes for constructing or deleting as batch
+	indexBlockDescSize   = 14         // The size of index block descriptor
+	indexBlockEntriesCap = 4096       // The maximum number of entries can be grouped in a block
+	indexBlockRestartLen = 256        // The restart interval length of index block
+	historyIndexBatch    = 512 * 1024 // The number of state history indexes for constructing or deleting as batch
 )
 
 // indexBlockDesc represents a descriptor for an index block, which contains a
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
index 368ff78d41..893ccd6523 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
@@ -40,6 +40,11 @@ const (
 	stateHistoryIndexVersion    = stateHistoryIndexV0    // the current state index version
 	trienodeHistoryIndexV0      = uint8(0)               // initial version of trienode index structure
 	trienodeHistoryIndexVersion = trienodeHistoryIndexV0 // the current trienode index version
+
+	// estimations for calculating the batch size for atomic database commit
+	estimatedStateHistoryIndexSize    = 3  // The average size of each state history index entry is approximately 2–3 bytes
+	estimatedTrienodeHistoryIndexSize = 3  // The average size of each trienode history index entry is approximately 2-3 bytes
+	estimatedIndexBatchSizeFactor     = 32 // The factor counts for the write amplification for each entry
 )
 
 // indexVersion returns the latest index version for the given history type.
@@ -150,6 +155,22 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) process(h history, id uint64) error {
 	return b.finish(false)
 }
 
+// makeBatch constructs a database batch based on the number of pending entries.
+// The batch size is roughly estimated to minimize repeated resizing rounds,
+// as accurately predicting the exact size is technically challenging.
+func (b *batchIndexer) makeBatch() ethdb.Batch {
+	var size int
+	switch b.typ {
+	case typeStateHistory:
+		size = estimatedStateHistoryIndexSize
+	case typeTrienodeHistory:
+		size = estimatedTrienodeHistoryIndexSize
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown history type %d", b.typ))
+	}
+	return b.db.NewBatchWithSize(size * estimatedIndexBatchSizeFactor * b.pending)
+}
+
 // finish writes the accumulated state indexes into the disk if either the
 // memory limitation is reached or it's requested forcibly.
 func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
@@ -160,7 +181,7 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 	var (
-		batch   = b.db.NewBatch()
+		batch   = b.makeBatch()
 		batchMu sync.RWMutex
 		start   = time.Now()
 		eg      errgroup.Group

From 407d9faf713fa8dfd93282502de89ce93ea66bbe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lightclient <14004106+lightclient@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Oct 2025 08:10:45 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 278/470] cmd/geth: add flag to set genesis (#32844)

This PR is an alternative to #32556.

Instead of trying to be smart and reuse `geth init`, we can introduce a
new flag `--genesis` that loads the `genesis.json` from file into the
`Genesis` object in the same path that the other network flags currently
work in.

Question: is something like `--genesis` enough to start deprecating
`geth init`?

--

```console
$ geth --datadir data --hoodi
..
INFO [10-06|22:37:11.202]  - BPO2:                        @1762955544
..
$ geth --datadir data --genesis genesis.json
..
INFO [10-06|22:37:27.988]  - BPO2:                       @1862955544
..
```

Pull the genesis [from the
specs](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/eth-clients/hoodi/refs/heads/main/metadata/genesis.json)
and modify one of the BPO timestamps to simulate a shadow fork.

---------

Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 cmd/geth/main.go   |  1 +
 cmd/utils/flags.go | 19 ++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index cc294b2f30..109b36836a 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ var (
 		utils.OverrideBPO1,
 		utils.OverrideBPO2,
 		utils.OverrideVerkle,
+		utils.OverrideGenesisFlag,
 		utils.EnablePersonal, // deprecated
 		utils.TxPoolLocalsFlag,
 		utils.TxPoolNoLocalsFlag,
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 0c5db9e6d8..2a3d6af062 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -262,6 +262,11 @@ var (
 		Usage:    "Manually specify the Verkle fork timestamp, overriding the bundled setting",
 		Category: flags.EthCategory,
 	}
+	OverrideGenesisFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:     "override.genesis",
+		Usage:    "Load genesis block and configuration from file at this path",
+		Category: flags.EthCategory,
+	}
 	SyncModeFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
 		Name:     "syncmode",
 		Usage:    `Blockchain sync mode ("snap" or "full")`,
@@ -1605,7 +1610,7 @@ func setRequiredBlocks(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 // SetEthConfig applies eth-related command line flags to the config.
 func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	// Avoid conflicting network flags, don't allow network id override on preset networks
-	flags.CheckExclusive(ctx, MainnetFlag, DeveloperFlag, SepoliaFlag, HoleskyFlag, HoodiFlag, NetworkIdFlag)
+	flags.CheckExclusive(ctx, MainnetFlag, DeveloperFlag, SepoliaFlag, HoleskyFlag, HoodiFlag, NetworkIdFlag, OverrideGenesisFlag)
 	flags.CheckExclusive(ctx, DeveloperFlag, ExternalSignerFlag) // Can't use both ephemeral unlocked and external signer
 
 	// Set configurations from CLI flags
@@ -1891,6 +1896,18 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 		if !ctx.IsSet(MinerGasPriceFlag.Name) {
 			cfg.Miner.GasPrice = big.NewInt(1)
 		}
+	case ctx.String(OverrideGenesisFlag.Name) != "":
+		f, err := os.Open(ctx.String(OverrideGenesisFlag.Name))
+		if err != nil {
+			Fatalf("Failed to read genesis file: %v", err)
+		}
+		defer f.Close()
+
+		genesis := new(core.Genesis)
+		if err := json.NewDecoder(f).Decode(genesis); err != nil {
+			Fatalf("Invalid genesis file: %v", err)
+		}
+		cfg.Genesis = genesis
 	default:
 		if cfg.NetworkId == 1 {
 			SetDNSDiscoveryDefaults(cfg, params.MainnetGenesisHash)

From 6608a2aafd3603afe59f95fa7b2a8ec00b8eaa19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Oct 2025 23:49:43 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 279/470] core/types: remove unused `ErrInvalidTxType` var
 (#32989)

The var `ErrInvalidTxType` is never used in the code base.
---
 core/types/transaction.go | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/types/transaction.go b/core/types/transaction.go
index e98563b85f..6af960b8c3 100644
--- a/core/types/transaction.go
+++ b/core/types/transaction.go
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ import (
 var (
 	ErrInvalidSig           = errors.New("invalid transaction v, r, s values")
 	ErrUnexpectedProtection = errors.New("transaction type does not supported EIP-155 protected signatures")
-	ErrInvalidTxType        = errors.New("transaction type not valid in this context")
 	ErrTxTypeNotSupported   = errors.New("transaction type not supported")
 	ErrGasFeeCapTooLow      = errors.New("fee cap less than base fee")
 	ErrUint256Overflow      = errors.New("bigint overflow, too large for uint256")

From 3b8075234eb0d692ff6ac7eb11e9c204df309b6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Oct 2025 22:35:26 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 280/470] core/state: fix the flaky TestSizeTracker (#32993)

---
 core/state/state_sizer_test.go | 21 ++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state/state_sizer_test.go b/core/state/state_sizer_test.go
index cab0c38163..65f652e424 100644
--- a/core/state/state_sizer_test.go
+++ b/core/state/state_sizer_test.go
@@ -94,6 +94,14 @@ func TestSizeTracker(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	baselineRoot := currentRoot
 
+	// Close and reopen the trie database so all async flushes triggered by the
+	// baseline commits are written before we measure the baseline snapshot.
+	if err := tdb.Close(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to close triedb before baseline measurement: %v", err)
+	}
+	tdb = triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{PathDB: pathdb.Defaults})
+	sdb = NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
+
 	// Wait for snapshot completion
 	for !tdb.SnapshotCompleted() {
 		time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
@@ -215,13 +223,12 @@ func TestSizeTracker(t *testing.T) {
 	if actualStats.ContractCodeBytes != expectedStats.ContractCodeBytes {
 		t.Errorf("Contract code bytes mismatch: expected %d, got %d", expectedStats.ContractCodeBytes, actualStats.ContractCodeBytes)
 	}
-	// TODO: failed on github actions, need to investigate
-	// if actualStats.AccountTrienodes != expectedStats.AccountTrienodes {
-	// 	t.Errorf("Account trie nodes mismatch: expected %d, got %d", expectedStats.AccountTrienodes, actualStats.AccountTrienodes)
-	// }
-	// if actualStats.AccountTrienodeBytes != expectedStats.AccountTrienodeBytes {
-	// 	t.Errorf("Account trie node bytes mismatch: expected %d, got %d", expectedStats.AccountTrienodeBytes, actualStats.AccountTrienodeBytes)
-	// }
+	if actualStats.AccountTrienodes != expectedStats.AccountTrienodes {
+		t.Errorf("Account trie nodes mismatch: expected %d, got %d", expectedStats.AccountTrienodes, actualStats.AccountTrienodes)
+	}
+	if actualStats.AccountTrienodeBytes != expectedStats.AccountTrienodeBytes {
+		t.Errorf("Account trie node bytes mismatch: expected %d, got %d", expectedStats.AccountTrienodeBytes, actualStats.AccountTrienodeBytes)
+	}
 	if actualStats.StorageTrienodes != expectedStats.StorageTrienodes {
 		t.Errorf("Storage trie nodes mismatch: expected %d, got %d", expectedStats.StorageTrienodes, actualStats.StorageTrienodes)
 	}

From 116c916753c5317cce6d62d18c6fb1a14020e447 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Oct 2025 00:24:40 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 281/470] cmd/devp2p: distinguish the jwt in devp2p and geth
 (#32972)

This PR fixes some docs for the devp2p suite and uses the CLI library's required value instead of manually checking if required flags are passed.
---
 cmd/devp2p/README.md  |  4 ++--
 cmd/devp2p/rlpxcmd.go | 12 ------------
 cmd/devp2p/runtest.go |  7 +++++--
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/README.md b/cmd/devp2p/README.md
index ad2985b4b0..b20d921dc4 100644
--- a/cmd/devp2p/README.md
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/README.md
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ with our test chain. The chain files are located in `./cmd/devp2p/internal/ethte
         --nat=none                     \
         --networkid 3503995874084926   \
         --verbosity 5                  \
-        --authrpc.jwtsecret 0x7365637265747365637265747365637265747365637265747365637265747365
+        --authrpc.jwtsecret jwt.secret
 
 Note that the tests also require access to the engine API.
 The test suite can now be executed using the devp2p tool.
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ The test suite can now be executed using the devp2p tool.
         --chain internal/ethtest/testdata   \
         --node enode://....                 \
         --engineapi http://127.0.0.1:8551   \
-        --jwtsecret 0x7365637265747365637265747365637265747365637265747365637265747365
+        --jwtsecret $(cat jwt.secret)
 
 Repeat the above process (re-initialising the node) in order to run the Eth Protocol test suite again.
 
diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/rlpxcmd.go b/cmd/devp2p/rlpxcmd.go
index 118731fd6c..1dc8f82460 100644
--- a/cmd/devp2p/rlpxcmd.go
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/rlpxcmd.go
@@ -143,9 +143,6 @@ type testParams struct {
 
 func cliTestParams(ctx *cli.Context) *testParams {
 	nodeStr := ctx.String(testNodeFlag.Name)
-	if nodeStr == "" {
-		exit(fmt.Errorf("missing -%s", testNodeFlag.Name))
-	}
 	node, err := parseNode(nodeStr)
 	if err != nil {
 		exit(err)
@@ -156,14 +153,5 @@ func cliTestParams(ctx *cli.Context) *testParams {
 		jwt:       ctx.String(testNodeJWTFlag.Name),
 		chainDir:  ctx.String(testChainDirFlag.Name),
 	}
-	if p.engineAPI == "" {
-		exit(fmt.Errorf("missing -%s", testNodeEngineFlag.Name))
-	}
-	if p.jwt == "" {
-		exit(fmt.Errorf("missing -%s", testNodeJWTFlag.Name))
-	}
-	if p.chainDir == "" {
-		exit(fmt.Errorf("missing -%s", testChainDirFlag.Name))
-	}
 	return &p
 }
diff --git a/cmd/devp2p/runtest.go b/cmd/devp2p/runtest.go
index 7e3723c641..c40a4b8a01 100644
--- a/cmd/devp2p/runtest.go
+++ b/cmd/devp2p/runtest.go
@@ -39,26 +39,29 @@ var (
 	}
 
 	// for eth/snap tests
-	testChainDirFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+	testChainDirFlag = &cli.PathFlag{
 		Name:     "chain",
 		Usage:    "Test chain directory (required)",
 		Category: flags.TestingCategory,
+		Required: true,
 	}
 	testNodeFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
 		Name:     "node",
 		Usage:    "Peer-to-Peer endpoint (ENR) of the test node (required)",
 		Category: flags.TestingCategory,
+		Required: true,
 	}
 	testNodeJWTFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
 		Name:     "jwtsecret",
 		Usage:    "JWT secret for the engine API of the test node (required)",
 		Category: flags.TestingCategory,
-		Value:    "0x7365637265747365637265747365637265747365637265747365637265747365",
+		Required: true,
 	}
 	testNodeEngineFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
 		Name:     "engineapi",
 		Usage:    "Engine API endpoint of the test node (required)",
 		Category: flags.TestingCategory,
+		Required: true,
 	}
 
 	// These two are specific to the discovery tests.

From 2bb3d9a330006b156ddf0835d3f00aec52678cc6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Oct 2025 16:44:54 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 282/470] p2p: silence on listener shutdown (#33001)

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 p2p/server.go | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/p2p/server.go b/p2p/server.go
index 1f859089af..ddd4f5d072 100644
--- a/p2p/server.go
+++ b/p2p/server.go
@@ -813,7 +813,9 @@ func (srv *Server) listenLoop() {
 				time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 200)
 				continue
 			} else if err != nil {
-				srv.log.Debug("Read error", "err", err)
+				if !errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) {
+					srv.log.Debug("Read error", "err", err)
+				}
 				slots <- struct{}{}
 				return
 			}

From 030cd2d1555c164a88af831d22c42742eca9b3b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: maskpp <maskpp266@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Oct 2025 17:56:47 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 283/470] cmd/utils: use IsHexAddress method (#32997)

Using the `IsHexAddress` method will result in no gaps in the
verification logic, making it simpler.
---
 cmd/utils/flags.go | 10 ++--------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 2a3d6af062..5a7e40767c 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ package utils
 import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -1341,15 +1340,10 @@ func setEtherbase(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 		return
 	}
 	addr := ctx.String(MinerPendingFeeRecipientFlag.Name)
-	if strings.HasPrefix(addr, "0x") || strings.HasPrefix(addr, "0X") {
-		addr = addr[2:]
-	}
-	b, err := hex.DecodeString(addr)
-	if err != nil || len(b) != common.AddressLength {
+	if !common.IsHexAddress(addr) {
 		Fatalf("-%s: invalid pending block producer address %q", MinerPendingFeeRecipientFlag.Name, addr)
-		return
 	}
-	cfg.Miner.PendingFeeRecipient = common.BytesToAddress(b)
+	cfg.Miner.PendingFeeRecipient = common.HexToAddress(addr)
 }
 
 func SetP2PConfig(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *p2p.Config) {

From f1be21501f53f7ac79478739c985fae82a32d8c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Oct 2025 14:02:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 284/470] crypto: implement ziren keccak state (#32996)

The #32816 was only using the keccak precompile for some minor task.
This PR implements a keccak state, which is what is used for hashing the
tree.
---
 crypto/keccak_ziren.go | 66 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 62 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crypto/keccak_ziren.go b/crypto/keccak_ziren.go
index 033c0ec42c..8e967c6dbf 100644
--- a/crypto/keccak_ziren.go
+++ b/crypto/keccak_ziren.go
@@ -21,14 +21,72 @@ package crypto
 import (
 	"github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
 )
 
+// zirenKeccakState implements the KeccakState interface using the Ziren zkvm_runtime.
+// It accumulates data written to it and uses the zkvm's Keccak256 system call for hashing.
+type zirenKeccakState struct {
+	buf    []byte // accumulated data
+	result []byte // cached result
+	dirty  bool   // whether new data has been written since last hash
+}
+
+func newZirenKeccakState() KeccakState {
+	return &zirenKeccakState{
+		buf: make([]byte, 0, 512), // pre-allocate reasonable capacity
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *zirenKeccakState) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	s.buf = append(s.buf, p...)
+	s.dirty = true
+	return len(p), nil
+}
+
+func (s *zirenKeccakState) Sum(b []byte) []byte {
+	s.computeHashIfNeeded()
+	return append(b, s.result...)
+}
+
+func (s *zirenKeccakState) Reset() {
+	s.buf = s.buf[:0]
+	s.result = nil
+	s.dirty = false
+}
+
+func (s *zirenKeccakState) Size() int {
+	return 32
+}
+
+func (s *zirenKeccakState) BlockSize() int {
+	return 136 // Keccak256 rate
+}
+
+func (s *zirenKeccakState) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	s.computeHashIfNeeded()
+
+	if len(p) == 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+
+	// After computeHashIfNeeded(), s.result is always a 32-byte slice
+	n = copy(p, s.result)
+	return n, nil
+}
+
+func (s *zirenKeccakState) computeHashIfNeeded() {
+	if s.dirty || s.result == nil {
+		// Use the zkvm_runtime Keccak256 which uses SyscallKeccakSponge
+		hashArray := zkvm_runtime.Keccak256(s.buf)
+		s.result = hashArray[:]
+		s.dirty = false
+	}
+}
+
 // NewKeccakState creates a new KeccakState
-// For now, we fallback to the original implementation for the stateful interface.
-// TODO: Implement a stateful wrapper around zkvm_runtime.Keccak256 if needed.
+// This uses a Ziren-optimized implementation that leverages the zkvm_runtime.Keccak256 system call.
 func NewKeccakState() KeccakState {
-	return sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256().(KeccakState)
+	return newZirenKeccakState()
 }
 
 // Keccak256 calculates and returns the Keccak256 hash using the Ziren zkvm_runtime implementation.

From 0413af40f60290cf689b4ecca4e51fef0ec11119 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Oct 2025 20:58:33 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 285/470] rpc: fix a flaky test of the websocket (#33002)

Found in
https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/actions/runs/17803828253/job/50611300621?pr=32585

```
--- FAIL: TestClientCancelWebsocket (0.33s)
panic: read tcp 127.0.0.1:36048->127.0.0.1:38643: read: connection reset by peer [recovered, repanicked]

goroutine 15 [running]:
testing.tRunner.func1.2({0x98dd20, 0xc0005b0100})
	/opt/actions-runner/_work/_tool/go/1.25.1/x64/src/testing/testing.go:1872 +0x237
testing.tRunner.func1()
	/opt/actions-runner/_work/_tool/go/1.25.1/x64/src/testing/testing.go:1875 +0x35b
panic({0x98dd20?, 0xc0005b0100?})
	/opt/actions-runner/_work/_tool/go/1.25.1/x64/src/runtime/panic.go:783 +0x132
github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc.httpTestClient(0xc0001dc1c0?, {0x9d5e40, 0x2}, 0xc0002bc1c0)
	/opt/actions-runner/_work/go-ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc/client_test.go:932 +0x2b1
github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc.testClientCancel({0x9d5e40, 0x2}, 0xc0001dc1c0)
	/opt/actions-runner/_work/go-ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc/client_test.go:356 +0x15f
github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc.TestClientCancelWebsocket(0xc0001dc1c0?)
	/opt/actions-runner/_work/go-ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc/client_test.go:319 +0x25
testing.tRunner(0xc0001dc1c0, 0xa07370)
	/opt/actions-runner/_work/_tool/go/1.25.1/x64/src/testing/testing.go:1934 +0xea
created by testing.(*T).Run in goroutine 1
	/opt/actions-runner/_work/_tool/go/1.25.1/x64/src/testing/testing.go:1997 +0x465
FAIL	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc	0.371s
```

In `testClientCancel` we wrap the server listener in `flakeyListener`,
which schedules an unconditional close of every accepted connection
after a random delay, if the random delay is zero then the timer fires
immediately, and then the http client paniced of connection reset by
peer.

Here we add a minimum 10ms to ensure the timeout won't fire immediately.

Signed-off-by: jsvisa <delweng@gmail.com>
---
 rpc/client_test.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/rpc/client_test.go b/rpc/client_test.go
index 6c1a4f8f6c..03a3410537 100644
--- a/rpc/client_test.go
+++ b/rpc/client_test.go
@@ -973,7 +973,7 @@ func (l *flakeyListener) Accept() (net.Conn, error) {
 
 	c, err := l.Listener.Accept()
 	if err == nil {
-		timeout := time.Duration(rand.Int63n(int64(l.maxKillTimeout)))
+		timeout := max(time.Millisecond*10, time.Duration(rand.Int63n(int64(l.maxKillTimeout))))
 		time.AfterFunc(timeout, func() {
 			log.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("killing conn %v after %v", c.LocalAddr(), timeout))
 			c.Close()

From 53c85da79670b58e484aea9d3467b0907266b0b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hero5512 <lvshuaino@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 24 Oct 2025 11:04:09 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 286/470] eth/tracers: fix crasher in TraceCall with
 BlockOverrides (#33015)

fix https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/33014

---------

Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 eth/tracers/api.go      |  2 +-
 eth/tracers/api_test.go | 14 ++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/eth/tracers/api.go b/eth/tracers/api.go
index aebeb48463..5cfbc24b8e 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/api.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/api.go
@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ func (api *API) TraceCall(ctx context.Context, args ethapi.TransactionArgs, bloc
 
 	// Apply the customization rules if required.
 	if config != nil {
-		if config.BlockOverrides != nil && config.BlockOverrides.Number.ToInt().Uint64() == h.Number.Uint64()+1 {
+		if config.BlockOverrides != nil && config.BlockOverrides.Number != nil && config.BlockOverrides.Number.ToInt().Uint64() == h.Number.Uint64()+1 {
 			// Overriding the block number to n+1 is a common way for wallets to
 			// simulate transactions, however without the following fix, a contract
 			// can assert it is being simulated by checking if blockhash(n) == 0x0 and
diff --git a/eth/tracers/api_test.go b/eth/tracers/api_test.go
index 4173d2a791..609c3f4d8b 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/api_test.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/api_test.go
@@ -471,6 +471,20 @@ func TestTraceCall(t *testing.T) {
 		{"pc":0,"op":"NUMBER","gas":24946984,"gasCost":2,"depth":1,"stack":[]},
 		{"pc":1,"op":"STOP","gas":24946982,"gasCost":0,"depth":1,"stack":["0x1337"]}]}`,
 		},
+		// Tests issue #33014 where accessing nil block number override panics.
+		{
+			blockNumber: rpc.BlockNumber(0),
+			call: ethapi.TransactionArgs{
+				From:  &accounts[0].addr,
+				To:    &accounts[1].addr,
+				Value: (*hexutil.Big)(big.NewInt(1000)),
+			},
+			config: &TraceCallConfig{
+				BlockOverrides: &override.BlockOverrides{},
+			},
+			expectErr: nil,
+			expect:    `{"gas":21000,"failed":false,"returnValue":"0x","structLogs":[]}`,
+		},
 	}
 	for i, testspec := range testSuite {
 		result, err := api.TraceCall(context.Background(), testspec.call, rpc.BlockNumberOrHash{BlockNumber: &testspec.blockNumber}, testspec.config)

From 074d7b79c1461ccd77e93f3ec0d493674257dc91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 24 Oct 2025 17:19:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 287/470] .gitea/workflows, build: add release build for keeper
 (#32632)

---
 .gitea/workflows/release.yml | 21 ++++++++
 .gitignore                   |  3 +-
 build/ci.go                  | 98 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 3 files changed, 118 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.gitea/workflows/release.yml b/.gitea/workflows/release.yml
index f2dcc3ae96..41defedd00 100644
--- a/.gitea/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.gitea/workflows/release.yml
@@ -122,6 +122,27 @@ jobs:
         LINUX_SIGNING_KEY: ${{ secrets.LINUX_SIGNING_KEY }}
         AZURE_BLOBSTORE_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.AZURE_BLOBSTORE_TOKEN }}
 
+  keeper:
+    name: Keeper Build
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+    - name: Set up Go
+      uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      with:
+        go-version: 1.24
+        cache: false
+
+    - name: Install cross toolchain
+      run: |
+        apt-get update
+        apt-get -yq --no-install-suggests --no-install-recommends install gcc-multilib
+
+    - name: Build (amd64)
+      run: |
+        go run build/ci.go keeper -dlgo
+
   windows:
     name: Windows Build
     runs-on: "win-11"
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 269455db7a..293359a669 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -55,4 +55,5 @@ cmd/ethkey/ethkey
 cmd/evm/evm
 cmd/geth/geth
 cmd/rlpdump/rlpdump
-cmd/workload/workload
\ No newline at end of file
+cmd/workload/workload
+cmd/keeper/keeper
diff --git a/build/ci.go b/build/ci.go
index 905f6e4072..99a0e14f16 100644
--- a/build/ci.go
+++ b/build/ci.go
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ Available commands are:
 	install    [ -arch architecture ] [ -cc compiler ] [ packages... ] -- builds packages and executables
 	test       [ -coverage ] [ packages... ]                           -- runs the tests
 
+	keeper     [ -dlgo ]
+	keeper-archive [ -signer key-envvar ] [ -signify key-envvar ] [ -upload dest ]
+
 	archive    [ -arch architecture ] [ -type zip|tar ] [ -signer key-envvar ] [ -signify key-envvar ] [ -upload dest ] -- archives build artifacts
 	importkeys                                                                                  -- imports signing keys from env
 	debsrc     [ -signer key-id ] [ -upload dest ]                                              -- creates a debian source package
@@ -86,6 +89,30 @@ var (
 		executablePath("clef"),
 	}
 
+	// Keeper build targets with their configurations
+	keeperTargets = []struct {
+		Name   string
+		GOOS   string
+		GOARCH string
+		CC     string
+		Tags   string
+		Env    map[string]string
+	}{
+		{
+			Name:   "ziren",
+			GOOS:   "linux",
+			GOARCH: "mipsle",
+			// enable when cgo works
+			// CC:     "mipsel-linux-gnu-gcc",
+			Tags: "ziren",
+			Env:  map[string]string{"GOMIPS": "softfloat", "CGO_ENABLED": "0"},
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "example",
+			Tags: "example",
+		},
+	}
+
 	// A debian package is created for all executables listed here.
 	debExecutables = []debExecutable{
 		{
@@ -178,6 +205,10 @@ func main() {
 		doPurge(os.Args[2:])
 	case "sanitycheck":
 		doSanityCheck()
+	case "keeper":
+		doInstallKeeper(os.Args[2:])
+	case "keeper-archive":
+		doKeeperArchive(os.Args[2:])
 	default:
 		log.Fatal("unknown command ", os.Args[1])
 	}
@@ -212,9 +243,6 @@ func doInstall(cmdline []string) {
 	// Configure the build.
 	gobuild := tc.Go("build", buildFlags(env, *staticlink, buildTags)...)
 
-	// We use -trimpath to avoid leaking local paths into the built executables.
-	gobuild.Args = append(gobuild.Args, "-trimpath")
-
 	// Show packages during build.
 	gobuild.Args = append(gobuild.Args, "-v")
 
@@ -234,6 +262,42 @@ func doInstall(cmdline []string) {
 	}
 }
 
+// doInstallKeeper builds keeper binaries for all supported targets.
+func doInstallKeeper(cmdline []string) {
+	var dlgo = flag.Bool("dlgo", false, "Download Go and build with it")
+
+	flag.CommandLine.Parse(cmdline)
+	env := build.Env()
+
+	// Configure the toolchain.
+	tc := build.GoToolchain{}
+	if *dlgo {
+		csdb := download.MustLoadChecksums("build/checksums.txt")
+		tc.Root = build.DownloadGo(csdb)
+	}
+
+	for _, target := range keeperTargets {
+		log.Printf("Building keeper-%s", target.Name)
+
+		// Configure the build.
+		tc.GOARCH = target.GOARCH
+		tc.GOOS = target.GOOS
+		tc.CC = target.CC
+		gobuild := tc.Go("build", buildFlags(env, true, []string{target.Tags})...)
+		gobuild.Args = append(gobuild.Args, "-v")
+
+		for key, value := range target.Env {
+			gobuild.Env = append(gobuild.Env, key+"="+value)
+		}
+		outputName := fmt.Sprintf("keeper-%s", target.Name)
+
+		args := slices.Clone(gobuild.Args)
+		args = append(args, "-o", executablePath(outputName))
+		args = append(args, "./cmd/keeper")
+		build.MustRun(&exec.Cmd{Path: gobuild.Path, Args: args, Env: gobuild.Env})
+	}
+}
+
 // buildFlags returns the go tool flags for building.
 func buildFlags(env build.Environment, staticLinking bool, buildTags []string) (flags []string) {
 	var ld []string
@@ -272,6 +336,8 @@ func buildFlags(env build.Environment, staticLinking bool, buildTags []string) (
 	if len(buildTags) > 0 {
 		flags = append(flags, "-tags", strings.Join(buildTags, ","))
 	}
+	// We use -trimpath to avoid leaking local paths into the built executables.
+	flags = append(flags, "-trimpath")
 	return flags
 }
 
@@ -630,6 +696,32 @@ func doArchive(cmdline []string) {
 	}
 }
 
+func doKeeperArchive(cmdline []string) {
+	var (
+		signer  = flag.String("signer", "", `Environment variable holding the signing key (e.g. LINUX_SIGNING_KEY)`)
+		signify = flag.String("signify", "", `Environment variable holding the signify key (e.g. LINUX_SIGNIFY_KEY)`)
+		upload  = flag.String("upload", "", `Destination to upload the archives (usually "gethstore/builds")`)
+	)
+	flag.CommandLine.Parse(cmdline)
+
+	var (
+		env    = build.Env()
+		vsn    = version.Archive(env.Commit)
+		keeper = "keeper-" + vsn + ".tar.gz"
+	)
+	maybeSkipArchive(env)
+	files := []string{"COPYING"}
+	for _, target := range keeperTargets {
+		files = append(files, executablePath(fmt.Sprintf("keeper-%s", target.Name)))
+	}
+	if err := build.WriteArchive(keeper, files); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := archiveUpload(keeper, *upload, *signer, *signify); err != nil {
+		log.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
 func archiveBasename(arch string, archiveVersion string) string {
 	platform := runtime.GOOS + "-" + arch
 	if arch == "arm" {

From 17e5222997c325f8a93e69a3a9f8bc9cc9d91bd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Fri, 24 Oct 2025 18:25:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 288/470] build: fix keeper build (#33018)

At the time keeper support was added into ci.go, we were using a go.work
file to make ./cmd/keeper accessible from within the main go-ethereum
module. The workspace file has since been removed, so we need to build
keeper from within its own module instead.
---
 build/ci.go | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/build/ci.go b/build/ci.go
index 99a0e14f16..156626a82d 100644
--- a/build/ci.go
+++ b/build/ci.go
@@ -284,6 +284,7 @@ func doInstallKeeper(cmdline []string) {
 		tc.GOOS = target.GOOS
 		tc.CC = target.CC
 		gobuild := tc.Go("build", buildFlags(env, true, []string{target.Tags})...)
+		gobuild.Dir = "./cmd/keeper"
 		gobuild.Args = append(gobuild.Args, "-v")
 
 		for key, value := range target.Env {
@@ -293,7 +294,7 @@ func doInstallKeeper(cmdline []string) {
 
 		args := slices.Clone(gobuild.Args)
 		args = append(args, "-o", executablePath(outputName))
-		args = append(args, "./cmd/keeper")
+		args = append(args, ".")
 		build.MustRun(&exec.Cmd{Path: gobuild.Path, Args: args, Env: gobuild.Env})
 	}
 }

From cfa3b96103f515dc6bc280d78ab3d4830e4ca8c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 25 Oct 2025 16:16:16 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 289/470] core/rawdb, triedb/pathdb: re-structure the trienode
 history header (#32907)

In this PR, several changes have been made:

(a) restructure the trienode history header section

Previously, the offsets of the key and value sections were recorded before
encoding data into these sections. As a result, these offsets referred to the
start position of each chunk rather than the end position.

This caused an issue where the end position of the last chunk was
unknown, making it incompatible with the freezer partial-read APIs.
With this update, all offsets now refer to the end position, and the
start position of the first chunk is always 0.

(b) Enable partial freezer read for trienode data retrieval

The partial freezer read feature is now utilized in trienode data
retrieval, improving efficiency.
---
 core/rawdb/accessors_state.go     |   8 +--
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go | 106 ++++++++++++------------------
 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go
index 714c1f77d6..b97c7a07a1 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_state.go
@@ -313,13 +313,13 @@ func ReadTrienodeHistoryHeader(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) ([]byte, err
 }
 
 // ReadTrienodeHistoryKeySection retrieves the key section of trienode history.
-func ReadTrienodeHistoryKeySection(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) ([]byte, error) {
-	return db.Ancient(trienodeHistoryKeySectionTable, id-1)
+func ReadTrienodeHistoryKeySection(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64, offset uint64, length uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	return db.AncientBytes(trienodeHistoryKeySectionTable, id-1, offset, length)
 }
 
 // ReadTrienodeHistoryValueSection retrieves the value section of trienode history.
-func ReadTrienodeHistoryValueSection(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64) ([]byte, error) {
-	return db.Ancient(trienodeHistoryValueSectionTable, id-1)
+func ReadTrienodeHistoryValueSection(db ethdb.AncientReaderOp, id uint64, offset uint64, length uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	return db.AncientBytes(trienodeHistoryValueSectionTable, id-1, offset, length)
 }
 
 // ReadTrienodeHistoryList retrieves the a list of trienode history corresponding
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
index 2f31238612..3f45b41117 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"iter"
 	"maps"
-	"math"
 	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"time"
@@ -202,17 +201,6 @@ func (h *trienodeHistory) encode() ([]byte, []byte, []byte, error) {
 	binary.Write(&headerSection, binary.BigEndian, h.meta.block)   // 8 byte
 
 	for _, owner := range h.owners {
-		// Fill the header section with offsets at key and value section
-		headerSection.Write(owner.Bytes())                                       // 32 bytes
-		binary.Write(&headerSection, binary.BigEndian, uint32(keySection.Len())) // 4 bytes
-
-		// The offset to the value section is theoretically unnecessary, since the
-		// individual value offset is already tracked in the key section. However,
-		// we still keep it here for two reasons:
-		// - It's cheap to store (only 4 bytes for each trie).
-		// - It can be useful for decoding the trie data when key is not required (e.g., in hash mode).
-		binary.Write(&headerSection, binary.BigEndian, uint32(valueSection.Len())) // 4 bytes
-
 		// Fill the key section with node index
 		var (
 			prevKey   []byte
@@ -266,6 +254,21 @@ func (h *trienodeHistory) encode() ([]byte, []byte, []byte, error) {
 		if _, err := keySection.Write(trailer); err != nil {
 			return nil, nil, nil, err
 		}
+
+		// Fill the header section with the offsets of the key and value sections.
+		// Note that the key/value offsets are intentionally tracked *after* encoding
+		// them into their respective sections, ensuring each offset refers to the end
+		// position. For n trie chunks, n offset pairs are sufficient to uniquely locate
+		// the corresponding data.
+		headerSection.Write(owner.Bytes())                                       // 32 bytes
+		binary.Write(&headerSection, binary.BigEndian, uint32(keySection.Len())) // 4 bytes
+
+		// The offset to the value section is theoretically unnecessary, since the
+		// individual value offset is already tracked in the key section. However,
+		// we still keep it here for two reasons:
+		// - It's cheap to store (only 4 bytes for each trie).
+		// - It can be useful for decoding the trie data when key is not required (e.g., in hash mode).
+		binary.Write(&headerSection, binary.BigEndian, uint32(valueSection.Len())) // 4 bytes
 	}
 	return headerSection.Bytes(), keySection.Bytes(), valueSection.Bytes(), nil
 }
@@ -475,22 +478,22 @@ func (h *trienodeHistory) decode(header []byte, keySection []byte, valueSection
 
 	for i := range len(owners) {
 		// Resolve the boundary of key section
-		keyStart := keyOffsets[i]
-		keyLimit := len(keySection)
-		if i != len(owners)-1 {
-			keyLimit = int(keyOffsets[i+1])
+		var keyStart, keyLimit uint32
+		if i != 0 {
+			keyStart = keyOffsets[i-1]
 		}
-		if int(keyStart) > len(keySection) || keyLimit > len(keySection) {
+		keyLimit = keyOffsets[i]
+		if int(keyStart) > len(keySection) || int(keyLimit) > len(keySection) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("invalid key offsets: keyStart: %d, keyLimit: %d, size: %d", keyStart, keyLimit, len(keySection))
 		}
 
 		// Resolve the boundary of value section
-		valStart := valueOffsets[i]
-		valLimit := len(valueSection)
-		if i != len(owners)-1 {
-			valLimit = int(valueOffsets[i+1])
+		var valStart, valLimit uint32
+		if i != 0 {
+			valStart = valueOffsets[i-1]
 		}
-		if int(valStart) > len(valueSection) || valLimit > len(valueSection) {
+		valLimit = valueOffsets[i]
+		if int(valStart) > len(valueSection) || int(valLimit) > len(valueSection) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("invalid value offsets: valueStart: %d, valueLimit: %d, size: %d", valStart, valLimit, len(valueSection))
 		}
 
@@ -510,33 +513,27 @@ type iRange struct {
 	limit uint32
 }
 
+func (ir iRange) len() uint32 {
+	return ir.limit - ir.start
+}
+
 // singleTrienodeHistoryReader provides read access to a single trie within the
 // trienode history. It stores an offset to the trie's position in the history,
 // along with a set of per-node offsets that can be resolved on demand.
 type singleTrienodeHistoryReader struct {
 	id                   uint64
 	reader               ethdb.AncientReader
-	valueRange           iRange            // value range within the total value section
+	valueRange           iRange            // value range within the global value section
 	valueInternalOffsets map[string]iRange // value offset within the single trie data
 }
 
 func newSingleTrienodeHistoryReader(id uint64, reader ethdb.AncientReader, keyRange iRange, valueRange iRange) (*singleTrienodeHistoryReader, error) {
-	// TODO(rjl493456442) partial freezer read should be supported
-	keyData, err := rawdb.ReadTrienodeHistoryKeySection(reader, id)
+	keyData, err := rawdb.ReadTrienodeHistoryKeySection(reader, id, uint64(keyRange.start), uint64(keyRange.len()))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	keyStart := int(keyRange.start)
-	keyLimit := int(keyRange.limit)
-	if keyRange.limit == math.MaxUint32 {
-		keyLimit = len(keyData)
-	}
-	if len(keyData) < keyStart || len(keyData) < keyLimit {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("key section too short, start: %d, limit: %d, size: %d", keyStart, keyLimit, len(keyData))
-	}
-
 	valueOffsets := make(map[string]iRange)
-	_, err = decodeSingle(keyData[keyStart:keyLimit], func(key []byte, start int, limit int) error {
+	_, err = decodeSingle(keyData, func(key []byte, start int, limit int) error {
 		valueOffsets[string(key)] = iRange{
 			start: uint32(start),
 			limit: uint32(limit),
@@ -560,20 +557,7 @@ func (sr *singleTrienodeHistoryReader) read(path string) ([]byte, error) {
 	if !exists {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("trienode %v not found", []byte(path))
 	}
-	// TODO(rjl493456442) partial freezer read should be supported
-	valueData, err := rawdb.ReadTrienodeHistoryValueSection(sr.reader, sr.id)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if len(valueData) < int(sr.valueRange.start) {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("value section too short, start: %d, size: %d", sr.valueRange.start, len(valueData))
-	}
-	entryStart := sr.valueRange.start + offset.start
-	entryLimit := sr.valueRange.start + offset.limit
-	if len(valueData) < int(entryStart) || len(valueData) < int(entryLimit) {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("value section too short, start: %d, limit: %d, size: %d", entryStart, entryLimit, len(valueData))
-	}
-	return valueData[int(entryStart):int(entryLimit)], nil
+	return rawdb.ReadTrienodeHistoryValueSection(sr.reader, sr.id, uint64(sr.valueRange.start+offset.start), uint64(offset.len()))
 }
 
 // trienodeHistoryReader provides read access to node data in the trie node history.
@@ -614,27 +598,23 @@ func (r *trienodeHistoryReader) decodeHeader() error {
 	}
 	for i, owner := range owners {
 		// Decode the key range for this trie chunk
-		var keyLimit uint32
-		if i == len(owners)-1 {
-			keyLimit = math.MaxUint32
-		} else {
-			keyLimit = keyOffsets[i+1]
+		var keyStart uint32
+		if i != 0 {
+			keyStart = keyOffsets[i-1]
 		}
 		r.keyRanges[owner] = iRange{
-			start: keyOffsets[i],
-			limit: keyLimit,
+			start: keyStart,
+			limit: keyOffsets[i],
 		}
 
 		// Decode the value range for this trie chunk
-		var valLimit uint32
-		if i == len(owners)-1 {
-			valLimit = math.MaxUint32
-		} else {
-			valLimit = valOffsets[i+1]
+		var valStart uint32
+		if i != 0 {
+			valStart = valOffsets[i-1]
 		}
 		r.valRanges[owner] = iRange{
-			start: valOffsets[i],
-			limit: valLimit,
+			start: valStart,
+			limit: valOffsets[i],
 		}
 	}
 	return nil

From 7fb91f3cd520c351da742aa29f1560d24e4cb21a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rizky Ikwan <rizzikwann@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 26 Oct 2025 09:13:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 290/470] rpc: remove unused vars (#33012)

---
 rpc/client.go | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/rpc/client.go b/rpc/client.go
index ba7e43eb5c..9dc36a6105 100644
--- a/rpc/client.go
+++ b/rpc/client.go
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	ErrBadResult                 = errors.New("bad result in JSON-RPC response")
 	ErrClientQuit                = errors.New("client is closed")
 	ErrNoResult                  = errors.New("JSON-RPC response has no result")
 	ErrMissingBatchResponse      = errors.New("response batch did not contain a response to this call")

From 078a5ecb7d51f42f67d7ecf2450306e1ae661e72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 26 Oct 2025 16:13:59 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 291/470] core/state: improve accessList copy (#33024)

---
 core/state/access_list.go | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state/access_list.go b/core/state/access_list.go
index e3f1738864..0b830e7222 100644
--- a/core/state/access_list.go
+++ b/core/state/access_list.go
@@ -61,9 +61,10 @@ func newAccessList() *accessList {
 
 // Copy creates an independent copy of an accessList.
 func (al *accessList) Copy() *accessList {
-	cp := newAccessList()
-	cp.addresses = maps.Clone(al.addresses)
-	cp.slots = make([]map[common.Hash]struct{}, len(al.slots))
+	cp := &accessList{
+		addresses: maps.Clone(al.addresses),
+		slots:     make([]map[common.Hash]struct{}, len(al.slots)),
+	}
 	for i, slotMap := range al.slots {
 		cp.slots[i] = maps.Clone(slotMap)
 	}

From 447b5f7e199d1d57f286faf8bfa5b2323d451be8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Oct 2025 16:53:26 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 292/470] core: don't modify the shared chainId between tests
 (#33020)

---
 core/verkle_witness_test.go | 16 ++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/verkle_witness_test.go b/core/verkle_witness_test.go
index ca0c928c3c..9495e325ca 100644
--- a/core/verkle_witness_test.go
+++ b/core/verkle_witness_test.go
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ func verkleTestGenesis(config *params.ChainConfig) *Genesis {
 func TestProcessVerkleContractWithEmptyCode(t *testing.T) {
 	// The test txs were taken from a secondary testnet with chain id 69421
 	config := *testKaustinenLikeChainConfig
-	config.ChainID.SetUint64(69421)
+	config.ChainID = new(big.Int).SetUint64(69421)
 	gspec := verkleTestGenesis(&config)
 
 	genesisH, _, _, _, _, statediffs := GenerateVerkleChainWithGenesis(gspec, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), 1, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ func TestProcessVerkleContractWithEmptyCode(t *testing.T) {
 func TestProcessVerkleExtCodeHashOpcode(t *testing.T) {
 	// The test txs were taken from a secondary testnet with chain id 69421
 	config := *testKaustinenLikeChainConfig
-	config.ChainID.SetUint64(69421)
+	config.ChainID = new(big.Int).SetUint64(69421)
 
 	var (
 		signer     = types.LatestSigner(&config)
@@ -615,7 +615,7 @@ func TestProcessVerkleExtCodeHashOpcode(t *testing.T) {
 func TestProcessVerkleBalanceOpcode(t *testing.T) {
 	// The test txs were taken from a secondary testnet with chain id 69421
 	config := *testKaustinenLikeChainConfig
-	config.ChainID.SetUint64(69421)
+	config.ChainID = new(big.Int).SetUint64(69421)
 
 	var (
 		signer     = types.LatestSigner(&config)
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ func TestProcessVerkleBalanceOpcode(t *testing.T) {
 func TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSeparateTx(t *testing.T) {
 	// The test txs were taken from a secondary testnet with chain id 69421
 	config := *testKaustinenLikeChainConfig
-	config.ChainID.SetUint64(69421)
+	config.ChainID = new(big.Int).SetUint64(69421)
 
 	var (
 		signer     = types.LatestSigner(&config)
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ func TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSeparateTx(t *testing.T) {
 func TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSameTx(t *testing.T) {
 	// The test txs were taken from a secondary testnet with chain id 69421
 	config := *testKaustinenLikeChainConfig
-	config.ChainID.SetUint64(69421)
+	config.ChainID = new(big.Int).SetUint64(69421)
 
 	var (
 		signer     = types.LatestSigner(&config)
@@ -888,7 +888,7 @@ func TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSameTx(t *testing.T) {
 func TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSeparateTxWithSelfBeneficiary(t *testing.T) {
 	// The test txs were taken from a secondary testnet with chain id 69421
 	config := *testKaustinenLikeChainConfig
-	config.ChainID.SetUint64(69421)
+	config.ChainID = new(big.Int).SetUint64(69421)
 
 	var (
 		signer     = types.LatestSigner(&config)
@@ -978,7 +978,7 @@ func TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSeparateTxWithSelfBeneficiary(t *testing.T)
 func TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSameTxWithSelfBeneficiary(t *testing.T) {
 	// The test txs were taken from a secondary testnet with chain id 69421
 	config := *testKaustinenLikeChainConfig
-	config.ChainID.SetUint64(69421)
+	config.ChainID = new(big.Int).SetUint64(69421)
 
 	var (
 		signer     = types.LatestSigner(&config)
@@ -1042,7 +1042,7 @@ func TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSameTxWithSelfBeneficiary(t *testing.T) {
 func TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSameTxWithSelfBeneficiaryAndPrefundedAccount(t *testing.T) {
 	// The test txs were taken from a secondary testnet with chain id 69421
 	config := *testKaustinenLikeChainConfig
-	config.ChainID.SetUint64(69421)
+	config.ChainID = new(big.Int).SetUint64(69421)
 
 	var (
 		signer     = types.LatestSigner(&config)

From 33dbd64a23a14172c8d14ad198b0390e78e4bc02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Oct 2025 23:04:06 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 293/470] core/types: optimize modernSigner.Equal (#32971)

Equal is called every time the transaction sender is accessed,
even when the sender is cached, so it is worth optimizing.

---------

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 core/types/transaction_signing.go      | 33 +++++++++++++++++---------
 core/types/transaction_signing_test.go | 12 ++++++++++
 2 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/types/transaction_signing.go b/core/types/transaction_signing.go
index 01aa67c6ba..ef8fb194d5 100644
--- a/core/types/transaction_signing.go
+++ b/core/types/transaction_signing.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"maps"
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -183,18 +182,31 @@ type Signer interface {
 // modernSigner is the signer implementation that handles non-legacy transaction types.
 // For legacy transactions, it defers to one of the legacy signers (frontier, homestead, eip155).
 type modernSigner struct {
-	txtypes map[byte]struct{}
+	txtypes txtypeSet
 	chainID *big.Int
 	legacy  Signer
 }
 
+// txtypeSet is a bitmap for transaction types.
+type txtypeSet [2]uint64
+
+func (v *txtypeSet) set(txType byte) {
+	v[txType/64] |= 1 << (txType % 64)
+}
+
+func (v *txtypeSet) has(txType byte) bool {
+	if txType >= byte(len(v)*64) {
+		return false
+	}
+	return v[txType/64]&(1<<(txType%64)) != 0
+}
+
 func newModernSigner(chainID *big.Int, fork forks.Fork) Signer {
 	if chainID == nil || chainID.Sign() <= 0 {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid chainID %v", chainID))
 	}
 	s := &modernSigner{
 		chainID: chainID,
-		txtypes: make(map[byte]struct{}, 4),
 	}
 	// configure legacy signer
 	switch {
@@ -205,19 +217,19 @@ func newModernSigner(chainID *big.Int, fork forks.Fork) Signer {
 	default:
 		s.legacy = FrontierSigner{}
 	}
-	s.txtypes[LegacyTxType] = struct{}{}
+	s.txtypes.set(LegacyTxType)
 	// configure tx types
 	if fork >= forks.Berlin {
-		s.txtypes[AccessListTxType] = struct{}{}
+		s.txtypes.set(AccessListTxType)
 	}
 	if fork >= forks.London {
-		s.txtypes[DynamicFeeTxType] = struct{}{}
+		s.txtypes.set(DynamicFeeTxType)
 	}
 	if fork >= forks.Cancun {
-		s.txtypes[BlobTxType] = struct{}{}
+		s.txtypes.set(BlobTxType)
 	}
 	if fork >= forks.Prague {
-		s.txtypes[SetCodeTxType] = struct{}{}
+		s.txtypes.set(SetCodeTxType)
 	}
 	return s
 }
@@ -228,7 +240,7 @@ func (s *modernSigner) ChainID() *big.Int {
 
 func (s *modernSigner) Equal(s2 Signer) bool {
 	other, ok := s2.(*modernSigner)
-	return ok && s.chainID.Cmp(other.chainID) == 0 && maps.Equal(s.txtypes, other.txtypes) && s.legacy.Equal(other.legacy)
+	return ok && s.chainID.Cmp(other.chainID) == 0 && s.txtypes == other.txtypes && s.legacy.Equal(other.legacy)
 }
 
 func (s *modernSigner) Hash(tx *Transaction) common.Hash {
@@ -236,8 +248,7 @@ func (s *modernSigner) Hash(tx *Transaction) common.Hash {
 }
 
 func (s *modernSigner) supportsType(txtype byte) bool {
-	_, ok := s.txtypes[txtype]
-	return ok
+	return s.txtypes.has(txtype)
 }
 
 func (s *modernSigner) Sender(tx *Transaction) (common.Address, error) {
diff --git a/core/types/transaction_signing_test.go b/core/types/transaction_signing_test.go
index b66577f7ed..02a65fda13 100644
--- a/core/types/transaction_signing_test.go
+++ b/core/types/transaction_signing_test.go
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params/forks"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 )
 
@@ -188,3 +189,14 @@ func createTestLegacyTxInner() *LegacyTx {
 		Data:     nil,
 	}
 }
+
+func Benchmark_modernSigner_Equal(b *testing.B) {
+	signer1 := newModernSigner(big.NewInt(1), forks.Amsterdam)
+	signer2 := newModernSigner(big.NewInt(1), forks.Amsterdam)
+
+	for b.Loop() {
+		if !signer1.Equal(signer2) {
+			b.Fatal("expected signers to be equal")
+		}
+	}
+}

From b1db341f7edeb312ed2c8ae2267851bdeb0ff696 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Oct 2025 13:53:42 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 294/470] core: refine condition for using legacy chain freezer
 directory (#33032)

---
 common/path.go         | 11 +++++++++++
 core/rawdb/database.go |  2 +-
 node/defaults.go       | 13 ++-----------
 3 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/path.go b/common/path.go
index 49c6a5efc2..19f24d426a 100644
--- a/common/path.go
+++ b/common/path.go
@@ -37,3 +37,14 @@ func AbsolutePath(datadir string, filename string) string {
 	}
 	return filepath.Join(datadir, filename)
 }
+
+// IsNonEmptyDir checks if a directory exists and is non-empty.
+func IsNonEmptyDir(dir string) bool {
+	f, err := os.Open(dir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+	names, _ := f.Readdirnames(1)
+	return len(names) > 0
+}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/database.go b/core/rawdb/database.go
index 724c90ead6..29483baa5f 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/database.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/database.go
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ func resolveChainFreezerDir(ancient string) string {
 	// - chain freezer exists in legacy location (root ancient folder)
 	freezer := filepath.Join(ancient, ChainFreezerName)
 	if !common.FileExist(freezer) {
-		if !common.FileExist(ancient) {
+		if !common.FileExist(ancient) || !common.IsNonEmptyDir(ancient) {
 			// The entire ancient store is not initialized, still use the sub
 			// folder for initialization.
 		} else {
diff --git a/node/defaults.go b/node/defaults.go
index 307d9e186a..6c643e2b54 100644
--- a/node/defaults.go
+++ b/node/defaults.go
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/nat"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ func DefaultDataDir() string {
 			// is non-empty, use it, otherwise DTRT and check %LOCALAPPDATA%.
 			fallback := filepath.Join(home, "AppData", "Roaming", "Ethereum")
 			appdata := windowsAppData()
-			if appdata == "" || isNonEmptyDir(fallback) {
+			if appdata == "" || common.IsNonEmptyDir(fallback) {
 				return fallback
 			}
 			return filepath.Join(appdata, "Ethereum")
@@ -113,16 +114,6 @@ func windowsAppData() string {
 	return v
 }
 
-func isNonEmptyDir(dir string) bool {
-	f, err := os.Open(dir)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	names, _ := f.Readdir(1)
-	f.Close()
-	return len(names) > 0
-}
-
 func homeDir() string {
 	if home := os.Getenv("HOME"); home != "" {
 		return home

From 59d08c66ff31216fdb21834b2b3a47e5e8582f0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: anim001k <140460766+anim001k@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Oct 2025 12:34:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 295/470] internal/jsre: pass correct args to
 setTimeout/setInterval callbacks (#32936)

## Description
- Summary: Correct the JS timer callback argument forwarding to match
standard JS semantics.
- What changed: In `internal/jsre/jsre.go`, the callback is now invoked
with only the arguments after the callback and delay.
- Why: Previously, the callback received the function and delay as
parameters, causing unexpected behavior and logic bugs for consumers.
---
 internal/jsre/jsre.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/internal/jsre/jsre.go b/internal/jsre/jsre.go
index 0dfeae8e1b..4512115f16 100644
--- a/internal/jsre/jsre.go
+++ b/internal/jsre/jsre.go
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ loop:
 			if !isFunc {
 				panic(re.vm.ToValue("js error: timer/timeout callback is not a function"))
 			}
-			call(goja.Null(), timer.call.Arguments...)
+			call(goja.Null(), timer.call.Arguments[2:]...)
 
 			_, inreg := registry[timer] // when clearInterval is called from within the callback don't reset it
 			if timer.interval && inreg {

From 739f6f46a25f4ba3995c664a0702c736fb1067af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Oct 2025 13:56:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 296/470] .github: add 32-bit CI targets (#32911)

This adds two new CI targets. One is for building all supported keeper
executables, the other is for running unit tests on 32-bit Linux.

---------

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 .github/workflows/go.yml | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 appveyor.yml             |  2 +-
 beacon/params/config.go  |  4 ++++
 build/ci.go              | 21 ++++++++++----------
 4 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/go.yml b/.github/workflows/go.yml
index b8cf7f75e0..50c9fe7f75 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/go.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/go.yml
@@ -34,6 +34,47 @@ jobs:
         go run build/ci.go check_generate
         go run build/ci.go check_baddeps
 
+  keeper:
+    name: Keeper Builds
+    needs: test
+    runs-on: [self-hosted-ghr, size-l-x64]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          submodules: true
+
+      - name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version: '1.25'
+          cache: false
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: go run build/ci.go keeper
+
+  test-32bit:
+    name: "32bit tests"
+    needs: test
+    runs-on: [self-hosted-ghr, size-l-x64]
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          submodules: false
+
+      - name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version: '1.25'
+          cache: false
+
+      - name: Install cross toolchain
+        run: |
+          apt-get update
+          apt-get -yq --no-install-suggests --no-install-recommends install gcc-multilib
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: go run build/ci.go test -arch 386 -short -p 8
+
   test:
     name: Test
     needs: lint
diff --git a/appveyor.yml b/appveyor.yml
index 8dce7f30a2..aeafcfc838 100644
--- a/appveyor.yml
+++ b/appveyor.yml
@@ -36,4 +36,4 @@ for:
       - go run build/ci.go archive -arch %GETH_ARCH% -type zip -signer WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY -upload gethstore/builds
       - go run build/ci.go nsis -arch %GETH_ARCH% -signer WINDOWS_SIGNING_KEY -upload gethstore/builds
     test_script:
-      - go run build/ci.go test -dlgo -arch %GETH_ARCH% -cc %GETH_CC% -short -skip-spectests
+      - go run build/ci.go test -dlgo -arch %GETH_ARCH% -cc %GETH_CC% -short
diff --git a/beacon/params/config.go b/beacon/params/config.go
index 492ee53308..b01b739e07 100644
--- a/beacon/params/config.go
+++ b/beacon/params/config.go
@@ -108,6 +108,8 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) LoadForks(file []byte) error {
 			switch version := value.(type) {
 			case int:
 				versions[name] = new(big.Int).SetUint64(uint64(version)).FillBytes(make([]byte, 4))
+			case int64:
+				versions[name] = new(big.Int).SetUint64(uint64(version)).FillBytes(make([]byte, 4))
 			case uint64:
 				versions[name] = new(big.Int).SetUint64(version).FillBytes(make([]byte, 4))
 			case string:
@@ -125,6 +127,8 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) LoadForks(file []byte) error {
 			switch epoch := value.(type) {
 			case int:
 				epochs[name] = uint64(epoch)
+			case int64:
+				epochs[name] = uint64(epoch)
 			case uint64:
 				epochs[name] = epoch
 			case string:
diff --git a/build/ci.go b/build/ci.go
index 156626a82d..59c948acb3 100644
--- a/build/ci.go
+++ b/build/ci.go
@@ -348,16 +348,15 @@ func buildFlags(env build.Environment, staticLinking bool, buildTags []string) (
 
 func doTest(cmdline []string) {
 	var (
-		dlgo          = flag.Bool("dlgo", false, "Download Go and build with it")
-		arch          = flag.String("arch", "", "Run tests for given architecture")
-		cc            = flag.String("cc", "", "Sets C compiler binary")
-		coverage      = flag.Bool("coverage", false, "Whether to record code coverage")
-		verbose       = flag.Bool("v", false, "Whether to log verbosely")
-		race          = flag.Bool("race", false, "Execute the race detector")
-		short         = flag.Bool("short", false, "Pass the 'short'-flag to go test")
-		cachedir      = flag.String("cachedir", "./build/cache", "directory for caching downloads")
-		skipspectests = flag.Bool("skip-spectests", false, "Skip downloading execution-spec-tests fixtures")
-		threads       = flag.Int("p", 1, "Number of CPU threads to use for testing")
+		dlgo     = flag.Bool("dlgo", false, "Download Go and build with it")
+		arch     = flag.String("arch", "", "Run tests for given architecture")
+		cc       = flag.String("cc", "", "Sets C compiler binary")
+		coverage = flag.Bool("coverage", false, "Whether to record code coverage")
+		verbose  = flag.Bool("v", false, "Whether to log verbosely")
+		race     = flag.Bool("race", false, "Execute the race detector")
+		short    = flag.Bool("short", false, "Pass the 'short'-flag to go test")
+		cachedir = flag.String("cachedir", "./build/cache", "directory for caching downloads")
+		threads  = flag.Int("p", 1, "Number of CPU threads to use for testing")
 	)
 	flag.CommandLine.Parse(cmdline)
 
@@ -365,7 +364,7 @@ func doTest(cmdline []string) {
 	csdb := download.MustLoadChecksums("build/checksums.txt")
 
 	// Get test fixtures.
-	if !*skipspectests {
+	if !*short {
 		downloadSpecTestFixtures(csdb, *cachedir)
 	}
 

From ae37b4928c4eb594c237c41587760bee35799d8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Austin Larson <78000745+alarso16@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Oct 2025 02:59:45 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 297/470] accounts/abi/bind/v2: fix error assertion in test
 (#33041)

---
 accounts/abi/bind/v2/util_test.go | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/accounts/abi/bind/v2/util_test.go b/accounts/abi/bind/v2/util_test.go
index a9f5b4035c..5beb0a4fae 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/bind/v2/util_test.go
+++ b/accounts/abi/bind/v2/util_test.go
@@ -144,10 +144,9 @@ func TestWaitDeployedCornerCases(t *testing.T) {
 	done := make(chan struct{})
 	go func() {
 		defer close(done)
-		want := errors.New("context canceled")
 		_, err := bind.WaitDeployed(ctx, backend.Client(), tx.Hash())
-		if err == nil || errors.Is(want, err) {
-			t.Errorf("error mismatch: want %v, got %v", want, err)
+		if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+			t.Errorf("error mismatch: want %v, got %v", context.Canceled, err)
 		}
 	}()
 

From 5dd0fe2f5380538733661fb5926c07d4e9f45546 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Oct 2025 17:34:19 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 298/470] p2p: cleanup v4 if v5 failed (#33005)

Clean the previous resource (v4) if the latter (v5) failed.
---
 p2p/server.go      |  5 +++++
 p2p/server_test.go | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 32 insertions(+)

diff --git a/p2p/server.go b/p2p/server.go
index ddd4f5d072..10c855f1c4 100644
--- a/p2p/server.go
+++ b/p2p/server.go
@@ -490,6 +490,11 @@ func (srv *Server) setupDiscovery() error {
 		}
 		srv.discv5, err = discover.ListenV5(sconn, srv.localnode, cfg)
 		if err != nil {
+			// Clean up v4 if v5 setup fails.
+			if srv.discv4 != nil {
+				srv.discv4.Close()
+				srv.discv4 = nil
+			}
 			return err
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/p2p/server_test.go b/p2p/server_test.go
index d42926cf4c..7bc7379099 100644
--- a/p2p/server_test.go
+++ b/p2p/server_test.go
@@ -579,6 +579,33 @@ func TestServerInboundThrottle(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestServerDiscoveryV5FailureRollsBackV4(t *testing.T) {
+	badBootstrap := enode.NewV4(&newkey().PublicKey, net.ParseIP("127.0.0.1"), 30303, 0) // invalid V5 of a V4 node
+	srv := &Server{
+		Config: Config{
+			PrivateKey:       newkey(),
+			ListenAddr:       "",
+			DiscAddr:         "127.0.0.1:0",
+			MaxPeers:         5,
+			DiscoveryV4:      true,
+			DiscoveryV5:      true,
+			BootstrapNodesV5: []*enode.Node{badBootstrap},
+			Logger:           testlog.Logger(t, log.LvlTrace),
+		},
+	}
+	err := srv.Start()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected discovery v5 startup failure")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "bad bootstrap node") {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if srv.DiscoveryV4() != nil {
+		t.Fatal("discovery v4 not cleaned after failure")
+	}
+	srv.Stop()
+}
+
 func listenFakeAddr(network, laddr string, remoteAddr net.Addr) (net.Listener, error) {
 	l, err := net.Listen(network, laddr)
 	if err == nil {

From ccacbd1e3777893d4ba9add4c452530e29a3830b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Coder <161350311+MamunC0der@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Oct 2025 02:20:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 299/470] common: simplify FileExist helper (#32969)

---
 common/path.go | 7 +++----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/path.go b/common/path.go
index 19f24d426a..841946348e 100644
--- a/common/path.go
+++ b/common/path.go
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 package common
 
 import (
+	"errors"
+	"io/fs"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 )
@@ -24,10 +26,7 @@ import (
 // FileExist checks if a file exists at filePath.
 func FileExist(filePath string) bool {
 	_, err := os.Stat(filePath)
-	if err != nil && os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		return false
-	}
-	return true
+	return !errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist)
 }
 
 // AbsolutePath returns datadir + filename, or filename if it is absolute.

From 243407a3aa7d2dd5c426eccb45a8571eb54dd100 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: wit liu <wit765765346@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Oct 2025 15:39:02 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 300/470] eth/downloader: fix incorrect waitgroup in test
 `XTestDelivery` (#33047)

---
 eth/downloader/queue_test.go | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/eth/downloader/queue_test.go b/eth/downloader/queue_test.go
index 120e3f9d2d..ca71a769de 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/queue_test.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/queue_test.go
@@ -351,6 +351,7 @@ func XTestDelivery(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 		}
 	}()
+	wg.Add(1)
 	go func() {
 		defer wg.Done()
 		// reserve receiptfetch

From e6d34c1fee407e77b1ea573346336a4b57c94a8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hero5512 <lvshuaino@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Oct 2025 13:14:52 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 301/470] eth/tracers: fix prestateTracer for EIP-6780
 SELFDESTRUCT (#33050)

fix https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/33049
---
 .../suicide_cancun.json                       | 101 ++++++++++++++++++
 eth/tracers/native/prestate.go                |  10 +-
 2 files changed, 110 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/suicide_cancun.json

diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/suicide_cancun.json b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/suicide_cancun.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cdabe66913
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/testdata/prestate_tracer_with_diff_mode/suicide_cancun.json
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+{
+  "context": {
+    "difficulty": "0",
+    "gasLimit": "8000000",
+    "miner": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "number": "1",
+    "timestamp": "1000",
+    "baseFeePerGas": "7"
+  },
+  "genesis": {
+    "alloc": {
+      "0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b": {
+        "balance": "0x10000000000000000",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "nonce": "0",
+        "code": "0x",
+        "storage": {}
+      },
+      "0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222": {
+        "balance": "0xde0b6b3a7640000",
+        "nonce": "1",
+        "code": "0x6099600155731111111111111111111111111111111111111111ff",
+        "storage": {
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000abcd",
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234"
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "config": {
+      "chainId": 1,
+      "homesteadBlock": 0,
+      "eip150Block": 0,
+      "eip155Block": 0,
+      "eip158Block": 0,
+      "byzantiumBlock": 0,
+      "constantinopleBlock": 0,
+      "petersburgBlock": 0,
+      "istanbulBlock": 0,
+      "berlinBlock": 0,
+      "londonBlock": 0,
+      "mergeNetsplitBlock": 0,
+      "shanghaiTime": 0,
+      "cancunTime": 0,
+      "terminalTotalDifficulty": 0,
+      "terminalTotalDifficultyPassed": true
+    },
+    "difficulty": "0",
+    "extraData": "0x",
+    "gasLimit": "8000000",
+    "hash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "miner": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "mixHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "nonce": "0x0000000000000000",
+    "number": "0",
+    "stateRoot": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "timestamp": "0"
+  },
+  "input": "0xf860800a830186a094222222222222222222222222222222222222222280801ba0c4829400221936e8016721406f84b4710ead5608f15c785a3cedc20a7aebaab2a033e8e6e12cc432098b5ce8a409691f977867249073a3fc7804e8676c4d159475",
+  "tracerConfig": {
+    "diffMode": true
+  },
+  "result": {
+    "pre": {
+      "0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222": {
+        "balance": "0xde0b6b3a7640000",
+        "nonce": 1,
+        "code": "0x6099600155731111111111111111111111111111111111111111ff",
+        "codeHash": "0x701bdb1d43777a9304905a100f758955d130e09c8e86d97e3f6becccdc001048",
+        "storage": {
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001": "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000abcd"
+        }
+      },
+      "0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b": {
+        "balance": "0x10000000000000000"
+      }
+    },
+    "post": {
+      "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000": {
+        "balance": "0x2aed3"
+      },
+      "0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111": {
+        "balance": "0xde0b6b3a7640000"
+      },
+      "0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222": {
+        "balance": "0x0",
+        "storage": {
+          "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000099"
+        }
+      },
+      "0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b": {
+        "balance": "0xfffffffffff70e96",
+        "nonce": 1
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/eth/tracers/native/prestate.go b/eth/tracers/native/prestate.go
index 49679d312f..2e446f729b 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/native/prestate.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/native/prestate.go
@@ -131,7 +131,15 @@ func (t *prestateTracer) OnOpcode(pc uint64, opcode byte, gas, cost uint64, scop
 		addr := common.Address(stackData[stackLen-1].Bytes20())
 		t.lookupAccount(addr)
 		if op == vm.SELFDESTRUCT {
-			t.deleted[caller] = true
+			if t.chainConfig.IsCancun(t.env.BlockNumber, t.env.Time) {
+				// EIP-6780: only delete if created in same transaction
+				if t.created[caller] {
+					t.deleted[caller] = true
+				}
+			} else {
+				// Pre-EIP-6780: always delete
+				t.deleted[caller] = true
+			}
 		}
 	case stackLen >= 5 && (op == vm.DELEGATECALL || op == vm.CALL || op == vm.STATICCALL || op == vm.CALLCODE):
 		addr := common.Address(stackData[stackLen-2].Bytes20())

From 18a902799e50b8c0db94653bdae436573e4308a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: maradini77 <140460067+maradini77@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 1 Nov 2025 06:17:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 302/470] common: fix duration comparison in PrettyAge (#33064)

This pull request updates `PrettyAge.String` so that the age formatter
now treats exact unit boundaries (like a full day or week) as that unit
instead of spilling into smaller components, keeping duration output
aligned with human expectations.
---
 common/format.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/common/format.go b/common/format.go
index 7af41f52d5..31e08831f5 100644
--- a/common/format.go
+++ b/common/format.go
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func (t PrettyAge) String() string {
 	result, prec := "", 0
 
 	for _, unit := range ageUnits {
-		if diff > unit.Size {
+		if diff >= unit.Size {
 			result = fmt.Sprintf("%s%d%s", result, diff/unit.Size, unit.Symbol)
 			diff %= unit.Size
 

From 28c59b7a760f498c51604791791e194853ba36b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Nov 2025 21:11:14 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 303/470] core/rawdb: fix db inspector by supporting trienode
 history (#33087)

---
 core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go b/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go
index f4909d86e7..b940d91040 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go
@@ -105,6 +105,23 @@ func inspectFreezers(db ethdb.Database) ([]freezerInfo, error) {
 			}
 			infos = append(infos, info)
 
+		case MerkleTrienodeFreezerName, VerkleTrienodeFreezerName:
+			datadir, err := db.AncientDatadir()
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			f, err := NewTrienodeFreezer(datadir, freezer == VerkleTrienodeFreezerName, true)
+			if err != nil {
+				continue // might be possible the trienode freezer is not existent
+			}
+			defer f.Close()
+
+			info, err := inspect(freezer, trienodeFreezerTableConfigs, f)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			infos = append(infos, info)
+
 		default:
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown freezer, supported ones: %v", freezers)
 		}

From 025072427e78b3af3e9a8ddcc64007a38dd374ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Mon, 3 Nov 2025 17:41:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 304/470] params: set osaka and BPO1 & BPO2 mainnet dates
 (#33063)

Sets the fusaka, bpo1, bpo2 timestamps for mainnet
see: https://notes.ethereum.org/@bbusa/fusaka-bpo-timeline
---
 core/forkid/forkid_test.go            | 19 ++++++++++++++-----
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go |  6 +++---
 params/config.go                      |  6 ++++++
 3 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/forkid/forkid_test.go b/core/forkid/forkid_test.go
index dc6e6fe817..c78ff23cd6 100644
--- a/core/forkid/forkid_test.go
+++ b/core/forkid/forkid_test.go
@@ -76,10 +76,16 @@ func TestCreation(t *testing.T) {
 				{20000000, 1681338454, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xf0afd0e3), Next: 1681338455}}, // Last Gray Glacier block
 				{20000000, 1681338455, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xdce96c2d), Next: 1710338135}}, // First Shanghai block
 				{30000000, 1710338134, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xdce96c2d), Next: 1710338135}}, // Last Shanghai block
-				{40000000, 1710338135, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x9f3d2254), Next: 1746612311}}, // First Cancun block
+				{30000000, 1710338135, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x9f3d2254), Next: 1746612311}}, // First Cancun block
 				{30000000, 1746022486, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x9f3d2254), Next: 1746612311}}, // Last Cancun block
-				{30000000, 1746612311, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xc376cf8b), Next: 0}},          // First Prague block
-				{50000000, 2000000000, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xc376cf8b), Next: 0}},          // Future Prague block
+				{30000000, 1746612311, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xc376cf8b), Next: 1764798551}}, // First Prague block
+				{30000000, 1764798550, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xc376cf8b), Next: 1764798551}}, // Last Prague block
+				{30000000, 1764798551, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x5167e2a6), Next: 1765290071}}, // First Osaka block
+				{30000000, 1765290070, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x5167e2a6), Next: 1765290071}}, // Last Osaka block
+				{30000000, 1765290071, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xcba2a1c0), Next: 1767747671}}, // First BPO1 block
+				{30000000, 1767747670, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xcba2a1c0), Next: 1767747671}}, // Last BPO1 block
+				{30000000, 1767747671, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x07c9462e), Next: 0}},          // First BPO2 block
+				{50000000, 2000000000, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x07c9462e), Next: 0}},          // Future BPO2 block
 			},
 		},
 		// Sepolia test cases
@@ -162,6 +168,9 @@ func TestValidation(t *testing.T) {
 	legacyConfig.ShanghaiTime = nil
 	legacyConfig.CancunTime = nil
 	legacyConfig.PragueTime = nil
+	legacyConfig.OsakaTime = nil
+	legacyConfig.BPO1Time = nil
+	legacyConfig.BPO2Time = nil
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		config *params.ChainConfig
@@ -361,11 +370,11 @@ func TestValidation(t *testing.T) {
 		// Local is mainnet Shanghai, remote is random Shanghai.
 		{params.MainnetChainConfig, 20000000, 1681338455, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x12345678), Next: 0}, ErrLocalIncompatibleOrStale},
 
-		// Local is mainnet Prague, far in the future. Remote announces Gopherium (non existing fork)
+		// Local is mainnet BPO2, far in the future. Remote announces Gopherium (non existing fork)
 		// at some future timestamp 8888888888, for itself, but past block for local. Local is incompatible.
 		//
 		// This case detects non-upgraded nodes with majority hash power (typical Ropsten mess).
-		{params.MainnetChainConfig, 88888888, 8888888888, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0xc376cf8b), Next: 8888888888}, ErrLocalIncompatibleOrStale},
+		{params.MainnetChainConfig, 88888888, 8888888888, ID{Hash: checksumToBytes(0x07c9462e), Next: 8888888888}, ErrLocalIncompatibleOrStale},
 
 		// Local is mainnet Shanghai. Remote is also in Shanghai, but announces Gopherium (non existing
 		// fork) at timestamp 1668000000, before Cancun. Local is incompatible.
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
index f0f00c8055..f7d8ca209b 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
@@ -992,7 +992,7 @@ func TestOpenCap(t *testing.T) {
 	storage := t.TempDir()
 
 	os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore), 0700)
-	store, _ := billy.Open(billy.Options{Path: filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore)}, newSlotter(testMaxBlobsPerBlock), nil)
+	store, _ := billy.Open(billy.Options{Path: filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore)}, newSlotterEIP7594(testMaxBlobsPerBlock), nil)
 
 	// Insert a few transactions from a few accounts
 	var (
@@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@ func TestOpenCap(t *testing.T) {
 
 		keep = []common.Address{addr1, addr3}
 		drop = []common.Address{addr2}
-		size = uint64(2 * (txAvgSize + blobSize))
+		size = 2 * (txAvgSize + blobSize + uint64(txBlobOverhead))
 	)
 	store.Put(blob1)
 	store.Put(blob2)
@@ -1023,7 +1023,7 @@ func TestOpenCap(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Verify pool capping twice: first by reducing the data cap, then restarting
 	// with a high cap to ensure everything was persisted previously
-	for _, datacap := range []uint64{2 * (txAvgSize + blobSize), 100 * (txAvgSize + blobSize)} {
+	for _, datacap := range []uint64{2 * (txAvgSize + blobSize + uint64(txBlobOverhead)), 1000 * (txAvgSize + blobSize + uint64(txBlobOverhead))} {
 		// Create a blob pool out of the pre-seeded data, but cap it to 2 blob transaction
 		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
 		statedb.AddBalance(addr1, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
diff --git a/params/config.go b/params/config.go
index 06288575ae..c5dfad1cd3 100644
--- a/params/config.go
+++ b/params/config.go
@@ -61,11 +61,17 @@ var (
 		ShanghaiTime:            newUint64(1681338455),
 		CancunTime:              newUint64(1710338135),
 		PragueTime:              newUint64(1746612311),
+		OsakaTime:               newUint64(1764798551),
+		BPO1Time:                newUint64(1765290071),
+		BPO2Time:                newUint64(1767747671),
 		DepositContractAddress:  common.HexToAddress("0x00000000219ab540356cbb839cbe05303d7705fa"),
 		Ethash:                  new(EthashConfig),
 		BlobScheduleConfig: &BlobScheduleConfig{
 			Cancun: DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
 			Prague: DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+			Osaka:  DefaultOsakaBlobConfig,
+			BPO1:   DefaultBPO1BlobConfig,
+			BPO2:   DefaultBPO2BlobConfig,
 		},
 	}
 	// HoleskyChainConfig contains the chain parameters to run a node on the Holesky test network.

From 044828e6606e3368368884e249256a093bae4a6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Nov 2025 17:45:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 305/470] version: release go-ethereum v1.16.6

---
 version/version.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/version/version.go b/version/version.go
index ead2d04f2a..77089a5a86 100644
--- a/version/version.go
+++ b/version/version.go
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 package version
 
 const (
-	Major = 1          // Major version component of the current release
-	Minor = 16         // Minor version component of the current release
-	Patch = 6          // Patch version component of the current release
-	Meta  = "unstable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
+	Major = 1        // Major version component of the current release
+	Minor = 16       // Minor version component of the current release
+	Patch = 6        // Patch version component of the current release
+	Meta  = "stable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
 )

From 5b77af394edd7d7384fbc7f112c8c183f86dcd4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Nov 2025 17:47:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 306/470] version: begin v1.16.7 release cycle

---
 version/version.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/version/version.go b/version/version.go
index 77089a5a86..d4248013b0 100644
--- a/version/version.go
+++ b/version/version.go
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 package version
 
 const (
-	Major = 1        // Major version component of the current release
-	Minor = 16       // Minor version component of the current release
-	Patch = 6        // Patch version component of the current release
-	Meta  = "stable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
+	Major = 1          // Major version component of the current release
+	Minor = 16         // Minor version component of the current release
+	Patch = 7          // Patch version component of the current release
+	Meta  = "unstable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
 )

From 653f8d499473c99e2e8ada6d3adea6ec95e97a69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Tue, 4 Nov 2025 12:48:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 307/470] go.mod: update to c-kzg v2.1.5 (#33093)

We unfortunately missed this update for the Geth v1.16.6 release, but it is critical.
---
 cmd/keeper/go.mod | 2 +-
 cmd/keeper/go.sum | 4 ++--
 go.mod            | 2 +-
 go.sum            | 4 ++--
 4 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.mod b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
index 2b12297a7a..9486347b1f 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.mod
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2 // indirect
-	github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.3 // indirect
+	github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.5 // indirect
 	github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab // indirect
 	github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/ferranbt/fastssz v0.1.4 // indirect
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.sum b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
index b280a368d0..ad4c98c4b3 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.sum
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1 h1:YLtO71vCjJRCBcrPMtQ9nqBsqpA1
 github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1/go.mod h1:hyedUtir6IdtD/7lIxGeCxkaw7y45JueMRL4DIyJDKs=
 github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2 h1:08GN+DD79cy/tzN6uLCT84+2Wk9u+wvqP+Hkx/dIR8A=
 github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2/go.mod h1:DeV7GvQtIw4h2u73RKBkkFdvVAz0D9fzeJrgPW6gy/s=
-github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.3 h1:DQ21UU0VSsuGy8+pcMJHDS0CV1bKmJmxsJYK8l3MiLU=
-github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.3/go.mod h1:fyNcYI/yAuLWJxf4uzVtS8VDKeoAaRM8G/+ADz/pRdA=
+github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.5 h1:aVtoLK5xwJ6c5RiqO8g8ptJ5KU+2Hdquf6G3aXiHh5s=
+github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.5/go.mod h1:u59hRTTah4Co6i9fDWtiCjTrblJv0UwsqZKCc0GfgUs=
 github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab h1:rvv6MJhy07IMfEKuARQ9TKojGqLVNxQajaXEp/BoqSk=
 github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab/go.mod h1:IuLm4IsPipXKF7CW5Lzf68PIbZ5yl7FFd74l/E0o9A8=
 github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2 h1:I2W0WjnrFUIzzVPwm8ykY+7pL2d4VhlsePn4j7cnFk8=
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index ae5e4cc114..3590a54929 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1
 	github.com/donovanhide/eventsource v0.0.0-20210830082556-c59027999da0
 	github.com/dop251/goja v0.0.0-20230605162241-28ee0ee714f3
-	github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.3
+	github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.5
 	github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab
 	github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2
 	github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 8122f4b548..6ecb0b7ec3 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@ github.com/dop251/goja_nodejs v0.0.0-20210225215109-d91c329300e7/go.mod h1:hn7BA
 github.com/dop251/goja_nodejs v0.0.0-20211022123610-8dd9abb0616d/go.mod h1:DngW8aVqWbuLRMHItjPUyqdj+HWPvnQe8V8y1nDpIbM=
 github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2 h1:08GN+DD79cy/tzN6uLCT84+2Wk9u+wvqP+Hkx/dIR8A=
 github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2/go.mod h1:DeV7GvQtIw4h2u73RKBkkFdvVAz0D9fzeJrgPW6gy/s=
-github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.3 h1:DQ21UU0VSsuGy8+pcMJHDS0CV1bKmJmxsJYK8l3MiLU=
-github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.3/go.mod h1:fyNcYI/yAuLWJxf4uzVtS8VDKeoAaRM8G/+ADz/pRdA=
+github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.5 h1:aVtoLK5xwJ6c5RiqO8g8ptJ5KU+2Hdquf6G3aXiHh5s=
+github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.5/go.mod h1:u59hRTTah4Co6i9fDWtiCjTrblJv0UwsqZKCc0GfgUs=
 github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab h1:rvv6MJhy07IMfEKuARQ9TKojGqLVNxQajaXEp/BoqSk=
 github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab/go.mod h1:IuLm4IsPipXKF7CW5Lzf68PIbZ5yl7FFd74l/E0o9A8=
 github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2 h1:I2W0WjnrFUIzzVPwm8ykY+7pL2d4VhlsePn4j7cnFk8=

From 07129d21c0fa0aa8b6f7426344cf9ec2f31bc427 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Nov 2025 13:16:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 308/470] version: release go-ethereum v1.16.7 stable

---
 version/version.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/version/version.go b/version/version.go
index d4248013b0..5a39ac6318 100644
--- a/version/version.go
+++ b/version/version.go
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 package version
 
 const (
-	Major = 1          // Major version component of the current release
-	Minor = 16         // Minor version component of the current release
-	Patch = 7          // Patch version component of the current release
-	Meta  = "unstable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
+	Major = 1        // Major version component of the current release
+	Minor = 16       // Minor version component of the current release
+	Patch = 7        // Patch version component of the current release
+	Meta  = "stable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
 )

From d39af344dc63f44c115b8f4ffab75c8fec5a57ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Nov 2025 13:28:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 309/470] version: begin v1.16.8 release cycle

---
 version/version.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/version/version.go b/version/version.go
index 5a39ac6318..a3aad5d398 100644
--- a/version/version.go
+++ b/version/version.go
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 package version
 
 const (
-	Major = 1        // Major version component of the current release
-	Minor = 16       // Minor version component of the current release
-	Patch = 7        // Patch version component of the current release
-	Meta  = "stable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
+	Major = 1          // Major version component of the current release
+	Minor = 16         // Minor version component of the current release
+	Patch = 8          // Patch version component of the current release
+	Meta  = "unstable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
 )

From 19aa8020a914a7e2195bd7e3870a4784406e6a16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: maskpp <maskpp266@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Nov 2025 21:09:36 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 310/470] common: introduce IsHexHash and use it (#32998)

---
 cmd/geth/config.go   | 9 ++++-----
 cmd/geth/snapshot.go | 6 +++---
 common/types.go      | 9 +++++++++
 3 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/geth/config.go b/cmd/geth/config.go
index fcb315af97..87627467d2 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/config.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/config.go
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/beacon/blsync"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/cmd/utils"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/catalyst"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/ethconfig"
@@ -273,11 +272,11 @@ func makeFullNode(ctx *cli.Context) *node.Node {
 	// Configure synchronization override service
 	var synctarget common.Hash
 	if ctx.IsSet(utils.SyncTargetFlag.Name) {
-		hex := hexutil.MustDecode(ctx.String(utils.SyncTargetFlag.Name))
-		if len(hex) != common.HashLength {
-			utils.Fatalf("invalid sync target length: have %d, want %d", len(hex), common.HashLength)
+		target := ctx.String(utils.SyncTargetFlag.Name)
+		if !common.IsHexHash(target) {
+			utils.Fatalf("sync target hash is not a valid hex hash: %s", target)
 		}
-		synctarget = common.BytesToHash(hex)
+		synctarget = common.HexToHash(target)
 	}
 	utils.RegisterSyncOverrideService(stack, eth, synctarget, ctx.Bool(utils.ExitWhenSyncedFlag.Name))
 
diff --git a/cmd/geth/snapshot.go b/cmd/geth/snapshot.go
index 7621dfa93c..fc0658a59c 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/snapshot.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/snapshot.go
@@ -639,11 +639,11 @@ func snapshotExportPreimages(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 
 	var root common.Hash
 	if ctx.NArg() > 1 {
-		rootBytes := common.FromHex(ctx.Args().Get(1))
-		if len(rootBytes) != common.HashLength {
+		hash := ctx.Args().Get(1)
+		if !common.IsHexHash(hash) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("invalid hash: %s", ctx.Args().Get(1))
 		}
-		root = common.BytesToHash(rootBytes)
+		root = common.HexToHash(hash)
 	} else {
 		headBlock := rawdb.ReadHeadBlock(chaindb)
 		if headBlock == nil {
diff --git a/common/types.go b/common/types.go
index db4de8bcbd..a96d6c7c83 100644
--- a/common/types.go
+++ b/common/types.go
@@ -71,6 +71,15 @@ func BigToHash(b *big.Int) Hash { return BytesToHash(b.Bytes()) }
 // If b is larger than len(h), b will be cropped from the left.
 func HexToHash(s string) Hash { return BytesToHash(FromHex(s)) }
 
+// IsHexHash verifies whether a string can represent a valid hex-encoded
+// Ethereum hash or not.
+func IsHexHash(s string) bool {
+	if has0xPrefix(s) {
+		s = s[2:]
+	}
+	return len(s) == 2*HashLength && isHex(s)
+}
+
 // Cmp compares two hashes.
 func (h Hash) Cmp(other Hash) int {
 	return bytes.Compare(h[:], other[:])

From 395425902dca89d211b3e9bc1c2b0135ee3e32dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: MozirDmitriy <dmitriymozir@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Nov 2025 15:09:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 311/470] core/rawdb: fix readOnly mode for database (#33025)

---
 core/rawdb/database.go | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/database.go b/core/rawdb/database.go
index 29483baa5f..d5c0f0aab2 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/database.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/database.go
@@ -330,6 +330,7 @@ func Open(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, opts OpenOptions) (ethdb.Database, error) {
 		}()
 	}
 	return &freezerdb{
+		readOnly:      opts.ReadOnly,
 		ancientRoot:   opts.Ancient,
 		KeyValueStore: db,
 		chainFreezer:  frdb,

From 15ff378a8927eed211589bcf375aa5c528209b71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rizky Ikwan <rizzikwann@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 Nov 2025 02:25:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 312/470] common: fix size comparison in StorageSize (#33105)

---
 common/size.go | 16 ++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/size.go b/common/size.go
index 097b6304a8..e7f504a082 100644
--- a/common/size.go
+++ b/common/size.go
@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ type StorageSize float64
 
 // String implements the stringer interface.
 func (s StorageSize) String() string {
-	if s > 1099511627776 {
+	if s >= 1099511627776 {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f TiB", s/1099511627776)
-	} else if s > 1073741824 {
+	} else if s >= 1073741824 {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f GiB", s/1073741824)
-	} else if s > 1048576 {
+	} else if s >= 1048576 {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f MiB", s/1048576)
-	} else if s > 1024 {
+	} else if s >= 1024 {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f KiB", s/1024)
 	} else {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2f B", s)
@@ -42,13 +42,13 @@ func (s StorageSize) String() string {
 // TerminalString implements log.TerminalStringer, formatting a string for console
 // output during logging.
 func (s StorageSize) TerminalString() string {
-	if s > 1099511627776 {
+	if s >= 1099511627776 {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fTiB", s/1099511627776)
-	} else if s > 1073741824 {
+	} else if s >= 1073741824 {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fGiB", s/1073741824)
-	} else if s > 1048576 {
+	} else if s >= 1048576 {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fMiB", s/1048576)
-	} else if s > 1024 {
+	} else if s >= 1024 {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fKiB", s/1024)
 	} else {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fB", s)

From 6420ee35925f7701d2af783b70920d1d297efdcd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: maskpp <maskpp266@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 Nov 2025 11:00:20 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 313/470] core/state: fix bug about getting stable LogsHash
 result. (#33082)

Because the map iteration is unstable, we need to order logs by tx index
and keep the same order with receipts and their logs, so we can still
get the same `LogsHash` across runs.

---------

Co-authored-by: Copilot <175728472+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 core/state/statedb.go | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/state/statedb.go b/core/state/statedb.go
index b770698255..364bc40850 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"maps"
 	"slices"
+	"sort"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
@@ -264,6 +265,9 @@ func (s *StateDB) Logs() []*types.Log {
 	for _, lgs := range s.logs {
 		logs = append(logs, lgs...)
 	}
+	sort.Slice(logs, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return logs[i].Index < logs[j].Index
+	})
 	return logs
 }
 

From 7f9b06e7aae57eb295963b462b4c6ef1fdfe0eaf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rizky Ikwan <rizzikwann@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 Nov 2025 08:24:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 314/470] accounts/usbwallet: fix version check in
 SignTypedMessage (#33113)

The version check incorrectly used `&&` instead of `||`, causing
versions like v1.0.x through v1.4.x to be allowed when they should be
rejected. These versions don't support EIP-712 signing which was
introduced in firmware v1.5.0.
---
 accounts/usbwallet/ledger.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/accounts/usbwallet/ledger.go b/accounts/usbwallet/ledger.go
index 52595a1621..80e63f1864 100644
--- a/accounts/usbwallet/ledger.go
+++ b/accounts/usbwallet/ledger.go
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ func (w *ledgerDriver) SignTypedMessage(path accounts.DerivationPath, domainHash
 		return nil, accounts.ErrWalletClosed
 	}
 	// Ensure the wallet is capable of signing the given transaction
-	if w.version[0] < 1 && w.version[1] < 5 {
+	if w.version[0] < 1 || (w.version[0] == 1 && w.version[1] < 5) {
 		//lint:ignore ST1005 brand name displayed on the console
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Ledger version >= 1.5.0 required for EIP-712 signing (found version v%d.%d.%d)", w.version[0], w.version[1], w.version[2])
 	}

From 982235f5e0a564798a930f2dd62d5fa938278a5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Fri, 7 Nov 2025 14:55:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 315/470] core/vm: remove todo (#33120)

Removes an unnecessary todo. This case is handled, the comment was an
artifact from Kev's refactor
---
 core/vm/contracts.go | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/vm/contracts.go b/core/vm/contracts.go
index cae0be9f2d..00ddbebd6b 100644
--- a/core/vm/contracts.go
+++ b/core/vm/contracts.go
@@ -591,7 +591,6 @@ func (c *bigModExp) RequiredGas(input []byte) uint64 {
 		if expLen > 32 {
 			expHead.SetBytes(getData(input, baseLen, 32))
 		} else {
-			// TODO: Check that if expLen < baseLen, then getData will return an empty slice
 			expHead.SetBytes(getData(input, baseLen, expLen))
 		}
 	}

From d2a5dba48f31031e8f9b1b4942a1e29e54d97079 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 8 Nov 2025 06:06:15 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 316/470] triedb/pathdb: fix 32-bit integer overflow in history
 trienode decoder (#33098)

failed in 32bit:

```
--- FAIL: TestDecodeSingleCorruptedData (0.00s)
panic: runtime error: slice bounds out of range [:-1501805520] [recovered, repanicked]

goroutine 38872 [running]:
testing.tRunner.func1.2({0x838db20, 0xa355620})
	/opt/actions-runner/_work/_tool/go/1.25.3/x64/src/testing/testing.go:1872 +0x29b
testing.tRunner.func1()
	/opt/actions-runner/_work/_tool/go/1.25.3/x64/src/testing/testing.go:1875 +0x414
panic({0x838db20, 0xa355620})
	/opt/actions-runner/_work/_tool/go/1.25.3/x64/src/runtime/panic.go:783 +0x103
github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb.decodeSingle({0x9e57500, 0x1432, 0x1432}, 0x0)
	/opt/actions-runner/_work/go-ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go:399 +0x18d6
github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb.TestDecodeSingleCorruptedData(0xa2db9e8)
	/opt/actions-runner/_work/go-ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go:698 +0x180
testing.tRunner(0xa2db9e8, 0x83c86e8)
	/opt/actions-runner/_work/_tool/go/1.25.3/x64/src/testing/testing.go:1934 +0x114
created by testing.(*T).Run in goroutine 1
	/opt/actions-runner/_work/_tool/go/1.25.3/x64/src/testing/testing.go:1997 +0x4b4
FAIL	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb	41.453s
?   	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/version	[no test files]
FAIL
```

Found in
https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/actions/runs/18912701345/job/53990136071?pr=33052
---
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go      | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go |  5 ++++-
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
index 3f45b41117..1004106af9 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
@@ -19,9 +19,11 @@ package pathdb
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"iter"
 	"maps"
+	"math"
 	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"time"
@@ -386,12 +388,26 @@ func decodeSingle(keySection []byte, onValue func([]byte, int, int) error) ([]st
 		}
 		// Resolve the entry from key section
 		nShared, nn := binary.Uvarint(keySection[keyOff:]) // key length shared (varint)
+		if nn <= 0 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("corrupted varint encoding for nShared at offset %d", keyOff)
+		}
 		keyOff += nn
 		nUnshared, nn := binary.Uvarint(keySection[keyOff:]) // key length not shared (varint)
+		if nn <= 0 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("corrupted varint encoding for nUnshared at offset %d", keyOff)
+		}
 		keyOff += nn
 		nValue, nn := binary.Uvarint(keySection[keyOff:]) // value length (varint)
+		if nn <= 0 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("corrupted varint encoding for nValue at offset %d", keyOff)
+		}
 		keyOff += nn
 
+		// Validate that the values can fit in an int to prevent overflow on 32-bit systems
+		if nShared > uint64(math.MaxUint32) || nUnshared > uint64(math.MaxUint32) || nValue > uint64(math.MaxUint32) {
+			return nil, errors.New("key size too large")
+		}
+
 		// Resolve unshared key
 		if keyOff+int(nUnshared) > len(keySection) {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("key length too long, unshared key length: %d, off: %d, section size: %d", nUnshared, keyOff, len(keySection))
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go
index d6b80f61f5..be4740a904 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go
@@ -694,7 +694,10 @@ func TestDecodeSingleCorruptedData(t *testing.T) {
 	// Test with corrupted varint in key section
 	corrupted := make([]byte, len(keySection))
 	copy(corrupted, keySection)
-	corrupted[5] = 0xFF // Corrupt varint
+	// Fill first 10 bytes with 0xFF to create a varint overflow (>64 bits)
+	for i := range 10 {
+		corrupted[i] = 0xFF
+	}
 	_, err = decodeSingle(corrupted, nil)
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("Expected error for corrupted varint")

From ebc7dc9e37a8f9b2ed54ca9578e88b7f2ae968e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lucia <lucia.wang@harmoney.co.nz>
Date: Sat, 8 Nov 2025 23:25:53 +1300
Subject: [PATCH 317/470] crypto: validate hash length in no cgo Sign (#33104)

- Replace hardcoded DigestLength
- Add hash length validation
---
 crypto/signature_nocgo.go | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crypto/signature_nocgo.go b/crypto/signature_nocgo.go
index d76127c258..9dce1057fa 100644
--- a/crypto/signature_nocgo.go
+++ b/crypto/signature_nocgo.go
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ func sigToPub(hash, sig []byte) (*secp256k1.PublicKey, error) {
 	if len(sig) != SignatureLength {
 		return nil, errors.New("invalid signature")
 	}
+	if len(hash) != DigestLength {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("hash is required to be exactly %d bytes (%d)", DigestLength, len(hash))
+	}
 	// Convert to secp256k1 input format with 'recovery id' v at the beginning.
 	btcsig := make([]byte, SignatureLength)
 	btcsig[0] = sig[RecoveryIDOffset] + 27
@@ -76,8 +79,8 @@ func SigToPub(hash, sig []byte) (*ecdsa.PublicKey, error) {
 //
 // The produced signature is in the [R || S || V] format where V is 0 or 1.
 func Sign(hash []byte, prv *ecdsa.PrivateKey) ([]byte, error) {
-	if len(hash) != 32 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("hash is required to be exactly 32 bytes (%d)", len(hash))
+	if len(hash) != DigestLength {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("hash is required to be exactly %d bytes (%d)", DigestLength, len(hash))
 	}
 	if prv.Curve != S256() {
 		return nil, errors.New("private key curve is not secp256k1")

From 7755ee3e4f5ee534252a524a668e58714f944408 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tristan-Wilson <87238672+Tristan-Wilson@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Nov 2025 09:38:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 318/470] consensus/misc/eip4844: expose TargetBlobsPerBlock
 (#32991)

Rollups may want to use these to dynamically adjust blobs posted after
BPO forks.
---
 consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go b/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go
index e14d129561..c1a21195e3 100644
--- a/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go
+++ b/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go
@@ -200,6 +200,15 @@ func LatestMaxBlobsPerBlock(cfg *params.ChainConfig) int {
 	return bcfg.Max
 }
 
+// TargetBlobsPerBlock returns the target blobs per block for a block at the given timestamp.
+func TargetBlobsPerBlock(cfg *params.ChainConfig, time uint64) int {
+	blobConfig := latestBlobConfig(cfg, time)
+	if blobConfig == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return blobConfig.Target
+}
+
 // fakeExponential approximates factor * e ** (numerator / denominator) using
 // Taylor expansion.
 func fakeExponential(factor, numerator, denominator *big.Int) *big.Int {

From fbd89be0479f76ff56ccb6f8f2d882f3c38133cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sashass1315 <sashass1315@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Nov 2025 19:44:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 319/470] eth/catalyst: always reset timer after sealing error
 (#33146)

The periodic sealing loop failed to reset its timer when sealBlock
returned an error, causing the timer to never fire again and effectively
halting block production in developer periodic mode after the first
failure. This is a bug because the loop relies on the timer to trigger
subsequent sealing attempts, and transient errors (e.g., pool races or
chain rewinds) should not permanently stop the loop. The change moves
timer.Reset after the sealing attempt unconditionally, ensuring the loop
continues ticking and retrying even when sealing fails, which matches
how other periodic timers in the codebase behave and preserves forward
progress.
---
 eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go b/eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go
index c10990c233..d9f01240a7 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go
@@ -280,9 +280,8 @@ func (c *SimulatedBeacon) loop() {
 		case <-timer.C:
 			if err := c.sealBlock(c.withdrawals.pop(10), uint64(time.Now().Unix())); err != nil {
 				log.Warn("Error performing sealing work", "err", err)
-			} else {
-				timer.Reset(time.Second * time.Duration(c.period))
 			}
+			timer.Reset(time.Second * time.Duration(c.period))
 		}
 	}
 }

From ca912542591033ab292d1a299c1048cdce9ecece Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Nov 2025 03:07:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 320/470] build: add wasm targets for keeper (#33124)

[powdr](github.com/powdr-labs/powdr) has tested keeper in their womir
system and managed to get it to work. This PR adds wasm as a keeper
target. There's another plan by the zkevm team to support wasm with wasi
as well, so these PR adds both targets.

These currently uses the `example` tag, as there is no precompile
intefrace defined for either target yet. Nonetheless, this is useful for
testing these zkvms so it makes sense to support these experimental
targets already.
---
 build/ci.go | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)

diff --git a/build/ci.go b/build/ci.go
index 59c948acb3..e589cd2b40 100644
--- a/build/ci.go
+++ b/build/ci.go
@@ -107,6 +107,18 @@ var (
 			Tags: "ziren",
 			Env:  map[string]string{"GOMIPS": "softfloat", "CGO_ENABLED": "0"},
 		},
+		{
+			Name:   "wasm-js",
+			GOOS:   "js",
+			GOARCH: "wasm",
+			Tags:   "example",
+		},
+		{
+			Name:   "wasm-wasi",
+			GOOS:   "wasip1",
+			GOARCH: "wasm",
+			Tags:   "example",
+		},
 		{
 			Name: "example",
 			Tags: "example",
@@ -331,6 +343,10 @@ func buildFlags(env build.Environment, staticLinking bool, buildTags []string) (
 		}
 		ld = append(ld, "-extldflags", "'"+strings.Join(extld, " ")+"'")
 	}
+    // TODO(gballet): revisit after the input api has been defined
+	if runtime.GOARCH == "wasm" {
+		ld = append(ld, "-gcflags=all=-d=softfloat")
+	}
 	if len(ld) > 0 {
 		flags = append(flags, "-ldflags", strings.Join(ld, " "))
 	}

From 5f4cc3f57d737ad124ddb8a23c97f04d7c60a079 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matthieu Vachon <matt@streamingfast.io>
Date: Tue, 11 Nov 2025 01:57:52 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 321/470] core/state: fixed hooked StateDB handling of
 `OnCodeChangeV2` (#33148)

While updating to latest Geth, I noticed `OnCodeChangeV2` was not
properly handled in `SelfDestruct/6780`, this PR fixes this and bring a
unit test. Let me know if it's deemed more approriate to merge the tests
with the other one.
---
 core/state/statedb_hooked.go      |  4 +--
 core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go | 41 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 eth/tracers/native/mux.go         |  8 ++++++
 3 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state/statedb_hooked.go b/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
index 9db201fc2b..50acc03aa8 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ func (s *hookedStateDB) SelfDestruct(address common.Address) uint256.Int {
 	var prevCode []byte
 	var prevCodeHash common.Hash
 
-	if s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil {
+	if s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil || s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil {
 		prevCode = s.inner.GetCode(address)
 		prevCodeHash = s.inner.GetCodeHash(address)
 	}
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ func (s *hookedStateDB) SelfDestruct6780(address common.Address) (uint256.Int, b
 	var prevCode []byte
 	var prevCodeHash common.Hash
 
-	if s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil {
+	if s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil || s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil {
 		prevCodeHash = s.inner.GetCodeHash(address)
 		prevCode = s.inner.GetCode(address)
 	}
diff --git a/core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go b/core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go
index bacb7baee1..4ff1023eb2 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go
@@ -122,6 +122,47 @@ func TestHooks(t *testing.T) {
 	sdb.AddLog(&types.Log{
 		Address: common.Address{0xbb},
 	})
+
+	if len(result) != len(wants) {
+		t.Fatalf("number of tracing events wrong, have %d want %d", len(result), len(wants))
+	}
+
+	for i, want := range wants {
+		if have := result[i]; have != want {
+			t.Fatalf("error event %d, have\n%v\nwant%v\n", i, have, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHooks_OnCodeChangeV2(t *testing.T) {
+	inner, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseForTesting())
+
+	var result []string
+	var wants = []string{
+		"0xaa00000000000000000000000000000000000000.code:  (0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470) ->0x1325 (0xa12ae05590de0c93a00bc7ac773c2fdb621e44f814985e72194f921c0050f728) ContractCreation",
+		"0xaa00000000000000000000000000000000000000.code: 0x1325 (0xa12ae05590de0c93a00bc7ac773c2fdb621e44f814985e72194f921c0050f728) -> (0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470) SelfDestruct",
+		"0xbb00000000000000000000000000000000000000.code:  (0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470) ->0x1326 (0x3c54516221d604e623f358bc95996ca3242aaa109bddabcebda13db9b3f90dcb) ContractCreation",
+		"0xbb00000000000000000000000000000000000000.code: 0x1326 (0x3c54516221d604e623f358bc95996ca3242aaa109bddabcebda13db9b3f90dcb) -> (0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470) SelfDestruct",
+	}
+	emitF := func(format string, a ...any) {
+		result = append(result, fmt.Sprintf(format, a...))
+	}
+	sdb := NewHookedState(inner, &tracing.Hooks{
+		OnCodeChangeV2: func(addr common.Address, prevCodeHash common.Hash, prevCode []byte, codeHash common.Hash, code []byte, reason tracing.CodeChangeReason) {
+			emitF("%v.code: %#x (%v) ->%#x (%v) %s", addr, prevCode, prevCodeHash, code, codeHash, reason)
+		},
+	})
+	sdb.SetCode(common.Address{0xaa}, []byte{0x13, 37}, tracing.CodeChangeContractCreation)
+	sdb.SelfDestruct(common.Address{0xaa})
+
+	sdb.SetCode(common.Address{0xbb}, []byte{0x13, 38}, tracing.CodeChangeContractCreation)
+	sdb.CreateContract(common.Address{0xbb})
+	sdb.SelfDestruct6780(common.Address{0xbb})
+
+	if len(result) != len(wants) {
+		t.Fatalf("number of tracing events wrong, have %d want %d", len(result), len(wants))
+	}
+
 	for i, want := range wants {
 		if have := result[i]; have != want {
 			t.Fatalf("error event %d, have\n%v\nwant%v\n", i, have, want)
diff --git a/eth/tracers/native/mux.go b/eth/tracers/native/mux.go
index 77ab254568..37fc64f3f5 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/native/mux.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/native/mux.go
@@ -156,6 +156,14 @@ func (t *muxTracer) OnCodeChange(a common.Address, prevCodeHash common.Hash, pre
 	}
 }
 
+func (t *muxTracer) OnCodeChangeV2(a common.Address, prevCodeHash common.Hash, prev []byte, codeHash common.Hash, code []byte, reason tracing.CodeChangeReason) {
+	for _, t := range t.tracers {
+		if t.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil {
+			t.OnCodeChangeV2(a, prevCodeHash, prev, codeHash, code, reason)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func (t *muxTracer) OnStorageChange(a common.Address, k, prev, new common.Hash) {
 	for _, t := range t.tracers {
 		if t.OnStorageChange != nil {

From 7368b34a4beac8ccf2db3529821c9fb2d1a40378 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lucia <lucia.wang@harmoney.co.nz>
Date: Tue, 11 Nov 2025 21:01:37 +1300
Subject: [PATCH 322/470] core/rawdb: capture open file error and fix resource
 leak (#33147)

---
 core/rawdb/eradb/eradb.go   |  1 +
 core/rawdb/freezer_batch.go | 10 ++++++++--
 core/rawdb/freezer_table.go |  7 ++++---
 3 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/eradb/eradb.go b/core/rawdb/eradb/eradb.go
index 29e658798e..a552b94da9 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/eradb/eradb.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/eradb/eradb.go
@@ -303,6 +303,7 @@ func (db *Store) openEraFile(epoch uint64) (*era.Era, error) {
 	}
 	// Sanity-check start block.
 	if e.Start()%uint64(era.MaxEra1Size) != 0 {
+		e.Close()
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("pre-merge era1 file has invalid boundary. %d %% %d != 0", e.Start(), era.MaxEra1Size)
 	}
 	log.Debug("Opened era1 file", "epoch", epoch)
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_batch.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_batch.go
index 7e46e49f43..080c0720a1 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_batch.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_batch.go
@@ -51,12 +51,18 @@ func newFreezerBatch(f *Freezer) *freezerBatch {
 
 // Append adds an RLP-encoded item of the given kind.
 func (batch *freezerBatch) Append(kind string, num uint64, item interface{}) error {
-	return batch.tables[kind].Append(num, item)
+	if table := batch.tables[kind]; table != nil {
+		return table.Append(num, item)
+	}
+	return errUnknownTable
 }
 
 // AppendRaw adds an item of the given kind.
 func (batch *freezerBatch) AppendRaw(kind string, num uint64, item []byte) error {
-	return batch.tables[kind].AppendRaw(num, item)
+	if table := batch.tables[kind]; table != nil {
+		return table.AppendRaw(num, item)
+	}
+	return errUnknownTable
 }
 
 // reset initializes the batch.
diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go
index 01a754c5c8..aedb2d8eed 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_table.go
@@ -1196,8 +1196,7 @@ func (t *freezerTable) sizeNolock() (uint64, error) {
 }
 
 // advanceHead should be called when the current head file would outgrow the file limits,
-// and a new file must be opened. The caller of this method must hold the write-lock
-// before calling this method.
+// and a new file must be opened. This method acquires the write-lock internally.
 func (t *freezerTable) advanceHead() error {
 	t.lock.Lock()
 	defer t.lock.Unlock()
@@ -1218,7 +1217,9 @@ func (t *freezerTable) advanceHead() error {
 		return err
 	}
 	t.releaseFile(t.headId)
-	t.openFile(t.headId, openFreezerFileForReadOnly)
+	if _, err := t.openFile(t.headId, openFreezerFileForReadOnly); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 
 	// Swap out the current head.
 	t.head = newHead

From d8f9801305128711863fdc5657b883afb7075052 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michael Kaplan <55204436+michaelkaplan13@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Nov 2025 09:54:36 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 323/470] rpc: avoid unnecessary RST_STREAM, PING frames sent
 by client (#33122)

Context from Cloudflare blog:
https://blog.cloudflare.com/go-and-enhance-your-calm/#reading-bodies-in-go-can-be-unintuitive

We were able to reproduce the same issue discussed by Cloudflare in
their recent blog post above using the `ethclient`.
---
 rpc/http.go      | 14 +++++++++++---
 rpc/http_test.go |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/rpc/http.go b/rpc/http.go
index f4b99429ef..a74f36a1b0 100644
--- a/rpc/http.go
+++ b/rpc/http.go
@@ -168,13 +168,21 @@ func newClientTransportHTTP(endpoint string, cfg *clientConfig) reconnectFunc {
 	}
 }
 
+// cleanlyCloseBody avoids sending unnecessary RST_STREAM and PING frames by
+// ensuring the whole body is read before being closed.
+// See https://blog.cloudflare.com/go-and-enhance-your-calm/#reading-bodies-in-go-can-be-unintuitive
+func cleanlyCloseBody(body io.ReadCloser) error {
+	io.Copy(io.Discard, body)
+	return body.Close()
+}
+
 func (c *Client) sendHTTP(ctx context.Context, op *requestOp, msg interface{}) error {
 	hc := c.writeConn.(*httpConn)
 	respBody, err := hc.doRequest(ctx, msg)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer respBody.Close()
+	defer cleanlyCloseBody(respBody)
 
 	var resp jsonrpcMessage
 	batch := [1]*jsonrpcMessage{&resp}
@@ -191,7 +199,7 @@ func (c *Client) sendBatchHTTP(ctx context.Context, op *requestOp, msgs []*jsonr
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer respBody.Close()
+	defer cleanlyCloseBody(respBody)
 
 	var respmsgs []*jsonrpcMessage
 	if err := json.NewDecoder(respBody).Decode(&respmsgs); err != nil {
@@ -236,7 +244,7 @@ func (hc *httpConn) doRequest(ctx context.Context, msg interface{}) (io.ReadClos
 		if _, err := buf.ReadFrom(resp.Body); err == nil {
 			body = buf.Bytes()
 		}
-		resp.Body.Close()
+		cleanlyCloseBody(resp.Body)
 		return nil, HTTPError{
 			Status:     resp.Status,
 			StatusCode: resp.StatusCode,
diff --git a/rpc/http_test.go b/rpc/http_test.go
index 6c268b6292..15ddd59bd0 100644
--- a/rpc/http_test.go
+++ b/rpc/http_test.go
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ func confirmHTTPRequestYieldsStatusCode(t *testing.T, method, contentType, body
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("request failed: %v", err)
 	}
-	resp.Body.Close()
+	cleanlyCloseBody(resp.Body)
 	confirmStatusCode(t, resp.StatusCode, expectedStatusCode)
 }
 

From 3d2a4cb0532c43c6e34845cd7f21f8e180fa92a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: oxBoni <godzilabozo@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Nov 2025 08:30:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 324/470] core: remove unused peek function in insertIterator
 (#33155)

---
 core/blockchain_insert.go | 22 ----------------------
 1 file changed, 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/blockchain_insert.go b/core/blockchain_insert.go
index ac6a156d3e..07a250a1bb 100644
--- a/core/blockchain_insert.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_insert.go
@@ -131,28 +131,6 @@ func (it *insertIterator) next() (*types.Block, error) {
 	return it.chain[it.index], it.validator.ValidateBody(it.chain[it.index])
 }
 
-// peek returns the next block in the iterator, along with any potential validation
-// error for that block, but does **not** advance the iterator.
-//
-// Both header and body validation errors (nil too) is cached into the iterator
-// to avoid duplicating work on the following next() call.
-// nolint:unused
-func (it *insertIterator) peek() (*types.Block, error) {
-	// If we reached the end of the chain, abort
-	if it.index+1 >= len(it.chain) {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-	// Wait for verification result if not yet done
-	if len(it.errors) <= it.index+1 {
-		it.errors = append(it.errors, <-it.results)
-	}
-	if it.errors[it.index+1] != nil {
-		return it.chain[it.index+1], it.errors[it.index+1]
-	}
-	// Block header valid, ignore body validation since we don't have a parent anyway
-	return it.chain[it.index+1], nil
-}
-
 // previous returns the previous header that was being processed, or nil.
 func (it *insertIterator) previous() *types.Header {
 	if it.index < 1 {

From 12a389f0650b62965ffd32cf86d854dadda12fae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Nov 2025 07:32:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 325/470] core/txpool/blobpool: fix benchmarkPoolPending
 (#33161)

Add BlobTxs flag to filter.

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
index f7d8ca209b..2fa1927cae 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
@@ -2353,6 +2353,7 @@ func benchmarkPoolPending(b *testing.B, datacap uint64) {
 			MinTip:  uint256.NewInt(1),
 			BaseFee: chain.basefee,
 			BlobFee: chain.blobfee,
+			BlobTxs: true,
 		})
 		if len(p) != int(capacity) {
 			b.Fatalf("have %d want %d", len(p), capacity)

From 48d708a194a498f1956d6cd0335c65ba73a23a12 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marcel <153717436+MonkeyMarcel@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Nov 2025 14:48:26 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 326/470] eth/filters: further optimize tx hash map in #32965
 (#33108)

---
 eth/filters/filter.go        |  4 ++--
 eth/filters/filter_system.go | 10 +++++-----
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/filters/filter.go b/eth/filters/filter.go
index 422e5cd67b..a818f0b607 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter.go
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ type ReceiptWithTx struct {
 // In addition to returning receipts, it also returns the corresponding transactions.
 // This is because receipts only contain low-level data, while user-facing data
 // may require additional information from the Transaction.
-func filterReceipts(txHashes map[common.Hash]bool, ev core.ChainEvent) []*ReceiptWithTx {
+func filterReceipts(txHashes map[common.Hash]struct{}, ev core.ChainEvent) []*ReceiptWithTx {
 	var ret []*ReceiptWithTx
 
 	receipts := ev.Receipts
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ func filterReceipts(txHashes map[common.Hash]bool, ev core.ChainEvent) []*Receip
 		}
 	} else {
 		for i, receipt := range receipts {
-			if txHashes[receipt.TxHash] {
+			if _, ok := txHashes[receipt.TxHash]; ok {
 				ret = append(ret, &ReceiptWithTx{
 					Receipt:     receipt,
 					Transaction: txs[i],
diff --git a/eth/filters/filter_system.go b/eth/filters/filter_system.go
index f10e6a277b..8b9bce47b9 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter_system.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter_system.go
@@ -185,9 +185,9 @@ type subscription struct {
 	txs       chan []*types.Transaction
 	headers   chan *types.Header
 	receipts  chan []*ReceiptWithTx
-	txHashes  map[common.Hash]bool // contains transaction hashes for transactionReceipts subscription filtering
-	installed chan struct{}        // closed when the filter is installed
-	err       chan error           // closed when the filter is uninstalled
+	txHashes  map[common.Hash]struct{} // contains transaction hashes for transactionReceipts subscription filtering
+	installed chan struct{}            // closed when the filter is installed
+	err       chan error               // closed when the filter is uninstalled
 }
 
 // EventSystem creates subscriptions, processes events and broadcasts them to the
@@ -403,9 +403,9 @@ func (es *EventSystem) SubscribePendingTxs(txs chan []*types.Transaction) *Subsc
 // transactions when they are included in blocks. If txHashes is provided, only receipts
 // for those specific transaction hashes will be delivered.
 func (es *EventSystem) SubscribeTransactionReceipts(txHashes []common.Hash, receipts chan []*ReceiptWithTx) *Subscription {
-	hashSet := make(map[common.Hash]bool)
+	hashSet := make(map[common.Hash]struct{}, len(txHashes))
 	for _, h := range txHashes {
-		hashSet[h] = true
+		hashSet[h] = struct{}{}
 	}
 	sub := &subscription{
 		id:        rpc.NewID(),

From eb8f32588b5712dcb96509f318a5cc815a783b5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Forostovec <ilonaforostovec22@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Nov 2025 08:51:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 327/470] triedb/pathdb: fix ID assignment in history
 inspection (#33103)

---
 triedb/pathdb/history_inspect.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_inspect.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_inspect.go
index 9b4eea27b4..a839a184ca 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_inspect.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_inspect.go
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func sanitizeRange(start, end uint64, freezer ethdb.AncientReader) (uint64, uint
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, 0, err
 	}
-	last := head - 1
+	last := head
 	if end != 0 && end < last {
 		last = end
 	}
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ func historyRange(freezer ethdb.AncientReader) (uint64, uint64, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, 0, err
 	}
-	last := head - 1
+	last := head
 
 	fh, err := readStateHistory(freezer, first)
 	if err != nil {

From f23d506b7db56f057d2320df92e728d369fbfb73 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Nov 2025 15:06:27 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 328/470] eth/syncer: advance safe and finalized block (#33038)

---
 eth/syncer/syncer.go | 33 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/syncer/syncer.go b/eth/syncer/syncer.go
index 6b33ec54ba..83fe3ad230 100644
--- a/eth/syncer/syncer.go
+++ b/eth/syncer/syncer.go
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/beacon/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth"
@@ -133,13 +134,35 @@ func (s *Syncer) run() {
 			}
 
 		case <-ticker.C:
-			if target == nil || !s.exitWhenSynced {
+			if target == nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			if block := s.backend.BlockChain().GetBlockByHash(target.Hash()); block != nil {
-				log.Info("Sync target reached", "number", block.NumberU64(), "hash", block.Hash())
-				go s.stack.Close() // async since we need to close ourselves
-				return
+
+			// Terminate the node if the target has been reached
+			if s.exitWhenSynced {
+				if block := s.backend.BlockChain().GetBlockByHash(target.Hash()); block != nil {
+					log.Info("Sync target reached", "number", block.NumberU64(), "hash", block.Hash())
+					go s.stack.Close() // async since we need to close ourselves
+					return
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Set the finalized and safe markers relative to the current head.
+			// The finalized marker is set two epochs behind the target,
+			// and the safe marker is set one epoch behind the target.
+			head := s.backend.BlockChain().CurrentHeader()
+			if head == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			if header := s.backend.BlockChain().GetHeaderByNumber(head.Number.Uint64() - params.EpochLength*2); header != nil {
+				if final := s.backend.BlockChain().CurrentFinalBlock(); final == nil || final.Number.Cmp(header.Number) < 0 {
+					s.backend.BlockChain().SetFinalized(header)
+				}
+			}
+			if header := s.backend.BlockChain().GetHeaderByNumber(head.Number.Uint64() - params.EpochLength); header != nil {
+				if safe := s.backend.BlockChain().CurrentSafeBlock(); safe == nil || safe.Number.Cmp(header.Number) < 0 {
+					s.backend.BlockChain().SetSafe(header)
+				}
 			}
 
 		case <-s.closed:

From fa16c89bfd9b923989fa8a3add530c391f30b309 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bashmunta <georgebashmunta@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Nov 2025 10:15:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 329/470]  core: use scheme-aware empty root in flushAlloc
 (#33168)

---
 core/genesis.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/genesis.go b/core/genesis.go
index d0d490874d..7d640c8cae 100644
--- a/core/genesis.go
+++ b/core/genesis.go
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ func flushAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, triedb *triedb.Database) (common.Hash, e
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
 	// Commit newly generated states into disk if it's not empty.
-	if root != types.EmptyRootHash {
+	if root != emptyRoot {
 		if err := triedb.Commit(root, true); err != nil {
 			return common.Hash{}, err
 		}

From 488d987fc4ea0d3ad66423430b85e0b043fb36d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: phrwlk <phrwlk7@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Nov 2025 10:17:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 330/470] accounts/keystore: clear decrypted key after use
 (#33090)

---
 accounts/keystore/keystore.go | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/accounts/keystore/keystore.go b/accounts/keystore/keystore.go
index 3e4266924f..29c4bdf2ca 100644
--- a/accounts/keystore/keystore.go
+++ b/accounts/keystore/keystore.go
@@ -418,6 +418,7 @@ func (ks *KeyStore) Export(a accounts.Account, passphrase, newPassphrase string)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	defer zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
 	var N, P int
 	if store, ok := ks.storage.(*keyStorePassphrase); ok {
 		N, P = store.scryptN, store.scryptP
@@ -477,6 +478,7 @@ func (ks *KeyStore) Update(a accounts.Account, passphrase, newPassphrase string)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	defer zeroKey(key.PrivateKey)
 	return ks.storage.StoreKey(a.URL.Path, key, newPassphrase)
 }
 

From aa36bcd0aa49a7ef1f08288006359e9d7f42c595 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: oooLowNeoNooo <ooolowneonooo@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Nov 2025 08:16:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 331/470] graphql: add nil check in Transaction.Type() method
 (#33184)

Add nil check before calling tx.Type() to prevent panic when transaction
is not found.
---
 graphql/graphql.go | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/graphql/graphql.go b/graphql/graphql.go
index 0b2a77a3c4..55da3185dd 100644
--- a/graphql/graphql.go
+++ b/graphql/graphql.go
@@ -575,6 +575,9 @@ func (t *Transaction) getLogs(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*[]*Log, e
 
 func (t *Transaction) Type(ctx context.Context) *hexutil.Uint64 {
 	tx, _ := t.resolve(ctx)
+	if tx == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
 	txType := hexutil.Uint64(tx.Type())
 	return &txType
 }

From 95273afec4669f443dc9b1adc464b7f68a6d2dbf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: radik878 <radikpadik76@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Nov 2025 14:55:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 332/470] core/rawdb: return iterator error in
 findTxInBlockBody (#33188)

The iterator loop in findTxInBlockBody returned the outer-scoped err
when iter.Err() was non-nil, which could incorrectly propagate a nil or
stale error and hide actual RLP decoding issues. This patch returns
iter.Err() as intended by the rlp list iterator API, matching
established patterns elsewhere in the codebase and improving diagnostics
when encountering malformed transaction entries.
---
 core/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go
index a725f144d4..10eb454015 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_indexes.go
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ func findTxInBlockBody(blockbody rlp.RawValue, target common.Hash) (*types.Trans
 	txIndex := uint64(0)
 	for iter.Next() {
 		if iter.Err() != nil {
-			return nil, 0, err
+			return nil, 0, iter.Err()
 		}
 		// The preimage for the hash calculation of legacy transactions
 		// is just their RLP encoding. For typed (EIP-2718) transactions,

From 81c5b430291c16387b2e7f909e306ed1aafb5d2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Nov 2025 14:39:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 333/470] core/rawdb: delete dead code to avoid more useless AI
 submissions (#33186)

Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go      | 93 ------------------------------
 core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go | 51 ----------------
 2 files changed, 144 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
index f20d675ff8..6ae64fb2fd 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain.go
@@ -83,65 +83,6 @@ type NumberHash struct {
 	Hash   common.Hash
 }
 
-// ReadAllHashesInRange retrieves all the hashes assigned to blocks at certain
-// heights, both canonical and reorged forks included.
-// This method considers both limits to be _inclusive_.
-func ReadAllHashesInRange(db ethdb.Iteratee, first, last uint64) []*NumberHash {
-	var (
-		start     = encodeBlockNumber(first)
-		keyLength = len(headerPrefix) + 8 + 32
-		hashes    = make([]*NumberHash, 0, 1+last-first)
-		it        = db.NewIterator(headerPrefix, start)
-	)
-	defer it.Release()
-	for it.Next() {
-		key := it.Key()
-		if len(key) != keyLength {
-			continue
-		}
-		num := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(key[len(headerPrefix) : len(headerPrefix)+8])
-		if num > last {
-			break
-		}
-		hash := common.BytesToHash(key[len(key)-32:])
-		hashes = append(hashes, &NumberHash{num, hash})
-	}
-	return hashes
-}
-
-// ReadAllCanonicalHashes retrieves all canonical number and hash mappings at the
-// certain chain range. If the accumulated entries reaches the given threshold,
-// abort the iteration and return the semi-finish result.
-func ReadAllCanonicalHashes(db ethdb.Iteratee, from uint64, to uint64, limit int) ([]uint64, []common.Hash) {
-	// Short circuit if the limit is 0.
-	if limit == 0 {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-	var (
-		numbers []uint64
-		hashes  []common.Hash
-	)
-	// Construct the key prefix of start point.
-	start, end := headerHashKey(from), headerHashKey(to)
-	it := db.NewIterator(nil, start)
-	defer it.Release()
-
-	for it.Next() {
-		if bytes.Compare(it.Key(), end) >= 0 {
-			break
-		}
-		if key := it.Key(); len(key) == len(headerPrefix)+8+1 && bytes.Equal(key[len(key)-1:], headerHashSuffix) {
-			numbers = append(numbers, binary.BigEndian.Uint64(key[len(headerPrefix):len(headerPrefix)+8]))
-			hashes = append(hashes, common.BytesToHash(it.Value()))
-			// If the accumulated entries reaches the limit threshold, return.
-			if len(numbers) >= limit {
-				break
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return numbers, hashes
-}
-
 // ReadHeaderNumber returns the header number assigned to a hash.
 func ReadHeaderNumber(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, hash common.Hash) (uint64, bool) {
 	data, _ := db.Get(headerNumberKey(hash))
@@ -886,40 +827,6 @@ func WriteBadBlock(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, block *types.Block) {
 	}
 }
 
-// DeleteBadBlocks deletes all the bad blocks from the database
-func DeleteBadBlocks(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter) {
-	if err := db.Delete(badBlockKey); err != nil {
-		log.Crit("Failed to delete bad blocks", "err", err)
-	}
-}
-
-// FindCommonAncestor returns the last common ancestor of two block headers
-func FindCommonAncestor(db ethdb.Reader, a, b *types.Header) *types.Header {
-	for bn := b.Number.Uint64(); a.Number.Uint64() > bn; {
-		a = ReadHeader(db, a.ParentHash, a.Number.Uint64()-1)
-		if a == nil {
-			return nil
-		}
-	}
-	for an := a.Number.Uint64(); an < b.Number.Uint64(); {
-		b = ReadHeader(db, b.ParentHash, b.Number.Uint64()-1)
-		if b == nil {
-			return nil
-		}
-	}
-	for a.Hash() != b.Hash() {
-		a = ReadHeader(db, a.ParentHash, a.Number.Uint64()-1)
-		if a == nil {
-			return nil
-		}
-		b = ReadHeader(db, b.ParentHash, b.Number.Uint64()-1)
-		if b == nil {
-			return nil
-		}
-	}
-	return a
-}
-
 // ReadHeadHeader returns the current canonical head header.
 func ReadHeadHeader(db ethdb.Reader) *types.Header {
 	headHeaderHash := ReadHeadHeaderHash(db)
diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go
index 819788b4da..02d51f4dd2 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_chain_test.go
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 	"math/rand"
 	"os"
-	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -249,13 +248,6 @@ func TestBadBlockStorage(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatalf("The bad blocks are not sorted #[%d](%d) < #[%d](%d)", i, badBlocks[i].NumberU64(), i+1, badBlocks[i+1].NumberU64())
 		}
 	}
-
-	// Delete all bad blocks
-	DeleteBadBlocks(db)
-	badBlocks = ReadAllBadBlocks(db)
-	if len(badBlocks) != 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to delete bad blocks")
-	}
 }
 
 // Tests that canonical numbers can be mapped to hashes and retrieved.
@@ -516,37 +508,6 @@ func TestWriteAncientHeaderChain(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestCanonicalHashIteration(t *testing.T) {
-	var cases = []struct {
-		from, to uint64
-		limit    int
-		expect   []uint64
-	}{
-		{1, 8, 0, nil},
-		{1, 8, 1, []uint64{1}},
-		{1, 8, 10, []uint64{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}},
-		{1, 9, 10, []uint64{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}},
-		{2, 9, 10, []uint64{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}},
-		{9, 10, 10, nil},
-	}
-	// Test empty db iteration
-	db := NewMemoryDatabase()
-	numbers, _ := ReadAllCanonicalHashes(db, 0, 10, 10)
-	if len(numbers) != 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("No entry should be returned to iterate an empty db")
-	}
-	// Fill database with testing data.
-	for i := uint64(1); i <= 8; i++ {
-		WriteCanonicalHash(db, common.Hash{}, i)
-	}
-	for i, c := range cases {
-		numbers, _ := ReadAllCanonicalHashes(db, c.from, c.to, c.limit)
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(numbers, c.expect) {
-			t.Fatalf("Case %d failed, want %v, got %v", i, c.expect, numbers)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 func TestHashesInRange(t *testing.T) {
 	mkHeader := func(number, seq int) *types.Header {
 		h := types.Header{
@@ -565,18 +526,6 @@ func TestHashesInRange(t *testing.T) {
 			total++
 		}
 	}
-	if have, want := len(ReadAllHashesInRange(db, 10, 10)), 10; have != want {
-		t.Fatalf("Wrong number of hashes read, want %d, got %d", want, have)
-	}
-	if have, want := len(ReadAllHashesInRange(db, 10, 9)), 0; have != want {
-		t.Fatalf("Wrong number of hashes read, want %d, got %d", want, have)
-	}
-	if have, want := len(ReadAllHashesInRange(db, 0, 100)), total; have != want {
-		t.Fatalf("Wrong number of hashes read, want %d, got %d", want, have)
-	}
-	if have, want := len(ReadAllHashesInRange(db, 9, 10)), 9+10; have != want {
-		t.Fatalf("Wrong number of hashes read, want %d, got %d", want, have)
-	}
 	if have, want := len(ReadAllHashes(db, 10)), 10; have != want {
 		t.Fatalf("Wrong number of hashes read, want %d, got %d", want, have)
 	}

From 2a2f106a0166ef2b3e20e7a4d0b2aa36f03cb7de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Nov 2025 15:25:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 334/470] cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool, trie: support for
 verkle-at-genesis, use UBT, and move the transition tree to its own package
 (#32445)

This is broken off of #31730 to only focus on testing networks that
start with verkle at genesis.

The PR has seen a lot of work since its creation, and it now targets
creating and re-executing tests for a binary tree testnet without the
transition (so it starts at genesis). The transition tree has been moved
to its own package. It also replaces verkle with the binary tree for
this specific application.

---------

Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go   |   38 +-
 cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/flags.go       |   13 +
 cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/transition.go  |  225 ++++-
 cmd/evm/main.go                         |   48 +
 core/bintrie_witness_test.go            |  237 +++++
 core/chain_makers.go                    |  124 +--
 core/genesis_test.go                    |    2 +-
 core/state/database.go                  |   10 +-
 core/state/dump.go                      |   24 +
 core/state/reader.go                    |   25 +-
 core/state/state_object.go              |    3 +-
 core/verkle_witness_test.go             | 1107 -----------------------
 tests/block_test_util.go                |    7 +-
 tests/init.go                           |   19 +
 trie/bintrie/binary_node.go             |   44 +-
 trie/bintrie/binary_node_test.go        |   18 +-
 trie/bintrie/hashed_node.go             |   30 +-
 trie/bintrie/hashed_node_test.go        |   83 +-
 trie/bintrie/internal_node.go           |   82 +-
 trie/bintrie/iterator.go                |   33 +-
 trie/bintrie/iterator_test.go           |   83 --
 trie/bintrie/key_encoding.go            |    6 +
 trie/bintrie/stem_node.go               |   31 +-
 trie/bintrie/stem_node_test.go          |   14 +-
 trie/bintrie/trie.go                    |  120 ++-
 trie/bintrie/trie_test.go               |    8 +-
 trie/{ => transitiontrie}/transition.go |   47 +-
 trie/utils/verkle.go                    |  114 +++
 trie/verkle.go                          |    3 +-
 triedb/pathdb/database.go               |   12 +-
 30 files changed, 1142 insertions(+), 1468 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 core/bintrie_witness_test.go
 delete mode 100644 core/verkle_witness_test.go
 delete mode 100644 trie/bintrie/iterator_test.go
 rename trie/{ => transitiontrie}/transition.go (87%)

diff --git a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
index 5303d432fb..44f15c322c 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ package t8ntool
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	stdmath "math"
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -43,8 +44,9 @@ import (
 )
 
 type Prestate struct {
-	Env stEnv              `json:"env"`
-	Pre types.GenesisAlloc `json:"pre"`
+	Env        stEnv                         `json:"env"`
+	Pre        types.GenesisAlloc            `json:"pre"`
+	TreeLeaves map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes `json:"vkt,omitempty"`
 }
 
 //go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type ExecutionResult -field-override executionResultMarshaling -out gen_execresult.go
@@ -142,7 +144,8 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 		return h
 	}
 	var (
-		statedb     = MakePreState(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), pre.Pre)
+		isEIP4762   = chainConfig.IsVerkle(big.NewInt(int64(pre.Env.Number)), pre.Env.Timestamp)
+		statedb     = MakePreState(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), pre.Pre, isEIP4762)
 		signer      = types.MakeSigner(chainConfig, new(big.Int).SetUint64(pre.Env.Number), pre.Env.Timestamp)
 		gaspool     = new(core.GasPool)
 		blockHash   = common.Hash{0x13, 0x37}
@@ -301,6 +304,10 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 		// Amount is in gwei, turn into wei
 		amount := new(big.Int).Mul(new(big.Int).SetUint64(w.Amount), big.NewInt(params.GWei))
 		statedb.AddBalance(w.Address, uint256.MustFromBig(amount), tracing.BalanceIncreaseWithdrawal)
+
+		if isEIP4762 {
+			statedb.AccessEvents().AddAccount(w.Address, true, stdmath.MaxUint64)
+		}
 	}
 
 	// Gather the execution-layer triggered requests.
@@ -361,8 +368,7 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 		execRs.Requests = requests
 	}
 
-	// Re-create statedb instance with new root upon the updated database
-	// for accessing latest states.
+	// Re-create statedb instance with new root for MPT mode
 	statedb, err = state.New(root, statedb.Database())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, nil, NewError(ErrorEVM, fmt.Errorf("could not reopen state: %v", err))
@@ -371,12 +377,17 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 	return statedb, execRs, body, nil
 }
 
-func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc) *state.StateDB {
-	tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
+func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc, isBintrie bool) *state.StateDB {
+	tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true, IsVerkle: isBintrie})
 	sdb := state.NewDatabase(tdb, nil)
-	statedb, err := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb)
+
+	root := types.EmptyRootHash
+	if isBintrie {
+		root = types.EmptyBinaryHash
+	}
+	statedb, err := state.New(root, sdb)
 	if err != nil {
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to create initial state: %v", err))
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to create initial statedb: %v", err))
 	}
 	for addr, a := range accounts {
 		statedb.SetCode(addr, a.Code, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
@@ -387,10 +398,15 @@ func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc) *state.StateDB
 		}
 	}
 	// Commit and re-open to start with a clean state.
-	root, err := statedb.Commit(0, false, false)
+	root, err = statedb.Commit(0, false, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to commit initial state: %v", err))
 	}
+	// If bintrie mode started, check if conversion happened
+	if isBintrie {
+		return statedb
+	}
+	// For MPT mode, reopen the state with the committed root
 	statedb, err = state.New(root, sdb)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to reopen state after commit: %v", err))
@@ -398,7 +414,7 @@ func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts types.GenesisAlloc) *state.StateDB
 	return statedb
 }
 
-func rlpHash(x interface{}) (h common.Hash) {
+func rlpHash(x any) (h common.Hash) {
 	hw := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
 	rlp.Encode(hw, x)
 	hw.Sum(h[:0])
diff --git a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/flags.go b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/flags.go
index f2606c86d1..a6ec33eacf 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/flags.go
@@ -88,6 +88,14 @@ var (
 			"\t<file> - into the file <file> ",
 		Value: "block.json",
 	}
+	OutputBTFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name: "output.vkt",
+		Usage: "Determines where to put the `BT` of the post-state.\n" +
+			"\t`stdout` - into the stdout output\n" +
+			"\t`stderr` - into the stderr output\n" +
+			"\t<file> - into the file <file> ",
+		Value: "vkt.json",
+	}
 	InputAllocFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
 		Name:  "input.alloc",
 		Usage: "`stdin` or file name of where to find the prestate alloc to use.",
@@ -123,6 +131,11 @@ var (
 		Usage: "`stdin` or file name of where to find the transactions list in RLP form.",
 		Value: "txs.rlp",
 	}
+	// TODO(@CPerezz): rename `Name` of the file in a follow-up PR (relays on EEST -> https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/tree/verkle/main)
+	InputBTFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:  "input.vkt",
+		Usage: "`stdin` or file name of where to find the prestate BT.",
+	}
 	SealCliqueFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
 		Name:  "seal.clique",
 		Usage: "Seal block with Clique. `stdin` or file name of where to find the Clique sealing data.",
diff --git a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/transition.go b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/transition.go
index e946ccddd5..af60333cbd 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/transition.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/transition.go
@@ -28,15 +28,22 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip1559"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/tracers"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/tracers/logger"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/tests"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/bintrie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/database"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
 )
 
@@ -75,10 +82,11 @@ var (
 )
 
 type input struct {
-	Alloc types.GenesisAlloc `json:"alloc,omitempty"`
-	Env   *stEnv             `json:"env,omitempty"`
-	Txs   []*txWithKey       `json:"txs,omitempty"`
-	TxRlp string             `json:"txsRlp,omitempty"`
+	Alloc types.GenesisAlloc            `json:"alloc,omitempty"`
+	Env   *stEnv                        `json:"env,omitempty"`
+	BT    map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes `json:"vkt,omitempty"`
+	Txs   []*txWithKey                  `json:"txs,omitempty"`
+	TxRlp string                        `json:"txsRlp,omitempty"`
 }
 
 func Transition(ctx *cli.Context) error {
@@ -90,16 +98,16 @@ func Transition(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	// stdin input or in files.
 	// Check if anything needs to be read from stdin
 	var (
-		prestate Prestate
-		txIt     txIterator // txs to apply
-		allocStr = ctx.String(InputAllocFlag.Name)
-
+		prestate  Prestate
+		txIt      txIterator // txs to apply
+		allocStr  = ctx.String(InputAllocFlag.Name)
+		btStr     = ctx.String(InputBTFlag.Name)
 		envStr    = ctx.String(InputEnvFlag.Name)
 		txStr     = ctx.String(InputTxsFlag.Name)
 		inputData = &input{}
 	)
 	// Figure out the prestate alloc
-	if allocStr == stdinSelector || envStr == stdinSelector || txStr == stdinSelector {
+	if allocStr == stdinSelector || btStr == stdinSelector || envStr == stdinSelector || txStr == stdinSelector {
 		decoder := json.NewDecoder(os.Stdin)
 		if err := decoder.Decode(inputData); err != nil {
 			return NewError(ErrorJson, fmt.Errorf("failed unmarshalling stdin: %v", err))
@@ -112,6 +120,13 @@ func Transition(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	}
 	prestate.Pre = inputData.Alloc
 
+	if btStr != stdinSelector && btStr != "" {
+		if err := readFile(btStr, "BT", &inputData.BT); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	prestate.TreeLeaves = inputData.BT
+
 	// Set the block environment
 	if envStr != stdinSelector {
 		var env stEnv
@@ -182,9 +197,21 @@ func Transition(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Dump the execution result
-	collector := make(Alloc)
-	s.DumpToCollector(collector, nil)
-	return dispatchOutput(ctx, baseDir, result, collector, body)
+	var (
+		collector = make(Alloc)
+		btleaves  map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes
+	)
+	isBinary := chainConfig.IsVerkle(big.NewInt(int64(prestate.Env.Number)), prestate.Env.Timestamp)
+	if !isBinary {
+		s.DumpToCollector(collector, nil)
+	} else {
+		btleaves = make(map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes)
+		if err := s.DumpBinTrieLeaves(btleaves); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return dispatchOutput(ctx, baseDir, result, collector, body, btleaves)
 }
 
 func applyLondonChecks(env *stEnv, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig) error {
@@ -306,7 +333,7 @@ func saveFile(baseDir, filename string, data interface{}) error {
 
 // dispatchOutput writes the output data to either stderr or stdout, or to the specified
 // files
-func dispatchOutput(ctx *cli.Context, baseDir string, result *ExecutionResult, alloc Alloc, body hexutil.Bytes) error {
+func dispatchOutput(ctx *cli.Context, baseDir string, result *ExecutionResult, alloc Alloc, body hexutil.Bytes, bt map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes) error {
 	stdOutObject := make(map[string]interface{})
 	stdErrObject := make(map[string]interface{})
 	dispatch := func(baseDir, fName, name string, obj interface{}) error {
@@ -333,6 +360,13 @@ func dispatchOutput(ctx *cli.Context, baseDir string, result *ExecutionResult, a
 	if err := dispatch(baseDir, ctx.String(OutputBodyFlag.Name), "body", body); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	// Only write bt output if we actually have binary trie leaves
+	if bt != nil {
+		if err := dispatch(baseDir, ctx.String(OutputBTFlag.Name), "vkt", bt); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
 	if len(stdOutObject) > 0 {
 		b, err := json.MarshalIndent(stdOutObject, "", "  ")
 		if err != nil {
@@ -351,3 +385,168 @@ func dispatchOutput(ctx *cli.Context, baseDir string, result *ExecutionResult, a
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+
+// BinKey computes the tree key given an address and an optional slot number.
+func BinKey(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	if ctx.Args().Len() == 0 || ctx.Args().Len() > 2 {
+		return errors.New("invalid number of arguments: expecting an address and an optional slot number")
+	}
+
+	addr, err := hexutil.Decode(ctx.Args().Get(0))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error decoding address: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if ctx.Args().Len() == 2 {
+		slot, err := hexutil.Decode(ctx.Args().Get(1))
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error decoding slot: %w", err)
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("%#x\n", bintrie.GetBinaryTreeKeyStorageSlot(common.BytesToAddress(addr), slot))
+	} else {
+		fmt.Printf("%#x\n", bintrie.GetBinaryTreeKeyBasicData(common.BytesToAddress(addr)))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// BinKeys computes a set of tree keys given a genesis alloc.
+func BinKeys(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	var allocStr = ctx.String(InputAllocFlag.Name)
+	var alloc core.GenesisAlloc
+	// Figure out the prestate alloc
+	if allocStr == stdinSelector {
+		decoder := json.NewDecoder(os.Stdin)
+		if err := decoder.Decode(&alloc); err != nil {
+			return NewError(ErrorJson, fmt.Errorf("failed unmarshaling stdin: %v", err))
+		}
+	}
+	if allocStr != stdinSelector {
+		if err := readFile(allocStr, "alloc", &alloc); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	db := triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), triedb.VerkleDefaults)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	bt, err := genBinTrieFromAlloc(alloc, db)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error generating bt: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	collector := make(map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes)
+	it, err := bt.NodeIterator(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	for it.Next(true) {
+		if it.Leaf() {
+			collector[common.BytesToHash(it.LeafKey())] = it.LeafBlob()
+		}
+	}
+
+	output, err := json.MarshalIndent(collector, "", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error outputting tree: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Println(string(output))
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// BinTrieRoot computes the root of a Binary Trie from a genesis alloc.
+func BinTrieRoot(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	var allocStr = ctx.String(InputAllocFlag.Name)
+	var alloc core.GenesisAlloc
+	if allocStr == stdinSelector {
+		decoder := json.NewDecoder(os.Stdin)
+		if err := decoder.Decode(&alloc); err != nil {
+			return NewError(ErrorJson, fmt.Errorf("failed unmarshaling stdin: %v", err))
+		}
+	}
+	if allocStr != stdinSelector {
+		if err := readFile(allocStr, "alloc", &alloc); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	db := triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), triedb.VerkleDefaults)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	bt, err := genBinTrieFromAlloc(alloc, db)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error generating bt: %w", err)
+	}
+	fmt.Println(bt.Hash().Hex())
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// TODO(@CPerezz): Should this go to `bintrie` module?
+func genBinTrieFromAlloc(alloc core.GenesisAlloc, db database.NodeDatabase) (*bintrie.BinaryTrie, error) {
+	bt, err := bintrie.NewBinaryTrie(types.EmptyBinaryHash, db)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for addr, acc := range alloc {
+		for slot, value := range acc.Storage {
+			err := bt.UpdateStorage(addr, slot.Bytes(), value.Big().Bytes())
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("error inserting storage: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+		account := &types.StateAccount{
+			Balance:  uint256.MustFromBig(acc.Balance),
+			Nonce:    acc.Nonce,
+			CodeHash: crypto.Keccak256Hash(acc.Code).Bytes(),
+			Root:     common.Hash{},
+		}
+		err := bt.UpdateAccount(addr, account, len(acc.Code))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("error inserting account: %w", err)
+		}
+		err = bt.UpdateContractCode(addr, common.BytesToHash(account.CodeHash), acc.Code)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("error inserting code: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	return bt, nil
+}
+
+// BinaryCodeChunkKey computes the tree key of a code-chunk for a given address.
+func BinaryCodeChunkKey(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	if ctx.Args().Len() == 0 || ctx.Args().Len() > 2 {
+		return errors.New("invalid number of arguments: expecting an address and an code-chunk number")
+	}
+
+	addr, err := hexutil.Decode(ctx.Args().Get(0))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error decoding address: %w", err)
+	}
+	chunkNumberBytes, err := hexutil.Decode(ctx.Args().Get(1))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error decoding chunk number: %w", err)
+	}
+	var chunkNumber uint256.Int
+	chunkNumber.SetBytes(chunkNumberBytes)
+
+	fmt.Printf("%#x\n", bintrie.GetBinaryTreeKeyCodeChunk(common.BytesToAddress(addr), &chunkNumber))
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// BinaryCodeChunkCode returns the code chunkification for a given code.
+func BinaryCodeChunkCode(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	if ctx.Args().Len() == 0 || ctx.Args().Len() > 1 {
+		return errors.New("invalid number of arguments: expecting a bytecode")
+	}
+
+	bytecode, err := hexutil.Decode(ctx.Args().Get(0))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error decoding address: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	chunkedCode := bintrie.ChunkifyCode(bytecode)
+	fmt.Printf("%#x\n", chunkedCode)
+
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/cmd/evm/main.go b/cmd/evm/main.go
index bf5be9a359..5238d5920c 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/main.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/main.go
@@ -146,16 +146,63 @@ var (
 			t8ntool.TraceEnableCallFramesFlag,
 			t8ntool.OutputBasedir,
 			t8ntool.OutputAllocFlag,
+			t8ntool.OutputBTFlag,
 			t8ntool.OutputResultFlag,
 			t8ntool.OutputBodyFlag,
 			t8ntool.InputAllocFlag,
 			t8ntool.InputEnvFlag,
+			t8ntool.InputBTFlag,
 			t8ntool.InputTxsFlag,
 			t8ntool.ForknameFlag,
 			t8ntool.ChainIDFlag,
 			t8ntool.RewardFlag,
 		},
 	}
+
+	verkleCommand = &cli.Command{
+		Name:    "verkle",
+		Aliases: []string{"vkt"},
+		Usage:   "Binary Trie helpers",
+		Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
+			{
+				Name:    "tree-keys",
+				Aliases: []string{"v"},
+				Usage:   "compute a set of binary trie keys, given their source addresses and optional slot numbers",
+				Action:  t8ntool.BinKeys,
+				Flags: []cli.Flag{
+					t8ntool.InputAllocFlag,
+				},
+			},
+			{
+				Name:    "single-key",
+				Aliases: []string{"vk"},
+				Usage:   "compute the binary trie key given an address and optional slot number",
+				Action:  t8ntool.BinKey,
+			},
+			{
+				Name:    "code-chunk-key",
+				Aliases: []string{"vck"},
+				Usage:   "compute the binary trie key given an address and chunk number",
+				Action:  t8ntool.BinaryCodeChunkKey,
+			},
+			{
+				Name:    "chunkify-code",
+				Aliases: []string{"vcc"},
+				Usage:   "chunkify a given bytecode for a binary trie",
+				Action:  t8ntool.BinaryCodeChunkCode,
+			},
+			{
+				Name:    "state-root",
+				Aliases: []string{"vsr"},
+				Usage:   "compute the state-root of a binary trie for the given alloc",
+				Action:  t8ntool.BinTrieRoot,
+				Flags: []cli.Flag{
+					t8ntool.InputAllocFlag,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
 	transactionCommand = &cli.Command{
 		Name:    "transaction",
 		Aliases: []string{"t9n"},
@@ -210,6 +257,7 @@ func init() {
 		stateTransitionCommand,
 		transactionCommand,
 		blockBuilderCommand,
+		verkleCommand,
 	}
 	app.Before = func(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		flags.MigrateGlobalFlags(ctx)
diff --git a/core/bintrie_witness_test.go b/core/bintrie_witness_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7704ba41fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/bintrie_witness_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package core
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/beacon"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/ethash"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+)
+
+var (
+	testVerkleChainConfig = &params.ChainConfig{
+		ChainID:                 big.NewInt(1),
+		HomesteadBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP150Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP155Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP158Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ByzantiumBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		ConstantinopleBlock:     big.NewInt(0),
+		PetersburgBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+		IstanbulBlock:           big.NewInt(0),
+		MuirGlacierBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
+		BerlinBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		LondonBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		Ethash:                  new(params.EthashConfig),
+		ShanghaiTime:            u64(0),
+		VerkleTime:              u64(0),
+		TerminalTotalDifficulty: common.Big0,
+		EnableVerkleAtGenesis:   true,
+		BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
+			Verkle: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
+		},
+	}
+)
+
+func TestProcessVerkle(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		code                            = common.FromHex(`6060604052600a8060106000396000f360606040526008565b00`)
+		intrinsicContractCreationGas, _ = IntrinsicGas(code, nil, nil, true, true, true, true)
+		// A contract creation that calls EXTCODECOPY in the constructor. Used to ensure that the witness
+		// will not contain that copied data.
+		// Source: https://gist.github.com/gballet/a23db1e1cb4ed105616b5920feb75985
+		codeWithExtCodeCopy                = common.FromHex(`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`)
+		intrinsicCodeWithExtCodeCopyGas, _ = IntrinsicGas(codeWithExtCodeCopy, nil, nil, true, true, true, true)
+		signer                             = types.LatestSigner(testVerkleChainConfig)
+		testKey, _                         = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
+		bcdb                               = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase() // Database for the blockchain
+		coinbase                           = common.HexToAddress("0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7")
+		gspec                              = &Genesis{
+			Config: testVerkleChainConfig,
+			Alloc: GenesisAlloc{
+				coinbase: {
+					Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000000), // 1 ether
+					Nonce:   0,
+				},
+				params.BeaconRootsAddress:        {Nonce: 1, Code: params.BeaconRootsCode, Balance: common.Big0},
+				params.HistoryStorageAddress:     {Nonce: 1, Code: params.HistoryStorageCode, Balance: common.Big0},
+				params.WithdrawalQueueAddress:    {Nonce: 1, Code: params.WithdrawalQueueCode, Balance: common.Big0},
+				params.ConsolidationQueueAddress: {Nonce: 1, Code: params.ConsolidationQueueCode, Balance: common.Big0},
+			},
+		}
+	)
+	// Verkle trees use the snapshot, which must be enabled before the
+	// data is saved into the tree+database.
+	// genesis := gspec.MustCommit(bcdb, triedb)
+	options := DefaultConfig().WithStateScheme(rawdb.PathScheme)
+	options.SnapshotLimit = 0
+	blockchain, _ := NewBlockChain(bcdb, gspec, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), options)
+	defer blockchain.Stop()
+
+	txCost1 := params.TxGas
+	txCost2 := params.TxGas
+	contractCreationCost := intrinsicContractCreationGas +
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + params.WitnessBranchReadCost + params.WitnessBranchWriteCost + /* creation */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* creation with value */
+		739 /* execution costs */
+	codeWithExtCodeCopyGas := intrinsicCodeWithExtCodeCopyGas +
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + params.WitnessBranchReadCost + params.WitnessBranchWriteCost + /* creation (tx) */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + params.WitnessBranchReadCost + params.WitnessBranchWriteCost + /* creation (CREATE at pc=0x20) */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* write code hash */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #0 */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #1 */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #2 */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #3 */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #4 */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #5 */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + /* SLOAD in constructor */
+		params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* SSTORE in constructor */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + params.WitnessBranchReadCost + params.WitnessBranchWriteCost + /* creation (CREATE at PC=0x121) */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* write code hash */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #0 */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #1 */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #2 */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #3 */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #4 */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #5 */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + /* SLOAD in constructor */
+		params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* SSTORE in constructor */
+		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* write code hash for tx creation */
+		15*(params.WitnessChunkReadCost+params.WitnessChunkWriteCost) + /* code chunks #0..#14 */
+		uint64(4844) /* execution costs */
+	blockGasUsagesExpected := []uint64{
+		txCost1*2 + txCost2,
+		txCost1*2 + txCost2 + contractCreationCost + codeWithExtCodeCopyGas,
+	}
+	_, chain, _ := GenerateChainWithGenesis(gspec, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), 2, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
+		gen.SetPoS()
+
+		// TODO need to check that the tx cost provided is the exact amount used (no remaining left-over)
+		tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(uint64(i)*3, common.Address{byte(i), 2, 3}, big.NewInt(999), txCost1, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
+		gen.AddTx(tx)
+		tx, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(uint64(i)*3+1, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(999), txCost1, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
+		gen.AddTx(tx)
+		tx, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(uint64(i)*3+2, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), txCost2, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
+		gen.AddTx(tx)
+
+		// Add two contract creations in block #2
+		if i == 1 {
+			tx, _ = types.SignNewTx(testKey, signer, &types.LegacyTx{Nonce: 6,
+				Value:    big.NewInt(16),
+				Gas:      3000000,
+				GasPrice: big.NewInt(875000000),
+				Data:     code,
+			})
+			gen.AddTx(tx)
+
+			tx, _ = types.SignNewTx(testKey, signer, &types.LegacyTx{Nonce: 7,
+				Value:    big.NewInt(0),
+				Gas:      3000000,
+				GasPrice: big.NewInt(875000000),
+				Data:     codeWithExtCodeCopy,
+			})
+			gen.AddTx(tx)
+		}
+	})
+
+	for i, b := range chain {
+		fmt.Printf("%d %x\n", i, b.Root())
+	}
+	endnum, err := blockchain.InsertChain(chain)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("block %d imported with error: %v", endnum, err)
+	}
+
+	for i := range 2 {
+		b := blockchain.GetBlockByNumber(uint64(i) + 1)
+		if b == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected block %d to be present in chain", i+1)
+		}
+		if b.Hash() != chain[i].Hash() {
+			t.Fatalf("block #%d not found at expected height", b.NumberU64())
+		}
+		if b.GasUsed() != blockGasUsagesExpected[i] {
+			t.Fatalf("expected block #%d txs to use %d, got %d\n", b.NumberU64(), blockGasUsagesExpected[i], b.GasUsed())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProcessParentBlockHash(t *testing.T) {
+	// This test uses blocks where,
+	// block 1 parent hash is 0x0100....
+	// block 2 parent hash is 0x0200....
+	// etc
+	checkBlockHashes := func(statedb *state.StateDB, isVerkle bool) {
+		statedb.SetNonce(params.HistoryStorageAddress, 1, tracing.NonceChangeUnspecified)
+		statedb.SetCode(params.HistoryStorageAddress, params.HistoryStorageCode, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
+		// Process n blocks, from 1 .. num
+		var num = 2
+		for i := 1; i <= num; i++ {
+			header := &types.Header{ParentHash: common.Hash{byte(i)}, Number: big.NewInt(int64(i)), Difficulty: new(big.Int)}
+			chainConfig := params.MergedTestChainConfig
+			if isVerkle {
+				chainConfig = testVerkleChainConfig
+			}
+			vmContext := NewEVMBlockContext(header, nil, new(common.Address))
+			evm := vm.NewEVM(vmContext, statedb, chainConfig, vm.Config{})
+			ProcessParentBlockHash(header.ParentHash, evm)
+		}
+		// Read block hashes for block 0 .. num-1
+		for i := 0; i < num; i++ {
+			have, want := getContractStoredBlockHash(statedb, uint64(i), isVerkle), common.Hash{byte(i + 1)}
+			if have != want {
+				t.Errorf("block %d, verkle=%v, have parent hash %v, want %v", i, isVerkle, have, want)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	t.Run("MPT", func(t *testing.T) {
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
+		checkBlockHashes(statedb, false)
+	})
+	t.Run("Verkle", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+		cacheConfig := DefaultConfig().WithStateScheme(rawdb.PathScheme)
+		cacheConfig.SnapshotLimit = 0
+		triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, cacheConfig.triedbConfig(true))
+		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyVerkleHash, state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil))
+		checkBlockHashes(statedb, true)
+	})
+}
+
+// getContractStoredBlockHash is a utility method which reads the stored parent blockhash for block 'number'
+func getContractStoredBlockHash(statedb *state.StateDB, number uint64, isVerkle bool) common.Hash {
+	ringIndex := number % params.HistoryServeWindow
+	var key common.Hash
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[24:], ringIndex)
+	if isVerkle {
+		return statedb.GetState(params.HistoryStorageAddress, key)
+	}
+	return statedb.GetState(params.HistoryStorageAddress, key)
+}
diff --git a/core/chain_makers.go b/core/chain_makers.go
index af55716cca..a1e07becba 100644
--- a/core/chain_makers.go
+++ b/core/chain_makers.go
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-verkle"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
@@ -427,7 +426,11 @@ func GenerateChain(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Block, engine conse
 	}
 
 	// Forcibly use hash-based state scheme for retaining all nodes in disk.
-	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, triedb.HashDefaults)
+	var triedbConfig *triedb.Config = triedb.HashDefaults
+	if config.IsVerkle(config.ChainID, 0) {
+		triedbConfig = triedb.VerkleDefaults
+	}
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, triedbConfig)
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
 	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
@@ -472,7 +475,11 @@ func GenerateChain(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Block, engine conse
 // then generate chain on top.
 func GenerateChainWithGenesis(genesis *Genesis, engine consensus.Engine, n int, gen func(int, *BlockGen)) (ethdb.Database, []*types.Block, []types.Receipts) {
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, triedb.HashDefaults)
+	var triedbConfig *triedb.Config = triedb.HashDefaults
+	if genesis.Config != nil && genesis.Config.IsVerkle(genesis.Config.ChainID, 0) {
+		triedbConfig = triedb.VerkleDefaults
+	}
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, triedbConfig)
 	defer triedb.Close()
 	_, err := genesis.Commit(db, triedb)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -482,117 +489,6 @@ func GenerateChainWithGenesis(genesis *Genesis, engine consensus.Engine, n int,
 	return db, blocks, receipts
 }
 
-func GenerateVerkleChain(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Block, engine consensus.Engine, db ethdb.Database, trdb *triedb.Database, n int, gen func(int, *BlockGen)) ([]*types.Block, []types.Receipts, []*verkle.VerkleProof, []verkle.StateDiff) {
-	if config == nil {
-		config = params.TestChainConfig
-	}
-	proofs := make([]*verkle.VerkleProof, 0, n)
-	keyvals := make([]verkle.StateDiff, 0, n)
-	cm := newChainMaker(parent, config, engine)
-
-	genblock := func(i int, parent *types.Block, triedb *triedb.Database, statedb *state.StateDB) (*types.Block, types.Receipts) {
-		b := &BlockGen{i: i, cm: cm, parent: parent, statedb: statedb, engine: engine}
-		b.header = cm.makeHeader(parent, statedb, b.engine)
-
-		// TODO uncomment when proof generation is merged
-		// Save pre state for proof generation
-		// preState := statedb.Copy()
-
-		// EIP-2935 / 7709
-		blockContext := NewEVMBlockContext(b.header, cm, &b.header.Coinbase)
-		blockContext.Random = &common.Hash{} // enable post-merge instruction set
-		evm := vm.NewEVM(blockContext, statedb, cm.config, vm.Config{})
-		ProcessParentBlockHash(b.header.ParentHash, evm)
-
-		// Execute any user modifications to the block.
-		if gen != nil {
-			gen(i, b)
-		}
-
-		requests := b.collectRequests(false)
-		if requests != nil {
-			reqHash := types.CalcRequestsHash(requests)
-			b.header.RequestsHash = &reqHash
-		}
-
-		body := &types.Body{
-			Transactions: b.txs,
-			Uncles:       b.uncles,
-			Withdrawals:  b.withdrawals,
-		}
-		block, err := b.engine.FinalizeAndAssemble(cm, b.header, statedb, body, b.receipts)
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-
-		// Write state changes to DB.
-		root, err := statedb.Commit(b.header.Number.Uint64(), config.IsEIP158(b.header.Number), config.IsCancun(b.header.Number, b.header.Time))
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("state write error: %v", err))
-		}
-		if err = triedb.Commit(root, false); err != nil {
-			panic(fmt.Sprintf("trie write error: %v", err))
-		}
-
-		proofs = append(proofs, block.ExecutionWitness().VerkleProof)
-		keyvals = append(keyvals, block.ExecutionWitness().StateDiff)
-
-		return block, b.receipts
-	}
-
-	sdb := state.NewDatabase(trdb, nil)
-
-	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		statedb, err := state.New(parent.Root(), sdb)
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-		block, receipts := genblock(i, parent, trdb, statedb)
-
-		// Post-process the receipts.
-		// Here we assign the final block hash and other info into the receipt.
-		// In order for DeriveFields to work, the transaction and receipt lists need to be
-		// of equal length. If AddUncheckedTx or AddUncheckedReceipt are used, there will be
-		// extra ones, so we just trim the lists here.
-		receiptsCount := len(receipts)
-		txs := block.Transactions()
-		if len(receipts) > len(txs) {
-			receipts = receipts[:len(txs)]
-		} else if len(receipts) < len(txs) {
-			txs = txs[:len(receipts)]
-		}
-		var blobGasPrice *big.Int
-		if block.ExcessBlobGas() != nil {
-			blobGasPrice = eip4844.CalcBlobFee(cm.config, block.Header())
-		}
-		if err := receipts.DeriveFields(config, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), block.Time(), block.BaseFee(), blobGasPrice, txs); err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-
-		// Re-expand to ensure all receipts are returned.
-		receipts = receipts[:receiptsCount]
-
-		// Advance the chain.
-		cm.add(block, receipts)
-		parent = block
-	}
-	return cm.chain, cm.receipts, proofs, keyvals
-}
-
-func GenerateVerkleChainWithGenesis(genesis *Genesis, engine consensus.Engine, n int, gen func(int, *BlockGen)) (common.Hash, ethdb.Database, []*types.Block, []types.Receipts, []*verkle.VerkleProof, []verkle.StateDiff) {
-	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	cacheConfig := DefaultConfig().WithStateScheme(rawdb.PathScheme)
-	cacheConfig.SnapshotLimit = 0
-	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, cacheConfig.triedbConfig(true))
-	defer triedb.Close()
-	genesisBlock, err := genesis.Commit(db, triedb)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	blocks, receipts, proofs, keyvals := GenerateVerkleChain(genesis.Config, genesisBlock, engine, db, triedb, n, gen)
-	return genesisBlock.Hash(), db, blocks, receipts, proofs, keyvals
-}
-
 func (cm *chainMaker) makeHeader(parent *types.Block, state *state.StateDB, engine consensus.Engine) *types.Header {
 	time := parent.Time() + 10 // block time is fixed at 10 seconds
 	parentHeader := parent.Header()
diff --git a/core/genesis_test.go b/core/genesis_test.go
index a41dfce578..1ed475695d 100644
--- a/core/genesis_test.go
+++ b/core/genesis_test.go
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ func TestVerkleGenesisCommit(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}
 
-	expected := common.FromHex("018d20eebb130b5e2b796465fe36aafab650650729a92435aec071bf2386f080")
+	expected := common.FromHex("19056b480530799a4fdaa9fd9407043b965a3a5c37b4d2a1a9a4f3395a327561")
 	got := genesis.ToBlock().Root().Bytes()
 	if !bytes.Equal(got, expected) {
 		t.Fatalf("invalid genesis state root, expected %x, got %x", expected, got)
diff --git a/core/state/database.go b/core/state/database.go
index 58d0ccfe82..ae177d964f 100644
--- a/core/state/database.go
+++ b/core/state/database.go
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/bintrie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/transitiontrie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
@@ -239,10 +241,12 @@ func (db *CachingDB) OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (Trie, error) {
 	if db.triedb.IsVerkle() {
 		ts := overlay.LoadTransitionState(db.TrieDB().Disk(), root, db.triedb.IsVerkle())
 		if ts.InTransition() {
-			panic("transition isn't supported yet")
+			panic("state tree transition isn't supported yet")
 		}
 		if ts.Transitioned() {
-			return trie.NewVerkleTrie(root, db.triedb, db.pointCache)
+			// Use BinaryTrie instead of VerkleTrie when IsVerkle is set
+			// (IsVerkle actually means Binary Trie mode in this codebase)
+			return bintrie.NewBinaryTrie(root, db.triedb)
 		}
 	}
 	tr, err := trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StateTrieID(root), db.triedb)
@@ -302,7 +306,7 @@ func mustCopyTrie(t Trie) Trie {
 		return t.Copy()
 	case *trie.VerkleTrie:
 		return t.Copy()
-	case *trie.TransitionTrie:
+	case *transitiontrie.TransitionTrie:
 		return t.Copy()
 	default:
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("unknown trie type %T", t))
diff --git a/core/state/dump.go b/core/state/dump.go
index a4abc33733..829d106ed3 100644
--- a/core/state/dump.go
+++ b/core/state/dump.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ package state
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/bintrie"
 )
 
 // DumpConfig is a set of options to control what portions of the state will be
@@ -221,6 +223,28 @@ func (s *StateDB) DumpToCollector(c DumpCollector, conf *DumpConfig) (nextKey []
 	return nextKey
 }
 
+// DumpBinTrieLeaves collects all binary trie leaf nodes into the provided map.
+func (s *StateDB) DumpBinTrieLeaves(collector map[common.Hash]hexutil.Bytes) error {
+	tr, err := s.db.OpenTrie(s.originalRoot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	btr, ok := tr.(*bintrie.BinaryTrie)
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.New("trie is not a binary trie")
+	}
+	it, err := btr.NodeIterator(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for it.Next(true) {
+		if it.Leaf() {
+			collector[common.BytesToHash(it.LeafKey())] = it.LeafBlob()
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // RawDump returns the state. If the processing is aborted e.g. due to options
 // reaching Max, the `Next` key is set on the returned Dump.
 func (s *StateDB) RawDump(opts *DumpConfig) Dump {
diff --git a/core/state/reader.go b/core/state/reader.go
index 3e8b31b6be..93083c8ae2 100644
--- a/core/state/reader.go
+++ b/core/state/reader.go
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/bintrie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/transitiontrie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/database"
@@ -242,7 +244,11 @@ func newTrieReader(root common.Hash, db *triedb.Database, cache *utils.PointCach
 	if !db.IsVerkle() {
 		tr, err = trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StateTrieID(root), db)
 	} else {
-		tr, err = trie.NewVerkleTrie(root, db, cache)
+		// When IsVerkle() is true, create a BinaryTrie wrapped in TransitionTrie
+		binTrie, binErr := bintrie.NewBinaryTrie(root, db)
+		if binErr != nil {
+			return nil, binErr
+		}
 
 		// Based on the transition status, determine if the overlay
 		// tree needs to be created, or if a single, target tree is
@@ -253,7 +259,22 @@ func newTrieReader(root common.Hash, db *triedb.Database, cache *utils.PointCach
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
-			tr = trie.NewTransitionTrie(mpt, tr.(*trie.VerkleTrie), false)
+			tr = transitiontrie.NewTransitionTrie(mpt, binTrie, false)
+		} else {
+			// HACK: Use TransitionTrie with nil base as a wrapper to make BinaryTrie
+			// satisfy the Trie interface. This works around the import cycle between
+			// trie and trie/bintrie packages.
+			//
+			// TODO: In future PRs, refactor the package structure to avoid this hack:
+			// - Option 1: Move common interfaces (Trie, NodeIterator) to a separate
+			//   package that both trie and trie/bintrie can import
+			// - Option 2: Create a factory function in the trie package that returns
+			//   BinaryTrie as a Trie interface without direct import
+			// - Option 3: Move BinaryTrie to the main trie package
+			//
+			// The current approach works but adds unnecessary overhead and complexity
+			// by using TransitionTrie when there's no actual transition happening.
+			tr = transitiontrie.NewTransitionTrie(nil, binTrie, false)
 		}
 	}
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/core/state/state_object.go b/core/state/state_object.go
index fdeb4254c1..8f2f323327 100644
--- a/core/state/state_object.go
+++ b/core/state/state_object.go
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/transitiontrie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
@@ -501,7 +502,7 @@ func (s *stateObject) deepCopy(db *StateDB) *stateObject {
 		// Verkle uses only one tree, and the copy has already been
 		// made in mustCopyTrie.
 		obj.trie = db.trie
-	case *trie.TransitionTrie:
+	case *transitiontrie.TransitionTrie:
 		// Same thing for the transition tree, since the MPT is
 		// read-only.
 		obj.trie = db.trie
diff --git a/core/verkle_witness_test.go b/core/verkle_witness_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 9495e325ca..0000000000
--- a/core/verkle_witness_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1107 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package core
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"encoding/hex"
-	"fmt"
-	"math/big"
-	"slices"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/beacon"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/ethash"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-verkle"
-	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
-)
-
-var (
-	testVerkleChainConfig = &params.ChainConfig{
-		ChainID:                 big.NewInt(1),
-		HomesteadBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
-		EIP150Block:             big.NewInt(0),
-		EIP155Block:             big.NewInt(0),
-		EIP158Block:             big.NewInt(0),
-		ByzantiumBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
-		ConstantinopleBlock:     big.NewInt(0),
-		PetersburgBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
-		IstanbulBlock:           big.NewInt(0),
-		MuirGlacierBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
-		BerlinBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
-		LondonBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
-		Ethash:                  new(params.EthashConfig),
-		ShanghaiTime:            u64(0),
-		VerkleTime:              u64(0),
-		TerminalTotalDifficulty: common.Big0,
-		EnableVerkleAtGenesis:   true,
-		BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
-			Verkle: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
-		},
-		// TODO uncomment when proof generation is merged
-		// ProofInBlocks:                 true,
-	}
-	testKaustinenLikeChainConfig = &params.ChainConfig{
-		ChainID:                 big.NewInt(69420),
-		HomesteadBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
-		EIP150Block:             big.NewInt(0),
-		EIP155Block:             big.NewInt(0),
-		EIP158Block:             big.NewInt(0),
-		ByzantiumBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
-		ConstantinopleBlock:     big.NewInt(0),
-		PetersburgBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
-		IstanbulBlock:           big.NewInt(0),
-		MuirGlacierBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
-		BerlinBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
-		LondonBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
-		Ethash:                  new(params.EthashConfig),
-		ShanghaiTime:            u64(0),
-		VerkleTime:              u64(0),
-		TerminalTotalDifficulty: common.Big0,
-		EnableVerkleAtGenesis:   true,
-		BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
-			Verkle: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
-		},
-	}
-)
-
-func TestProcessVerkle(t *testing.T) {
-	var (
-		code                            = common.FromHex(`6060604052600a8060106000396000f360606040526008565b00`)
-		intrinsicContractCreationGas, _ = IntrinsicGas(code, nil, nil, true, true, true, true)
-		// A contract creation that calls EXTCODECOPY in the constructor. Used to ensure that the witness
-		// will not contain that copied data.
-		// Source: https://gist.github.com/gballet/a23db1e1cb4ed105616b5920feb75985
-		codeWithExtCodeCopy                = common.FromHex(`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`)
-		intrinsicCodeWithExtCodeCopyGas, _ = IntrinsicGas(codeWithExtCodeCopy, nil, nil, true, true, true, true)
-		signer                             = types.LatestSigner(testVerkleChainConfig)
-		testKey, _                         = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
-		bcdb                               = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase() // Database for the blockchain
-		coinbase                           = common.HexToAddress("0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7")
-		gspec                              = &Genesis{
-			Config: testVerkleChainConfig,
-			Alloc: GenesisAlloc{
-				coinbase: {
-					Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000000), // 1 ether
-					Nonce:   0,
-				},
-				params.BeaconRootsAddress:        {Nonce: 1, Code: params.BeaconRootsCode, Balance: common.Big0},
-				params.HistoryStorageAddress:     {Nonce: 1, Code: params.HistoryStorageCode, Balance: common.Big0},
-				params.WithdrawalQueueAddress:    {Nonce: 1, Code: params.WithdrawalQueueCode, Balance: common.Big0},
-				params.ConsolidationQueueAddress: {Nonce: 1, Code: params.ConsolidationQueueCode, Balance: common.Big0},
-			},
-		}
-	)
-	// Verkle trees use the snapshot, which must be enabled before the
-	// data is saved into the tree+database.
-	// genesis := gspec.MustCommit(bcdb, triedb)
-	options := DefaultConfig().WithStateScheme(rawdb.PathScheme)
-	options.SnapshotLimit = 0
-	blockchain, _ := NewBlockChain(bcdb, gspec, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), options)
-	defer blockchain.Stop()
-
-	txCost1 := params.TxGas
-	txCost2 := params.TxGas
-	contractCreationCost := intrinsicContractCreationGas +
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + params.WitnessBranchReadCost + params.WitnessBranchWriteCost + /* creation */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* creation with value */
-		739 /* execution costs */
-	codeWithExtCodeCopyGas := intrinsicCodeWithExtCodeCopyGas +
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + params.WitnessBranchReadCost + params.WitnessBranchWriteCost + /* creation (tx) */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + params.WitnessBranchReadCost + params.WitnessBranchWriteCost + /* creation (CREATE at pc=0x20) */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* write code hash */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #0 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #1 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #2 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #3 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #4 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #5 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + /* SLOAD in constructor */
-		params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* SSTORE in constructor */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + params.WitnessBranchReadCost + params.WitnessBranchWriteCost + /* creation (CREATE at PC=0x121) */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* write code hash */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #0 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #1 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #2 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #3 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #4 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* code chunk #5 */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + /* SLOAD in constructor */
-		params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* SSTORE in constructor */
-		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* write code hash for tx creation */
-		15*(params.WitnessChunkReadCost+params.WitnessChunkWriteCost) + /* code chunks #0..#14 */
-		uint64(4844) /* execution costs */
-	blockGasUsagesExpected := []uint64{
-		txCost1*2 + txCost2,
-		txCost1*2 + txCost2 + contractCreationCost + codeWithExtCodeCopyGas,
-	}
-	_, _, chain, _, proofs, statediffs := GenerateVerkleChainWithGenesis(gspec, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), 2, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
-		gen.SetPoS()
-
-		// TODO need to check that the tx cost provided is the exact amount used (no remaining left-over)
-		tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(uint64(i)*3, common.Address{byte(i), 2, 3}, big.NewInt(999), txCost1, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
-		gen.AddTx(tx)
-		tx, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(uint64(i)*3+1, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(999), txCost1, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
-		gen.AddTx(tx)
-		tx, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(uint64(i)*3+2, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), txCost2, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
-		gen.AddTx(tx)
-
-		// Add two contract creations in block #2
-		if i == 1 {
-			tx, _ = types.SignNewTx(testKey, signer, &types.LegacyTx{Nonce: 6,
-				Value:    big.NewInt(16),
-				Gas:      3000000,
-				GasPrice: big.NewInt(875000000),
-				Data:     code,
-			})
-			gen.AddTx(tx)
-
-			tx, _ = types.SignNewTx(testKey, signer, &types.LegacyTx{Nonce: 7,
-				Value:    big.NewInt(0),
-				Gas:      3000000,
-				GasPrice: big.NewInt(875000000),
-				Data:     codeWithExtCodeCopy,
-			})
-			gen.AddTx(tx)
-		}
-	})
-
-	// Check proof for both blocks
-	err := verkle.Verify(proofs[0], gspec.ToBlock().Root().Bytes(), chain[0].Root().Bytes(), statediffs[0])
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	err = verkle.Verify(proofs[1], chain[0].Root().Bytes(), chain[1].Root().Bytes(), statediffs[1])
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	t.Log("verified verkle proof, inserting blocks into the chain")
-
-	for i, b := range chain {
-		fmt.Printf("%d %x\n", i, b.Root())
-	}
-	endnum, err := blockchain.InsertChain(chain)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("block %d imported with error: %v", endnum, err)
-	}
-
-	for i := range 2 {
-		b := blockchain.GetBlockByNumber(uint64(i) + 1)
-		if b == nil {
-			t.Fatalf("expected block %d to be present in chain", i+1)
-		}
-		if b.Hash() != chain[i].Hash() {
-			t.Fatalf("block #%d not found at expected height", b.NumberU64())
-		}
-		if b.GasUsed() != blockGasUsagesExpected[i] {
-			t.Fatalf("expected block #%d txs to use %d, got %d\n", b.NumberU64(), blockGasUsagesExpected[i], b.GasUsed())
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestProcessParentBlockHash(t *testing.T) {
-	// This test uses blocks where,
-	// block 1 parent hash is 0x0100....
-	// block 2 parent hash is 0x0200....
-	// etc
-	checkBlockHashes := func(statedb *state.StateDB, isVerkle bool) {
-		statedb.SetNonce(params.HistoryStorageAddress, 1, tracing.NonceChangeUnspecified)
-		statedb.SetCode(params.HistoryStorageAddress, params.HistoryStorageCode, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
-		// Process n blocks, from 1 .. num
-		var num = 2
-		for i := 1; i <= num; i++ {
-			header := &types.Header{ParentHash: common.Hash{byte(i)}, Number: big.NewInt(int64(i)), Difficulty: new(big.Int)}
-			chainConfig := params.MergedTestChainConfig
-			if isVerkle {
-				chainConfig = testVerkleChainConfig
-			}
-			vmContext := NewEVMBlockContext(header, nil, new(common.Address))
-			evm := vm.NewEVM(vmContext, statedb, chainConfig, vm.Config{})
-			ProcessParentBlockHash(header.ParentHash, evm)
-		}
-		// Read block hashes for block 0 .. num-1
-		for i := 0; i < num; i++ {
-			have, want := getContractStoredBlockHash(statedb, uint64(i), isVerkle), common.Hash{byte(i + 1)}
-			if have != want {
-				t.Errorf("block %d, verkle=%v, have parent hash %v, want %v", i, isVerkle, have, want)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	t.Run("MPT", func(t *testing.T) {
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
-		checkBlockHashes(statedb, false)
-	})
-	t.Run("Verkle", func(t *testing.T) {
-		db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		cacheConfig := DefaultConfig().WithStateScheme(rawdb.PathScheme)
-		cacheConfig.SnapshotLimit = 0
-		triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, cacheConfig.triedbConfig(true))
-		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyVerkleHash, state.NewDatabase(triedb, nil))
-		checkBlockHashes(statedb, true)
-	})
-}
-
-// getContractStoredBlockHash is a utility method which reads the stored parent blockhash for block 'number'
-func getContractStoredBlockHash(statedb *state.StateDB, number uint64, isVerkle bool) common.Hash {
-	ringIndex := number % params.HistoryServeWindow
-	var key common.Hash
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[24:], ringIndex)
-	if isVerkle {
-		return statedb.GetState(params.HistoryStorageAddress, key)
-	}
-	return statedb.GetState(params.HistoryStorageAddress, key)
-}
-
-// TestProcessVerkleInvalidContractCreation checks for several modes of contract creation failures
-func TestProcessVerkleInvalidContractCreation(t *testing.T) {
-	var (
-		account1 = common.HexToAddress("0x687704DB07e902e9A8B3754031D168D46E3D586e")
-		account2 = common.HexToAddress("0x6177843db3138ae69679A54b95cf345ED759450d")
-		gspec    = verkleTestGenesis(testKaustinenLikeChainConfig)
-	)
-	// slightly modify it to suit the live txs from the testnet
-	gspec.Alloc[account2] = types.Account{
-		Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000000), // 1 ether
-		Nonce:   1,
-	}
-
-	// Create two blocks that reproduce what is happening on kaustinen.
-	// - The first block contains two failing contract creation transactions, that
-	//   write to storage before they revert.
-	//
-	// - The second block contains a single failing contract creation transaction,
-	//   that fails right off the bat.
-	genesisH, _, chain, _, _, statediffs := GenerateVerkleChainWithGenesis(gspec, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), 2, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
-		gen.SetPoS()
-
-		if i == 0 {
-			for _, rlpData := range []string{
-				// SSTORE at slot 41 and reverts
-				"f8d48084479c2c18830186a08080b8806000602955bda3f9600060ca55600060695523b360006039551983576000601255b0620c2fde2c592ac2600060bc55e0ac6000606455a63e22600060e655eb607e605c5360a2605d5360c7605e53601d605f5360eb606053606b606153608e60625360816063536079606453601e60655360fc60665360b7606753608b60685383021e7ca0cc20c65a97d2e526b8ec0f4266e8b01bdcde43b9aeb59d8bfb44e8eb8119c109a07a8e751813ae1b2ce734960dbc39a4f954917d7822a2c5d1dca18b06c584131f",
-				// SSTORE at slot 133 and reverts
-				"02f8db83010f2c01843b9aca0084479c2c18830186a08080b88060006085553fad6000600a55600060565555600060b55506600060cf557f1b8b38183e7bd1bdfaa7123c5a4976e54cce0e42049d841411978fd3595e25c66019527f0538943712953cf08900aae40222a40b2d5a4ac8075ad8cf0870e2be307edbb96039527f9f3174ff85024747041ae7a611acffb987c513c088d90ab288aec080a0cd6ac65ce2cb0a912371f6b5a551ba8caffc22ec55ad4d3cb53de41d05eb77b6a02e0dfe8513dfa6ec7bfd7eda6f5c0dac21b39b982436045e128cec46cfd3f960",
-				// this one is a simple transfer that succeeds, necessary to get the correct nonce in the other block.
-				"f8e80184479c2c18830186a094bbbbde4ca27f83fc18aa108170547ff57675936a80b8807ff71f7c15faadb969a76a5f54a81a0117e1e743cb7f24e378eda28442ea4c6eb6604a527fb5409e5718d44e23bfffac926e5ea726067f772772e7e19446acba0c853f62f5606a526020608a536088608b536039608c536004608d5360af608e537f7f7675d9f210e0a61564e6d11e7cd75f5bc9009ac9f6b94a0fc63035441a83021e7ba04a4a172d81ebb02847829b76a387ac09749c8b65668083699abe20c887fb9efca07c5b1a990702ec7b31a5e8e3935cd9a77649f8c25a84131229e24ab61aec6093",
-			} {
-				var tx = new(types.Transaction)
-				if err := tx.UnmarshalBinary(common.Hex2Bytes(rlpData)); err != nil {
-					t.Fatal(err)
-				}
-				gen.AddTx(tx)
-			}
-		} else {
-			var tx = new(types.Transaction)
-			// immediately reverts
-			if err := tx.UnmarshalBinary(common.Hex2Bytes("01f8d683010f2c028443ad7d0e830186a08080b880b00e7fa3c849dce891cce5fae8a4c46cbb313d6aec0c0ffe7863e05fb7b22d4807674c6055527ffbfcb0938f3e18f7937aa8fa95d880afebd5c4cec0d85186095832d03c85cf8a60755260ab60955360cf6096536066609753606e60985360fa609953609e609a53608e609b536024609c5360f6609d536072609e5360a4609fc080a08fc6f7101f292ff1fb0de8ac69c2d320fbb23bfe61cf327173786ea5daee6e37a044c42d91838ef06646294bf4f9835588aee66243b16a66a2da37641fae4c045f")); err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-			gen.AddTx(tx)
-		}
-	})
-
-	tx1ContractAddress := crypto.CreateAddress(account1, 0)
-	tx1ContractStem := utils.GetTreeKey(tx1ContractAddress[:], uint256.NewInt(0), 105)
-	tx1ContractStem = tx1ContractStem[:31]
-
-	tx2ContractAddress := crypto.CreateAddress(account2, 1)
-	tx2SlotKey := [32]byte{}
-	tx2SlotKey[31] = 133
-	tx2ContractStem := utils.StorageSlotKey(tx2ContractAddress[:], tx2SlotKey[:])
-	tx2ContractStem = tx2ContractStem[:31]
-
-	eip2935Stem := utils.GetTreeKey(params.HistoryStorageAddress[:], uint256.NewInt(0), 0)
-	eip2935Stem = eip2935Stem[:31]
-
-	// Check that the witness contains what we expect: a storage entry for each of the two contract
-	// creations that failed: one at 133 for the 2nd tx, and one at 105 for the first tx.
-	for _, stemStateDiff := range statediffs[0] {
-		// Check that the slot number 133, which is overflowing the account header,
-		// is present. Note that the offset of the 2nd group (first group after the
-		// header) is skipping the first 64 values, hence we still have an offset
-		// of 133, and not 133 - 64.
-		if bytes.Equal(stemStateDiff.Stem[:], tx2ContractStem[:]) {
-			for _, suffixDiff := range stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs {
-				if suffixDiff.Suffix != 133 {
-					t.Fatalf("invalid suffix diff found for %x in block #1: %d\n", stemStateDiff.Stem, suffixDiff.Suffix)
-				}
-				if suffixDiff.CurrentValue != nil {
-					t.Fatalf("invalid prestate value found for %x in block #1: %v != nil\n", stemStateDiff.Stem, suffixDiff.CurrentValue)
-				}
-				if suffixDiff.NewValue != nil {
-					t.Fatalf("invalid poststate value found for %x in block #1: %v != nil\n", stemStateDiff.Stem, suffixDiff.NewValue)
-				}
-			}
-		} else if bytes.Equal(stemStateDiff.Stem[:], tx1ContractStem) {
-			// For this contract creation, check that only the account header and storage slot 41
-			// are found in the witness.
-			for _, suffixDiff := range stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs {
-				if suffixDiff.Suffix != 105 && suffixDiff.Suffix != 0 && suffixDiff.Suffix != 1 {
-					t.Fatalf("invalid suffix diff found for %x in block #1: %d\n", stemStateDiff.Stem, suffixDiff.Suffix)
-				}
-			}
-		} else if bytes.Equal(stemStateDiff.Stem[:], eip2935Stem) {
-			// Check the eip 2935 group of leaves.
-			// Check that only one leaf was accessed, and is present in the witness.
-			if len(stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs) > 1 {
-				t.Fatalf("invalid suffix diff count found for BLOCKHASH contract: %d != 1", len(stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs))
-			}
-			// Check that this leaf is the first storage slot
-			if stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].Suffix != 64 {
-				t.Fatalf("invalid suffix diff value found for BLOCKHASH contract: %d != 64", stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].Suffix)
-			}
-			// check that the prestate value is nil and that the poststate value isn't.
-			if stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].CurrentValue != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("non-nil current value in BLOCKHASH contract insert: %x", stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].CurrentValue)
-			}
-			if stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].NewValue == nil {
-				t.Fatalf("nil new value in BLOCKHASH contract insert")
-			}
-			if *stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].NewValue != genesisH {
-				t.Fatalf("invalid BLOCKHASH value: %x != %x", *stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].NewValue, genesisH)
-			}
-		} else {
-			// For all other entries present in the witness, check that nothing beyond
-			// the account header was accessed.
-			for _, suffixDiff := range stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs {
-				if suffixDiff.Suffix > 2 {
-					t.Fatalf("invalid suffix diff found for %x in block #1: %d\n", stemStateDiff.Stem, suffixDiff.Suffix)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Check that no account has a value above 4 in the 2nd block as no storage nor
-	// code should make it to the witness.
-	for _, stemStateDiff := range statediffs[1] {
-		for _, suffixDiff := range stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs {
-			if bytes.Equal(stemStateDiff.Stem[:], eip2935Stem) {
-				// BLOCKHASH contract stem
-				if len(stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs) > 1 {
-					t.Fatalf("invalid suffix diff count found for BLOCKHASH contract at block #2: %d != 1", len(stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs))
-				}
-				if stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].Suffix != 65 {
-					t.Fatalf("invalid suffix diff value found for BLOCKHASH contract at block #2: %d != 65", stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].Suffix)
-				}
-				if stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].NewValue == nil {
-					t.Fatalf("missing post state value for BLOCKHASH contract at block #2")
-				}
-				if *stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].NewValue != chain[0].Hash() {
-					t.Fatalf("invalid post state value for BLOCKHASH contract at block #2: %x != %x", chain[0].Hash(), (*stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].NewValue)[:])
-				}
-			} else if suffixDiff.Suffix > 4 {
-				t.Fatalf("invalid suffix diff found for %x in block #2: %d\n", stemStateDiff.Stem, suffixDiff.Suffix)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func verkleTestGenesis(config *params.ChainConfig) *Genesis {
-	var (
-		coinbase = common.HexToAddress("0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7")
-		account1 = common.HexToAddress("0x687704DB07e902e9A8B3754031D168D46E3D586e")
-		account2 = common.HexToAddress("0x6177843db3138ae69679A54b95cf345ED759450d")
-	)
-	return &Genesis{
-		Config: config,
-		Alloc: GenesisAlloc{
-			coinbase: GenesisAccount{
-				Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000000), // 1 ether
-				Nonce:   0,
-			},
-			account1: GenesisAccount{
-				Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000000), // 1 ether
-				Nonce:   0,
-			},
-			account2: GenesisAccount{
-				Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000000), // 1 ether
-				Nonce:   3,
-			},
-			params.BeaconRootsAddress:        {Nonce: 1, Code: params.BeaconRootsCode, Balance: common.Big0},
-			params.HistoryStorageAddress:     {Nonce: 1, Code: params.HistoryStorageCode, Balance: common.Big0},
-			params.WithdrawalQueueAddress:    {Nonce: 1, Code: params.WithdrawalQueueCode, Balance: common.Big0},
-			params.ConsolidationQueueAddress: {Nonce: 1, Code: params.ConsolidationQueueCode, Balance: common.Big0},
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-// TestProcessVerkleContractWithEmptyCode checks that the witness contains all valid
-// entries, if the initcode returns an empty code.
-func TestProcessVerkleContractWithEmptyCode(t *testing.T) {
-	// The test txs were taken from a secondary testnet with chain id 69421
-	config := *testKaustinenLikeChainConfig
-	config.ChainID = new(big.Int).SetUint64(69421)
-	gspec := verkleTestGenesis(&config)
-
-	genesisH, _, _, _, _, statediffs := GenerateVerkleChainWithGenesis(gspec, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), 1, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
-		gen.SetPoS()
-		var tx types.Transaction
-		// a transaction that does some PUSH1n but returns a 0-sized contract
-		txpayload := common.Hex2Bytes("02f8db83010f2d03843b9aca008444cf6a05830186a08080b8807fdfbbb59f2371a76485ce557fd0de00c298d3ede52a3eab56d35af674eb49ec5860335260826053536001605453604c60555360f3605653606060575360446058536096605953600c605a5360df605b5360f3605c5360fb605d53600c605e53609a605f53607f60605360fe606153603d60625360f4606353604b60645360cac001a0486b6dc55b8a311568b7239a2cae1d77e7446dba71df61eaafd53f73820a138fa010bd48a45e56133ac4c5645142c2ea48950d40eb35050e9510b6bad9e15c5865")
-		if err := tx.UnmarshalBinary(txpayload); err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		gen.AddTx(&tx)
-	})
-
-	eip2935Stem := utils.GetTreeKey(params.HistoryStorageAddress[:], uint256.NewInt(0), 0)
-	eip2935Stem = eip2935Stem[:31]
-
-	for _, stemStateDiff := range statediffs[0] {
-		// Handle the case of the history contract: make sure only the correct
-		// slots are added to the witness.
-		if bytes.Equal(stemStateDiff.Stem[:], eip2935Stem) {
-			// BLOCKHASH contract stem
-			if len(stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs) > 1 {
-				t.Fatalf("invalid suffix diff count found for BLOCKHASH contract: %d != 1", len(stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs))
-			}
-			if stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].Suffix != 64 {
-				t.Fatalf("invalid suffix diff value found for BLOCKHASH contract: %d != 64", stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].Suffix)
-			}
-			// check that the "current value" is nil and that the new value isn't.
-			if stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].CurrentValue != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("non-nil current value in BLOCKHASH contract insert: %x", stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].CurrentValue)
-			}
-			if stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].NewValue == nil {
-				t.Fatalf("nil new value in BLOCKHASH contract insert")
-			}
-			if *stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].NewValue != genesisH {
-				t.Fatalf("invalid BLOCKHASH value: %x != %x", *stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs[0].NewValue, genesisH)
-			}
-		} else {
-			for _, suffixDiff := range stemStateDiff.SuffixDiffs {
-				if suffixDiff.Suffix > 2 {
-					// if d8898012c484fb48610ecb7963886339207dab004bce968b007b616ffa18e0 shows up, it means that the PUSHn
-					// in the transaction above added entries into the witness, when they should not have since they are
-					// part of a contract deployment.
-					t.Fatalf("invalid suffix diff found for %x in block #1: %d\n", stemStateDiff.Stem, suffixDiff.Suffix)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// TestProcessVerkleExtCodeHashOpcode verifies that calling EXTCODEHASH on another
-// deployed contract, creates all the right entries in the witness.
-func TestProcessVerkleExtCodeHashOpcode(t *testing.T) {
-	// The test txs were taken from a secondary testnet with chain id 69421
-	config := *testKaustinenLikeChainConfig
-	config.ChainID = new(big.Int).SetUint64(69421)
-
-	var (
-		signer     = types.LatestSigner(&config)
-		testKey, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
-		gspec      = verkleTestGenesis(&config)
-	)
-	dummyContract := []byte{
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), 2,
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), 12,
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), 0x00,
-		byte(vm.CODECOPY),
-
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), 2,
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), 0x00,
-		byte(vm.RETURN),
-
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), 42,
-	}
-	deployer := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(testKey.PublicKey)
-	dummyContractAddr := crypto.CreateAddress(deployer, 0)
-
-	// contract that calls EXTCODEHASH on the dummy contract
-	extCodeHashContract := []byte{
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), 22,
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), 12,
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), 0x00,
-		byte(vm.CODECOPY),
-
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), 22,
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), 0x00,
-		byte(vm.RETURN),
-
-		byte(vm.PUSH20),
-		0x3a, 0x22, 0x0f, 0x35, 0x12, 0x52, 0x08, 0x9d, 0x38, 0x5b, 0x29, 0xbe, 0xca, 0x14, 0xe2, 0x7f, 0x20, 0x4c, 0x29, 0x6a,
-		byte(vm.EXTCODEHASH),
-	}
-	extCodeHashContractAddr := crypto.CreateAddress(deployer, 1)
-
-	_, _, _, _, _, statediffs := GenerateVerkleChainWithGenesis(gspec, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), 2, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
-		gen.SetPoS()
-
-		if i == 0 {
-			// Create dummy contract.
-			tx, _ := types.SignNewTx(testKey, signer, &types.LegacyTx{Nonce: 0,
-				Value:    big.NewInt(0),
-				Gas:      100_000,
-				GasPrice: big.NewInt(875000000),
-				Data:     dummyContract,
-			})
-			gen.AddTx(tx)
-
-			// Create contract with EXTCODEHASH opcode.
-			tx, _ = types.SignNewTx(testKey, signer, &types.LegacyTx{Nonce: 1,
-				Value:    big.NewInt(0),
-				Gas:      100_000,
-				GasPrice: big.NewInt(875000000),
-				Data:     extCodeHashContract})
-			gen.AddTx(tx)
-		} else {
-			tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(2, extCodeHashContractAddr, big.NewInt(0), 100_000, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
-			gen.AddTx(tx)
-		}
-	})
-
-	contractKeccakTreeKey := utils.CodeHashKey(dummyContractAddr[:])
-
-	var stateDiffIdx = -1
-	for i, stemStateDiff := range statediffs[1] {
-		if bytes.Equal(stemStateDiff.Stem[:], contractKeccakTreeKey[:31]) {
-			stateDiffIdx = i
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	if stateDiffIdx == -1 {
-		t.Fatalf("no state diff found for stem")
-	}
-
-	codeHashStateDiff := statediffs[1][stateDiffIdx].SuffixDiffs[0]
-	// Check location of code hash was accessed
-	if codeHashStateDiff.Suffix != utils.CodeHashLeafKey {
-		t.Fatalf("code hash invalid suffix")
-	}
-	// check the code hash wasn't present in the prestate, as
-	// the contract was deployed in this block.
-	if codeHashStateDiff.CurrentValue == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("codeHash.CurrentValue must not be empty")
-	}
-	// check the poststate value corresponds to the code hash
-	// of the deployed contract.
-	expCodeHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(dummyContract[12:])
-	if *codeHashStateDiff.CurrentValue != expCodeHash {
-		t.Fatalf("codeHash.CurrentValue unexpected code hash")
-	}
-	if codeHashStateDiff.NewValue != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("codeHash.NewValue must be nil")
-	}
-}
-
-// TestProcessVerkleBalanceOpcode checks that calling balance
-// on another contract will add the correct entries to the witness.
-func TestProcessVerkleBalanceOpcode(t *testing.T) {
-	// The test txs were taken from a secondary testnet with chain id 69421
-	config := *testKaustinenLikeChainConfig
-	config.ChainID = new(big.Int).SetUint64(69421)
-
-	var (
-		signer     = types.LatestSigner(&config)
-		testKey, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
-		account2   = common.HexToAddress("0x6177843db3138ae69679A54b95cf345ED759450d")
-		gspec      = verkleTestGenesis(&config)
-	)
-	_, _, _, _, _, statediffs := GenerateVerkleChainWithGenesis(gspec, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), 1, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
-		gen.SetPoS()
-		txData := slices.Concat(
-			[]byte{byte(vm.PUSH20)},
-			common.HexToAddress("0x6177843db3138ae69679A54b95cf345ED759450d").Bytes(),
-			[]byte{byte(vm.BALANCE)})
-
-		tx, _ := types.SignNewTx(testKey, signer, &types.LegacyTx{Nonce: 0,
-			Value:    big.NewInt(0),
-			Gas:      100_000,
-			GasPrice: big.NewInt(875000000),
-			Data:     txData})
-		gen.AddTx(tx)
-	})
-
-	account2BalanceTreeKey := utils.BasicDataKey(account2[:])
-
-	var stateDiffIdx = -1
-	for i, stemStateDiff := range statediffs[0] {
-		if bytes.Equal(stemStateDiff.Stem[:], account2BalanceTreeKey[:31]) {
-			stateDiffIdx = i
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	if stateDiffIdx == -1 {
-		t.Fatalf("no state diff found for stem")
-	}
-
-	var zero [32]byte
-	balanceStateDiff := statediffs[0][stateDiffIdx].SuffixDiffs[0]
-	if balanceStateDiff.Suffix != utils.BasicDataLeafKey {
-		t.Fatalf("invalid suffix diff")
-	}
-	// check the prestate balance wasn't 0 or missing
-	if balanceStateDiff.CurrentValue == nil || *balanceStateDiff.CurrentValue == zero {
-		t.Fatalf("invalid current value %v", *balanceStateDiff.CurrentValue)
-	}
-	// check that the poststate witness value for the balance is nil,
-	// meaning that it didn't get updated.
-	if balanceStateDiff.NewValue != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("invalid new value")
-	}
-}
-
-// TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSeparateTx controls the contents of the witness after
-// a non-eip6780-compliant selfdestruct occurs.
-func TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSeparateTx(t *testing.T) {
-	// The test txs were taken from a secondary testnet with chain id 69421
-	config := *testKaustinenLikeChainConfig
-	config.ChainID = new(big.Int).SetUint64(69421)
-
-	var (
-		signer     = types.LatestSigner(&config)
-		testKey, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
-		account2   = common.HexToAddress("0x6177843db3138ae69679A54b95cf345ED759450d")
-		gspec      = verkleTestGenesis(&config)
-	)
-
-	// runtime code: selfdestruct ( 0x6177843db3138ae69679A54b95cf345ED759450d )
-	runtimeCode := slices.Concat(
-		[]byte{byte(vm.PUSH20)},
-		account2.Bytes(),
-		[]byte{byte(vm.SELFDESTRUCT)})
-
-	//The goal of this test is to test SELFDESTRUCT that happens in a contract
-	// execution which is created in a previous transaction.
-	selfDestructContract := slices.Concat([]byte{
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), byte(len(runtimeCode)),
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), 12,
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), 0x00,
-		byte(vm.CODECOPY), // Codecopy( to-offset: 0, code offset: 12, length: 22 )
-
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), byte(len(runtimeCode)),
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), 0x00,
-		byte(vm.RETURN), // Return ( 0 : len(runtimecode)
-	},
-		runtimeCode)
-
-	deployer := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(testKey.PublicKey)
-	contract := crypto.CreateAddress(deployer, 0)
-
-	_, _, _, _, _, statediffs := GenerateVerkleChainWithGenesis(gspec, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), 2, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
-		gen.SetPoS()
-
-		if i == 0 {
-			// Create selfdestruct contract, sending 42 wei.
-			tx, _ := types.SignNewTx(testKey, signer, &types.LegacyTx{Nonce: 0,
-				Value:    big.NewInt(42),
-				Gas:      100_000,
-				GasPrice: big.NewInt(875000000),
-				Data:     selfDestructContract,
-			})
-			gen.AddTx(tx)
-		} else {
-			// Call it.
-			tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(1, contract, big.NewInt(0), 100_000, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
-			gen.AddTx(tx)
-		}
-	})
-
-	var zero [32]byte
-	{ // Check self-destructed contract in the witness
-		selfDestructContractTreeKey := utils.CodeHashKey(contract[:])
-
-		var stateDiffIdx = -1
-		for i, stemStateDiff := range statediffs[1] {
-			if bytes.Equal(stemStateDiff.Stem[:], selfDestructContractTreeKey[:31]) {
-				stateDiffIdx = i
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		if stateDiffIdx == -1 {
-			t.Fatalf("no state diff found for stem")
-		}
-
-		balanceStateDiff := statediffs[1][stateDiffIdx].SuffixDiffs[0]
-		if balanceStateDiff.Suffix != utils.BasicDataLeafKey {
-			t.Fatalf("balance invalid suffix")
-		}
-
-		// The original balance was 42.
-		var oldBalance [16]byte
-		oldBalance[15] = 42
-		if !bytes.Equal((*balanceStateDiff.CurrentValue)[utils.BasicDataBalanceOffset:], oldBalance[:]) {
-			t.Fatalf("the pre-state balance before self-destruct must be %x, got %x", oldBalance, *balanceStateDiff.CurrentValue)
-		}
-
-		// The new balance must be 0.
-		if !bytes.Equal((*balanceStateDiff.NewValue)[utils.BasicDataBalanceOffset:], zero[utils.BasicDataBalanceOffset:]) {
-			t.Fatalf("the post-state balance after self-destruct must be 0")
-		}
-	}
-	{ // Check self-destructed target in the witness.
-		selfDestructTargetTreeKey := utils.CodeHashKey(account2[:])
-
-		var stateDiffIdx = -1
-		for i, stemStateDiff := range statediffs[1] {
-			if bytes.Equal(stemStateDiff.Stem[:], selfDestructTargetTreeKey[:31]) {
-				stateDiffIdx = i
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		if stateDiffIdx == -1 {
-			t.Fatalf("no state diff found for stem")
-		}
-
-		balanceStateDiff := statediffs[1][stateDiffIdx].SuffixDiffs[0]
-		if balanceStateDiff.Suffix != utils.BasicDataLeafKey {
-			t.Fatalf("balance invalid suffix")
-		}
-		if balanceStateDiff.CurrentValue == nil {
-			t.Fatalf("codeHash.CurrentValue must not be empty")
-		}
-		if balanceStateDiff.NewValue == nil {
-			t.Fatalf("codeHash.NewValue must not be empty")
-		}
-		preStateBalance := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(balanceStateDiff.CurrentValue[utils.BasicDataBalanceOffset+8:])
-		postStateBalance := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(balanceStateDiff.NewValue[utils.BasicDataBalanceOffset+8:])
-		if postStateBalance-preStateBalance != 42 {
-			t.Fatalf("the post-state balance after self-destruct must be 42, got %d-%d=%d", postStateBalance, preStateBalance, postStateBalance-preStateBalance)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSameTx controls the contents of the witness after
-// a eip6780-compliant selfdestruct occurs.
-func TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSameTx(t *testing.T) {
-	// The test txs were taken from a secondary testnet with chain id 69421
-	config := *testKaustinenLikeChainConfig
-	config.ChainID = new(big.Int).SetUint64(69421)
-
-	var (
-		signer     = types.LatestSigner(&config)
-		testKey, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
-		account2   = common.HexToAddress("0x6177843db3138ae69679A54b95cf345ED759450d")
-		gspec      = verkleTestGenesis(&config)
-	)
-
-	// The goal of this test is to test SELFDESTRUCT that happens in a contract
-	// execution which is created in **the same** transaction sending the remaining
-	// balance to an external (i.e: not itself) account.
-
-	selfDestructContract := slices.Concat(
-		[]byte{byte(vm.PUSH20)},
-		account2.Bytes(),
-		[]byte{byte(vm.SELFDESTRUCT)})
-	deployer := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(testKey.PublicKey)
-	contract := crypto.CreateAddress(deployer, 0)
-
-	_, _, _, _, _, statediffs := GenerateVerkleChainWithGenesis(gspec, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), 1, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
-		gen.SetPoS()
-		tx, _ := types.SignNewTx(testKey, signer, &types.LegacyTx{Nonce: 0,
-			Value:    big.NewInt(42),
-			Gas:      100_000,
-			GasPrice: big.NewInt(875000000),
-			Data:     selfDestructContract,
-		})
-		gen.AddTx(tx)
-	})
-
-	{ // Check self-destructed contract in the witness
-		selfDestructContractTreeKey := utils.CodeHashKey(contract[:])
-
-		var stateDiffIdx = -1
-		for i, stemStateDiff := range statediffs[0] {
-			if bytes.Equal(stemStateDiff.Stem[:], selfDestructContractTreeKey[:31]) {
-				stateDiffIdx = i
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		if stateDiffIdx == -1 {
-			t.Fatalf("no state diff found for stem")
-		}
-
-		balanceStateDiff := statediffs[0][stateDiffIdx].SuffixDiffs[0]
-		if balanceStateDiff.Suffix != utils.BasicDataLeafKey {
-			t.Fatalf("balance invalid suffix")
-		}
-
-		if balanceStateDiff.CurrentValue != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("the pre-state balance before must be nil, since the contract didn't exist")
-		}
-
-		if balanceStateDiff.NewValue != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("the post-state balance after self-destruct must be nil since the contract shouldn't be created at all")
-		}
-	}
-	{ // Check self-destructed target in the witness.
-		selfDestructTargetTreeKey := utils.CodeHashKey(account2[:])
-
-		var stateDiffIdx = -1
-		for i, stemStateDiff := range statediffs[0] {
-			if bytes.Equal(stemStateDiff.Stem[:], selfDestructTargetTreeKey[:31]) {
-				stateDiffIdx = i
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		if stateDiffIdx == -1 {
-			t.Fatalf("no state diff found for stem")
-		}
-
-		balanceStateDiff := statediffs[0][stateDiffIdx].SuffixDiffs[0]
-		if balanceStateDiff.Suffix != utils.BasicDataLeafKey {
-			t.Fatalf("balance invalid suffix")
-		}
-		if balanceStateDiff.CurrentValue == nil {
-			t.Fatalf("codeHash.CurrentValue must not be empty")
-		}
-		if balanceStateDiff.NewValue == nil {
-			t.Fatalf("codeHash.NewValue must not be empty")
-		}
-		preStateBalance := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(balanceStateDiff.CurrentValue[utils.BasicDataBalanceOffset+8:])
-		postStateBalance := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(balanceStateDiff.NewValue[utils.BasicDataBalanceOffset+8:])
-		if postStateBalance-preStateBalance != 42 {
-			t.Fatalf("the post-state balance after self-destruct must be 42. got %d", postStateBalance)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSeparateTxWithSelfBeneficiary checks the content of the witness
-// if a selfdestruct occurs in a different tx than the one that created it, but the beneficiary
-// is the selfdestructed account.
-func TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSeparateTxWithSelfBeneficiary(t *testing.T) {
-	// The test txs were taken from a secondary testnet with chain id 69421
-	config := *testKaustinenLikeChainConfig
-	config.ChainID = new(big.Int).SetUint64(69421)
-
-	var (
-		signer     = types.LatestSigner(&config)
-		testKey, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
-		gspec      = verkleTestGenesis(&config)
-	)
-	// The goal of this test is to test SELFDESTRUCT that happens in a contract
-	// execution which is created in a *previous* transaction sending the remaining
-	// balance to itself.
-	selfDestructContract := []byte{
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), 2, // PUSH1 2
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), 10, // PUSH1 12
-		byte(vm.PUSH0),    // PUSH0
-		byte(vm.CODECOPY), // Codecopy ( to offset 0, code@offset: 10, length: 2)
-
-		byte(vm.PUSH1), 22,
-		byte(vm.PUSH0),
-		byte(vm.RETURN), // RETURN( memory[0:2] )
-
-		// Deployed code
-		byte(vm.ADDRESS),
-		byte(vm.SELFDESTRUCT),
-	}
-	deployer := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(testKey.PublicKey)
-	contract := crypto.CreateAddress(deployer, 0)
-
-	_, _, _, _, _, statediffs := GenerateVerkleChainWithGenesis(gspec, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), 2, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
-		gen.SetPoS()
-		if i == 0 {
-			// Create self-destruct contract, sending 42 wei.
-			tx, _ := types.SignNewTx(testKey, signer, &types.LegacyTx{Nonce: 0,
-				Value:    big.NewInt(42),
-				Gas:      100_000,
-				GasPrice: big.NewInt(875000000),
-				Data:     selfDestructContract,
-			})
-			gen.AddTx(tx)
-		} else {
-			// Call it.
-			tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(1, contract, big.NewInt(0), 100_000, big.NewInt(875000000), nil), signer, testKey)
-			gen.AddTx(tx)
-		}
-	})
-
-	{
-		// Check self-destructed contract in the witness.
-		// The way 6780 is implemented today, it always SubBalance from the self-destructed contract, and AddBalance
-		// to the beneficiary. In this case both addresses are the same, thus this might be optimizable from a gas
-		// perspective. But until that happens, we need to honor this "balance reading" adding it to the witness.
-
-		selfDestructContractTreeKey := utils.CodeHashKey(contract[:])
-
-		var stateDiffIdx = -1
-		for i, stemStateDiff := range statediffs[1] {
-			if bytes.Equal(stemStateDiff.Stem[:], selfDestructContractTreeKey[:31]) {
-				stateDiffIdx = i
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		if stateDiffIdx == -1 {
-			t.Fatal("no state diff found for stem")
-		}
-
-		balanceStateDiff := statediffs[1][stateDiffIdx].SuffixDiffs[0]
-		if balanceStateDiff.Suffix != utils.BasicDataLeafKey {
-			t.Fatal("balance invalid suffix")
-		}
-
-		// The original balance was 42.
-		var oldBalance [16]byte
-		oldBalance[15] = 42
-		if !bytes.Equal((*balanceStateDiff.CurrentValue)[utils.BasicDataBalanceOffset:], oldBalance[:]) {
-			t.Fatal("the pre-state balance before self-destruct must be 42")
-		}
-
-		// Note that the SubBalance+AddBalance net effect is a 0 change, so NewValue
-		// must be nil.
-		if balanceStateDiff.NewValue != nil {
-			t.Fatal("the post-state balance after self-destruct must be empty")
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSameTxWithSelfBeneficiary checks the content of the witness
-// if a selfdestruct occurs in the same tx as the one that created it, but the beneficiary
-// is the selfdestructed account.
-func TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSameTxWithSelfBeneficiary(t *testing.T) {
-	// The test txs were taken from a secondary testnet with chain id 69421
-	config := *testKaustinenLikeChainConfig
-	config.ChainID = new(big.Int).SetUint64(69421)
-
-	var (
-		signer     = types.LatestSigner(&config)
-		testKey, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
-		gspec      = verkleTestGenesis(&config)
-		deployer   = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(testKey.PublicKey)
-		contract   = crypto.CreateAddress(deployer, 0)
-	)
-
-	// The goal of this test is to test SELFDESTRUCT that happens while executing
-	// the init code of a contract creation, that occurs in **the same** transaction.
-	// The balance is sent to itself.
-	t.Logf("Contract: %v", contract.String())
-
-	selfDestructContract := []byte{byte(vm.ADDRESS), byte(vm.SELFDESTRUCT)}
-
-	_, _, _, _, _, stateDiffs := GenerateVerkleChainWithGenesis(gspec, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), 1, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
-		gen.SetPoS()
-		tx, _ := types.SignNewTx(testKey, signer, &types.LegacyTx{Nonce: 0,
-			Value:    big.NewInt(42),
-			Gas:      100_000,
-			GasPrice: big.NewInt(875000000),
-			Data:     selfDestructContract,
-		})
-		gen.AddTx(tx)
-	})
-	stateDiff := stateDiffs[0] // state difference of block 1
-
-	{ // Check self-destructed contract in the witness
-		selfDestructContractTreeKey := utils.CodeHashKey(contract[:])
-
-		var stateDiffIdx = -1
-		for i, stemStateDiff := range stateDiff {
-			if bytes.Equal(stemStateDiff.Stem[:], selfDestructContractTreeKey[:31]) {
-				stateDiffIdx = i
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		if stateDiffIdx == -1 {
-			t.Fatal("no state diff found for stem")
-		}
-		balanceStateDiff := stateDiff[stateDiffIdx].SuffixDiffs[0]
-		if balanceStateDiff.Suffix != utils.BasicDataLeafKey {
-			t.Fatal("balance invalid suffix")
-		}
-		if balanceStateDiff.CurrentValue != nil {
-			t.Fatal("the pre-state balance before must be nil, since the contract didn't exist")
-		}
-		// Ensure that the value is burnt, and therefore that the balance of the self-destructed
-		// contract isn't modified (it should remain missing from the state)
-		if balanceStateDiff.NewValue != nil {
-			t.Fatal("the post-state balance after self-destruct must be nil since the contract shouldn't be created at all")
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSameTxWithSelfBeneficiaryAndPrefundedAccount checks the
-// content of the witness if a selfdestruct occurs in the same tx as the one that created it,
-// it, but the beneficiary is the selfdestructed account. The difference with the test above,
-// is that the created account is prefunded and so the final value should be 0.
-func TestProcessVerkleSelfDestructInSameTxWithSelfBeneficiaryAndPrefundedAccount(t *testing.T) {
-	// The test txs were taken from a secondary testnet with chain id 69421
-	config := *testKaustinenLikeChainConfig
-	config.ChainID = new(big.Int).SetUint64(69421)
-
-	var (
-		signer     = types.LatestSigner(&config)
-		testKey, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
-		gspec      = verkleTestGenesis(&config)
-		deployer   = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(testKey.PublicKey)
-		contract   = crypto.CreateAddress(deployer, 0)
-	)
-	// Prefund the account, at an address that the contract will be deployed at,
-	// before it selfdestrucs. We can therefore check that the account itseld is
-	// NOT destroyed, which is what the current version of the spec requires.
-	// TODO(gballet) revisit after the spec has been modified.
-	gspec.Alloc[contract] = types.Account{
-		Balance: big.NewInt(100),
-	}
-
-	selfDestructContract := []byte{byte(vm.ADDRESS), byte(vm.SELFDESTRUCT)}
-
-	_, _, _, _, _, stateDiffs := GenerateVerkleChainWithGenesis(gspec, beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker()), 1, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
-		gen.SetPoS()
-		tx, _ := types.SignNewTx(testKey, signer, &types.LegacyTx{Nonce: 0,
-			Value:    big.NewInt(42),
-			Gas:      100_000,
-			GasPrice: big.NewInt(875000000),
-			Data:     selfDestructContract,
-		})
-		gen.AddTx(tx)
-	})
-	stateDiff := stateDiffs[0] // state difference of block 1
-
-	{ // Check self-destructed contract in the witness
-		selfDestructContractTreeKey := utils.CodeHashKey(contract[:])
-
-		var stateDiffIdx = -1
-		for i, stemStateDiff := range stateDiff {
-			if bytes.Equal(stemStateDiff.Stem[:], selfDestructContractTreeKey[:31]) {
-				stateDiffIdx = i
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		if stateDiffIdx == -1 {
-			t.Fatal("no state diff found for stem")
-		}
-		balanceStateDiff := stateDiff[stateDiffIdx].SuffixDiffs[0]
-		if balanceStateDiff.Suffix != utils.BasicDataLeafKey {
-			t.Fatal("balance invalid suffix")
-		}
-		expected, _ := hex.DecodeString("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000064")
-		if balanceStateDiff.CurrentValue == nil || !bytes.Equal(balanceStateDiff.CurrentValue[:], expected) {
-			t.Fatalf("incorrect prestate balance: %x != %x", *balanceStateDiff.CurrentValue, expected)
-		}
-		// Ensure that the value is burnt, and therefore that the balance of the self-destructed
-		// contract isn't modified (it should remain missing from the state)
-		expected = make([]byte, 32)
-		if balanceStateDiff.NewValue == nil {
-			t.Fatal("incorrect nil poststate balance")
-		}
-		if !bytes.Equal(balanceStateDiff.NewValue[:], expected[:]) {
-			t.Fatalf("incorrect poststate balance: %x != %x", *balanceStateDiff.NewValue, expected[:])
-		}
-	}
-}
diff --git a/tests/block_test_util.go b/tests/block_test_util.go
index 3b88753b1c..2ced18787a 100644
--- a/tests/block_test_util.go
+++ b/tests/block_test_util.go
@@ -117,19 +117,20 @@ func (t *BlockTest) Run(snapshotter bool, scheme string, witness bool, tracer *t
 		return UnsupportedForkError{t.json.Network}
 	}
 	// import pre accounts & construct test genesis block & state root
+	// Commit genesis state
 	var (
+		gspec = t.genesis(config)
 		db    = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		tconf = &triedb.Config{
 			Preimages: true,
+			IsVerkle:  gspec.Config.VerkleTime != nil && *gspec.Config.VerkleTime <= gspec.Timestamp,
 		}
 	)
-	if scheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
+	if scheme == rawdb.PathScheme || tconf.IsVerkle {
 		tconf.PathDB = pathdb.Defaults
 	} else {
 		tconf.HashDB = hashdb.Defaults
 	}
-	// Commit genesis state
-	gspec := t.genesis(config)
 
 	// if ttd is not specified, set an arbitrary huge value
 	if gspec.Config.TerminalTotalDifficulty == nil {
diff --git a/tests/init.go b/tests/init.go
index 705e929ae9..d10b47986c 100644
--- a/tests/init.go
+++ b/tests/init.go
@@ -720,6 +720,25 @@ var Forks = map[string]*params.ChainConfig{
 			BPO4:   params.DefaultBPO4BlobConfig,
 		},
 	},
+	"Verkle": {
+		ChainID:                 big.NewInt(1),
+		HomesteadBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP150Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP155Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		EIP158Block:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ByzantiumBlock:          big.NewInt(0),
+		ConstantinopleBlock:     big.NewInt(0),
+		PetersburgBlock:         big.NewInt(0),
+		IstanbulBlock:           big.NewInt(0),
+		MuirGlacierBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
+		BerlinBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		LondonBlock:             big.NewInt(0),
+		ArrowGlacierBlock:       big.NewInt(0),
+		MergeNetsplitBlock:      big.NewInt(0),
+		TerminalTotalDifficulty: big.NewInt(0),
+		ShanghaiTime:            u64(0),
+		VerkleTime:              u64(0),
+	},
 }
 
 var bpo1BlobConfig = &params.BlobConfig{
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/binary_node.go b/trie/bintrie/binary_node.go
index 1c003a6c8f..690489b2aa 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/binary_node.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/binary_node.go
@@ -31,8 +31,11 @@ type (
 var zero [32]byte
 
 const (
-	NodeWidth = 256 // Number of child per leaf node
-	StemSize  = 31  // Number of bytes to travel before reaching a group of leaves
+	StemNodeWidth = 256 // Number of child per leaf node
+	StemSize      = 31  // Number of bytes to travel before reaching a group of leaves
+	NodeTypeBytes = 1   // Size of node type prefix in serialization
+	HashSize      = 32  // Size of a hash in bytes
+	BitmapSize    = 32  // Size of the bitmap in a stem node
 )
 
 const (
@@ -58,25 +61,28 @@ type BinaryNode interface {
 func SerializeNode(node BinaryNode) []byte {
 	switch n := (node).(type) {
 	case *InternalNode:
-		var serialized [65]byte
+		// InternalNode: 1 byte type + 32 bytes left hash + 32 bytes right hash
+		var serialized [NodeTypeBytes + HashSize + HashSize]byte
 		serialized[0] = nodeTypeInternal
 		copy(serialized[1:33], n.left.Hash().Bytes())
 		copy(serialized[33:65], n.right.Hash().Bytes())
 		return serialized[:]
 	case *StemNode:
-		var serialized [32 + 32 + 256*32]byte
+		// StemNode: 1 byte type + 31 bytes stem + 32 bytes bitmap + 256*32 bytes values
+		var serialized [NodeTypeBytes + StemSize + BitmapSize + StemNodeWidth*HashSize]byte
 		serialized[0] = nodeTypeStem
-		copy(serialized[1:32], node.(*StemNode).Stem)
-		bitmap := serialized[32:64]
-		offset := 64
-		for i, v := range node.(*StemNode).Values {
+		copy(serialized[NodeTypeBytes:NodeTypeBytes+StemSize], n.Stem)
+		bitmap := serialized[NodeTypeBytes+StemSize : NodeTypeBytes+StemSize+BitmapSize]
+		offset := NodeTypeBytes + StemSize + BitmapSize
+		for i, v := range n.Values {
 			if v != nil {
 				bitmap[i/8] |= 1 << (7 - (i % 8))
-				copy(serialized[offset:offset+32], v)
-				offset += 32
+				copy(serialized[offset:offset+HashSize], v)
+				offset += HashSize
 			}
 		}
-		return serialized[:]
+		// Only return the actual data, not the entire array
+		return serialized[:offset]
 	default:
 		panic("invalid node type")
 	}
@@ -104,21 +110,21 @@ func DeserializeNode(serialized []byte, depth int) (BinaryNode, error) {
 		if len(serialized) < 64 {
 			return nil, invalidSerializedLength
 		}
-		var values [256][]byte
-		bitmap := serialized[32:64]
-		offset := 64
+		var values [StemNodeWidth][]byte
+		bitmap := serialized[NodeTypeBytes+StemSize : NodeTypeBytes+StemSize+BitmapSize]
+		offset := NodeTypeBytes + StemSize + BitmapSize
 
-		for i := range 256 {
+		for i := range StemNodeWidth {
 			if bitmap[i/8]>>(7-(i%8))&1 == 1 {
-				if len(serialized) < offset+32 {
+				if len(serialized) < offset+HashSize {
 					return nil, invalidSerializedLength
 				}
-				values[i] = serialized[offset : offset+32]
-				offset += 32
+				values[i] = serialized[offset : offset+HashSize]
+				offset += HashSize
 			}
 		}
 		return &StemNode{
-			Stem:   serialized[1:32],
+			Stem:   serialized[NodeTypeBytes : NodeTypeBytes+StemSize],
 			Values: values[:],
 			depth:  depth,
 		}, nil
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/binary_node_test.go b/trie/bintrie/binary_node_test.go
index b21daaab69..242743ba53 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/binary_node_test.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/binary_node_test.go
@@ -77,12 +77,12 @@ func TestSerializeDeserializeInternalNode(t *testing.T) {
 // TestSerializeDeserializeStemNode tests serialization and deserialization of StemNode
 func TestSerializeDeserializeStemNode(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create a stem node with some values
-	stem := make([]byte, 31)
+	stem := make([]byte, StemSize)
 	for i := range stem {
 		stem[i] = byte(i)
 	}
 
-	var values [256][]byte
+	var values [StemNodeWidth][]byte
 	// Add some values at different indices
 	values[0] = common.HexToHash("0x0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101").Bytes()
 	values[10] = common.HexToHash("0x0202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202").Bytes()
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func TestSerializeDeserializeStemNode(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Check the stem is correctly serialized
-	if !bytes.Equal(serialized[1:32], stem) {
+	if !bytes.Equal(serialized[1:1+StemSize], stem) {
 		t.Errorf("Stem mismatch in serialized data")
 	}
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ func TestSerializeDeserializeStemNode(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Check that other values are nil
-	for i := range NodeWidth {
+	for i := range StemNodeWidth {
 		if i == 0 || i == 10 || i == 255 {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -218,15 +218,15 @@ func TestKeyToPath(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name:     "max valid depth",
-			depth:    31 * 8,
-			key:      make([]byte, 32),
-			expected: make([]byte, 31*8+1),
+			depth:    StemSize * 8,
+			key:      make([]byte, HashSize),
+			expected: make([]byte, StemSize*8+1),
 			wantErr:  false,
 		},
 		{
 			name:    "depth too large",
-			depth:   31*8 + 1,
-			key:     make([]byte, 32),
+			depth:   StemSize*8 + 1,
+			key:     make([]byte, HashSize),
 			wantErr: true,
 		},
 	}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/hashed_node.go b/trie/bintrie/hashed_node.go
index 8f9fd66a59..e4d8c2e7ac 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/hashed_node.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/hashed_node.go
@@ -46,8 +46,31 @@ func (h HashedNode) GetValuesAtStem(_ []byte, _ NodeResolverFn) ([][]byte, error
 	return nil, errors.New("attempted to get values from an unresolved node")
 }
 
-func (h HashedNode) InsertValuesAtStem(key []byte, values [][]byte, resolver NodeResolverFn, depth int) (BinaryNode, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("insertValuesAtStem not implemented for hashed node")
+func (h HashedNode) InsertValuesAtStem(stem []byte, values [][]byte, resolver NodeResolverFn, depth int) (BinaryNode, error) {
+	// Step 1: Generate the path for this node's position in the tree
+	path, err := keyToPath(depth, stem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("InsertValuesAtStem path generation error: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if resolver == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("InsertValuesAtStem resolve error: resolver is nil")
+	}
+
+	// Step 2: Resolve the hashed node to get the actual node data
+	data, err := resolver(path, common.Hash(h))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("InsertValuesAtStem resolve error: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Step 3: Deserialize the resolved data into a concrete node
+	node, err := DeserializeNode(data, depth)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("InsertValuesAtStem node deserialization error: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Step 4: Call InsertValuesAtStem on the resolved concrete node
+	return node.InsertValuesAtStem(stem, values, resolver, depth)
 }
 
 func (h HashedNode) toDot(parent string, path string) string {
@@ -58,7 +81,8 @@ func (h HashedNode) toDot(parent string, path string) string {
 }
 
 func (h HashedNode) CollectNodes([]byte, NodeFlushFn) error {
-	return errors.New("collectNodes not implemented for hashed node")
+	// HashedNodes are already persisted in the database and don't need to be collected.
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (h HashedNode) GetHeight() int {
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/hashed_node_test.go b/trie/bintrie/hashed_node_test.go
index 0c19ae0c57..f9e6984888 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/hashed_node_test.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/hashed_node_test.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package bintrie
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -59,8 +60,8 @@ func TestHashedNodeCopy(t *testing.T) {
 func TestHashedNodeInsert(t *testing.T) {
 	node := HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x1234"))
 
-	key := make([]byte, 32)
-	value := make([]byte, 32)
+	key := make([]byte, HashSize)
+	value := make([]byte, HashSize)
 
 	_, err := node.Insert(key, value, nil, 0)
 	if err == nil {
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ func TestHashedNodeInsert(t *testing.T) {
 func TestHashedNodeGetValuesAtStem(t *testing.T) {
 	node := HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x1234"))
 
-	stem := make([]byte, 31)
+	stem := make([]byte, StemSize)
 	_, err := node.GetValuesAtStem(stem, nil)
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("Expected error for GetValuesAtStem on HashedNode")
@@ -91,17 +92,85 @@ func TestHashedNodeGetValuesAtStem(t *testing.T) {
 func TestHashedNodeInsertValuesAtStem(t *testing.T) {
 	node := HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x1234"))
 
-	stem := make([]byte, 31)
-	values := make([][]byte, 256)
+	stem := make([]byte, StemSize)
+	values := make([][]byte, StemNodeWidth)
 
+	// Test 1: nil resolver should return an error
 	_, err := node.InsertValuesAtStem(stem, values, nil, 0)
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("Expected error for InsertValuesAtStem on HashedNode")
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for InsertValuesAtStem on HashedNode with nil resolver")
 	}
 
-	if err.Error() != "insertValuesAtStem not implemented for hashed node" {
+	if err.Error() != "InsertValuesAtStem resolve error: resolver is nil" {
 		t.Errorf("Unexpected error message: %v", err)
 	}
+
+	// Test 2: mock resolver returning invalid data should return deserialization error
+	mockResolver := func(path []byte, hash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+		// Return invalid/nonsense data that cannot be deserialized
+		return []byte{0xff, 0xff, 0xff}, nil
+	}
+
+	_, err = node.InsertValuesAtStem(stem, values, mockResolver, 0)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for InsertValuesAtStem on HashedNode with invalid resolver data")
+	}
+
+	expectedPrefix := "InsertValuesAtStem node deserialization error:"
+	if len(err.Error()) < len(expectedPrefix) || err.Error()[:len(expectedPrefix)] != expectedPrefix {
+		t.Errorf("Expected deserialization error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Test 3: mock resolver returning valid serialized node should succeed
+	stem = make([]byte, StemSize)
+	stem[0] = 0xaa
+	var originalValues [StemNodeWidth][]byte
+	originalValues[0] = common.HexToHash("0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111").Bytes()
+	originalValues[1] = common.HexToHash("0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222").Bytes()
+
+	originalNode := &StemNode{
+		Stem:   stem,
+		Values: originalValues[:],
+		depth:  0,
+	}
+
+	// Serialize the node
+	serialized := SerializeNode(originalNode)
+
+	// Create a mock resolver that returns the serialized node
+	validResolver := func(path []byte, hash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+		return serialized, nil
+	}
+
+	var newValues [StemNodeWidth][]byte
+	newValues[2] = common.HexToHash("0x3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333").Bytes()
+
+	resolvedNode, err := node.InsertValuesAtStem(stem, newValues[:], validResolver, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected successful resolution and insertion, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	resultStem, ok := resolvedNode.(*StemNode)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected resolved node to be *StemNode, got %T", resolvedNode)
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(resultStem.Stem, stem) {
+		t.Errorf("Stem mismatch: expected %x, got %x", stem, resultStem.Stem)
+	}
+
+	// Verify the original values are preserved
+	if !bytes.Equal(resultStem.Values[0], originalValues[0]) {
+		t.Errorf("Original value at index 0 not preserved: expected %x, got %x", originalValues[0], resultStem.Values[0])
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(resultStem.Values[1], originalValues[1]) {
+		t.Errorf("Original value at index 1 not preserved: expected %x, got %x", originalValues[1], resultStem.Values[1])
+	}
+
+	// Verify the new value was inserted
+	if !bytes.Equal(resultStem.Values[2], newValues[2]) {
+		t.Errorf("New value at index 2 not inserted correctly: expected %x, got %x", newValues[2], resultStem.Values[2])
+	}
 }
 
 // TestHashedNodeToDot tests the toDot method for visualization
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/internal_node.go b/trie/bintrie/internal_node.go
index f3ddd1aab0..0a7bece521 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/internal_node.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/internal_node.go
@@ -49,14 +49,26 @@ func (bt *InternalNode) GetValuesAtStem(stem []byte, resolver NodeResolverFn) ([
 	}
 
 	bit := stem[bt.depth/8] >> (7 - (bt.depth % 8)) & 1
-	var child *BinaryNode
 	if bit == 0 {
-		child = &bt.left
-	} else {
-		child = &bt.right
+		if hn, ok := bt.left.(HashedNode); ok {
+			path, err := keyToPath(bt.depth, stem)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("GetValuesAtStem resolve error: %w", err)
+			}
+			data, err := resolver(path, common.Hash(hn))
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("GetValuesAtStem resolve error: %w", err)
+			}
+			node, err := DeserializeNode(data, bt.depth+1)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("GetValuesAtStem node deserialization error: %w", err)
+			}
+			bt.left = node
+		}
+		return bt.left.GetValuesAtStem(stem, resolver)
 	}
 
-	if hn, ok := (*child).(HashedNode); ok {
+	if hn, ok := bt.right.(HashedNode); ok {
 		path, err := keyToPath(bt.depth, stem)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("GetValuesAtStem resolve error: %w", err)
@@ -69,9 +81,9 @@ func (bt *InternalNode) GetValuesAtStem(stem []byte, resolver NodeResolverFn) ([
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("GetValuesAtStem node deserialization error: %w", err)
 		}
-		*child = node
+		bt.right = node
 	}
-	return (*child).GetValuesAtStem(stem, resolver)
+	return bt.right.GetValuesAtStem(stem, resolver)
 }
 
 // Get retrieves the value for the given key.
@@ -80,6 +92,9 @@ func (bt *InternalNode) Get(key []byte, resolver NodeResolverFn) ([]byte, error)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get error: %w", err)
 	}
+	if values == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
 	return values[key[31]], nil
 }
 
@@ -118,17 +133,54 @@ func (bt *InternalNode) Hash() common.Hash {
 // InsertValuesAtStem inserts a full value group at the given stem in the internal node.
 // Already-existing values will be overwritten.
 func (bt *InternalNode) InsertValuesAtStem(stem []byte, values [][]byte, resolver NodeResolverFn, depth int) (BinaryNode, error) {
-	var (
-		child *BinaryNode
-		err   error
-	)
+	var err error
 	bit := stem[bt.depth/8] >> (7 - (bt.depth % 8)) & 1
 	if bit == 0 {
-		child = &bt.left
-	} else {
-		child = &bt.right
+		if bt.left == nil {
+			bt.left = Empty{}
+		}
+
+		if hn, ok := bt.left.(HashedNode); ok {
+			path, err := keyToPath(bt.depth, stem)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("InsertValuesAtStem resolve error: %w", err)
+			}
+			data, err := resolver(path, common.Hash(hn))
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("InsertValuesAtStem resolve error: %w", err)
+			}
+			node, err := DeserializeNode(data, bt.depth+1)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("InsertValuesAtStem node deserialization error: %w", err)
+			}
+			bt.left = node
+		}
+
+		bt.left, err = bt.left.InsertValuesAtStem(stem, values, resolver, depth+1)
+		return bt, err
 	}
-	*child, err = (*child).InsertValuesAtStem(stem, values, resolver, depth+1)
+
+	if bt.right == nil {
+		bt.right = Empty{}
+	}
+
+	if hn, ok := bt.right.(HashedNode); ok {
+		path, err := keyToPath(bt.depth, stem)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("InsertValuesAtStem resolve error: %w", err)
+		}
+		data, err := resolver(path, common.Hash(hn))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("InsertValuesAtStem resolve error: %w", err)
+		}
+		node, err := DeserializeNode(data, bt.depth+1)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("InsertValuesAtStem node deserialization error: %w", err)
+		}
+		bt.right = node
+	}
+
+	bt.right, err = bt.right.InsertValuesAtStem(stem, values, resolver, depth+1)
 	return bt, err
 }
 
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/iterator.go b/trie/bintrie/iterator.go
index a6bab2bcfa..9b863ed1e3 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/iterator.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/iterator.go
@@ -108,6 +108,11 @@ func (it *binaryNodeIterator) Next(descend bool) bool {
 		}
 
 		// go back to parent to get the next leaf
+		// Check if we're at the root before popping
+		if len(it.stack) == 1 {
+			it.lastErr = errIteratorEnd
+			return false
+		}
 		it.stack = it.stack[:len(it.stack)-1]
 		it.current = it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Node
 		it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Index++
@@ -183,9 +188,31 @@ func (it *binaryNodeIterator) NodeBlob() []byte {
 }
 
 // Leaf returns true iff the current node is a leaf node.
+// In a Binary Trie, a StemNode contains up to 256 leaf values.
+// The iterator is only considered to be "at a leaf" when it's positioned
+// at a specific non-nil value within the StemNode, not just at the StemNode itself.
 func (it *binaryNodeIterator) Leaf() bool {
-	_, ok := it.current.(*StemNode)
-	return ok
+	sn, ok := it.current.(*StemNode)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// Check if we have a valid stack position
+	if len(it.stack) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// The Index in the stack state points to the NEXT position after the current value.
+	// So if Index is 0, we haven't started iterating through the values yet.
+	// If Index is 5, we're currently at value[4] (the 5th value, 0-indexed).
+	idx := it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Index
+	if idx == 0 || idx > 256 {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// Check if there's actually a value at the current position
+	currentValueIndex := idx - 1
+	return sn.Values[currentValueIndex] != nil
 }
 
 // LeafKey returns the key of the leaf. The method panics if the iterator is not
@@ -219,7 +246,7 @@ func (it *binaryNodeIterator) LeafProof() [][]byte {
 		panic("LeafProof() called on an binary node iterator not at a leaf location")
 	}
 
-	proof := make([][]byte, 0, len(it.stack)+NodeWidth)
+	proof := make([][]byte, 0, len(it.stack)+StemNodeWidth)
 
 	// Build proof by walking up the stack and collecting sibling hashes
 	for i := range it.stack[:len(it.stack)-2] {
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/iterator_test.go b/trie/bintrie/iterator_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 8773e9e0c5..0000000000
--- a/trie/bintrie/iterator_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package bintrie
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/hashdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
-	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
-)
-
-func newTestDatabase(diskdb ethdb.Database, scheme string) *triedb.Database {
-	config := &triedb.Config{Preimages: true}
-	if scheme == rawdb.HashScheme {
-		config.HashDB = &hashdb.Config{CleanCacheSize: 0}
-	} else {
-		config.PathDB = &pathdb.Config{TrieCleanSize: 0, StateCleanSize: 0}
-	}
-	return triedb.NewDatabase(diskdb, config)
-}
-
-func TestBinaryIterator(t *testing.T) {
-	trie, err := NewBinaryTrie(types.EmptyVerkleHash, newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.PathScheme))
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	account0 := &types.StateAccount{
-		Nonce:    1,
-		Balance:  uint256.NewInt(2),
-		Root:     types.EmptyRootHash,
-		CodeHash: nil,
-	}
-	// NOTE: the code size isn't written to the trie via TryUpdateAccount
-	// so it will be missing from the test nodes.
-	trie.UpdateAccount(common.Address{}, account0, 0)
-	account1 := &types.StateAccount{
-		Nonce:    1337,
-		Balance:  uint256.NewInt(2000),
-		Root:     types.EmptyRootHash,
-		CodeHash: nil,
-	}
-	// This address is meant to hash to a value that has the same first byte as 0xbf
-	var clash = common.HexToAddress("69fd8034cdb20934dedffa7dccb4fb3b8062a8be")
-	trie.UpdateAccount(clash, account1, 0)
-
-	// Manually go over every node to check that we get all
-	// the correct nodes.
-	it, err := trie.NodeIterator(nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	var leafcount int
-	for it.Next(true) {
-		t.Logf("Node: %x", it.Path())
-		if it.Leaf() {
-			leafcount++
-			t.Logf("\tLeaf: %x", it.LeafKey())
-		}
-	}
-	if leafcount != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("invalid leaf count: %d != 6", leafcount)
-	}
-}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/key_encoding.go b/trie/bintrie/key_encoding.go
index 13c2057371..cda797521a 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/key_encoding.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/key_encoding.go
@@ -47,6 +47,12 @@ func GetBinaryTreeKey(addr common.Address, key []byte) []byte {
 	return k
 }
 
+func GetBinaryTreeKeyBasicData(addr common.Address) []byte {
+	var k [32]byte
+	k[31] = BasicDataLeafKey
+	return GetBinaryTreeKey(addr, k[:])
+}
+
 func GetBinaryTreeKeyCodeHash(addr common.Address) []byte {
 	var k [32]byte
 	k[31] = CodeHashLeafKey
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/stem_node.go b/trie/bintrie/stem_node.go
index 50c06c9761..60856b42ce 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/stem_node.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/stem_node.go
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import (
 
 // StemNode represents a group of `NodeWith` values sharing the same stem.
 type StemNode struct {
-	Stem   []byte   // Stem path to get to 256 values
+	Stem   []byte   // Stem path to get to StemNodeWidth values
 	Values [][]byte // All values, indexed by the last byte of the key.
 	depth  int      // Depth of the node
 }
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func (bt *StemNode) Get(key []byte, _ NodeResolverFn) ([]byte, error) {
 
 // Insert inserts a new key-value pair into the node.
 func (bt *StemNode) Insert(key []byte, value []byte, _ NodeResolverFn, depth int) (BinaryNode, error) {
-	if !bytes.Equal(bt.Stem, key[:31]) {
+	if !bytes.Equal(bt.Stem, key[:StemSize]) {
 		bitStem := bt.Stem[bt.depth/8] >> (7 - (bt.depth % 8)) & 1
 
 		n := &InternalNode{depth: bt.depth}
@@ -65,26 +65,26 @@ func (bt *StemNode) Insert(key []byte, value []byte, _ NodeResolverFn, depth int
 			}
 			*other = Empty{}
 		} else {
-			var values [256][]byte
-			values[key[31]] = value
+			var values [StemNodeWidth][]byte
+			values[key[StemSize]] = value
 			*other = &StemNode{
-				Stem:   slices.Clone(key[:31]),
+				Stem:   slices.Clone(key[:StemSize]),
 				Values: values[:],
 				depth:  depth + 1,
 			}
 		}
 		return n, nil
 	}
-	if len(value) != 32 {
+	if len(value) != HashSize {
 		return bt, errors.New("invalid insertion: value length")
 	}
-	bt.Values[key[31]] = value
+	bt.Values[key[StemSize]] = value
 	return bt, nil
 }
 
 // Copy creates a deep copy of the node.
 func (bt *StemNode) Copy() BinaryNode {
-	var values [256][]byte
+	var values [StemNodeWidth][]byte
 	for i, v := range bt.Values {
 		values[i] = slices.Clone(v)
 	}
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ func (bt *StemNode) GetHeight() int {
 
 // Hash returns the hash of the node.
 func (bt *StemNode) Hash() common.Hash {
-	var data [NodeWidth]common.Hash
+	var data [StemNodeWidth]common.Hash
 	for i, v := range bt.Values {
 		if v != nil {
 			h := sha256.Sum256(v)
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ func (bt *StemNode) Hash() common.Hash {
 
 	h := sha256.New()
 	for level := 1; level <= 8; level++ {
-		for i := range NodeWidth / (1 << level) {
+		for i := range StemNodeWidth / (1 << level) {
 			h.Reset()
 
 			if data[i*2] == (common.Hash{}) && data[i*2+1] == (common.Hash{}) {
@@ -141,14 +141,17 @@ func (bt *StemNode) CollectNodes(path []byte, flush NodeFlushFn) error {
 }
 
 // GetValuesAtStem retrieves the group of values located at the given stem key.
-func (bt *StemNode) GetValuesAtStem(_ []byte, _ NodeResolverFn) ([][]byte, error) {
+func (bt *StemNode) GetValuesAtStem(stem []byte, _ NodeResolverFn) ([][]byte, error) {
+	if !bytes.Equal(bt.Stem, stem) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
 	return bt.Values[:], nil
 }
 
 // InsertValuesAtStem inserts a full value group at the given stem in the internal node.
 // Already-existing values will be overwritten.
 func (bt *StemNode) InsertValuesAtStem(key []byte, values [][]byte, _ NodeResolverFn, depth int) (BinaryNode, error) {
-	if !bytes.Equal(bt.Stem, key[:31]) {
+	if !bytes.Equal(bt.Stem, key[:StemSize]) {
 		bitStem := bt.Stem[bt.depth/8] >> (7 - (bt.depth % 8)) & 1
 
 		n := &InternalNode{depth: bt.depth}
@@ -174,7 +177,7 @@ func (bt *StemNode) InsertValuesAtStem(key []byte, values [][]byte, _ NodeResolv
 			*other = Empty{}
 		} else {
 			*other = &StemNode{
-				Stem:   slices.Clone(key[:31]),
+				Stem:   slices.Clone(key[:StemSize]),
 				Values: values,
 				depth:  n.depth + 1,
 			}
@@ -206,7 +209,7 @@ func (bt *StemNode) toDot(parent, path string) string {
 
 // Key returns the full key for the given index.
 func (bt *StemNode) Key(i int) []byte {
-	var ret [32]byte
+	var ret [HashSize]byte
 	copy(ret[:], bt.Stem)
 	ret[StemSize] = byte(i)
 	return ret[:]
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/stem_node_test.go b/trie/bintrie/stem_node_test.go
index e0ffd5c3c8..d8d6844427 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/stem_node_test.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/stem_node_test.go
@@ -251,27 +251,23 @@ func TestStemNodeGetValuesAtStem(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Check that all values match
-	for i := 0; i < 256; i++ {
+	for i := range 256 {
 		if !bytes.Equal(retrievedValues[i], values[i]) {
 			t.Errorf("Value mismatch at index %d", i)
 		}
 	}
 
-	// GetValuesAtStem with different stem also returns the same values
-	// (implementation ignores the stem parameter)
+	// GetValuesAtStem with different stem should return nil
 	differentStem := make([]byte, 31)
 	differentStem[0] = 0xFF
 
-	retrievedValues2, err := node.GetValuesAtStem(differentStem, nil)
+	shouldBeNil, err := node.GetValuesAtStem(differentStem, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to get values with different stem: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	// Should still return the same values (stem is ignored)
-	for i := 0; i < 256; i++ {
-		if !bytes.Equal(retrievedValues2[i], values[i]) {
-			t.Errorf("Value mismatch at index %d with different stem", i)
-		}
+	if shouldBeNil != nil {
+		t.Error("Expected nil for different stem, got non-nil")
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/trie.go b/trie/bintrie/trie.go
index 0a8bd325f5..a7ee342b74 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/trie.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/trie.go
@@ -33,6 +33,84 @@ import (
 
 var errInvalidRootType = errors.New("invalid root type")
 
+// ChunkedCode represents a sequence of HashSize-byte chunks of code (StemSize bytes of which
+// are actual code, and NodeTypeBytes byte is the pushdata offset).
+type ChunkedCode []byte
+
+// Copy the values here so as to avoid an import cycle
+const (
+	PUSH1  = byte(0x60)
+	PUSH32 = byte(0x7f)
+)
+
+// ChunkifyCode generates the chunked version of an array representing EVM bytecode
+// according to EIP-7864 specification.
+//
+// The code is divided into HashSize-byte chunks, where each chunk contains:
+//   - Byte 0: Metadata byte indicating the number of leading bytes that are PUSHDATA (0-StemSize)
+//   - Bytes 1-StemSize: Actual code bytes
+//
+// This format enables stateless clients to validate jump destinations within a chunk
+// without requiring additional context. When a PUSH instruction's data spans multiple
+// chunks, the metadata byte tells us how many bytes at the start of the chunk are
+// part of the previous chunk's PUSH instruction data.
+//
+// For example:
+//   - If a chunk starts with regular code: metadata byte = 0
+//   - If a PUSH32 instruction starts at byte 30 of chunk N:
+//   - Chunk N: normal, contains PUSH32 opcode + 1 byte of data
+//   - Chunk N+1: metadata = StemSize (entire chunk is PUSH data)
+//   - Chunk N+2: metadata = 1 (first byte is PUSH data, then normal code resumes)
+//
+// This chunking approach ensures that jump destination validity can be determined
+// by examining only the chunk containing the potential JUMPDEST, making it ideal
+// for stateless execution and verkle/binary tries.
+//
+// Reference: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7864
+func ChunkifyCode(code []byte) ChunkedCode {
+	var (
+		chunkOffset = 0 // offset in the chunk
+		chunkCount  = len(code) / StemSize
+		codeOffset  = 0 // offset in the code
+	)
+	if len(code)%StemSize != 0 {
+		chunkCount++
+	}
+	chunks := make([]byte, chunkCount*HashSize)
+	for i := 0; i < chunkCount; i++ {
+		// number of bytes to copy, StemSize unless the end of the code has been reached.
+		end := StemSize * (i + 1)
+		if len(code) < end {
+			end = len(code)
+		}
+		copy(chunks[i*HashSize+1:], code[StemSize*i:end]) // copy the code itself
+
+		// chunk offset = taken from the last chunk.
+		if chunkOffset > StemSize {
+			// skip offset calculation if push data covers the whole chunk
+			chunks[i*HashSize] = StemSize
+			chunkOffset = 1
+			continue
+		}
+		chunks[HashSize*i] = byte(chunkOffset)
+		chunkOffset = 0
+
+		// Check each instruction and update the offset it should be 0 unless
+		// a PUSH-N overflows.
+		for ; codeOffset < end; codeOffset++ {
+			if code[codeOffset] >= PUSH1 && code[codeOffset] <= PUSH32 {
+				codeOffset += int(code[codeOffset] - PUSH1 + 1)
+				if codeOffset+1 >= StemSize*(i+1) {
+					codeOffset++
+					chunkOffset = codeOffset - StemSize*(i+1)
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return chunks
+}
+
 // NewBinaryNode creates a new empty binary trie
 func NewBinaryNode() BinaryNode {
 	return Empty{}
@@ -114,7 +192,7 @@ func (t *BinaryTrie) GetAccount(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error
 	)
 	switch r := t.root.(type) {
 	case *InternalNode:
-		values, err = r.GetValuesAtStem(key[:31], t.nodeResolver)
+		values, err = r.GetValuesAtStem(key[:StemSize], t.nodeResolver)
 	case *StemNode:
 		values = r.Values
 	case Empty:
@@ -168,8 +246,8 @@ func (t *BinaryTrie) GetStorage(addr common.Address, key []byte) ([]byte, error)
 func (t *BinaryTrie) UpdateAccount(addr common.Address, acc *types.StateAccount, codeLen int) error {
 	var (
 		err       error
-		basicData [32]byte
-		values    = make([][]byte, NodeWidth)
+		basicData [HashSize]byte
+		values    = make([][]byte, StemNodeWidth)
 		stem      = GetBinaryTreeKey(addr, zero[:])
 	)
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(basicData[BasicDataCodeSizeOffset-1:], uint32(codeLen))
@@ -177,14 +255,14 @@ func (t *BinaryTrie) UpdateAccount(addr common.Address, acc *types.StateAccount,
 
 	// Because the balance is a max of 16 bytes, truncate
 	// the extra values. This happens in devmode, where
-	// 0xff**32 is allocated to the developer account.
+	// 0xff**HashSize is allocated to the developer account.
 	balanceBytes := acc.Balance.Bytes()
 	// TODO: reduce the size of the allocation in devmode, then panic instead
 	// of truncating.
 	if len(balanceBytes) > 16 {
 		balanceBytes = balanceBytes[16:]
 	}
-	copy(basicData[32-len(balanceBytes):], balanceBytes[:])
+	copy(basicData[HashSize-len(balanceBytes):], balanceBytes[:])
 	values[BasicDataLeafKey] = basicData[:]
 	values[CodeHashLeafKey] = acc.CodeHash[:]
 
@@ -205,11 +283,11 @@ func (t *BinaryTrie) UpdateStem(key []byte, values [][]byte) error {
 // database, a trie.MissingNodeError is returned.
 func (t *BinaryTrie) UpdateStorage(address common.Address, key, value []byte) error {
 	k := GetBinaryTreeKeyStorageSlot(address, key)
-	var v [32]byte
-	if len(value) >= 32 {
-		copy(v[:], value[:32])
+	var v [HashSize]byte
+	if len(value) >= HashSize {
+		copy(v[:], value[:HashSize])
 	} else {
-		copy(v[32-len(value):], value[:])
+		copy(v[HashSize-len(value):], value[:])
 	}
 	root, err := t.root.Insert(k, v[:], t.nodeResolver, 0)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -228,7 +306,7 @@ func (t *BinaryTrie) DeleteAccount(addr common.Address) error {
 // found in the database, a trie.MissingNodeError is returned.
 func (t *BinaryTrie) DeleteStorage(addr common.Address, key []byte) error {
 	k := GetBinaryTreeKey(addr, key)
-	var zero [32]byte
+	var zero [HashSize]byte
 	root, err := t.root.Insert(k, zero[:], t.nodeResolver, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("DeleteStorage (%x) error: %v", addr, err)
@@ -246,12 +324,12 @@ func (t *BinaryTrie) Hash() common.Hash {
 // Commit writes all nodes to the trie's memory database, tracking the internal
 // and external (for account tries) references.
 func (t *BinaryTrie) Commit(_ bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
-	root := t.root.(*InternalNode)
 	nodeset := trienode.NewNodeSet(common.Hash{})
 
-	err := root.CollectNodes(nil, func(path []byte, node BinaryNode) {
+	// The root can be any type of BinaryNode (InternalNode, StemNode, etc.)
+	err := t.root.CollectNodes(nil, func(path []byte, node BinaryNode) {
 		serialized := SerializeNode(node)
-		nodeset.AddNode(path, trienode.NewNodeWithPrev(common.Hash{}, serialized, t.tracer.Get(path)))
+		nodeset.AddNode(path, trienode.NewNodeWithPrev(node.Hash(), serialized, t.tracer.Get(path)))
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("CollectNodes failed: %v", err))
@@ -299,23 +377,23 @@ func (t *BinaryTrie) IsVerkle() bool {
 // Note: the basic data leaf needs to have been previously created for this to work
 func (t *BinaryTrie) UpdateContractCode(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash, code []byte) error {
 	var (
-		chunks = trie.ChunkifyCode(code)
+		chunks = ChunkifyCode(code)
 		values [][]byte
 		key    []byte
 		err    error
 	)
-	for i, chunknr := 0, uint64(0); i < len(chunks); i, chunknr = i+32, chunknr+1 {
-		groupOffset := (chunknr + 128) % 256
+	for i, chunknr := 0, uint64(0); i < len(chunks); i, chunknr = i+HashSize, chunknr+1 {
+		groupOffset := (chunknr + 128) % StemNodeWidth
 		if groupOffset == 0 /* start of new group */ || chunknr == 0 /* first chunk in header group */ {
-			values = make([][]byte, NodeWidth)
-			var offset [32]byte
+			values = make([][]byte, StemNodeWidth)
+			var offset [HashSize]byte
 			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(offset[24:], chunknr+128)
 			key = GetBinaryTreeKey(addr, offset[:])
 		}
-		values[groupOffset] = chunks[i : i+32]
+		values[groupOffset] = chunks[i : i+HashSize]
 
-		if groupOffset == 255 || len(chunks)-i <= 32 {
-			err = t.UpdateStem(key[:31], values)
+		if groupOffset == StemNodeWidth-1 || len(chunks)-i <= HashSize {
+			err = t.UpdateStem(key[:StemSize], values)
 
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("UpdateContractCode (addr=%x) error: %w", addr[:], err)
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/trie_test.go b/trie/bintrie/trie_test.go
index 84f7689549..ca02cfaa1f 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/trie_test.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/trie_test.go
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	zeroKey  = [32]byte{}
+	zeroKey  = [HashSize]byte{}
 	oneKey   = common.HexToHash("0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101")
 	twoKey   = common.HexToHash("0202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202")
 	threeKey = common.HexToHash("0303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303")
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ func TestInsertDuplicateKey(t *testing.T) {
 func TestLargeNumberOfEntries(t *testing.T) {
 	var err error
 	tree := NewBinaryNode()
-	for i := range 256 {
-		var key [32]byte
+	for i := range StemNodeWidth {
+		var key [HashSize]byte
 		key[0] = byte(i)
 		tree, err = tree.Insert(key[:], ffKey[:], nil, 0)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ func TestMerkleizeMultipleEntries(t *testing.T) {
 		common.HexToHash("8100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000").Bytes(),
 	}
 	for i, key := range keys {
-		var v [32]byte
+		var v [HashSize]byte
 		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(v[:8], uint64(i))
 		tree, err = tree.Insert(key, v[:], nil, 0)
 		if err != nil {
diff --git a/trie/transition.go b/trie/transitiontrie/transition.go
similarity index 87%
rename from trie/transition.go
rename to trie/transitiontrie/transition.go
index c6eecd3937..4c73022082 100644
--- a/trie/transition.go
+++ b/trie/transitiontrie/transition.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-package trie
+package transitiontrie
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
@@ -22,8 +22,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/bintrie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-verkle"
 )
 
 // TransitionTrie is a trie that implements a façade design pattern, presenting
@@ -31,13 +32,16 @@ import (
 // first from the overlay trie, and falls back to the base trie if the key isn't
 // found. All writes go to the overlay trie.
 type TransitionTrie struct {
-	overlay *VerkleTrie
-	base    *SecureTrie
+	overlay *bintrie.BinaryTrie
+	base    *trie.SecureTrie
 	storage bool
 }
 
 // NewTransitionTrie creates a new TransitionTrie.
-func NewTransitionTrie(base *SecureTrie, overlay *VerkleTrie, st bool) *TransitionTrie {
+// Note: base can be nil when using TransitionTrie as a wrapper for BinaryTrie
+// to work around import cycles. This is a temporary hack that should be
+// refactored in future PRs (see core/state/reader.go for details).
+func NewTransitionTrie(base *trie.SecureTrie, overlay *bintrie.BinaryTrie, st bool) *TransitionTrie {
 	return &TransitionTrie{
 		overlay: overlay,
 		base:    base,
@@ -46,12 +50,12 @@ func NewTransitionTrie(base *SecureTrie, overlay *VerkleTrie, st bool) *Transiti
 }
 
 // Base returns the base trie.
-func (t *TransitionTrie) Base() *SecureTrie {
+func (t *TransitionTrie) Base() *trie.SecureTrie {
 	return t.base
 }
 
 // Overlay returns the overlay trie.
-func (t *TransitionTrie) Overlay() *VerkleTrie {
+func (t *TransitionTrie) Overlay() *bintrie.BinaryTrie {
 	return t.overlay
 }
 
@@ -61,7 +65,10 @@ func (t *TransitionTrie) GetKey(key []byte) []byte {
 	if key := t.overlay.GetKey(key); key != nil {
 		return key
 	}
-	return t.base.GetKey(key)
+	if t.base != nil {
+		return t.base.GetKey(key)
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 // GetStorage returns the value for key stored in the trie. The value bytes must
@@ -74,8 +81,11 @@ func (t *TransitionTrie) GetStorage(addr common.Address, key []byte) ([]byte, er
 	if len(val) != 0 {
 		return val, nil
 	}
-	// TODO also insert value into overlay
-	return t.base.GetStorage(addr, key)
+	if t.base != nil {
+		// TODO also insert value into overlay
+		return t.base.GetStorage(addr, key)
+	}
+	return nil, nil
 }
 
 // PrefetchStorage attempts to resolve specific storage slots from the database
@@ -102,7 +112,10 @@ func (t *TransitionTrie) GetAccount(address common.Address) (*types.StateAccount
 	if data != nil {
 		return data, nil
 	}
-	return t.base.GetAccount(address)
+	if t.base != nil {
+		return t.base.GetAccount(address)
+	}
+	return nil, nil
 }
 
 // PrefetchAccount attempts to resolve specific accounts from the database
@@ -174,7 +187,7 @@ func (t *TransitionTrie) Commit(collectLeaf bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSe
 
 // NodeIterator returns an iterator that returns nodes of the trie. Iteration
 // starts at the key after the given start key.
-func (t *TransitionTrie) NodeIterator(startKey []byte) (NodeIterator, error) {
+func (t *TransitionTrie) NodeIterator(startKey []byte) (trie.NodeIterator, error) {
 	panic("not implemented") // TODO: Implement
 }
 
@@ -197,14 +210,10 @@ func (t *TransitionTrie) IsVerkle() bool {
 
 // UpdateStem updates a group of values, given the stem they are using. If
 // a value already exists, it is overwritten.
+// TODO: This is Verkle-specific and requires access to private fields.
+// Not currently used in the codebase.
 func (t *TransitionTrie) UpdateStem(key []byte, values [][]byte) error {
-	trie := t.overlay
-	switch root := trie.root.(type) {
-	case *verkle.InternalNode:
-		return root.InsertValuesAtStem(key, values, t.overlay.nodeResolver)
-	default:
-		panic("invalid root type")
-	}
+	panic("UpdateStem is not implemented for TransitionTrie")
 }
 
 // Copy creates a deep copy of the transition trie.
diff --git a/trie/utils/verkle.go b/trie/utils/verkle.go
index dea210c046..2e42477b8d 100644
--- a/trie/utils/verkle.go
+++ b/trie/utils/verkle.go
@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@ var (
 	verkleNodeWidth                     = uint256.NewInt(256)
 	codeStorageDelta                    = uint256.NewInt(0).Sub(codeOffset, headerStorageOffset)
 	mainStorageOffsetLshVerkleNodeWidth = new(uint256.Int).Lsh(uint256.NewInt(1), 248-uint(verkleNodeWidthLog2))
+	CodeOffset                          = uint256.NewInt(128)
+	VerkleNodeWidth                     = uint256.NewInt(256)
+	HeaderStorageOffset                 = uint256.NewInt(64)
+	VerkleNodeWidthLog2                 = 8
 
 	index0Point *verkle.Point // pre-computed commitment of polynomial [2+256*64]
 
@@ -200,6 +204,22 @@ func CodeChunkKey(address []byte, chunk *uint256.Int) []byte {
 	return GetTreeKey(address, treeIndex, subIndex)
 }
 
+func GetTreeKeyCodeChunkIndices(chunk *uint256.Int) (*uint256.Int, byte) {
+	chunkOffset := new(uint256.Int).Add(CodeOffset, chunk)
+	treeIndex := new(uint256.Int).Div(chunkOffset, VerkleNodeWidth)
+	subIndexMod := new(uint256.Int).Mod(chunkOffset, VerkleNodeWidth)
+	var subIndex byte
+	if len(subIndexMod) != 0 {
+		subIndex = byte(subIndexMod[0])
+	}
+	return treeIndex, subIndex
+}
+
+func GetTreeKeyCodeChunk(address []byte, chunk *uint256.Int) []byte {
+	treeIndex, subIndex := GetTreeKeyCodeChunkIndices(chunk)
+	return GetTreeKey(address, treeIndex, subIndex)
+}
+
 func StorageIndex(storageKey []byte) (*uint256.Int, byte) {
 	// If the storage slot is in the header, we need to add the header offset.
 	var key uint256.Int
@@ -297,3 +317,97 @@ func evaluateAddressPoint(address []byte) *verkle.Point {
 	ret.Add(ret, index0Point)
 	return ret
 }
+
+func EvaluateAddressPoint(address []byte) *verkle.Point {
+	if len(address) < 32 {
+		var aligned [32]byte
+		address = append(aligned[:32-len(address)], address...)
+	}
+	var poly [3]fr.Element
+
+	poly[0].SetZero()
+
+	// 32-byte address, interpreted as two little endian
+	// 16-byte numbers.
+	verkle.FromLEBytes(&poly[1], address[:16])
+	verkle.FromLEBytes(&poly[2], address[16:])
+
+	cfg := verkle.GetConfig()
+	ret := cfg.CommitToPoly(poly[:], 0)
+
+	// add a constant point
+	ret.Add(ret, index0Point)
+
+	return ret
+}
+
+func GetTreeKeyStorageSlotWithEvaluatedAddress(evaluated *verkle.Point, storageKey []byte) []byte {
+	treeIndex, subIndex := GetTreeKeyStorageSlotTreeIndexes(storageKey)
+	return GetTreeKeyWithEvaluatedAddess(evaluated, treeIndex, subIndex)
+}
+
+func GetTreeKeyStorageSlotTreeIndexes(storageKey []byte) (*uint256.Int, byte) {
+	var pos uint256.Int
+	pos.SetBytes(storageKey)
+
+	// If the storage slot is in the header, we need to add the header offset.
+	if pos.Cmp(codeStorageDelta) < 0 {
+		// This addition is always safe; it can't ever overflow since pos<codeStorageDelta.
+		pos.Add(HeaderStorageOffset, &pos)
+
+		// In this branch, the tree-index is zero since we're in the account header,
+		// and the sub-index is the LSB of the modified storage key.
+		return zero, byte(pos[0] & 0xFF)
+	}
+	// If the storage slot is in the main storage, we need to add the main storage offset.
+
+	// The first MAIN_STORAGE_OFFSET group will see its
+	// first 64 slots unreachable. This is either a typo in the
+	// spec or intended to conserve the 256-u256
+	// aligment. If we decide to ever access these 64
+	// slots, uncomment this.
+	// // Get the new offset since we now know that we are above 64.
+	// pos.Sub(&pos, codeStorageDelta)
+	// suffix := byte(pos[0] & 0xFF)
+	suffix := storageKey[len(storageKey)-1]
+
+	// We first divide by VerkleNodeWidth to create room to avoid an overflow next.
+	pos.Rsh(&pos, uint(VerkleNodeWidthLog2))
+
+	// We add mainStorageOffset/VerkleNodeWidth which can't overflow.
+	pos.Add(&pos, mainStorageOffsetLshVerkleNodeWidth)
+
+	// The sub-index is the LSB of the original storage key, since mainStorageOffset
+	// doesn't affect this byte, so we can avoid masks or shifts.
+	return &pos, suffix
+}
+
+func GetTreeKeyWithEvaluatedAddess(evaluated *verkle.Point, treeIndex *uint256.Int, subIndex byte) []byte {
+	var poly [5]fr.Element
+
+	poly[0].SetZero()
+	poly[1].SetZero()
+	poly[2].SetZero()
+
+	trieIndexBytes := treeIndex.Bytes32()
+	verkle.FromBytes(&poly[3], trieIndexBytes[16:])
+	verkle.FromBytes(&poly[4], trieIndexBytes[:16])
+
+	cfg := verkle.GetConfig()
+	ret := cfg.CommitToPoly(poly[:], 0)
+
+	// add the pre-evaluated address
+	ret.Add(ret, evaluated)
+
+	return PointToHash(ret, subIndex)
+}
+
+func GetTreeKeyBasicDataEvaluatedAddress(addrp *verkle.Point) []byte {
+	return GetTreeKeyWithEvaluatedAddess(addrp, zero, BasicDataLeafKey)
+}
+
+func PointToHash(evaluated *verkle.Point, suffix byte) []byte {
+	retb := verkle.HashPointToBytes(evaluated)
+	retb[31] = suffix
+	return retb[:]
+}
diff --git a/trie/verkle.go b/trie/verkle.go
index 186ac1f642..70793330c5 100644
--- a/trie/verkle.go
+++ b/trie/verkle.go
@@ -300,7 +300,8 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) Commit(_ bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
 //
 // TODO(gballet, rjl493456442) implement it.
 func (t *VerkleTrie) NodeIterator(startKey []byte) (NodeIterator, error) {
-	panic("not implemented")
+	// TODO(@CPerezz): remove.
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
 // Prove implements state.Trie, constructing a Merkle proof for key. The result
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/database.go b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
index 9fc65de277..131747978c 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/bintrie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-verkle"
 )
 
 // layer is the interface implemented by all state layers which includes some
@@ -97,16 +97,16 @@ func merkleNodeHasher(blob []byte) (common.Hash, error) {
 	return crypto.Keccak256Hash(blob), nil
 }
 
-// verkleNodeHasher computes the hash of the given verkle node.
-func verkleNodeHasher(blob []byte) (common.Hash, error) {
+// binaryNodeHasher computes the hash of the given verkle node.
+func binaryNodeHasher(blob []byte) (common.Hash, error) {
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		return types.EmptyVerkleHash, nil
 	}
-	n, err := verkle.ParseNode(blob, 0)
+	n, err := bintrie.DeserializeNode(blob, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
-	return n.Commit().Bytes(), nil
+	return n.Hash(), nil
 }
 
 // Database is a multiple-layered structure for maintaining in-memory states
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ func New(diskdb ethdb.Database, config *Config, isVerkle bool) *Database {
 	// compress the shared key prefix.
 	if isVerkle {
 		db.diskdb = rawdb.NewTable(diskdb, string(rawdb.VerklePrefix))
-		db.hasher = verkleNodeHasher
+		db.hasher = binaryNodeHasher
 	}
 	// Construct the layer tree by resolving the in-disk singleton state
 	// and in-memory layer journal.

From 5e6f7374deaae104e243703f5aea25c68f4d6df6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Klank <155117116+davidjsonn@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Nov 2025 16:04:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 335/470] ethapi: deref gasUsed pointer in eth_simulate log
 (#33192)

Show the actual gas used in the block limit error so RPC clients see
useful numbers.
---
 internal/ethapi/simulate.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/internal/ethapi/simulate.go b/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
index 0d1a59b371..e0732c327a 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ func (sim *simulator) sanitizeCall(call *TransactionArgs, state vm.StateDB, head
 		call.Gas = (*hexutil.Uint64)(&remaining)
 	}
 	if *gasUsed+uint64(*call.Gas) > blockContext.GasLimit {
-		return &blockGasLimitReachedError{fmt.Sprintf("block gas limit reached: %d >= %d", gasUsed, blockContext.GasLimit)}
+		return &blockGasLimitReachedError{fmt.Sprintf("block gas limit reached: %d >= %d", *gasUsed, blockContext.GasLimit)}
 	}
 	if err := call.CallDefaults(sim.gp.Gas(), header.BaseFee, sim.chainConfig.ChainID); err != nil {
 		return err

From e0d81d1e993ad6dc3e618cd06e56b7be916efd8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: maradini77 <140460067+maradini77@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 18 Nov 2025 18:54:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 336/470] eth: fix panic in randomDuration when min equals max
 (#33193)

Fixes a potential panic in `randomDuration` when `min == max` by
handling the edge case explicitly.
---
 eth/dropper.go | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/eth/dropper.go b/eth/dropper.go
index 51f2a7a95a..dada5d07c0 100644
--- a/eth/dropper.go
+++ b/eth/dropper.go
@@ -145,6 +145,9 @@ func randomDuration(min, max time.Duration) time.Duration {
 	if min > max {
 		panic("min duration must be less than or equal to max duration")
 	}
+	if min == max {
+		return min
+	}
 	return time.Duration(mrand.Int63n(int64(max-min)) + int64(min))
 }
 

From f4817b7a5326a14b5648904a5881396f22fcbc37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: wit liu <wit765765346@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Nov 2025 02:00:31 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 337/470] core: initialize tracer before DAO fork logic
 (#33214)

`StateDB` lacks recording functionality, so it has been replaced with
`tractStateDB` and advanced
---
 core/state_processor.go | 11 ++++++-----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state_processor.go b/core/state_processor.go
index b66046f501..b4b22e4318 100644
--- a/core/state_processor.go
+++ b/core/state_processor.go
@@ -69,9 +69,14 @@ func (p *StateProcessor) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg
 		gp          = new(GasPool).AddGas(block.GasLimit())
 	)
 
+	var tracingStateDB = vm.StateDB(statedb)
+	if hooks := cfg.Tracer; hooks != nil {
+		tracingStateDB = state.NewHookedState(statedb, hooks)
+	}
+
 	// Mutate the block and state according to any hard-fork specs
 	if config.DAOForkSupport && config.DAOForkBlock != nil && config.DAOForkBlock.Cmp(block.Number()) == 0 {
-		misc.ApplyDAOHardFork(statedb)
+		misc.ApplyDAOHardFork(tracingStateDB)
 	}
 	var (
 		context vm.BlockContext
@@ -79,10 +84,6 @@ func (p *StateProcessor) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg
 	)
 
 	// Apply pre-execution system calls.
-	var tracingStateDB = vm.StateDB(statedb)
-	if hooks := cfg.Tracer; hooks != nil {
-		tracingStateDB = state.NewHookedState(statedb, hooks)
-	}
 	context = NewEVMBlockContext(header, p.chain, nil)
 	evm := vm.NewEVM(context, tracingStateDB, config, cfg)
 

From f8e5b53f887effb68ac0a9ac517432bba38c19ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: phrwlk <phrwlk7@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 15:01:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 338/470] cmd/utils: make datadir.minfreedisk an IntFlag
 (#33252)

---
 cmd/utils/flags.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 5a7e40767c..c95efd9fd7 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ var (
 		Usage:    "Root directory for era1 history (default = inside ancient/chain)",
 		Category: flags.EthCategory,
 	}
-	MinFreeDiskSpaceFlag = &flags.DirectoryFlag{
+	MinFreeDiskSpaceFlag = &cli.IntFlag{
 		Name:     "datadir.minfreedisk",
 		Usage:    "Minimum free disk space in MB, once reached triggers auto shut down (default = --cache.gc converted to MB, 0 = disabled)",
 		Category: flags.EthCategory,

From 495a1d2b1ab77121b64a0c4e8173033db8c628e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cedrick AH <Cedrickentrep@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 14:50:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 339/470] core, cmd: removed tablewriter from the dependencies
 (#33218)

Fix #33212.

This PR remove `github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter` from dependencies and
use a naive stub implementation.

`github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter` is used to format database inspection
output neatly. However, it requires custom adjustments for TinyGo and is
incompatible with the latest version.

---------

Co-authored-by: MariusVanDerWijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
---
 cmd/geth/dbcmd.go                             |  3 +-
 cmd/keeper/go.mod                             |  3 --
 cmd/keeper/go.sum                             |  7 ----
 core/rawdb/database.go                        |  2 +-
 ...iter_tinygo.go => database_tablewriter.go} | 17 +++++-----
 ...o_test.go => database_tablewriter_test.go} | 13 +++-----
 core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_unix.go       | 33 -------------------
 go.mod                                        |  1 -
 go.sum                                        |  3 --
 9 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)
 rename core/rawdb/{database_tablewriter_tinygo.go => database_tablewriter.go} (93%)
 rename core/rawdb/{database_tablewriter_tinygo_test.go => database_tablewriter_test.go} (94%)
 delete mode 100644 core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_unix.go

diff --git a/cmd/geth/dbcmd.go b/cmd/geth/dbcmd.go
index c57add0656..fb688793e3 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/dbcmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/dbcmd.go
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
-	"github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
 )
 
@@ -760,7 +759,7 @@ func showMetaData(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		data = append(data, []string{"headHeader.Root", fmt.Sprintf("%v", h.Root)})
 		data = append(data, []string{"headHeader.Number", fmt.Sprintf("%d (%#x)", h.Number, h.Number)})
 	}
-	table := tablewriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout)
+	table := rawdb.NewTableWriter(os.Stdout)
 	table.SetHeader([]string{"Field", "Value"})
 	table.AppendBulk(data)
 	table.Render()
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.mod b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
index 9486347b1f..f47dc54c06 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.mod
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
@@ -28,11 +28,8 @@ require (
 	github.com/holiman/bloomfilter/v2 v2.0.3 // indirect
 	github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.9 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.13 // indirect
 	github.com/minio/sha256-simd v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.4.1 // indirect
-	github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter v0.0.5 // indirect
-	github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.4-0.20210419000835-c7a38de76ee5+incompatible // indirect
 	github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.16-0.20250831170142-f48500c1fdbe // indirect
 	github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.12 // indirect
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.sum b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
index ad4c98c4b3..5744ae2093 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.sum
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
@@ -80,17 +80,12 @@ github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0 h1:RPNrshWIDI6G2gRW9EHilWtl7Z6Sb1BR0xunSBf0
 github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0/go.mod h1:9/0rRGxNHcop5bhtWyNeEfOS8JIWk580+fNqagV/RAw=
 github.com/leanovate/gopter v0.2.11 h1:vRjThO1EKPb/1NsDXuDrzldR28RLkBflWYcU9CvzWu4=
 github.com/leanovate/gopter v0.2.11/go.mod h1:aK3tzZP/C+p1m3SPRE4SYZFGP7jjkuSI4f7Xvpt0S9c=
-github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.9/go.mod h1:H031xJmbD/WCDINGzjvQ9THkh0rPKHF+m2gUSrubnMI=
-github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.13 h1:lTGmDsbAYt5DmK6OnoV7EuIF1wEIFAcxld6ypU4OSgU=
-github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.13/go.mod h1:Jdepj2loyihRzMpdS35Xk/zdY8IAYHsh153qUoGf23w=
 github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.4 h1:mmDVorXM7PCGKw94cs5zkfA9PSy5pEvNWRP0ET0TIVo=
 github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.4/go.mod h1:BSXmuO+STAnVfrANrmjBb36TMTDstsz7MSK+HVaYKv4=
 github.com/minio/sha256-simd v1.0.0 h1:v1ta+49hkWZyvaKwrQB8elexRqm6Y0aMLjCNsrYxo6g=
 github.com/minio/sha256-simd v1.0.0/go.mod h1:OuYzVNI5vcoYIAmbIvHPl3N3jUzVedXbKy5RFepssQM=
 github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.4.1 h1:CpVNEelQCZBooIPDn+AR3NpivK/TIKU8bDxdASFVQag=
 github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.4.1/go.mod h1:bFUtVrKA4DC2yAKiSyO/QUcy7e+RRV2QTWOzhPopBRo=
-github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter v0.0.5 h1:P2Ga83D34wi1o9J6Wh1mRuqd4mF/x/lgBS7N7AbDhec=
-github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter v0.0.5/go.mod h1:hPp6KlRPjbx+hW8ykQs1w3UBbZlj6HuIJcUGPhkA7kY=
 github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 h1:FEBLx1zS214owpjy7qsBeixbURkuhQAwrK5UwLGTwt4=
 github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1/go.mod h1:bwawxfHBFNV+L2hUp1rHADufV3IMtnDRdf1r5NINEl0=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZbAQM=
@@ -105,8 +100,6 @@ github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.9.0 h1:wzCHvIvM5SxWqYvwgVL7yJY8Lz3PKn49KQtpgMYJf
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.9.0/go.mod h1:+pB4zwohETzFnmlpe6yd2lSc+0/46IYZRB/chUwxUZY=
 github.com/prysmaticlabs/gohashtree v0.0.4-beta h1:H/EbCuXPeTV3lpKeXGPpEV9gsUpkqOOVnWapUyeWro4=
 github.com/prysmaticlabs/gohashtree v0.0.4-beta/go.mod h1:BFdtALS+Ffhg3lGQIHv9HDWuHS8cTvHZzrHWxwOtGOs=
-github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0 h1:S1pD9weZBuJdFmowNwbpi7BJ8TNftyUImj/0WQi72jY=
-github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0/go.mod h1:J6wj4VEh+S6ZtnVlnTBMWIodfgj8LQOQFoIToxlJtxc=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.12.0 h1:exVL4IDcn6na9z1rAb56Vxr+CgyK3nn3O+epU5NdKM8=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.12.0/go.mod h1:E+RYuTGaKKdloAfM02xzb0FW3Paa99yedzYV+kq4uf4=
 github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.4-0.20210419000835-c7a38de76ee5+incompatible h1:Bn1aCHHRnjv4Bl16T8rcaFjYSrGrIZvpiGO6P3Q4GpU=
diff --git a/core/rawdb/database.go b/core/rawdb/database.go
index d5c0f0aab2..131e370650 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/database.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/database.go
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ func InspectDatabase(db ethdb.Database, keyPrefix, keyStart []byte) error {
 		total.Add(uint64(ancient.size()))
 	}
 
-	table := newTableWriter(os.Stdout)
+	table := NewTableWriter(os.Stdout)
 	table.SetHeader([]string{"Database", "Category", "Size", "Items"})
 	table.SetFooter([]string{"", "Total", common.StorageSize(total.Load()).String(), fmt.Sprintf("%d", count.Load())})
 	table.AppendBulk(stats)
diff --git a/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_tinygo.go b/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter.go
similarity index 93%
rename from core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_tinygo.go
rename to core/rawdb/database_tablewriter.go
index 2f8e456fd5..e1cda5c93f 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_tinygo.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter.go
@@ -14,10 +14,7 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-// TODO: naive stub implementation for tablewriter
-
-//go:build tinygo
-// +build tinygo
+// Naive stub implementation for tablewriter
 
 package rawdb
 
@@ -40,7 +37,7 @@ type Table struct {
 	rows    [][]string
 }
 
-func newTableWriter(w io.Writer) *Table {
+func NewTableWriter(w io.Writer) *Table {
 	return &Table{out: w}
 }
 
@@ -89,6 +86,7 @@ func (t *Table) render() error {
 	rowSeparator := t.buildRowSeparator(widths)
 
 	if len(t.headers) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintln(t.out, rowSeparator)
 		t.printRow(t.headers, widths)
 		fmt.Fprintln(t.out, rowSeparator)
 	}
@@ -100,6 +98,7 @@ func (t *Table) render() error {
 	if len(t.footer) > 0 {
 		fmt.Fprintln(t.out, rowSeparator)
 		t.printRow(t.footer, widths)
+		fmt.Fprintln(t.out, rowSeparator)
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -172,21 +171,22 @@ func (t *Table) calculateColumnWidths() []int {
 //
 // It generates a string with dashes (-) for each column width, joined by plus signs (+).
 //
-// Example output: "----------+--------+-----------"
+// Example output: "+----------+--------+-----------+"
 func (t *Table) buildRowSeparator(widths []int) string {
 	parts := make([]string, len(widths))
 	for i, w := range widths {
 		parts[i] = strings.Repeat("-", w)
 	}
-	return strings.Join(parts, "+")
+	return "+" + strings.Join(parts, "+") + "+"
 }
 
 // printRow outputs a single row to the table writer.
 //
 // Each cell is padded with spaces and separated by pipe characters (|).
 //
-// Example output: " Database |  Size  |  Items  "
+// Example output: "| Database |  Size  |  Items  |"
 func (t *Table) printRow(row []string, widths []int) {
+	fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "|")
 	for i, cell := range row {
 		if i > 0 {
 			fmt.Fprint(t.out, "|")
@@ -204,5 +204,6 @@ func (t *Table) printRow(row []string, widths []int) {
 
 		fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "%s%s%s", leftPadding, cell, rightPadding)
 	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(t.out, "|")
 	fmt.Fprintln(t.out)
 }
diff --git a/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_tinygo_test.go b/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_test.go
similarity index 94%
rename from core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_tinygo_test.go
rename to core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_test.go
index 3bcf93832b..e9de5d8ce8 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_tinygo_test.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_test.go
@@ -14,9 +14,6 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-//go:build tinygo
-// +build tinygo
-
 package rawdb
 
 import (
@@ -27,7 +24,7 @@ import (
 
 func TestTableWriterTinyGo(t *testing.T) {
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
-	table := newTableWriter(&buf)
+	table := NewTableWriter(&buf)
 
 	headers := []string{"Database", "Size", "Items", "Status"}
 	rows := [][]string{
@@ -51,7 +48,7 @@ func TestTableWriterValidationErrors(t *testing.T) {
 	// Test missing headers
 	t.Run("MissingHeaders", func(t *testing.T) {
 		var buf bytes.Buffer
-		table := newTableWriter(&buf)
+		table := NewTableWriter(&buf)
 
 		rows := [][]string{{"x", "y", "z"}}
 
@@ -66,7 +63,7 @@ func TestTableWriterValidationErrors(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("NotEnoughRowColumns", func(t *testing.T) {
 		var buf bytes.Buffer
-		table := newTableWriter(&buf)
+		table := NewTableWriter(&buf)
 
 		headers := []string{"A", "B", "C"}
 		badRows := [][]string{
@@ -85,7 +82,7 @@ func TestTableWriterValidationErrors(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("TooManyRowColumns", func(t *testing.T) {
 		var buf bytes.Buffer
-		table := newTableWriter(&buf)
+		table := NewTableWriter(&buf)
 
 		headers := []string{"A", "B", "C"}
 		badRows := [][]string{
@@ -105,7 +102,7 @@ func TestTableWriterValidationErrors(t *testing.T) {
 	// Test mismatched footer columns
 	t.Run("MismatchedFooterColumns", func(t *testing.T) {
 		var buf bytes.Buffer
-		table := newTableWriter(&buf)
+		table := NewTableWriter(&buf)
 
 		headers := []string{"A", "B", "C"}
 		rows := [][]string{{"x", "y", "z"}}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_unix.go b/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_unix.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 8bec5396e8..0000000000
--- a/core/rawdb/database_tablewriter_unix.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-//go:build !tinygo
-// +build !tinygo
-
-package rawdb
-
-import (
-	"io"
-
-	"github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter"
-)
-
-// Re-export the real tablewriter types and functions
-type Table = tablewriter.Table
-
-func newTableWriter(w io.Writer) *Table {
-	return tablewriter.NewWriter(w)
-}
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 3590a54929..9c9e873a5e 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ require (
 	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13
 	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20
 	github.com/naoina/toml v0.1.2-0.20170918210437-9fafd6967416
-	github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter v0.0.5
 	github.com/peterh/liner v1.1.1-0.20190123174540-a2c9a5303de7
 	github.com/pion/stun/v2 v2.0.0
 	github.com/protolambda/bls12-381-util v0.1.0
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 6ecb0b7ec3..89dd9af52a 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -257,7 +257,6 @@ github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.16/go.mod h1:kYGgaQfpe5nmfYZH+SKPsOc2e4SrIfOl2e/
 github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 h1:xfD0iDuEKnDkl03q4limB+vH+GxLEtL/jb4xVJSWWEY=
 github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20/go.mod h1:W+V8PltTTMOvKvAeJH7IuucS94S2C6jfK/D7dTCTo3Y=
 github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.3/go.mod h1:LwmH8dsx7+W8Uxz3IHJYH5QSwggIsqBzpuz5H//U1FU=
-github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.9/go.mod h1:H031xJmbD/WCDINGzjvQ9THkh0rPKHF+m2gUSrubnMI=
 github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.13 h1:lTGmDsbAYt5DmK6OnoV7EuIF1wEIFAcxld6ypU4OSgU=
 github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.13/go.mod h1:Jdepj2loyihRzMpdS35Xk/zdY8IAYHsh153qUoGf23w=
 github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.4 h1:mmDVorXM7PCGKw94cs5zkfA9PSy5pEvNWRP0ET0TIVo=
@@ -274,8 +273,6 @@ github.com/naoina/toml v0.1.2-0.20170918210437-9fafd6967416 h1:shk/vn9oCoOTmwcou
 github.com/naoina/toml v0.1.2-0.20170918210437-9fafd6967416/go.mod h1:NBIhNtsFMo3G2szEBne+bO4gS192HuIYRqfvOWb4i1E=
 github.com/nxadm/tail v1.4.4 h1:DQuhQpB1tVlglWS2hLQ5OV6B5r8aGxSrPc5Qo6uTN78=
 github.com/nxadm/tail v1.4.4/go.mod h1:kenIhsEOeOJmVchQTgglprH7qJGnHDVpk1VPCcaMI8A=
-github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter v0.0.5 h1:P2Ga83D34wi1o9J6Wh1mRuqd4mF/x/lgBS7N7AbDhec=
-github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter v0.0.5/go.mod h1:hPp6KlRPjbx+hW8ykQs1w3UBbZlj6HuIJcUGPhkA7kY=
 github.com/onsi/ginkgo v1.6.0/go.mod h1:lLunBs/Ym6LB5Z9jYTR76FiuTmxDTDusOGeTQH+WWjE=
 github.com/onsi/ginkgo v1.12.1/go.mod h1:zj2OWP4+oCPe1qIXoGWkgMRwljMUYCdkwsT2108oapk=
 github.com/onsi/ginkgo v1.14.0 h1:2mOpI4JVVPBN+WQRa0WKH2eXR+Ey+uK4n7Zj0aYpIQA=

From b5c3b32eeb9d27f3d699759a1efcd8a22ffcc24f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: georgehao <haohongfan@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 22:02:13 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 340/470] eth/catalyst: remove the outdated comments of
 ForkchoiceUpdatedV1 (#33251)

---
 eth/catalyst/api.go | 3 ---
 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index 75b263bf6b..f88acb5cff 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -163,9 +163,6 @@ func newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(eth *eth.Ethereum) *ConsensusAPI {
 //
 // We try to set our blockchain to the headBlock.
 //
-// If the method is called with an empty head block: we return success, which can be used
-// to check if the engine API is enabled.
-//
 // If the total difficulty was not reached: we return INVALID.
 //
 // If the finalizedBlockHash is set: we check if we have the finalizedBlockHash in our db,

From 5748dd18e738e1e6de6e31d1809b3fd6689bfdc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rizky Ikwan <rizzikwann@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 15:30:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 341/470] consensus/beacon: fix blob gas error message
 formatting (#33201)

---
 consensus/beacon/consensus.go | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/consensus/beacon/consensus.go b/consensus/beacon/consensus.go
index 84926c3d0b..dbba73947f 100644
--- a/consensus/beacon/consensus.go
+++ b/consensus/beacon/consensus.go
@@ -258,11 +258,11 @@ func (beacon *Beacon) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header, pa
 	if !cancun {
 		switch {
 		case header.ExcessBlobGas != nil:
-			return fmt.Errorf("invalid excessBlobGas: have %d, expected nil", header.ExcessBlobGas)
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid excessBlobGas: have %d, expected nil", *header.ExcessBlobGas)
 		case header.BlobGasUsed != nil:
-			return fmt.Errorf("invalid blobGasUsed: have %d, expected nil", header.BlobGasUsed)
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid blobGasUsed: have %d, expected nil", *header.BlobGasUsed)
 		case header.ParentBeaconRoot != nil:
-			return fmt.Errorf("invalid parentBeaconRoot, have %#x, expected nil", header.ParentBeaconRoot)
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid parentBeaconRoot, have %#x, expected nil", *header.ParentBeaconRoot)
 		}
 	} else {
 		if header.ParentBeaconRoot == nil {

From a6191d8272a189a5e551446101f9f5e6888a8494 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sashass1315 <sashass1315@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 04:23:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 342/470] core/txpool/blobpool: drain and signal pending
 conversion tasks on shutdown (#33260)

---
 core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go
index 95828d83b2..80b97af5d7 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go
@@ -183,6 +183,15 @@ func (q *conversionQueue) loop() {
 				log.Debug("Waiting for blobpool billy conversion to exit")
 				<-q.billyTaskDone
 			}
+			// Signal any tasks that were queued for the next batch but never started
+			// so callers blocked in convert() receive an error instead of hanging.
+			for _, t := range txTasks {
+				// Best-effort notify; t.done is a buffered channel of size 1
+				// created by convert(), and we send exactly once per task.
+				t.done <- errors.New("conversion queue closed")
+			}
+			// Drop references to allow GC of the backing array.
+			txTasks = txTasks[:0]
 			return
 		}
 	}

From 2a4847a7d1462cdda375429b447e7162514721e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: VolodymyrBg <aqdrgg19@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 04:24:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 343/470] core/rawdb: fix underflow in freezer inspect for
 empty ancients (#33203)

---
 core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go | 18 ++++++++++++------
 core/rawdb/database.go      |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go b/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go
index b940d91040..7af3d2e197 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go
@@ -34,14 +34,10 @@ type freezerInfo struct {
 	name  string      // The identifier of freezer
 	head  uint64      // The number of last stored item in the freezer
 	tail  uint64      // The number of first stored item in the freezer
+	count uint64      // The number of stored items in the freezer
 	sizes []tableSize // The storage size per table
 }
 
-// count returns the number of stored items in the freezer.
-func (info *freezerInfo) count() uint64 {
-	return info.head - info.tail + 1
-}
-
 // size returns the storage size of the entire freezer.
 func (info *freezerInfo) size() common.StorageSize {
 	var total common.StorageSize
@@ -65,7 +61,11 @@ func inspect(name string, order map[string]freezerTableConfig, reader ethdb.Anci
 	if err != nil {
 		return freezerInfo{}, err
 	}
-	info.head = ancients - 1
+	if ancients > 0 {
+		info.head = ancients - 1
+	} else {
+		info.head = 0
+	}
 
 	// Retrieve the number of first stored item
 	tail, err := reader.Tail()
@@ -73,6 +73,12 @@ func inspect(name string, order map[string]freezerTableConfig, reader ethdb.Anci
 		return freezerInfo{}, err
 	}
 	info.tail = tail
+
+	if ancients == 0 {
+		info.count = 0
+	} else {
+		info.count = info.head - info.tail + 1
+	}
 	return info, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/core/rawdb/database.go b/core/rawdb/database.go
index 131e370650..8260391802 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/database.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/database.go
@@ -644,7 +644,7 @@ func InspectDatabase(db ethdb.Database, keyPrefix, keyStart []byte) error {
 				fmt.Sprintf("Ancient store (%s)", strings.Title(ancient.name)),
 				strings.Title(table.name),
 				table.size.String(),
-				fmt.Sprintf("%d", ancient.count()),
+				fmt.Sprintf("%d", ancient.count),
 			})
 		}
 		total.Add(uint64(ancient.size()))

From b04df226fa142525cdc4bf0defe31bf977d35fb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bashmunta <georgebashmunta@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Nov 2025 14:34:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 344/470] cmd/geth: skip resolver for zero-commitment verkle
 children (#33265)

---
 cmd/geth/verkle.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/cmd/geth/verkle.go b/cmd/geth/verkle.go
index 67dc7257c0..c064d70aba 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/verkle.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/verkle.go
@@ -76,10 +76,10 @@ func checkChildren(root verkle.VerkleNode, resolver verkle.NodeResolverFn) error
 		for i, child := range node.Children() {
 			childC := child.Commit().Bytes()
 
-			childS, err := resolver(childC[:])
 			if bytes.Equal(childC[:], zero[:]) {
 				continue
 			}
+			childS, err := resolver(childC[:])
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("could not find child %x in db: %w", childC, err)
 			}

From ebf93555b13e072ad6b92dcbe854ebbef308f6fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rizky Ikwan <rizzikwann@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 09:05:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 345/470] consensus/misc: fix blob gas error message formatting
 (#33275)

Dereference the `header.BlobGasUsed` pointer when formatting the error
message in `VerifyEIP4844Header`.
---
 consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go b/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go
index c1a21195e3..47b54d2e85 100644
--- a/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go
+++ b/consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ func VerifyEIP4844Header(config *params.ChainConfig, parent, header *types.Heade
 		return fmt.Errorf("blob gas used %d exceeds maximum allowance %d", *header.BlobGasUsed, bcfg.maxBlobGas())
 	}
 	if *header.BlobGasUsed%params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob != 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("blob gas used %d not a multiple of blob gas per blob %d", header.BlobGasUsed, params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob)
+		return fmt.Errorf("blob gas used %d not a multiple of blob gas per blob %d", *header.BlobGasUsed, params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob)
 	}
 
 	// Verify the excessBlobGas is correct based on the parent header

From 960c87a9442d566132a9d233e3fbc6dfa5aa4372 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 16:07:16 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 346/470] triedb/pathdb: implement iterator of history index
 (#32981)

This change introduces an iterator for the history index in the pathdb.
It provides sequential access to historical entries, enabling efficient
scanning and future features built on top of historical state traversal.
---
 triedb/pathdb/history_index.go               |  43 +--
 triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go         |  54 +--
 triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator.go      | 359 +++++++++++++++++++
 triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go | 297 +++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 684 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator.go
 create mode 100644 triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
index 5b4c91d7e6..87b6e377af 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
-	"sort"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
@@ -119,30 +118,34 @@ func (r *indexReader) refresh() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// newIterator creates an iterator for traversing the index entries.
+func (r *indexReader) newIterator() *indexIterator {
+	return newIndexIterator(r.descList, func(id uint32) (*blockReader, error) {
+		br, ok := r.readers[id]
+		if !ok {
+			var err error
+			br, err = newBlockReader(readStateIndexBlock(r.state, r.db, id))
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			r.readers[id] = br
+		}
+		return br, nil
+	})
+}
+
 // readGreaterThan locates the first element that is greater than the specified
 // id. If no such element is found, MaxUint64 is returned.
 func (r *indexReader) readGreaterThan(id uint64) (uint64, error) {
-	index := sort.Search(len(r.descList), func(i int) bool {
-		return id < r.descList[i].max
-	})
-	if index == len(r.descList) {
+	it := r.newIterator()
+	found := it.SeekGT(id)
+	if err := it.Error(); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if !found {
 		return math.MaxUint64, nil
 	}
-	desc := r.descList[index]
-
-	br, ok := r.readers[desc.id]
-	if !ok {
-		var err error
-		blob := readStateIndexBlock(r.state, r.db, desc.id)
-		br, err = newBlockReader(blob)
-		if err != nil {
-			return 0, err
-		}
-		r.readers[desc.id] = br
-	}
-	// The supplied ID is not greater than block.max, ensuring that an element
-	// satisfying the condition can be found.
-	return br.readGreaterThan(id)
+	return it.ID(), nil
 }
 
 // indexWriter is responsible for writing index data for a specific state (either
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go
index 5abdee682a..7b59c8e882 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
-	"sort"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -164,58 +163,15 @@ func newBlockReader(blob []byte) (*blockReader, error) {
 // readGreaterThan locates the first element in the block that is greater than
 // the specified value. If no such element is found, MaxUint64 is returned.
 func (br *blockReader) readGreaterThan(id uint64) (uint64, error) {
-	var err error
-	index := sort.Search(len(br.restarts), func(i int) bool {
-		item, n := binary.Uvarint(br.data[br.restarts[i]:])
-		if n <= 0 {
-			err = fmt.Errorf("failed to decode item at restart %d", br.restarts[i])
-		}
-		return item > id
-	})
-	if err != nil {
+	it := newBlockIterator(br.data, br.restarts)
+	found := it.SeekGT(id)
+	if err := it.Error(); err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	if index == 0 {
-		item, _ := binary.Uvarint(br.data[br.restarts[0]:])
-		return item, nil
-	}
-	var (
-		start  int
-		limit  int
-		result uint64
-	)
-	if index == len(br.restarts) {
-		// The element being searched falls within the last restart section,
-		// there is no guarantee such element can be found.
-		start = int(br.restarts[len(br.restarts)-1])
-		limit = len(br.data)
-	} else {
-		// The element being searched falls within the non-last restart section,
-		// such element can be found for sure.
-		start = int(br.restarts[index-1])
-		limit = int(br.restarts[index])
-	}
-	pos := start
-	for pos < limit {
-		x, n := binary.Uvarint(br.data[pos:])
-		if pos == start {
-			result = x
-		} else {
-			result += x
-		}
-		if result > id {
-			return result, nil
-		}
-		pos += n
-	}
-	// The element which is greater than specified id is not found.
-	if index == len(br.restarts) {
+	if !found {
 		return math.MaxUint64, nil
 	}
-	// The element which is the first one greater than the specified id
-	// is exactly the one located at the restart point.
-	item, _ := binary.Uvarint(br.data[br.restarts[index]:])
-	return item, nil
+	return it.ID(), nil
 }
 
 type blockWriter struct {
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1ccb39ad09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator.go
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+
+package pathdb
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+)
+
+// HistoryIndexIterator is an iterator to traverse the history indices.
+type HistoryIndexIterator interface {
+	// SeekGT moves the iterator to the first element whose id is greater than
+	// the given number. It returns whether such element exists.
+	SeekGT(id uint64) bool
+
+	// Next moves the iterator to the next element. If the iterator has been
+	// exhausted, and boolean with false should be returned.
+	Next() bool
+
+	// ID returns the id of the element where the iterator is positioned at.
+	ID() uint64
+
+	// Error returns any accumulated error. Exhausting all the elements is not
+	// considered to be an error.
+	Error() error
+}
+
+// blockIterator is the iterator to traverse the indices within a single block.
+type blockIterator struct {
+	// immutable fields
+	data     []byte   // Reference to the data segment within the block reader
+	restarts []uint16 // Offsets pointing to the restart sections within the data
+
+	// mutable fields
+	id         uint64 // ID of the element at the iterators current position
+	dataPtr    int    // Current read position within the data slice
+	restartPtr int    // Index of the restart section where the iterator is currently positioned
+	exhausted  bool   // Flag whether the iterator has been exhausted
+	err        error  // Accumulated error during the traversal
+}
+
+func newBlockIterator(data []byte, restarts []uint16) *blockIterator {
+	it := &blockIterator{
+		data:     data,     // hold the slice directly with no deep copy
+		restarts: restarts, // hold the slice directly with no deep copy
+	}
+	it.reset()
+	return it
+}
+
+func (it *blockIterator) set(dataPtr int, restartPtr int, id uint64) {
+	it.id = id
+	it.dataPtr = dataPtr
+	it.restartPtr = restartPtr
+	it.exhausted = dataPtr == len(it.data)
+}
+
+func (it *blockIterator) setErr(err error) {
+	if it.err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	it.err = err
+}
+
+func (it *blockIterator) reset() {
+	it.id = 0
+	it.dataPtr = -1
+	it.restartPtr = -1
+	it.exhausted = false
+	it.err = nil
+
+	// Mark the iterator as exhausted if the associated index block is empty
+	if len(it.data) == 0 || len(it.restarts) == 0 {
+		it.exhausted = true
+	}
+}
+
+// SeekGT moves the iterator to the first element whose id is greater than the
+// given number. It returns whether such element exists.
+//
+// Note, this operation will unset the exhausted status and subsequent traversal
+// is allowed.
+func (it *blockIterator) SeekGT(id uint64) bool {
+	if it.err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	var err error
+	index := sort.Search(len(it.restarts), func(i int) bool {
+		item, n := binary.Uvarint(it.data[it.restarts[i]:])
+		if n <= 0 {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("failed to decode item at restart %d", it.restarts[i])
+		}
+		return item > id
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		it.setErr(err)
+		return false
+	}
+	if index == 0 {
+		item, n := binary.Uvarint(it.data[it.restarts[0]:])
+
+		// If the restart size is 1, then the restart pointer shouldn't be 0.
+		// It's not practical and should be denied in the first place.
+		it.set(int(it.restarts[0])+n, 0, item)
+		return true
+	}
+	var (
+		start        int
+		limit        int
+		restartIndex int // The restart section being searched below
+	)
+	if index == len(it.restarts) {
+		// The element being searched falls within the last restart section,
+		// there is no guarantee such element can be found.
+		start = int(it.restarts[len(it.restarts)-1])
+		limit = len(it.data)
+		restartIndex = len(it.restarts) - 1
+	} else {
+		// The element being searched falls within the non-last restart section,
+		// such element can be found for sure.
+		start = int(it.restarts[index-1])
+		limit = int(it.restarts[index])
+		restartIndex = index - 1
+	}
+	var (
+		result uint64
+		pos    = start
+	)
+	for pos < limit {
+		x, n := binary.Uvarint(it.data[pos:])
+		if n <= 0 {
+			it.setErr(fmt.Errorf("failed to decode item at pos %d", pos))
+			return false
+		}
+		if pos == start {
+			result = x
+		} else {
+			result += x
+		}
+		pos += n
+
+		if result > id {
+			if pos == limit {
+				it.set(pos, restartIndex+1, result)
+			} else {
+				it.set(pos, restartIndex, result)
+			}
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	// The element which is greater than specified id is not found.
+	if index == len(it.restarts) {
+		it.reset()
+		return false
+	}
+	// The element which is the first one greater than the specified id
+	// is exactly the one located at the restart point.
+	item, n := binary.Uvarint(it.data[it.restarts[index]:])
+	it.set(int(it.restarts[index])+n, index, item)
+	return true
+}
+
+func (it *blockIterator) init() {
+	if it.dataPtr != -1 {
+		return
+	}
+	it.dataPtr = 0
+	it.restartPtr = 0
+}
+
+// Next implements the HistoryIndexIterator, moving the iterator to the next
+// element. If the iterator has been exhausted, and boolean with false should
+// be returned.
+func (it *blockIterator) Next() bool {
+	if it.exhausted || it.err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	it.init()
+
+	// Decode the next element pointed by the iterator
+	v, n := binary.Uvarint(it.data[it.dataPtr:])
+	if n <= 0 {
+		it.setErr(fmt.Errorf("failed to decode item at pos %d", it.dataPtr))
+		return false
+	}
+
+	var val uint64
+	if it.dataPtr == int(it.restarts[it.restartPtr]) {
+		val = v
+	} else {
+		val = it.id + v
+	}
+
+	// Move to the next restart section if the data pointer crosses the boundary
+	nextRestartPtr := it.restartPtr
+	if it.restartPtr < len(it.restarts)-1 && it.dataPtr+n == int(it.restarts[it.restartPtr+1]) {
+		nextRestartPtr = it.restartPtr + 1
+	}
+	it.set(it.dataPtr+n, nextRestartPtr, val)
+
+	return true
+}
+
+// ID implements HistoryIndexIterator, returning the id of the element where the
+// iterator is positioned at.
+func (it *blockIterator) ID() uint64 {
+	return it.id
+}
+
+// Error implements HistoryIndexIterator, returning any accumulated error.
+// Exhausting all the elements is not considered to be an error.
+func (it *blockIterator) Error() error { return it.err }
+
+// blockLoader defines the method to retrieve the specific block for reading.
+type blockLoader func(id uint32) (*blockReader, error)
+
+// indexIterator is an iterator to traverse the history indices belonging to the
+// specific state entry.
+type indexIterator struct {
+	// immutable fields
+	descList []*indexBlockDesc
+	loader   blockLoader
+
+	// mutable fields
+	blockIt   *blockIterator
+	blockPtr  int
+	exhausted bool
+	err       error
+}
+
+func newIndexIterator(descList []*indexBlockDesc, loader blockLoader) *indexIterator {
+	it := &indexIterator{
+		descList: descList,
+		loader:   loader,
+	}
+	it.reset()
+	return it
+}
+
+func (it *indexIterator) setErr(err error) {
+	if it.err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	it.err = err
+}
+
+func (it *indexIterator) reset() {
+	it.blockIt = nil
+	it.blockPtr = -1
+	it.exhausted = false
+	it.err = nil
+
+	if len(it.descList) == 0 {
+		it.exhausted = true
+	}
+}
+
+func (it *indexIterator) open(blockPtr int) error {
+	id := it.descList[blockPtr].id
+	br, err := it.loader(id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	it.blockIt = newBlockIterator(br.data, br.restarts)
+	it.blockPtr = blockPtr
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SeekGT moves the iterator to the first element whose id is greater than the
+// given number. It returns whether such element exists.
+//
+// Note, this operation will unset the exhausted status and subsequent traversal
+// is allowed.
+func (it *indexIterator) SeekGT(id uint64) bool {
+	if it.err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	index := sort.Search(len(it.descList), func(i int) bool {
+		return id < it.descList[i].max
+	})
+	if index == len(it.descList) {
+		return false
+	}
+	it.exhausted = false
+
+	if it.blockIt == nil || it.blockPtr != index {
+		if err := it.open(index); err != nil {
+			it.setErr(err)
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return it.blockIt.SeekGT(id)
+}
+
+func (it *indexIterator) init() error {
+	if it.blockIt != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return it.open(0)
+}
+
+// Next implements the HistoryIndexIterator, moving the iterator to the next
+// element. If the iterator has been exhausted, and boolean with false should
+// be returned.
+func (it *indexIterator) Next() bool {
+	if it.exhausted || it.err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if err := it.init(); err != nil {
+		it.setErr(err)
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if it.blockIt.Next() {
+		return true
+	}
+	if it.blockPtr == len(it.descList)-1 {
+		it.exhausted = true
+		return false
+	}
+	if err := it.open(it.blockPtr + 1); err != nil {
+		it.setErr(err)
+		return false
+	}
+	return it.blockIt.Next()
+}
+
+// Error implements HistoryIndexIterator, returning any accumulated error.
+// Exhausting all the elements is not considered to be an error.
+func (it *indexIterator) Error() error {
+	if it.err != nil {
+		return it.err
+	}
+	if it.blockIt != nil {
+		return it.blockIt.Error()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ID implements HistoryIndexIterator, returning the id of the element where the
+// iterator is positioned at.
+func (it *indexIterator) ID() uint64 {
+	return it.blockIt.ID()
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..da60dc6e8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+
+package pathdb
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+	"sort"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+)
+
+func makeTestIndexBlock(count int) ([]byte, []uint64) {
+	var (
+		marks    = make(map[uint64]bool)
+		elements []uint64
+	)
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0))
+	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+		n := uint64(rand.Uint32())
+		if marks[n] {
+			continue
+		}
+		marks[n] = true
+		elements = append(elements, n)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(elements, func(i, j int) bool { return elements[i] < elements[j] })
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(elements); i++ {
+		bw.append(elements[i])
+	}
+	data := bw.finish()
+
+	return data, elements
+}
+
+func makeTestIndexBlocks(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, stateIdent stateIdent, count int) []uint64 {
+	var (
+		marks    = make(map[uint64]bool)
+		elements []uint64
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+		n := uint64(rand.Uint32())
+		if marks[n] {
+			continue
+		}
+		marks[n] = true
+		elements = append(elements, n)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(elements, func(i, j int) bool { return elements[i] < elements[j] })
+
+	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, stateIdent)
+	for i := 0; i < len(elements); i++ {
+		iw.append(elements[i])
+	}
+	batch := db.NewBatch()
+	iw.finish(batch)
+	batch.Write()
+
+	return elements
+}
+
+func checkSeekGT(it HistoryIndexIterator, input uint64, exp bool, expVal uint64) error {
+	found := it.SeekGT(input)
+	if it.Error() != nil {
+		return it.Error()
+	}
+	if !exp {
+		if found {
+			return fmt.Errorf("unexpected returned value: %d", it.ID())
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	if !found {
+		return fmt.Errorf("element grearter than %d is not found", input)
+	}
+	if it.ID() != expVal {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected returned value, want: %d, got: %d", expVal, it.ID())
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func checkNext(it HistoryIndexIterator, values []uint64) error {
+	for _, value := range values {
+		if !it.Next() {
+			return errors.New("iterator is exhausted")
+		}
+		if it.ID() != value {
+			return fmt.Errorf("unexpected iterator ID, want: %v, got: %v", value, it.ID())
+		}
+	}
+	if it.Next() {
+		return errors.New("iterator is not exhausted yet")
+	}
+	return it.Error()
+}
+
+func TestBlockIteratorSeekGT(t *testing.T) {
+	/* 0-size index block is not allowed
+
+	data, elements := makeTestIndexBlock(0)
+	testBlockIterator(t, data, elements)
+	*/
+
+	data, elements := makeTestIndexBlock(1)
+	testBlockIterator(t, data, elements)
+
+	data, elements = makeTestIndexBlock(indexBlockRestartLen)
+	testBlockIterator(t, data, elements)
+
+	data, elements = makeTestIndexBlock(3 * indexBlockRestartLen)
+	testBlockIterator(t, data, elements)
+
+	data, elements = makeTestIndexBlock(indexBlockEntriesCap)
+	testBlockIterator(t, data, elements)
+}
+
+func testBlockIterator(t *testing.T, data []byte, elements []uint64) {
+	br, err := newBlockReader(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to open the block for reading, %v", err)
+	}
+	it := newBlockIterator(br.data, br.restarts)
+
+	for i := 0; i < 128; i++ {
+		var input uint64
+		if rand.Intn(2) == 0 {
+			input = elements[rand.Intn(len(elements))]
+		} else {
+			input = uint64(rand.Uint32())
+		}
+		index := sort.Search(len(elements), func(i int) bool {
+			return elements[i] > input
+		})
+		var (
+			exp     bool
+			expVal  uint64
+			remains []uint64
+		)
+		if index == len(elements) {
+			exp = false
+		} else {
+			exp = true
+			expVal = elements[index]
+			if index < len(elements) {
+				remains = elements[index+1:]
+			}
+		}
+		if err := checkSeekGT(it, input, exp, expVal); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if exp {
+			if err := checkNext(it, remains); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIndexIteratorSeekGT(t *testing.T) {
+	ident := newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0x1})
+
+	dbA := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	testIndexIterator(t, ident, dbA, makeTestIndexBlocks(dbA, ident, 1))
+
+	dbB := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	testIndexIterator(t, ident, dbB, makeTestIndexBlocks(dbB, ident, 3*indexBlockEntriesCap))
+
+	dbC := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	testIndexIterator(t, ident, dbC, makeTestIndexBlocks(dbC, ident, indexBlockEntriesCap-1))
+
+	dbD := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	testIndexIterator(t, ident, dbD, makeTestIndexBlocks(dbD, ident, indexBlockEntriesCap+1))
+}
+
+func testIndexIterator(t *testing.T, stateIdent stateIdent, db ethdb.Database, elements []uint64) {
+	ir, err := newIndexReader(db, stateIdent)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to open the index reader, %v", err)
+	}
+	it := newIndexIterator(ir.descList, func(id uint32) (*blockReader, error) {
+		return newBlockReader(readStateIndexBlock(stateIdent, db, id))
+	})
+
+	for i := 0; i < 128; i++ {
+		var input uint64
+		if rand.Intn(2) == 0 {
+			input = elements[rand.Intn(len(elements))]
+		} else {
+			input = uint64(rand.Uint32())
+		}
+		index := sort.Search(len(elements), func(i int) bool {
+			return elements[i] > input
+		})
+		var (
+			exp     bool
+			expVal  uint64
+			remains []uint64
+		)
+		if index == len(elements) {
+			exp = false
+		} else {
+			exp = true
+			expVal = elements[index]
+			if index < len(elements) {
+				remains = elements[index+1:]
+			}
+		}
+		if err := checkSeekGT(it, input, exp, expVal); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if exp {
+			if err := checkNext(it, remains); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBlockIteratorTraversal(t *testing.T) {
+	/* 0-size index block is not allowed
+
+	data, elements := makeTestIndexBlock(0)
+	testBlockIterator(t, data, elements)
+	*/
+
+	data, elements := makeTestIndexBlock(1)
+	testBlockIteratorTraversal(t, data, elements)
+
+	data, elements = makeTestIndexBlock(indexBlockRestartLen)
+	testBlockIteratorTraversal(t, data, elements)
+
+	data, elements = makeTestIndexBlock(3 * indexBlockRestartLen)
+	testBlockIteratorTraversal(t, data, elements)
+
+	data, elements = makeTestIndexBlock(indexBlockEntriesCap)
+	testBlockIteratorTraversal(t, data, elements)
+}
+
+func testBlockIteratorTraversal(t *testing.T, data []byte, elements []uint64) {
+	br, err := newBlockReader(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to open the block for reading, %v", err)
+	}
+	it := newBlockIterator(br.data, br.restarts)
+
+	if err := checkNext(it, elements); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIndexIteratorTraversal(t *testing.T) {
+	ident := newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0x1})
+
+	dbA := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	testIndexIteratorTraversal(t, ident, dbA, makeTestIndexBlocks(dbA, ident, 1))
+
+	dbB := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	testIndexIteratorTraversal(t, ident, dbB, makeTestIndexBlocks(dbB, ident, 3*indexBlockEntriesCap))
+
+	dbC := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	testIndexIteratorTraversal(t, ident, dbC, makeTestIndexBlocks(dbC, ident, indexBlockEntriesCap-1))
+
+	dbD := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	testIndexIteratorTraversal(t, ident, dbD, makeTestIndexBlocks(dbD, ident, indexBlockEntriesCap+1))
+}
+
+func testIndexIteratorTraversal(t *testing.T, stateIdent stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueReader, elements []uint64) {
+	ir, err := newIndexReader(db, stateIdent)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to open the index reader, %v", err)
+	}
+	it := newIndexIterator(ir.descList, func(id uint32) (*blockReader, error) {
+		return newBlockReader(readStateIndexBlock(stateIdent, db, id))
+	})
+	if err := checkNext(it, elements); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}

From 62334a9d460d49777012894abd899698c21051e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Felf=C3=B6ldi=20Zsolt?= <zsfelfoldi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 11:07:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 347/470] beacon: update beacon light client for fusaka
 (#33272)

This PR adds the "FULU" beacon chain config entries for all networks and
fixes the select statements that choose the appropriate engine API call
versions (no new version there but the "default" was always the first
version; now it's the latest version so no need to change unless there
is actually a new version).
New beacon checkpoints are also added for mainnet, sepolia and hoodi
(not for holesky because it's not finalizing at the moment).
Note that though unrelated to fusaka, the log indexer checkpoints are
also updated for mainnet (not for the other testnets, mainly because I
only have mainnet synced here on my travel SSD; this should be fine
though because the index is also reverse generated for a year by default
so it does not really affect the indexing time)

Links for the new checkpoints:

https://beaconcha.in/slot/13108192
https://light-sepolia.beaconcha.in/slot/9032384
https://hoodi.beaconcha.in/slot/1825728
---
 beacon/blsync/engineclient.go            | 28 ++++++++--------
 beacon/params/checkpoint_hoodi.hex       |  2 +-
 beacon/params/checkpoint_mainnet.hex     |  2 +-
 beacon/params/checkpoint_sepolia.hex     |  2 +-
 beacon/params/networks.go                | 41 +++++++++++++-----------
 core/filtermaps/checkpoints_mainnet.json | 29 ++++++++++++++++-
 6 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/beacon/blsync/engineclient.go b/beacon/blsync/engineclient.go
index f9821fc6f3..9fc6a18a57 100644
--- a/beacon/blsync/engineclient.go
+++ b/beacon/blsync/engineclient.go
@@ -101,7 +101,16 @@ func (ec *engineClient) callNewPayload(fork string, event types.ChainHeadEvent)
 		params = []any{execData}
 	)
 	switch fork {
-	case "electra":
+	case "altair", "bellatrix":
+		method = "engine_newPayloadV1"
+	case "capella":
+		method = "engine_newPayloadV2"
+	case "deneb":
+		method = "engine_newPayloadV3"
+		parentBeaconRoot := event.BeaconHead.ParentRoot
+		blobHashes := collectBlobHashes(event.Block)
+		params = append(params, blobHashes, parentBeaconRoot)
+	default: // electra, fulu and above
 		method = "engine_newPayloadV4"
 		parentBeaconRoot := event.BeaconHead.ParentRoot
 		blobHashes := collectBlobHashes(event.Block)
@@ -110,15 +119,6 @@ func (ec *engineClient) callNewPayload(fork string, event types.ChainHeadEvent)
 			hexRequests[i] = hexutil.Bytes(event.ExecRequests[i])
 		}
 		params = append(params, blobHashes, parentBeaconRoot, hexRequests)
-	case "deneb":
-		method = "engine_newPayloadV3"
-		parentBeaconRoot := event.BeaconHead.ParentRoot
-		blobHashes := collectBlobHashes(event.Block)
-		params = append(params, blobHashes, parentBeaconRoot)
-	case "capella":
-		method = "engine_newPayloadV2"
-	default:
-		method = "engine_newPayloadV1"
 	}
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ec.rootCtx, time.Second*5)
@@ -145,12 +145,12 @@ func (ec *engineClient) callForkchoiceUpdated(fork string, event types.ChainHead
 
 	var method string
 	switch fork {
-	case "deneb", "electra":
-		method = "engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV3"
+	case "altair", "bellatrix":
+		method = "engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV1"
 	case "capella":
 		method = "engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV2"
-	default:
-		method = "engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV1"
+	default: // deneb, electra, fulu and above
+		method = "engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV3"
 	}
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ec.rootCtx, time.Second*5)
diff --git a/beacon/params/checkpoint_hoodi.hex b/beacon/params/checkpoint_hoodi.hex
index 2885d7c996..7bac591f96 100644
--- a/beacon/params/checkpoint_hoodi.hex
+++ b/beacon/params/checkpoint_hoodi.hex
@@ -1 +1 @@
-0x1bbf958008172591b6cbdb3d8d52e26998258e83d4bdb9eec10969d84519a6bd
\ No newline at end of file
+0xbb7a7f3c40d8ea0b450f91587db65d0f1c079669277e01a0426c8911702a863a
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/beacon/params/checkpoint_mainnet.hex b/beacon/params/checkpoint_mainnet.hex
index 417e69a24b..c2886cc564 100644
--- a/beacon/params/checkpoint_mainnet.hex
+++ b/beacon/params/checkpoint_mainnet.hex
@@ -1 +1 @@
-0x2fe39a39b6f7cbd549e0f74d259de6db486005a65bd3bd92840dd6ce21d6f4c8
\ No newline at end of file
+0x2af778d703186526a1b6304b423f338f11556206f618643c3f7fa0d7b1ef5c9b
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/beacon/params/checkpoint_sepolia.hex b/beacon/params/checkpoint_sepolia.hex
index 02faf72187..55842f8ac0 100644
--- a/beacon/params/checkpoint_sepolia.hex
+++ b/beacon/params/checkpoint_sepolia.hex
@@ -1 +1 @@
-0x86686b2b366e24134e0e3969a9c5f3759f92e5d2b04785b42e22cc7d468c2107
\ No newline at end of file
+0x48a89c9ea7ba19de2931797974cf8722344ab231c0edada278b108ef74125478
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/beacon/params/networks.go b/beacon/params/networks.go
index b35db34fd6..5dcf08cc5d 100644
--- a/beacon/params/networks.go
+++ b/beacon/params/networks.go
@@ -40,36 +40,39 @@ var (
 		GenesisTime:           1606824023,
 		Checkpoint:            common.HexToHash(checkpointMainnet),
 	}).
-		AddFork("GENESIS", 0, []byte{0, 0, 0, 0}).
-		AddFork("ALTAIR", 74240, []byte{1, 0, 0, 0}).
-		AddFork("BELLATRIX", 144896, []byte{2, 0, 0, 0}).
-		AddFork("CAPELLA", 194048, []byte{3, 0, 0, 0}).
-		AddFork("DENEB", 269568, []byte{4, 0, 0, 0}).
-		AddFork("ELECTRA", 364032, []byte{5, 0, 0, 0})
+		AddFork("GENESIS", 0, common.FromHex("0x00000000")).
+		AddFork("ALTAIR", 74240, common.FromHex("0x01000000")).
+		AddFork("BELLATRIX", 144896, common.FromHex("0x02000000")).
+		AddFork("CAPELLA", 194048, common.FromHex("0x03000000")).
+		AddFork("DENEB", 269568, common.FromHex("0x04000000")).
+		AddFork("ELECTRA", 364032, common.FromHex("0x05000000")).
+		AddFork("FULU", 411392, common.FromHex("0x06000000"))
 
 	SepoliaLightConfig = (&ChainConfig{
 		GenesisValidatorsRoot: common.HexToHash("0xd8ea171f3c94aea21ebc42a1ed61052acf3f9209c00e4efbaaddac09ed9b8078"),
 		GenesisTime:           1655733600,
 		Checkpoint:            common.HexToHash(checkpointSepolia),
 	}).
-		AddFork("GENESIS", 0, []byte{144, 0, 0, 105}).
-		AddFork("ALTAIR", 50, []byte{144, 0, 0, 112}).
-		AddFork("BELLATRIX", 100, []byte{144, 0, 0, 113}).
-		AddFork("CAPELLA", 56832, []byte{144, 0, 0, 114}).
-		AddFork("DENEB", 132608, []byte{144, 0, 0, 115}).
-		AddFork("ELECTRA", 222464, []byte{144, 0, 0, 116})
+		AddFork("GENESIS", 0, common.FromHex("0x90000069")).
+		AddFork("ALTAIR", 50, common.FromHex("0x90000070")).
+		AddFork("BELLATRIX", 100, common.FromHex("0x90000071")).
+		AddFork("CAPELLA", 56832, common.FromHex("0x90000072")).
+		AddFork("DENEB", 132608, common.FromHex("0x90000073")).
+		AddFork("ELECTRA", 222464, common.FromHex("0x90000074")).
+		AddFork("FULU", 272640, common.FromHex("0x90000075"))
 
 	HoleskyLightConfig = (&ChainConfig{
 		GenesisValidatorsRoot: common.HexToHash("0x9143aa7c615a7f7115e2b6aac319c03529df8242ae705fba9df39b79c59fa8b1"),
 		GenesisTime:           1695902400,
 		Checkpoint:            common.HexToHash(checkpointHolesky),
 	}).
-		AddFork("GENESIS", 0, []byte{1, 1, 112, 0}).
-		AddFork("ALTAIR", 0, []byte{2, 1, 112, 0}).
-		AddFork("BELLATRIX", 0, []byte{3, 1, 112, 0}).
-		AddFork("CAPELLA", 256, []byte{4, 1, 112, 0}).
-		AddFork("DENEB", 29696, []byte{5, 1, 112, 0}).
-		AddFork("ELECTRA", 115968, []byte{6, 1, 112, 0})
+		AddFork("GENESIS", 0, common.FromHex("0x01017000")).
+		AddFork("ALTAIR", 0, common.FromHex("0x02017000")).
+		AddFork("BELLATRIX", 0, common.FromHex("0x03017000")).
+		AddFork("CAPELLA", 256, common.FromHex("0x04017000")).
+		AddFork("DENEB", 29696, common.FromHex("0x05017000")).
+		AddFork("ELECTRA", 115968, common.FromHex("0x06017000")).
+		AddFork("FULU", 165120, common.FromHex("0x07017000"))
 
 	HoodiLightConfig = (&ChainConfig{
 		GenesisValidatorsRoot: common.HexToHash("0x212f13fc4df078b6cb7db228f1c8307566dcecf900867401a92023d7ba99cb5f"),
@@ -82,5 +85,5 @@ var (
 		AddFork("CAPELLA", 0, common.FromHex("0x40000910")).
 		AddFork("DENEB", 0, common.FromHex("0x50000910")).
 		AddFork("ELECTRA", 2048, common.FromHex("0x60000910")).
-		AddFork("FULU", 18446744073709551615, common.FromHex("0x70000910"))
+		AddFork("FULU", 50688, common.FromHex("0x70000910"))
 )
diff --git a/core/filtermaps/checkpoints_mainnet.json b/core/filtermaps/checkpoints_mainnet.json
index 2ea065ddb7..795967405d 100644
--- a/core/filtermaps/checkpoints_mainnet.json
+++ b/core/filtermaps/checkpoints_mainnet.json
@@ -288,5 +288,32 @@
 {"blockNumber": 22958100, "blockId": "0xe38e0ff7b0c4065ca42ea577bc32f2566ca46f2ddeedcc4bc1f8fb00e7f26329", "firstIndex": 19260242424},
 {"blockNumber": 22988600, "blockId": "0x04ca74758b22e0ea54b8c992022ff21c16a2af9c45144c3b0f80de921a7eee82", "firstIndex": 19327351273},
 {"blockNumber": 23018392, "blockId": "0x61cc979b00bc97b48356f986a5b9ec997d674bc904c2a2e4b0f17de08e50b3bb", "firstIndex": 19394459627},
-{"blockNumber": 23048524, "blockId": "0x489de15d95739ede4ab15e8b5151d80d4dc85ae10e7be800b1a4723094a678df", "firstIndex": 19461570073}
+{"blockNumber": 23048524, "blockId": "0x489de15d95739ede4ab15e8b5151d80d4dc85ae10e7be800b1a4723094a678df", "firstIndex": 19461570073},
+{"blockNumber": 23078983, "blockId": "0xd64da4fe45a0a349101b8ce1a6336fb099d8b00cc274d0eb59356e134190b8f2", "firstIndex": 19528679292},
+{"blockNumber": 23109224, "blockId": "0xbb6c29f91820fcf6caef881bdfe61eb690f9796f8f139c56eaf27aa601fe5ed2", "firstIndex": 19595787850},
+{"blockNumber": 23136690, "blockId": "0xc1915739edff731d469ec1500ad05102c0d68cc1ef062411d2e9741b8ebdc571", "firstIndex": 19662896969},
+{"blockNumber": 23164324, "blockId": "0x97d0078f2a22a8fbde4660d5f11846d00a669c606e42291df55e863190914a9f", "firstIndex": 19730004997},
+{"blockNumber": 23192975, "blockId": "0x8463749ec09f55fccdd962498f93d6468d744faedc35da8097642cd4609e08f2", "firstIndex": 19797111604},
+{"blockNumber": 23219805, "blockId": "0x76ca51d01b5724f1b0f6c3acb50dfcdb00e1648a475dd7599174b301c25e5517", "firstIndex": 19864222312},
+{"blockNumber": 23236331, "blockId": "0x388f9e36b3ec2120d2b4adfdcdb0c0b8de139eef107e327670dd77fc581c2c5f", "firstIndex": 19931331831},
+{"blockNumber": 23260849, "blockId": "0xe4a467164dbc8f9beebf0c8478a9e7ee16dfce65e2da423b1048601831222ba7", "firstIndex": 19998441286},
+{"blockNumber": 23282795, "blockId": "0x74ad210aa1bfdd4bcf61298ebff622da758c36c38d62d001f2440d09e73ef6c7", "firstIndex": 20065548083},
+{"blockNumber": 23300759, "blockId": "0xa405f5ea21a5207d3cde718a1e3fb7f0ce3dd87ac6040a0db52da0e9488e63f6", "firstIndex": 20132623334},
+{"blockNumber": 23319772, "blockId": "0xafae645dd057af450eddf69c7604bde0136524abc5b7d6697426427ef2d30724", "firstIndex": 20199767615},
+{"blockNumber": 23342113, "blockId": "0x8482c4be13294cfd862d500051c8b4efb95b50f4a79717da6aeabb2a6ff3e199", "firstIndex": 20266874986},
+{"blockNumber": 23366974, "blockId": "0xf6047cafea5da7aaf20691df700d759fe84f5aa2176d9dd42c6ae138899a29ea", "firstIndex": 20333983351},
+{"blockNumber": 23397579, "blockId": "0xe94815fe0278659a26e15b023c0c3877abf6f1265710c5dfddf161ee8af01b40", "firstIndex": 20401094335},
+{"blockNumber": 23425940, "blockId": "0xa98d6d48b93d9ef848c340b47cf9d191f36e76375dd747d8adcb39d72251822d", "firstIndex": 20468200506},
+{"blockNumber": 23452402, "blockId": "0x5f26ff308c0883a04f4a92411bcd05e50538d95a96532452f43b71fde4af908d", "firstIndex": 20535311178},
+{"blockNumber": 23478884, "blockId": "0x23a81186c21218f7034ee81dcd72db71edcbc0e97da26703b8026b6d4a81f693", "firstIndex": 20602384106},
+{"blockNumber": 23507136, "blockId": "0xb1d4a2bd836c5d78b678f0bfffd651bdfeae8b7965639b640f8745193b142323", "firstIndex": 20669529935},
+{"blockNumber": 23535463, "blockId": "0x1886a719a6376352753242ec5093c434938b9a90356facdbdaafd2670da97d82", "firstIndex": 20736637374},
+{"blockNumber": 23564278, "blockId": "0xcdc5a1349f45430771fa2080555f20b80b2d84f575728dbb8bd3b633fbb0a00b", "firstIndex": 20803747399},
+{"blockNumber": 23594711, "blockId": "0xbbf41e407367feeb865b305e38aee8bef84ba62b66efbd6fcd3b16a5d50cc055", "firstIndex": 20870854523},
+{"blockNumber": 23627417, "blockId": "0x1b3c6bd39c5aa7c73101e7e946964b3d7afecf3f253efda8de5610dd99cbee82", "firstIndex": 20937963176},
+{"blockNumber": 23660347, "blockId": "0xadc8ac88c281f50c3aaf1d08149100e8f91a16bbe09b28ac86665bcea681d41b", "firstIndex": 21005072865},
+{"blockNumber": 23692228, "blockId": "0xeb4040468161d9d5b6863eb62e4f21f72a1944f910ecfa95ee6a9dbc39e92ef0", "firstIndex": 21072181753},
+{"blockNumber": 23722331, "blockId": "0xdfc9be1b43488148868da0c8ac56e99e0ffde18bcc418755c4765e745fe74024", "firstIndex": 21139291342},
+{"blockNumber": 23752866, "blockId": "0xb9cf0dfee429a1450f5fb7a237729cf7d0c49e7e35c00dc3709f197c091f8b39", "firstIndex": 21206399901},
+{"blockNumber": 23784485, "blockId": "0x92f5f119078b4ef7ad99273e2ae6f874cfb663e80d741a821e0bb7c25c0369c7", "firstIndex": 21273505141}
 ]

From cf93077fab7984d868437ffcb4b28720fd119b08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: radik878 <radikpadik76@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 12:30:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 348/470] rlp: finalize listIterator on parse error to prevent
 non-advancing loops (#33245)

The list iterator previously returned true on parse errors without
advancing the input, which could lead to non-advancing infinite loops
for callers that do not check Err() inside the loop; to make iteration
safe while preserving error visibility, Next() now marks the iterator as
finished when readKind fails, returning true for the error step so
existing users that check Err() can handle it, and then false on
subsequent calls, and the function comment was updated to document this
behavior and the need to check Err().
---
 rlp/iterator.go | 13 +++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/rlp/iterator.go b/rlp/iterator.go
index 95bd3f2582..05567fa05b 100644
--- a/rlp/iterator.go
+++ b/rlp/iterator.go
@@ -37,15 +37,24 @@ func NewListIterator(data RawValue) (*listIterator, error) {
 	return it, nil
 }
 
-// Next forwards the iterator one step, returns true if it was not at end yet
+// Next forwards the iterator one step.
+// Returns true if there is a next item or an error occurred on this step (check Err()).
+// On parse error, the iterator is marked finished and subsequent calls return false.
 func (it *listIterator) Next() bool {
 	if len(it.data) == 0 {
 		return false
 	}
 	_, t, c, err := readKind(it.data)
+	if err != nil {
+		it.next = nil
+		it.err = err
+		// Mark iteration as finished to avoid potential infinite loops on subsequent Next calls.
+		it.data = nil
+		return true
+	}
 	it.next = it.data[:t+c]
 	it.data = it.data[t+c:]
-	it.err = err
+	it.err = nil
 	return true
 }
 

From 3f7cd905b0880c12a65efbe4450f16c24a6bf65d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lucia <lucia.wang@harmoney.co.nz>
Date: Thu, 27 Nov 2025 02:58:15 +1300
Subject: [PATCH 349/470] accounts/usbwallet: fix double hashing in
 SignTextWithPassphrase (#33138)

SignTextWithPassphrase calls SignText, which already performs TextHash.
---
 accounts/usbwallet/wallet.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/accounts/usbwallet/wallet.go b/accounts/usbwallet/wallet.go
index 0fd0415a9e..f1597ca1a7 100644
--- a/accounts/usbwallet/wallet.go
+++ b/accounts/usbwallet/wallet.go
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ func (w *wallet) SignTx(account accounts.Account, tx *types.Transaction, chainID
 // data is not supported for Ledger wallets, so this method will always return
 // an error.
 func (w *wallet) SignTextWithPassphrase(account accounts.Account, passphrase string, text []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	return w.SignText(account, accounts.TextHash(text))
+	return w.SignText(account, text)
 }
 
 // SignTxWithPassphrase implements accounts.Wallet, attempting to sign the given

From 1468331f9d8e8c78125c202c909f6f5fccf601df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: oxBoni <godzilabozo@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 15:34:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 350/470] p2p/discover/v5wire: remove redundant bytes clone in
 WHOAREYOU encoding (#33180)

head.AuthData is assigned later in the function, so the earlier assignment
can safely be removed.
---
 p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding.go | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding.go b/p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding.go
index 08292a70ba..d6a30a17ca 100644
--- a/p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding.go
+++ b/p2p/discover/v5wire/encoding.go
@@ -326,7 +326,6 @@ func (c *Codec) encodeWhoareyou(toID enode.ID, packet *Whoareyou) (Header, error
 
 	// Create header.
 	head := c.makeHeader(toID, flagWhoareyou, 0)
-	head.AuthData = slices.Clone(c.buf.Bytes())
 	head.Nonce = packet.Nonce
 
 	// Encode auth data.

From ed4d00fd83f33e56b7bdb16e14735dd0f846b717 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 15:53:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 351/470] miner: add --miner.maxblobs flag (#33129)

Adds a flag to specify how many blobs a node is willing to include in
their locally build block as specified in
https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7872

I deviated from the EIP in one case, I allowed for specifying 0 as the
minimum blobs/block
---
 cmd/geth/main.go   |  1 +
 cmd/utils/flags.go |  9 +++++++++
 miner/miner.go     |  1 +
 miner/worker.go    | 16 +++++++++++++---
 4 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index 109b36836a..851ae1ce0b 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@ var (
 		utils.MinerGasPriceFlag,
 		utils.MinerEtherbaseFlag, // deprecated
 		utils.MinerExtraDataFlag,
+		utils.MinerMaxBlobsFlag,
 		utils.MinerRecommitIntervalFlag,
 		utils.MinerPendingFeeRecipientFlag,
 		utils.MinerNewPayloadTimeoutFlag, // deprecated
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index c95efd9fd7..536f8c9e65 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -553,6 +553,11 @@ var (
 		Usage:    "0x prefixed public address for the pending block producer (not used for actual block production)",
 		Category: flags.MinerCategory,
 	}
+	MinerMaxBlobsFlag = &cli.IntFlag{
+		Name:     "miner.maxblobs",
+		Usage:    "Maximum number of blobs per block (falls back to protocol maximum if unspecified)",
+		Category: flags.MinerCategory,
+	}
 
 	// Account settings
 	PasswordFileFlag = &cli.PathFlag{
@@ -1571,6 +1576,10 @@ func setMiner(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *miner.Config) {
 		log.Warn("The flag --miner.newpayload-timeout is deprecated and will be removed, please use --miner.recommit")
 		cfg.Recommit = ctx.Duration(MinerNewPayloadTimeoutFlag.Name)
 	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(MinerMaxBlobsFlag.Name) {
+		maxBlobs := ctx.Int(MinerMaxBlobsFlag.Name)
+		cfg.MaxBlobsPerBlock = &maxBlobs
+	}
 }
 
 func setRequiredBlocks(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
diff --git a/miner/miner.go b/miner/miner.go
index 810cc20a6c..4c40b0c4f8 100644
--- a/miner/miner.go
+++ b/miner/miner.go
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	GasCeil             uint64         // Target gas ceiling for mined blocks.
 	GasPrice            *big.Int       // Minimum gas price for mining a transaction
 	Recommit            time.Duration  // The time interval for miner to re-create mining work.
+	MaxBlobsPerBlock    *int           // Maximum number of blobs per block (unset uses protocol default)
 }
 
 // DefaultConfig contains default settings for miner.
diff --git a/miner/worker.go b/miner/worker.go
index c0574eac23..e0dcdca456 100644
--- a/miner/worker.go
+++ b/miner/worker.go
@@ -43,6 +43,16 @@ var (
 	errBlockInterruptedByTimeout  = errors.New("timeout while building block")
 )
 
+// maxBlobsPerBlock returns the maximum number of blobs per block.
+// Users can specify the maximum number of blobs per block if necessary.
+func (miner *Miner) maxBlobsPerBlock(time uint64) int {
+	maxBlobs := eip4844.MaxBlobsPerBlock(miner.chainConfig, time)
+	if miner.config.MaxBlobsPerBlock != nil {
+		maxBlobs = *miner.config.MaxBlobsPerBlock
+	}
+	return maxBlobs
+}
+
 // environment is the worker's current environment and holds all
 // information of the sealing block generation.
 type environment struct {
@@ -309,7 +319,7 @@ func (miner *Miner) commitBlobTransaction(env *environment, tx *types.Transactio
 	// isn't really a better place right now. The blob gas limit is checked at block validation time
 	// and not during execution. This means core.ApplyTransaction will not return an error if the
 	// tx has too many blobs. So we have to explicitly check it here.
-	maxBlobs := eip4844.MaxBlobsPerBlock(miner.chainConfig, env.header.Time)
+	maxBlobs := miner.maxBlobsPerBlock(env.header.Time)
 	if env.blobs+len(sc.Blobs) > maxBlobs {
 		return errors.New("max data blobs reached")
 	}
@@ -364,7 +374,7 @@ func (miner *Miner) commitTransactions(env *environment, plainTxs, blobTxs *tran
 		}
 		// If we don't have enough blob space for any further blob transactions,
 		// skip that list altogether
-		if !blobTxs.Empty() && env.blobs >= eip4844.MaxBlobsPerBlock(miner.chainConfig, env.header.Time) {
+		if !blobTxs.Empty() && env.blobs >= miner.maxBlobsPerBlock(env.header.Time) {
 			log.Trace("Not enough blob space for further blob transactions")
 			blobTxs.Clear()
 			// Fall though to pick up any plain txs
@@ -403,7 +413,7 @@ func (miner *Miner) commitTransactions(env *environment, plainTxs, blobTxs *tran
 		// blobs or not, however the max check panics when called on a chain without
 		// a defined schedule, so we need to verify it's safe to call.
 		if isCancun {
-			left := eip4844.MaxBlobsPerBlock(miner.chainConfig, env.header.Time) - env.blobs
+			left := miner.maxBlobsPerBlock(env.header.Time) - env.blobs
 			if left < int(ltx.BlobGas/params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob) {
 				log.Trace("Not enough blob space left for transaction", "hash", ltx.Hash, "left", left, "needed", ltx.BlobGas/params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob)
 				txs.Pop()

From 689ea10f3516fcf62ebd5570af232b3e4ef266f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jonny Rhea <5555162+jrhea@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 08:58:59 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 352/470] core/vm: implement EIP-8024 (#33095)

EIP-8024: Backward compatible SWAPN, DUPN, EXCHANGE

Introduces additional instructions for manipulating the stack which
allow accessing the stack at higher depths. This is an initial implementation
of the EIP, which is still in Review stage.
---
 core/vm/eips.go              |  23 +++++
 core/vm/instructions.go      | 109 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 core/vm/instructions_test.go | 161 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 293 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/vm/eips.go b/core/vm/eips.go
index d7ed18648e..dfcac4b930 100644
--- a/core/vm/eips.go
+++ b/core/vm/eips.go
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ var activators = map[int]func(*JumpTable){
 	4762: enable4762,
 	7702: enable7702,
 	7939: enable7939,
+	8024: enable8024,
 }
 
 // EnableEIP enables the given EIP on the config.
@@ -342,6 +343,28 @@ func enable6780(jt *JumpTable) {
 	}
 }
 
+// enable8024 applies EIP-8024 (DUPN, SWAPN, EXCHANGE)
+func enable8024(jt *JumpTable) {
+	jt[DUPN] = &operation{
+		execute:     opDupN,
+		constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+		minStack:    minStack(1, 0),
+		maxStack:    maxStack(0, 1),
+	}
+	jt[SWAPN] = &operation{
+		execute:     opSwapN,
+		constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+		minStack:    minStack(2, 0),
+		maxStack:    maxStack(0, 0),
+	}
+	jt[EXCHANGE] = &operation{
+		execute:     opExchange,
+		constantGas: GasFastestStep,
+		minStack:    minStack(2, 0),
+		maxStack:    maxStack(0, 0),
+	}
+}
+
 func opExtCodeCopyEIP4762(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 	var (
 		stack      = scope.Stack
diff --git a/core/vm/instructions.go b/core/vm/instructions.go
index 44d3e81a9c..29f1f79c49 100644
--- a/core/vm/instructions.go
+++ b/core/vm/instructions.go
@@ -920,6 +920,115 @@ func opSelfdestruct6780(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, erro
 	return nil, errStopToken
 }
 
+func decodeSingle(x byte) int {
+	if x <= 90 {
+		return int(x) + 17
+	}
+	return int(x) - 20
+}
+
+func decodePair(x byte) (int, int) {
+	var k int
+	if x <= 79 {
+		k = int(x)
+	} else {
+		k = int(x) - 48
+	}
+	q, r := k/16, k%16
+	if q < r {
+		return q + 1, r + 1
+	}
+	return r + 1, 29 - q
+}
+
+func opDupN(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	code := scope.Contract.Code
+	i := *pc + 1
+
+	// Ensure an immediate byte exists after DUPN
+	if i >= uint64(len(code)) {
+		return nil, &ErrInvalidOpCode{opcode: INVALID}
+	}
+	x := code[i]
+
+	// This range is excluded to preserve compatibility with existing opcodes.
+	if x > 90 && x < 128 {
+		return nil, &ErrInvalidOpCode{opcode: OpCode(x)}
+	}
+	n := decodeSingle(x)
+
+	// DUPN duplicates the n'th stack item, so the stack must contain at least n elements.
+	if scope.Stack.len() < n {
+		return nil, &ErrStackUnderflow{stackLen: scope.Stack.len(), required: n}
+	}
+
+	//The n‘th stack item is duplicated at the top of the stack.
+	scope.Stack.push(scope.Stack.Back(n - 1))
+	*pc += 2
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opSwapN(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	code := scope.Contract.Code
+	i := *pc + 1
+
+	// Ensure an immediate byte exists after SWAPN
+	if i >= uint64(len(code)) {
+		return nil, &ErrInvalidOpCode{opcode: INVALID}
+	}
+	x := code[i]
+
+	// This range is excluded to preserve compatibility with existing opcodes.
+	if x > 90 && x < 128 {
+		return nil, &ErrInvalidOpCode{opcode: OpCode(x)}
+	}
+	n := decodeSingle(x)
+
+	// SWAPN operates on the top and n+1 stack items, so the stack must contain at least n+1 elements.
+	if scope.Stack.len() < n+1 {
+		return nil, &ErrStackUnderflow{stackLen: scope.Stack.len(), required: n + 1}
+	}
+
+	// The (n+1)‘th stack item is swapped with the top of the stack.
+	indexTop := scope.Stack.len() - 1
+	indexN := scope.Stack.len() - 1 - n
+	scope.Stack.data[indexTop], scope.Stack.data[indexN] = scope.Stack.data[indexN], scope.Stack.data[indexTop]
+	*pc += 2
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opExchange(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	code := scope.Contract.Code
+	i := *pc + 1
+
+	// Ensure an immediate byte exists after EXCHANGE
+	if i >= uint64(len(code)) {
+		return nil, &ErrInvalidOpCode{opcode: INVALID}
+	}
+	x := code[i]
+
+	// This range is excluded both to preserve compatibility with existing opcodes
+	// and to keep decode_pair’s 16-aligned arithmetic mapping valid (0–79, 128–255).
+	if x > 79 && x < 128 {
+		return nil, &ErrInvalidOpCode{opcode: OpCode(x)}
+	}
+	n, m := decodePair(x)
+	need := max(n, m) + 1
+
+	// EXCHANGE operates on the (n+1)'th and (m+1)'th stack items,
+	// so the stack must contain at least max(n, m)+1 elements.
+	if scope.Stack.len() < need {
+		return nil, &ErrStackUnderflow{stackLen: scope.Stack.len(), required: need}
+	}
+
+	// The (n+1)‘th stack item is swapped with the (m+1)‘th stack item.
+	indexN := scope.Stack.len() - 1 - n
+	indexM := scope.Stack.len() - 1 - m
+	scope.Stack.data[indexN], scope.Stack.data[indexM] = scope.Stack.data[indexM], scope.Stack.data[indexN]
+	*pc += 2
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
 // following functions are used by the instruction jump  table
 
 // make log instruction function
diff --git a/core/vm/instructions_test.go b/core/vm/instructions_test.go
index 72f561f4bf..0f91a205f5 100644
--- a/core/vm/instructions_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/instructions_test.go
@@ -1008,3 +1008,164 @@ func TestOpCLZ(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestEIP8024_Execution(t *testing.T) {
+	evm := NewEVM(BlockContext{}, nil, params.TestChainConfig, Config{})
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		codeHex  string
+		wantErr  bool
+		wantVals []uint64
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "DUPN",
+			codeHex: "60016000808080808080808080808080808080e600",
+			wantVals: []uint64{
+				1,
+				0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+				1,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "SWAPN",
+			codeHex: "600160008080808080808080808080808080806002e700",
+			wantVals: []uint64{
+				1,
+				0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+				2,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "EXCHANGE",
+			codeHex:  "600060016002e801",
+			wantVals: []uint64{2, 0, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "INVALID_SWAPN_LOW",
+			codeHex: "e75b",
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "JUMP over INVALID_DUPN",
+			codeHex: "600456e65b",
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
+		// Additional test cases
+		{
+			name:    "INVALID_DUPN_LOW",
+			codeHex: "e65b",
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "INVALID_EXCHANGE_LOW",
+			codeHex: "e850",
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "INVALID_DUPN_HIGH",
+			codeHex: "e67f",
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "INVALID_SWAPN_HIGH",
+			codeHex: "e77f",
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "INVALID_EXCHANGE_HIGH",
+			codeHex: "e87f",
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "UNDERFLOW_DUPN",
+			codeHex: "5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5fe600", // (n=17, need 17 items, have 16)
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "UNDERFLOW_SWAPN",
+			codeHex: "5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5f5fe700", // (n=17, need 18 items, have 17)
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "UNDERFLOW_EXCHANGE",
+			codeHex: "60016002e801", // (n,m)=(1,2), need 3 items, have 2
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "MISSING_IMMEDIATE_DUPN",
+			codeHex: "e6", // no operand
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "MISSING_IMMEDIATE_SWAPN",
+			codeHex: "e7", // no operand
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "MISSING_IMMEDIATE_EXCHANGE",
+			codeHex: "e8", // no operand
+			wantErr: true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			code := common.FromHex(tc.codeHex)
+			stack := newstack()
+			pc := uint64(0)
+			scope := &ScopeContext{Stack: stack, Contract: &Contract{Code: code}}
+			var err error
+			for pc < uint64(len(code)) && err == nil {
+				op := code[pc]
+				switch op {
+				case 0x00:
+					return
+				case 0x60:
+					_, err = opPush1(&pc, evm, scope)
+					pc++
+				case 0x80:
+					dup1 := makeDup(1)
+					_, err = dup1(&pc, evm, scope)
+					pc++
+				case 0x56:
+					_, err = opJump(&pc, evm, scope)
+					pc++
+				case 0x5b:
+					_, err = opJumpdest(&pc, evm, scope)
+					pc++
+				case 0xe6:
+					_, err = opDupN(&pc, evm, scope)
+				case 0xe7:
+					_, err = opSwapN(&pc, evm, scope)
+				case 0xe8:
+					_, err = opExchange(&pc, evm, scope)
+				default:
+					err = &ErrInvalidOpCode{opcode: OpCode(op)}
+				}
+			}
+			if tc.wantErr {
+				if err == nil {
+					t.Fatalf("expected error, got nil")
+				}
+				return
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+			}
+			got := make([]uint64, 0, stack.len())
+			for i := stack.len() - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+				got = append(got, stack.data[i].Uint64())
+			}
+			if len(got) != len(tc.wantVals) {
+				t.Fatalf("stack len=%d; want %d", len(got), len(tc.wantVals))
+			}
+			for i := range got {
+				if got[i] != tc.wantVals[i] {
+					t.Fatalf("[%s] stack[%d]=%d; want %d\nstack=%v",
+						tc.name, i, got[i], tc.wantVals[i], got)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

From 3e48e0779cee923ad7a385e0492cceb6eb5581a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Klimov Sergei <klmff@proton.me>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 23:15:28 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 353/470] beacon/config: add ELECTRA, FULU to knownForks
 (#32674)

---
 beacon/params/config.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/beacon/params/config.go b/beacon/params/config.go
index b01b739e07..5336220efd 100644
--- a/beacon/params/config.go
+++ b/beacon/params/config.go
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ import (
 // across signing different data structures.
 const syncCommitteeDomain = 7
 
-var knownForks = []string{"GENESIS", "ALTAIR", "BELLATRIX", "CAPELLA", "DENEB"}
+var knownForks = []string{"GENESIS", "ALTAIR", "BELLATRIX", "CAPELLA", "DENEB", "ELECTRA", "FULU"}
 
 // ClientConfig contains beacon light client configuration.
 type ClientConfig struct {

From c55a12197e0495a0c5d3e5f049cdffd4e696aece Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Klimov Sergei <klmff@proton.me>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 23:19:33 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 354/470] beacon/config: ignore nil values in config file
 (#33065)

YAML supports leaving out the value, so we should handle this condition
in our limited parser.
---
 beacon/params/config.go      | 3 +++
 beacon/params/config_test.go | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/beacon/params/config.go b/beacon/params/config.go
index 5336220efd..437aa53788 100644
--- a/beacon/params/config.go
+++ b/beacon/params/config.go
@@ -103,6 +103,9 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) LoadForks(file []byte) error {
 	epochs["GENESIS"] = 0
 
 	for key, value := range config {
+		if value == nil {
+			continue
+		}
 		if strings.HasSuffix(key, "_FORK_VERSION") {
 			name := key[:len(key)-len("_FORK_VERSION")]
 			switch version := value.(type) {
diff --git a/beacon/params/config_test.go b/beacon/params/config_test.go
index 41e120469b..0b569b604c 100644
--- a/beacon/params/config_test.go
+++ b/beacon/params/config_test.go
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ ALTAIR_FORK_EPOCH: 1
 EIP7928_FORK_VERSION: 0xb0000038
 EIP7928_FORK_EPOCH: 18446744073709551615
 
+EIP7XXX_FORK_VERSION: 
+EIP7XXX_FORK_EPOCH: 
+
 BLOB_SCHEDULE: []
 `
 	c := &ChainConfig{}

From 3bbf5f5b6a9cd5ba998f6580586ddf208217e915 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 16:50:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 355/470] core/vm: improve memory resize (#33056)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Looks like (in some very EVM specific tests) we spent a lot of time
resizing memory. If the underlying array is big enough, we can speed it
up a bit by simply slicing the memory.

goos: linux
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm
cpu: Intel(R) Core(TM) Ultra 7 155U
           │ /tmp/old.txt │              /tmp/new.txt              │
           │    sec/op    │    sec/op     vs base                  │
Resize-14     6.145n ± 9%   1.854n ± 14%  -69.83% (p=0.000 n=10)

           │ /tmp/old.txt │            /tmp/new.txt             │
           │     B/op     │    B/op     vs base                 │
Resize-14      5.000 ± 0%   5.000 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10)

           │ /tmp/old.txt │             /tmp/new.txt              │
           │  allocs/op   │ allocs/op   vs base                   │
Resize-14    0.000 ± 0%     0.000 ± 0%       ~ (p=1.000 n=10) ¹

From the blocktest benchmark:

     620ms     10.93s (flat, cum)  9.92% of Total
         .          .     80:func (m *Memory) Resize(size uint64) {
      30ms       60ms     81:	if uint64(m.Len()) < size {
     590ms     10.87s     82:		m.store = append(m.store, make([]byte, size-uint64(m.Len()))...)
         .          .     83:	}
         .          .     84:}

---------

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 core/vm/memory.go      | 11 ++++++++---
 core/vm/memory_test.go |  7 +++++++
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/vm/memory.go b/core/vm/memory.go
index 5e11e83748..54bc2b2849 100644
--- a/core/vm/memory.go
+++ b/core/vm/memory.go
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ func (m *Memory) Free() {
 	// To reduce peak allocation, return only smaller memory instances to the pool.
 	const maxBufferSize = 16 << 10
 	if cap(m.store) <= maxBufferSize {
+		clear(m.store)
 		m.store = m.store[:0]
 		m.lastGasCost = 0
 		memoryPool.Put(m)
@@ -76,10 +77,14 @@ func (m *Memory) Set32(offset uint64, val *uint256.Int) {
 	val.PutUint256(m.store[offset:])
 }
 
-// Resize resizes the memory to size
+// Resize grows the memory to the requested size.
 func (m *Memory) Resize(size uint64) {
-	if uint64(m.Len()) < size {
-		m.store = append(m.store, make([]byte, size-uint64(m.Len()))...)
+	if uint64(len(m.store)) < size {
+		if uint64(cap(m.store)) >= size {
+			m.store = m.store[:size]
+		} else {
+			m.store = append(m.store, make([]byte, size-uint64(len(m.store)))...)
+		}
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/core/vm/memory_test.go b/core/vm/memory_test.go
index 41389b729a..3890d18cb5 100644
--- a/core/vm/memory_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/memory_test.go
@@ -83,3 +83,10 @@ func TestMemoryCopy(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func BenchmarkResize(b *testing.B) {
+	memory := NewMemory()
+	for i := range b.N {
+		memory.Resize(uint64(i))
+	}
+}

From 7805e203f03ca129035d068ad31c12a979bd96a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2025 23:36:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 356/470] .github/workflows: validate that the directories
 exist (#33289)

A new pointless fad appeared recently where people just create a fairly
low information tag at the beginning of their github PR titles.
Something like `feat` or other keywords.

This seems to originate from the angular community and to be used for
automation scripts over there. We do not use any of those scripts and if
we did we would be using the github labels, which offer strictly
equivalent functionalities without wasting useful PR title space.

In order for these keywords to fail the validation, I am adding a check
that these directories listed indeed exist in the repository.
---
 .github/workflows/validate_pr.yml | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml b/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml
index 0719ca2e3d..57e8c12b5e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml
@@ -8,10 +8,15 @@ jobs:
   validate-pr:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
       - name: Check PR Title Format
         uses: actions/github-script@v7
         with:
           script: |
+            const fs = require('fs');
+            const path = require('path');
             const prTitle = context.payload.pull_request.title;
             const titleRegex = /^([\w\s,{}/.]+): .+/;
             
@@ -19,5 +24,21 @@ jobs:
               core.setFailed(`PR title "${prTitle}" does not match required format: directory, ...: description`);
               return;
             }
+
+            const match = prTitle.match(titleRegex);
+            const dirPart = match[1];
+            const directories = dirPart.split(',').map(d => d.trim());
+            const missingDirs = [];
+            for (const dir of directories) {
+              const fullPath = path.join(process.env.GITHUB_WORKSPACE, dir);
+              if (!fs.existsSync(fullPath)) {
+                missingDirs.push(dir);
+              }
+            }
+            
+            if (missingDirs.length > 0) {
+              core.setFailed(`The following directories in the PR title do not exist: ${missingDirs.join(', ')}`);
+              return;
+            }
             
             console.log('✅ PR title format is valid');

From 6452b7ad0581963672f71bf8d4351430a22adb07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Justin <czekotilodanilo@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Nov 2025 03:35:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 357/470] beacon/light: optimize database key assembling
 (#33292)

---
 beacon/light/canonical.go | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/beacon/light/canonical.go b/beacon/light/canonical.go
index b5371493b4..56622425b2 100644
--- a/beacon/light/canonical.go
+++ b/beacon/light/canonical.go
@@ -69,7 +69,10 @@ func newCanonicalStore[T any](db ethdb.Iteratee, keyPrefix []byte) (*canonicalSt
 
 // databaseKey returns the database key belonging to the given period.
 func (cs *canonicalStore[T]) databaseKey(period uint64) []byte {
-	return binary.BigEndian.AppendUint64(append([]byte{}, cs.keyPrefix...), period)
+	key := make([]byte, len(cs.keyPrefix)+8)
+	copy(key, cs.keyPrefix)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(key[len(cs.keyPrefix):], period)
+	return key
 }
 
 // add adds the given item to the database. It also ensures that the range remains

From 9bab01bee4babb34717b98f4655d1282fe9f277f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rizky Ikwan <rizzikwann@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Nov 2025 09:03:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 358/470] consensus/clique: fix blob gas error message
 formatting (#33296)

Fixes error messages to print the actual blob gas value instead of the
pointer address by dereferencing `ExcessBlobGas`, `BlobGasUsed` and
`ParentBeaconRoot`.
---
 consensus/clique/clique.go | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/consensus/clique/clique.go b/consensus/clique/clique.go
index b593d2117d..a6f02c8c2b 100644
--- a/consensus/clique/clique.go
+++ b/consensus/clique/clique.go
@@ -305,11 +305,11 @@ func (c *Clique) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.H
 	// Verify the non-existence of cancun-specific header fields
 	switch {
 	case header.ExcessBlobGas != nil:
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid excessBlobGas: have %d, expected nil", header.ExcessBlobGas)
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid excessBlobGas: have %d, expected nil", *header.ExcessBlobGas)
 	case header.BlobGasUsed != nil:
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid blobGasUsed: have %d, expected nil", header.BlobGasUsed)
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid blobGasUsed: have %d, expected nil", *header.BlobGasUsed)
 	case header.ParentBeaconRoot != nil:
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid parentBeaconRoot, have %#x, expected nil", header.ParentBeaconRoot)
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid parentBeaconRoot, have %#x, expected nil", *header.ParentBeaconRoot)
 	}
 	// All basic checks passed, verify cascading fields
 	return c.verifyCascadingFields(chain, header, parents)

From 6426257c0ffe866362d366ee0eacdd5961cca346 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Klank <155117116+davidjsonn@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Nov 2025 10:05:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 359/470] eth/tracers/logger: rename WriteTo to Write  (#33227)

---
 eth/tracers/logger/logger.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/tracers/logger/logger.go b/eth/tracers/logger/logger.go
index 824a5e0c3e..67e07f78d0 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/logger/logger.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/logger/logger.go
@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ func (s *StructLog) ErrorString() string {
 	return ""
 }
 
-// WriteTo writes the human-readable log data into the supplied writer.
-func (s *StructLog) WriteTo(writer io.Writer) {
+// Write writes the human-readable log data into the supplied writer.
+func (s *StructLog) Write(writer io.Writer) {
 	fmt.Fprintf(writer, "%-16spc=%08d gas=%v cost=%v", s.Op, s.Pc, s.Gas, s.GasCost)
 	if s.Err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintf(writer, " ERROR: %v", s.Err)
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ func (l *StructLogger) OnOpcode(pc uint64, opcode byte, gas, cost uint64, scope
 		l.logs = append(l.logs, entry)
 		return
 	}
-	log.WriteTo(l.writer)
+	log.Write(l.writer)
 }
 
 // OnExit is called a call frame finishes processing.
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ func (l *StructLogger) Output() []byte { return l.output }
 // @deprecated
 func WriteTrace(writer io.Writer, logs []StructLog) {
 	for _, log := range logs {
-		log.WriteTo(writer)
+		log.Write(writer)
 	}
 }
 

From 8d1b1c20d00d326bc7c4f1a42c1493e6f4b897d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: radik878 <radikpadik76@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Nov 2025 13:43:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 360/470] core/txpool/blobpool: auto-start next conversion
 batch after completion (#33301)

This change fixes a stall in the legacy blob sidecar conversion pipeline
where tasks that arrived during an active batch could remain unprocessed
indefinitely after that batch completed, unless a new external event
arrived.

The root cause was that the loop did not restart processing in
the case <-done: branch even when txTasks had accumulated work, relying
instead on a future event to retrigger the scheduler. This behavior is
inconsistent with the billy task pipeline, which immediately chains to
the next task via runNextBillyTask() without requiring an external trigger.

The fix adds a symmetric restart path in `case <-done`: that checks
`len(txTasks) > 0`, clones the accumulated tasks, clears the queue, and
launches a new run with a fresh done and interrupt.

This preserves batching semantics, prevents indefinite blocking of callers
of convert(), and remains safe during shutdown since the quit path
still interrupts and awaits the active batch. No public interfaces or logging
were changed.
---
 core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go      |  6 +++
 core/txpool/blobpool/conversion_test.go | 70 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 76 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go
index 80b97af5d7..afdc10554f 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go
@@ -161,6 +161,12 @@ func (q *conversionQueue) loop() {
 
 		case <-done:
 			done, interrupt = nil, nil
+			if len(txTasks) > 0 {
+				done, interrupt = make(chan struct{}), new(atomic.Int32)
+				tasks := slices.Clone(txTasks)
+				txTasks = txTasks[:0]
+				go q.run(tasks, done, interrupt)
+			}
 
 		case fn := <-q.startBilly:
 			q.billyQueue = append(q.billyQueue, fn)
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion_test.go
index a9fd26dbaf..7ffffb2e4d 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion_test.go
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ package blobpool
 import (
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
 	"crypto/sha256"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
@@ -99,3 +101,71 @@ func TestConversionQueueDoubleClose(t *testing.T) {
 	queue.close()
 	queue.close() // Should not panic
 }
+
+func TestConversionQueueAutoRestartBatch(t *testing.T) {
+	queue := newConversionQueue()
+	defer queue.close()
+
+	key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
+
+	// Create a heavy transaction to ensure the first batch runs long enough
+	// for subsequent tasks to be queued while it is active.
+	heavy := makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1, 1, int(params.BlobTxMaxBlobs), 0, key, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(1)
+	heavyDone := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		heavyDone <- queue.convert(heavy)
+	}()
+
+	// Give the conversion worker a head start so that the following tasks are
+	// enqueued while the first batch is running.
+	time.Sleep(200 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	tx1 := makeTx(1, 1, 1, 1, key)
+	tx2 := makeTx(2, 1, 1, 1, key)
+
+	wg.Add(2)
+	done1 := make(chan error, 1)
+	done2 := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() { defer wg.Done(); done1 <- queue.convert(tx1) }()
+	go func() { defer wg.Done(); done2 <- queue.convert(tx2) }()
+
+	select {
+	case err := <-done1:
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("tx1 conversion error: %v", err)
+		}
+	case <-time.After(30 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("timeout waiting for tx1 conversion")
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case err := <-done2:
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("tx2 conversion error: %v", err)
+		}
+	case <-time.After(30 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("timeout waiting for tx2 conversion")
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case err := <-heavyDone:
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("heavy conversion error: %v", err)
+		}
+	case <-time.After(30 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("timeout waiting for heavy conversion")
+	}
+
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	if tx1.BlobTxSidecar().Version != types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
+		t.Fatalf("tx1 sidecar version mismatch: have %d, want %d", tx1.BlobTxSidecar().Version, types.BlobSidecarVersion1)
+	}
+	if tx2.BlobTxSidecar().Version != types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
+		t.Fatalf("tx2 sidecar version mismatch: have %d, want %d", tx2.BlobTxSidecar().Version, types.BlobSidecarVersion1)
+	}
+}

From aa1a8dacaeef8a37e8e382d404a5a9709f654107 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Nov 2025 14:27:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 361/470] cmd/keeper/go.mod: bump
 github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto from 0.18.0 to 0.18.1 in /cmd/keeper
 (#33256)

Bumps
[github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto](https://github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto)
from 0.18.0 to 0.18.1.
<details>
<summary>Release notes</summary>
<p><em>Sourced from <a
href="https://github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto/releases">github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto's
releases</a>.</em></p>
<blockquote>
<h2>v0.18.1</h2>
<p><strong>Full Changelog</strong>: <a
href="https://github.com/Consensys/gnark-crypto/compare/v0.18.0...v0.18.1">https://github.com/Consensys/gnark-crypto/compare/v0.18.0...v0.18.1</a></p>
</blockquote>
</details>
<details>
<summary>Changelog</summary>
<p><em>Sourced from <a
href="https://github.com/Consensys/gnark-crypto/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md">github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto's
changelog</a>.</em></p>
<blockquote>
<h2>[v0.18.1] - 2025-10-28</h2>
<h3>Docs</h3>
<ul>
<li>add CHANGELOG for 0.18.1</li>
</ul>
<h3>Perf</h3>
<ul>
<li>limit memory allocation during Vector deserialization (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/Consensys/gnark-crypto/issues/759">#759</a>)</li>
</ul>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted --></p>
</blockquote>
</details>
<details>
<summary>Commits</summary>
<ul>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/Consensys/gnark-crypto/commit/fb04e95c3b2fca34f2cc773d3e8c1f930ede271a"><code>fb04e95</code></a>
docs: add CHANGELOG for 0.18.1</li>
<li><a
href="https://github.com/Consensys/gnark-crypto/commit/0a4d04ae621bc19b6b40c6c7b8fa91f08b434533"><code>0a4d04a</code></a>
perf: limit memory allocation during Vector deserialization (<a
href="https://redirect.github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto/issues/759">#759</a>)</li>
<li>See full diff in <a
href="https://github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto/compare/v0.18.0...v0.18.1">compare
view</a></li>
</ul>
</details>
<br />


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score](https://dependabot-badges.githubapp.com/badges/compatibility_score?dependency-name=github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto&package-manager=go_modules&previous-version=0.18.0&new-version=0.18.1)](https://docs.github.com/en/github/managing-security-vulnerabilities/about-dependabot-security-updates#about-compatibility-scores)

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alter it yourself. You can also trigger a rebase manually by commenting
`@dependabot rebase`.

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---

<details>
<summary>Dependabot commands and options</summary>
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Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 cmd/keeper/go.mod | 2 +-
 cmd/keeper/go.sum | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.mod b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
index f47dc54c06..8402382a9b 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.mod
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.13.0 // indirect
 	github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.20.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
-	github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.0 // indirect
+	github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.1 // indirect
 	github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a // indirect
 	github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.6.0 // indirect
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.sum b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
index 5744ae2093..4f4c0dbba0 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.sum
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ github.com/cockroachdb/redact v1.1.5 h1:u1PMllDkdFfPWaNGMyLD1+so+aq3uUItthCFqzwP
 github.com/cockroachdb/redact v1.1.5/go.mod h1:BVNblN9mBWFyMyqK1k3AAiSxhvhfK2oOZZ2lK+dpvRg=
 github.com/cockroachdb/tokenbucket v0.0.0-20230807174530-cc333fc44b06 h1:zuQyyAKVxetITBuuhv3BI9cMrmStnpT18zmgmTxunpo=
 github.com/cockroachdb/tokenbucket v0.0.0-20230807174530-cc333fc44b06/go.mod h1:7nc4anLGjupUW/PeY5qiNYsdNXj7zopG+eqsS7To5IQ=
-github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.0 h1:vIye/FqI50VeAr0B3dx+YjeIvmc3LWz4yEfbWBpTUf0=
-github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.0/go.mod h1:L3mXGFTe1ZN+RSJ+CLjUt9x7PNdx8ubaYfDROyp2Z8c=
+github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.1 h1:RyLV6UhPRoYYzaFnPQA4qK3DyuDgkTgskDdoGqFt3fI=
+github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.1/go.mod h1:L3mXGFTe1ZN+RSJ+CLjUt9x7PNdx8ubaYfDROyp2Z8c=
 github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0 h1:WzDGjHk4gFg6YzV0rJOAsTK4z3Qkz5jd4RE3DAvPFkg=
 github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0/go.mod h1:J9/u5sWfznSObptgfa92Jq8rTswn6ahQWEuiLHOjCUI=
 github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a h1:W8mUrRp6NOVl3J+MYp5kPMoUZPp7aOYHtaua31lwRHg=

From 795a7ab58a6a59cca524d025f5bc4dce6a6d4e01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Nov 2025 20:43:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 362/470] go.mod: bump gnark-crypto to 0.18.1 (#33305)

Fix for https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/33060 which I can't
directly fix in the branch.
---
 go.mod | 2 +-
 go.sum | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 9c9e873a5e..aff1d53923 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/cespare/cp v0.1.0
 	github.com/cloudflare/cloudflare-go v0.114.0
 	github.com/cockroachdb/pebble v1.1.5
-	github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.0
+	github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.1
 	github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0
 	github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 89dd9af52a..503e0975d6 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ github.com/cockroachdb/redact v1.1.5 h1:u1PMllDkdFfPWaNGMyLD1+so+aq3uUItthCFqzwP
 github.com/cockroachdb/redact v1.1.5/go.mod h1:BVNblN9mBWFyMyqK1k3AAiSxhvhfK2oOZZ2lK+dpvRg=
 github.com/cockroachdb/tokenbucket v0.0.0-20230807174530-cc333fc44b06 h1:zuQyyAKVxetITBuuhv3BI9cMrmStnpT18zmgmTxunpo=
 github.com/cockroachdb/tokenbucket v0.0.0-20230807174530-cc333fc44b06/go.mod h1:7nc4anLGjupUW/PeY5qiNYsdNXj7zopG+eqsS7To5IQ=
-github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.0 h1:vIye/FqI50VeAr0B3dx+YjeIvmc3LWz4yEfbWBpTUf0=
-github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.0/go.mod h1:L3mXGFTe1ZN+RSJ+CLjUt9x7PNdx8ubaYfDROyp2Z8c=
+github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.1 h1:RyLV6UhPRoYYzaFnPQA4qK3DyuDgkTgskDdoGqFt3fI=
+github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.1/go.mod h1:L3mXGFTe1ZN+RSJ+CLjUt9x7PNdx8ubaYfDROyp2Z8c=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.5 h1:ZtcqGrnekaHpVLArFSe4HK5DoKx1T0rq2DwVB0alcyc=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.5/go.mod h1:tgQtvFlXSQOSOSIRvRPT7W67SCa46tRHOmNcaadrF8o=
 github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0 h1:WzDGjHk4gFg6YzV0rJOAsTK4z3Qkz5jd4RE3DAvPFkg=

From b3b46ce4351851e50c5e3d9cd0f7141885ca3df3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ANtutov <tutovanton26@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Nov 2025 04:42:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 363/470] eth/downloader: remove dead proc counter (#33309)

---
 eth/downloader/queue.go | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/downloader/queue.go b/eth/downloader/queue.go
index 9fe169d5f7..76a14345e5 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/queue.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/queue.go
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ func (q *queue) reserveHeaders(p *peerConnection, count int, taskPool map[common
 	skip := make([]*types.Header, 0)
 	progress := false
 	throttled := false
-	for proc := 0; len(send) < count && !taskQueue.Empty(); proc++ {
+	for len(send) < count && !taskQueue.Empty() {
 		// the task queue will pop items in order, so the highest prio block
 		// is also the lowest block number.
 		header, _ := taskQueue.Peek()
@@ -433,7 +433,6 @@ func (q *queue) reserveHeaders(p *peerConnection, count int, taskPool map[common
 			taskQueue.PopItem()
 			progress = true
 			delete(taskPool, header.Hash())
-			proc = proc - 1
 			log.Error("Fetch reservation already delivered", "number", header.Number.Uint64())
 			continue
 		}
@@ -455,7 +454,6 @@ func (q *queue) reserveHeaders(p *peerConnection, count int, taskPool map[common
 			// If it's a noop, we can skip this task
 			delete(taskPool, header.Hash())
 			taskQueue.PopItem()
-			proc = proc - 1
 			progress = true
 			continue
 		}

From 446fdebdc38144ac948629b9c67c5803956b6fb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rizky Ikwan <rizzikwann@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Nov 2025 05:14:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 364/470] consensus/ethash: fix blob gas error message
 formatting (#33300)

Fixes error messages to print the actual blob gas value instead of the
pointer address by dereferencing `ExcessBlobGas`, `BlobGasUsed` and
`ParentBeaconRoot`.
---
 consensus/ethash/consensus.go | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/consensus/ethash/consensus.go b/consensus/ethash/consensus.go
index 4f92f1282b..376cbac8c0 100644
--- a/consensus/ethash/consensus.go
+++ b/consensus/ethash/consensus.go
@@ -278,11 +278,11 @@ func (ethash *Ethash) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header, pa
 	// Verify the non-existence of cancun-specific header fields
 	switch {
 	case header.ExcessBlobGas != nil:
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid excessBlobGas: have %d, expected nil", header.ExcessBlobGas)
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid excessBlobGas: have %d, expected nil", *header.ExcessBlobGas)
 	case header.BlobGasUsed != nil:
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid blobGasUsed: have %d, expected nil", header.BlobGasUsed)
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid blobGasUsed: have %d, expected nil", *header.BlobGasUsed)
 	case header.ParentBeaconRoot != nil:
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid parentBeaconRoot, have %#x, expected nil", header.ParentBeaconRoot)
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid parentBeaconRoot, have %#x, expected nil", *header.ParentBeaconRoot)
 	}
 	// Add some fake checks for tests
 	if ethash.fakeDelay != nil {

From f43228152b361c18e4f75388950ef7647f94a7f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Nov 2025 17:13:01 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 365/470] cmd/utils: fix dumpconfig (#33302)

---
 cmd/utils/flags.go | 3 +--
 miner/miner.go     | 2 +-
 miner/worker.go    | 4 ++--
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 536f8c9e65..072a1d607b 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -1577,8 +1577,7 @@ func setMiner(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *miner.Config) {
 		cfg.Recommit = ctx.Duration(MinerNewPayloadTimeoutFlag.Name)
 	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(MinerMaxBlobsFlag.Name) {
-		maxBlobs := ctx.Int(MinerMaxBlobsFlag.Name)
-		cfg.MaxBlobsPerBlock = &maxBlobs
+		cfg.MaxBlobsPerBlock = ctx.Int(MinerMaxBlobsFlag.Name)
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/miner/miner.go b/miner/miner.go
index 4c40b0c4f8..ee890b5e54 100644
--- a/miner/miner.go
+++ b/miner/miner.go
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	GasCeil             uint64         // Target gas ceiling for mined blocks.
 	GasPrice            *big.Int       // Minimum gas price for mining a transaction
 	Recommit            time.Duration  // The time interval for miner to re-create mining work.
-	MaxBlobsPerBlock    *int           // Maximum number of blobs per block (unset uses protocol default)
+	MaxBlobsPerBlock    int            // Maximum number of blobs per block (0 for unset uses protocol default)
 }
 
 // DefaultConfig contains default settings for miner.
diff --git a/miner/worker.go b/miner/worker.go
index e0dcdca456..45d7073ed7 100644
--- a/miner/worker.go
+++ b/miner/worker.go
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ var (
 // Users can specify the maximum number of blobs per block if necessary.
 func (miner *Miner) maxBlobsPerBlock(time uint64) int {
 	maxBlobs := eip4844.MaxBlobsPerBlock(miner.chainConfig, time)
-	if miner.config.MaxBlobsPerBlock != nil {
-		maxBlobs = *miner.config.MaxBlobsPerBlock
+	if miner.config.MaxBlobsPerBlock != 0 {
+		maxBlobs = miner.config.MaxBlobsPerBlock
 	}
 	return maxBlobs
 }

From f691d661c4ade255894cb570f55e8c30b888290c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Nov 2025 17:52:21 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 366/470] cmd/utils: fix disabling discovery through config
 file (#33279)

No matter what value of P2P.DiscoveryV4 or DiscoveryV5 is set in config file,
it will be overwritten by the CLI flag, even if the flag is not set. This fixes it
to apply the flag only if set.
---
 cmd/utils/flags.go | 12 ++++++++----
 node/defaults.go   |  8 +++++---
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 072a1d607b..9f69581754 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -864,14 +864,14 @@ var (
 		Aliases:  []string{"discv4"},
 		Usage:    "Enables the V4 discovery mechanism",
 		Category: flags.NetworkingCategory,
-		Value:    true,
+		Value:    node.DefaultConfig.P2P.DiscoveryV4,
 	}
 	DiscoveryV5Flag = &cli.BoolFlag{
 		Name:     "discovery.v5",
 		Aliases:  []string{"discv5"},
 		Usage:    "Enables the V5 discovery mechanism",
 		Category: flags.NetworkingCategory,
-		Value:    true,
+		Value:    node.DefaultConfig.P2P.DiscoveryV5,
 	}
 	NetrestrictFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
 		Name:     "netrestrict",
@@ -1373,8 +1373,12 @@ func SetP2PConfig(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *p2p.Config) {
 
 	flags.CheckExclusive(ctx, DiscoveryV4Flag, NoDiscoverFlag)
 	flags.CheckExclusive(ctx, DiscoveryV5Flag, NoDiscoverFlag)
-	cfg.DiscoveryV4 = ctx.Bool(DiscoveryV4Flag.Name)
-	cfg.DiscoveryV5 = ctx.Bool(DiscoveryV5Flag.Name)
+	if ctx.IsSet(DiscoveryV4Flag.Name) {
+		cfg.DiscoveryV4 = ctx.Bool(DiscoveryV4Flag.Name)
+	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(DiscoveryV5Flag.Name) {
+		cfg.DiscoveryV5 = ctx.Bool(DiscoveryV5Flag.Name)
+	}
 
 	if netrestrict := ctx.String(NetrestrictFlag.Name); netrestrict != "" {
 		list, err := netutil.ParseNetlist(netrestrict)
diff --git a/node/defaults.go b/node/defaults.go
index 6c643e2b54..403a7f88a3 100644
--- a/node/defaults.go
+++ b/node/defaults.go
@@ -69,9 +69,11 @@ var DefaultConfig = Config{
 	BatchResponseMaxSize: 25 * 1000 * 1000,
 	GraphQLVirtualHosts:  []string{"localhost"},
 	P2P: p2p.Config{
-		ListenAddr: ":30303",
-		MaxPeers:   50,
-		NAT:        nat.Any(),
+		ListenAddr:  ":30303",
+		MaxPeers:    50,
+		NAT:         nat.Any(),
+		DiscoveryV4: true,
+		DiscoveryV5: true,
 	},
 	DBEngine: "", // Use whatever exists, will default to Pebble if non-existent and supported
 }

From fed8e09ab09e4500cb8f7a917e50654f7c20fd0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bhargava Shastry <bhargava.shastry@ethereum.org>
Date: Fri, 28 Nov 2025 11:22:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 367/470] cmd/evm: add stdin support to blocktest command
 (#32824)

Enable blocktest to read filenames from stdin when no path argument is
provided, matching the existing statetest behavior. This allows
efficient batch processing of blockchain tests.

Usage:
- Single file: evm blocktest <path>
- Batch mode: find tests/ -name "*.json" | evm blocktest

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
Co-authored-by: MariusVanDerWijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 cmd/evm/blockrunner.go   | 71 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 cmd/evm/main.go          |  5 +++
 tests/block_test_util.go | 11 ++++++-
 3 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/evm/blockrunner.go b/cmd/evm/blockrunner.go
index f6538b1356..c6fac5396e 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/blockrunner.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/blockrunner.go
@@ -17,16 +17,18 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"bufio"
 	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"maps"
 	"os"
 	"regexp"
 	"slices"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/tests"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
 )
@@ -34,33 +36,52 @@ import (
 var blockTestCommand = &cli.Command{
 	Action:    blockTestCmd,
 	Name:      "blocktest",
-	Usage:     "Executes the given blockchain tests",
+	Usage:     "Executes the given blockchain tests. Filenames can be fed via standard input (batch mode) or as an argument (one-off execution).",
 	ArgsUsage: "<path>",
 	Flags: slices.Concat([]cli.Flag{
 		DumpFlag,
 		HumanReadableFlag,
 		RunFlag,
 		WitnessCrossCheckFlag,
+		FuzzFlag,
 	}, traceFlags),
 }
 
 func blockTestCmd(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	path := ctx.Args().First()
-	if len(path) == 0 {
-		return errors.New("path argument required")
+
+	// If path is provided, run the tests at that path.
+	if len(path) != 0 {
+		var (
+			collected = collectFiles(path)
+			results   []testResult
+		)
+		for _, fname := range collected {
+			r, err := runBlockTest(ctx, fname)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			results = append(results, r...)
+		}
+		report(ctx, results)
+		return nil
 	}
-	var (
-		collected = collectFiles(path)
-		results   []testResult
-	)
-	for _, fname := range collected {
-		r, err := runBlockTest(ctx, fname)
+	// Otherwise, read filenames from stdin and execute back-to-back.
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		fname := scanner.Text()
+		if len(fname) == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+		results, err := runBlockTest(ctx, fname)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		results = append(results, r...)
+		// During fuzzing, we report the result after every block
+		if !ctx.IsSet(FuzzFlag.Name) {
+			report(ctx, results)
+		}
 	}
-	report(ctx, results)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -79,6 +100,11 @@ func runBlockTest(ctx *cli.Context, fname string) ([]testResult, error) {
 	}
 	tracer := tracerFromFlags(ctx)
 
+	// Suppress INFO logs during fuzzing
+	if ctx.IsSet(FuzzFlag.Name) {
+		log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.DiscardHandler()))
+	}
+
 	// Pull out keys to sort and ensure tests are run in order.
 	keys := slices.Sorted(maps.Keys(tests))
 
@@ -88,16 +114,35 @@ func runBlockTest(ctx *cli.Context, fname string) ([]testResult, error) {
 		if !re.MatchString(name) {
 			continue
 		}
+		test := tests[name]
 		result := &testResult{Name: name, Pass: true}
-		if err := tests[name].Run(false, rawdb.PathScheme, ctx.Bool(WitnessCrossCheckFlag.Name), tracer, func(res error, chain *core.BlockChain) {
+		var finalRoot *common.Hash
+		if err := test.Run(false, rawdb.PathScheme, ctx.Bool(WitnessCrossCheckFlag.Name), tracer, func(res error, chain *core.BlockChain) {
 			if ctx.Bool(DumpFlag.Name) {
 				if s, _ := chain.State(); s != nil {
 					result.State = dump(s)
 				}
 			}
+			// Capture final state root for end marker
+			if chain != nil {
+				root := chain.CurrentBlock().Root
+				finalRoot = &root
+			}
 		}); err != nil {
 			result.Pass, result.Error = false, err.Error()
 		}
+
+		// Always assign fork (regardless of pass/fail or tracer)
+		result.Fork = test.Network()
+		// Assign root if test succeeded
+		if result.Pass && finalRoot != nil {
+			result.Root = finalRoot
+		}
+
+		// When fuzzing, write results after every block
+		if ctx.IsSet(FuzzFlag.Name) {
+			report(ctx, []testResult{*result})
+		}
 		results = append(results, *result)
 	}
 	return results, nil
diff --git a/cmd/evm/main.go b/cmd/evm/main.go
index 5238d5920c..57741b5f9c 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/main.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/main.go
@@ -55,6 +55,11 @@ var (
 		Usage:    "benchmark the execution",
 		Category: flags.VMCategory,
 	}
+	FuzzFlag = &cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:     "fuzz",
+		Usage:    "adapts output format for fuzzing",
+		Category: flags.VMCategory,
+	}
 	WitnessCrossCheckFlag = &cli.BoolFlag{
 		Name:    "cross-check",
 		Aliases: []string{"xc"},
diff --git a/tests/block_test_util.go b/tests/block_test_util.go
index 2ced18787a..52fe58e702 100644
--- a/tests/block_test_util.go
+++ b/tests/block_test_util.go
@@ -116,6 +116,15 @@ func (t *BlockTest) Run(snapshotter bool, scheme string, witness bool, tracer *t
 	if !ok {
 		return UnsupportedForkError{t.json.Network}
 	}
+	return t.run(config, snapshotter, scheme, witness, tracer, postCheck)
+}
+
+// Network returns the network/fork name for this test.
+func (t *BlockTest) Network() string {
+	return t.json.Network
+}
+
+func (t *BlockTest) run(config *params.ChainConfig, snapshotter bool, scheme string, witness bool, tracer *tracing.Hooks, postCheck func(error, *core.BlockChain)) (result error) {
 	// import pre accounts & construct test genesis block & state root
 	// Commit genesis state
 	var (
@@ -260,7 +269,7 @@ func (t *BlockTest) insertBlocks(blockchain *core.BlockChain) ([]btBlock, error)
 		}
 		if b.BlockHeader == nil {
 			if data, err := json.MarshalIndent(cb.Header(), "", "  "); err == nil {
-				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "block (index %d) insertion should have failed due to: %v:\n%v\n",
+				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stdout, "block (index %d) insertion should have failed due to: %v:\n%v\n",
 					bi, b.ExpectException, string(data))
 			}
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("block (index %d) insertion should have failed due to: %v",

From a122dbe459932868a73fb937376c6badd01d364f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Nov 2025 11:28:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 368/470] internal/ethapi: return error code -32602 for invalid
 storage key (#33282)

This was found because other clients are failing RPC tests generated by
Geth. Nethermind and Besu return the correct error code, -32602, in this
situation.
---
 internal/ethapi/api.go | 19 ++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index d7cf47468c..997ed47926 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -374,9 +374,9 @@ func (api *BlockChainAPI) GetProof(ctx context.Context, address common.Address,
 	// Deserialize all keys. This prevents state access on invalid input.
 	for i, hexKey := range storageKeys {
 		var err error
-		keys[i], keyLengths[i], err = decodeHash(hexKey)
+		keys[i], keyLengths[i], err = decodeStorageKey(hexKey)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			return nil, &invalidParamsError{fmt.Sprintf("%v: %q", err, hexKey)}
 		}
 	}
 	statedb, header, err := api.b.StateAndHeaderByNumberOrHash(ctx, blockNrOrHash)
@@ -441,9 +441,10 @@ func (api *BlockChainAPI) GetProof(ctx context.Context, address common.Address,
 	}, statedb.Error()
 }
 
-// decodeHash parses a hex-encoded 32-byte hash. The input may optionally
-// be prefixed by 0x and can have a byte length up to 32.
-func decodeHash(s string) (h common.Hash, inputLength int, err error) {
+// decodeStorageKey parses a hex-encoded 32-byte hash.
+// For legacy compatibility reasons, we parse these keys leniently,
+// with the 0x prefix being optional.
+func decodeStorageKey(s string) (h common.Hash, inputLength int, err error) {
 	if strings.HasPrefix(s, "0x") || strings.HasPrefix(s, "0X") {
 		s = s[2:]
 	}
@@ -451,11 +452,11 @@ func decodeHash(s string) (h common.Hash, inputLength int, err error) {
 		s = "0" + s
 	}
 	if len(s) > 64 {
-		return common.Hash{}, len(s) / 2, errors.New("hex string too long, want at most 32 bytes")
+		return common.Hash{}, len(s) / 2, errors.New("storage key too long (want at most 32 bytes)")
 	}
 	b, err := hex.DecodeString(s)
 	if err != nil {
-		return common.Hash{}, 0, errors.New("hex string invalid")
+		return common.Hash{}, 0, errors.New("invalid hex in storage key")
 	}
 	return common.BytesToHash(b), len(b), nil
 }
@@ -589,9 +590,9 @@ func (api *BlockChainAPI) GetStorageAt(ctx context.Context, address common.Addre
 	if state == nil || err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	key, _, err := decodeHash(hexKey)
+	key, _, err := decodeStorageKey(hexKey)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to decode storage key: %s", err)
+		return nil, &invalidParamsError{fmt.Sprintf("%v: %q", err, hexKey)}
 	}
 	res := state.GetState(address, key)
 	return res[:], state.Error()

From 28376aea788a95e078ff800989e01b9c43cba3fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lightclient <14004106+lightclient@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Nov 2025 10:02:24 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 369/470] eth/catalyst: check fork timestamps during
 `engine_getPayload` (#32754)

This adds checks into getPayload to ensure the correct version is called
for the fork which applies to the payload.

---------

Co-authored-by: jsvisa <delweng@gmail.com>
---
 eth/catalyst/api.go | 74 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index f88acb5cff..12013485e5 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -402,10 +402,12 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) ExchangeTransitionConfigurationV1(config engine.Transit
 
 // GetPayloadV1 returns a cached payload by id.
 func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetPayloadV1(payloadID engine.PayloadID) (*engine.ExecutableData, error) {
-	if !payloadID.Is(engine.PayloadV1) {
-		return nil, engine.UnsupportedFork
-	}
-	data, err := api.getPayload(payloadID, false)
+	data, err := api.getPayload(
+		payloadID,
+		false,
+		[]engine.PayloadVersion{engine.PayloadV1},
+		nil,
+	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -414,35 +416,34 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetPayloadV1(payloadID engine.PayloadID) (*engine.Execu
 
 // GetPayloadV2 returns a cached payload by id.
 func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetPayloadV2(payloadID engine.PayloadID) (*engine.ExecutionPayloadEnvelope, error) {
-	// executionPayload: ExecutionPayloadV1 | ExecutionPayloadV2 where:
-	//
-	// - ExecutionPayloadV1 MUST be returned if the payload timestamp is lower
-	//   than the Shanghai timestamp
-	//
-	// - ExecutionPayloadV2 MUST be returned if the payload timestamp is greater
-	//   or equal to the Shanghai timestamp
-	if !payloadID.Is(engine.PayloadV1, engine.PayloadV2) {
-		return nil, engine.UnsupportedFork
-	}
-	return api.getPayload(payloadID, false)
+	return api.getPayload(
+		payloadID,
+		false,
+		[]engine.PayloadVersion{engine.PayloadV1, engine.PayloadV2},
+		[]forks.Fork{forks.Shanghai},
+	)
 }
 
 // GetPayloadV3 returns a cached payload by id. This endpoint should only
 // be used for the Cancun fork.
 func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetPayloadV3(payloadID engine.PayloadID) (*engine.ExecutionPayloadEnvelope, error) {
-	if !payloadID.Is(engine.PayloadV3) {
-		return nil, engine.UnsupportedFork
-	}
-	return api.getPayload(payloadID, false)
+	return api.getPayload(
+		payloadID,
+		false,
+		[]engine.PayloadVersion{engine.PayloadV3},
+		[]forks.Fork{forks.Cancun},
+	)
 }
 
 // GetPayloadV4 returns a cached payload by id. This endpoint should only
 // be used for the Prague fork.
 func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetPayloadV4(payloadID engine.PayloadID) (*engine.ExecutionPayloadEnvelope, error) {
-	if !payloadID.Is(engine.PayloadV3) {
-		return nil, engine.UnsupportedFork
-	}
-	return api.getPayload(payloadID, false)
+	return api.getPayload(
+		payloadID,
+		false,
+		[]engine.PayloadVersion{engine.PayloadV3},
+		[]forks.Fork{forks.Prague},
+	)
 }
 
 // GetPayloadV5 returns a cached payload by id. This endpoint should only
@@ -451,18 +452,35 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetPayloadV4(payloadID engine.PayloadID) (*engine.Execu
 // This method follows the same specification as engine_getPayloadV4 with
 // changes of returning BlobsBundleV2 with BlobSidecar version 1.
 func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetPayloadV5(payloadID engine.PayloadID) (*engine.ExecutionPayloadEnvelope, error) {
-	if !payloadID.Is(engine.PayloadV3) {
-		return nil, engine.UnsupportedFork
-	}
-	return api.getPayload(payloadID, false)
+	return api.getPayload(
+		payloadID,
+		false,
+		[]engine.PayloadVersion{engine.PayloadV3},
+		[]forks.Fork{
+			forks.Osaka,
+			forks.BPO1,
+			forks.BPO2,
+			forks.BPO3,
+			forks.BPO4,
+			forks.BPO5,
+		})
 }
 
-func (api *ConsensusAPI) getPayload(payloadID engine.PayloadID, full bool) (*engine.ExecutionPayloadEnvelope, error) {
+// getPayload will retreive the specified payload and verify it conforms to the
+// endpoint's allowed payload versions and forks.
+func (api *ConsensusAPI) getPayload(payloadID engine.PayloadID, full bool, versions []engine.PayloadVersion, forks []forks.Fork) (*engine.ExecutionPayloadEnvelope, error) {
 	log.Trace("Engine API request received", "method", "GetPayload", "id", payloadID)
+	if !payloadID.Is(versions...) {
+		return nil, engine.UnsupportedFork
+	}
 	data := api.localBlocks.get(payloadID, full)
 	if data == nil {
 		return nil, engine.UnknownPayload
 	}
+	if forks != nil && !api.checkFork(data.ExecutionPayload.Timestamp, forks...) {
+		return nil, engine.UnsupportedFork
+	}
+
 	return data, nil
 }
 

From fbbaa3c84923a2557abc8ebcb77b3a6664133625 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Nov 2025 15:06:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 370/470] eth/catalyst: fix tests for getPayload change
 (#33322)

Fixes a test/lint regression introduced by #32754
---
 eth/catalyst/api.go              | 6 ++++--
 eth/catalyst/api_test.go         | 8 ++++----
 eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index 12013485e5..0386bac556 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -466,11 +466,13 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetPayloadV5(payloadID engine.PayloadID) (*engine.Execu
 		})
 }
 
-// getPayload will retreive the specified payload and verify it conforms to the
+// getPayload will retrieve the specified payload and verify it conforms to the
 // endpoint's allowed payload versions and forks.
+//
+// Note passing nil `forks`, `versions` disables the respective check.
 func (api *ConsensusAPI) getPayload(payloadID engine.PayloadID, full bool, versions []engine.PayloadVersion, forks []forks.Fork) (*engine.ExecutionPayloadEnvelope, error) {
 	log.Trace("Engine API request received", "method", "GetPayload", "id", payloadID)
-	if !payloadID.Is(versions...) {
+	if versions != nil && !payloadID.Is(versions...) {
 		return nil, engine.UnsupportedFork
 	}
 	data := api.localBlocks.get(payloadID, full)
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api_test.go b/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
index a29fee1a06..2284a33453 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ func TestEth2PrepareAndGetPayload(t *testing.T) {
 		BeaconRoot:   blockParams.BeaconRoot,
 		Version:      engine.PayloadV1,
 	}).Id()
-	execData, err := api.getPayload(payloadID, true)
+	execData, err := api.getPayload(payloadID, true, nil, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("error getting payload, err=%v", err)
 	}
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ func TestNewPayloadOnInvalidChain(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Fatalf("error preparing payload, invalid status: %v", resp.PayloadStatus.Status)
 			}
 			// give the payload some time to be built
-			if payload, err = api.getPayload(*resp.PayloadID, true); err != nil {
+			if payload, err = api.getPayload(*resp.PayloadID, true, nil, nil); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("can't get payload: %v", err)
 			}
 			if len(payload.ExecutionPayload.Transactions) > 0 {
@@ -1219,7 +1219,7 @@ func TestNilWithdrawals(t *testing.T) {
 			Random:       test.blockParams.Random,
 			Version:      payloadVersion,
 		}).Id()
-		execData, err := api.GetPayloadV2(payloadID)
+		execData, err := api.getPayload(payloadID, false, nil, nil)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("error getting payload, err=%v", err)
 		}
@@ -1674,7 +1674,7 @@ func TestWitnessCreationAndConsumption(t *testing.T) {
 		BeaconRoot:   blockParams.BeaconRoot,
 		Version:      engine.PayloadV3,
 	}).Id()
-	envelope, err := api.getPayload(payloadID, true)
+	envelope, err := api.getPayload(payloadID, true, nil, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("error getting payload, err=%v", err)
 	}
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go b/eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go
index d9f01240a7..92f9798e71 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/simulated_beacon.go
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ func (c *SimulatedBeacon) sealBlock(withdrawals []*types.Withdrawal, timestamp u
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	envelope, err := c.engineAPI.getPayload(*fcResponse.PayloadID, true)
+	envelope, err := c.engineAPI.getPayload(*fcResponse.PayloadID, true, nil, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

From f12f0ec0cda9f9a1a57c78f8a302815afafb2adf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lightclient <14004106+lightclient@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Nov 2025 11:24:21 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 371/470] cmd/utils: allow --networkid to override other config
 options (#32999)

Recently in #31630 we removed support for overriding the network id in
preset networks. While this feature is niche, it is useful for shadow
forks. This PR proposes we add the functionality back, but in a simpler
way.

Instead of checking whether the flag is set in each branch of the
network switch statement, simply apply the network flag after the switch
statement is complete. This retains the following behavior:

1. Auto network id based on chain id still works, because `IsSet` only
returns true if the flag is _actually_ set. Not if it just has a default
set.
2. The preset networks will set their network id directly and only if
the network id flag is set is it overridden. This, combined with the
override genesis flag is what allows the shadow forks.
3. Setting the network id to the same network id that the preset _would
have_ set causes no issues and simply emits the `WARN` that the flag is
being set explicitly. I don't think people explicitly set the network id
flag often.

```
WARN [10-22|09:36:15.052] Setting network id with flag             id=10
```

---------

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 cmd/geth/consolecmd_test.go |  3 ++-
 cmd/utils/flags.go          | 19 ++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/geth/consolecmd_test.go b/cmd/geth/consolecmd_test.go
index 4e1f6340a0..871e8c175f 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/consolecmd_test.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/consolecmd_test.go
@@ -39,8 +39,9 @@ const (
 // child g gets a temporary data directory.
 func runMinimalGeth(t *testing.T, args ...string) *testgeth {
 	// --holesky to make the 'writing genesis to disk' faster (no accounts)
+	// --networkid=1337 to avoid cache bump
 	// --syncmode=full to avoid allocating fast sync bloom
-	allArgs := []string{"--holesky", "--authrpc.port", "0", "--syncmode=full", "--port", "0",
+	allArgs := []string{"--holesky", "--networkid", "1337", "--authrpc.port", "0", "--syncmode=full", "--port", "0",
 		"--nat", "none", "--nodiscover", "--maxpeers", "0", "--cache", "64",
 		"--datadir.minfreedisk", "0"}
 	return runGeth(t, append(allArgs, args...)...)
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 9f69581754..49d8677ca2 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ var (
 	}
 	NetworkIdFlag = &cli.Uint64Flag{
 		Name:     "networkid",
-		Usage:    "Explicitly set network id (integer)(For testnets: use --sepolia, --holesky, --hoodi instead)",
+		Usage:    "Explicitly set network ID (integer)(For testnets: use --sepolia, --holesky, --hoodi instead)",
 		Value:    ethconfig.Defaults.NetworkId,
 		Category: flags.EthCategory,
 	}
@@ -1615,8 +1615,8 @@ func setRequiredBlocks(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 
 // SetEthConfig applies eth-related command line flags to the config.
 func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
-	// Avoid conflicting network flags, don't allow network id override on preset networks
-	flags.CheckExclusive(ctx, MainnetFlag, DeveloperFlag, SepoliaFlag, HoleskyFlag, HoodiFlag, NetworkIdFlag, OverrideGenesisFlag)
+	// Avoid conflicting network flags
+	flags.CheckExclusive(ctx, MainnetFlag, DeveloperFlag, SepoliaFlag, HoleskyFlag, HoodiFlag, OverrideGenesisFlag)
 	flags.CheckExclusive(ctx, DeveloperFlag, ExternalSignerFlag) // Can't use both ephemeral unlocked and external signer
 
 	// Set configurations from CLI flags
@@ -1663,9 +1663,6 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if ctx.IsSet(NetworkIdFlag.Name) {
-		cfg.NetworkId = ctx.Uint64(NetworkIdFlag.Name)
-	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(CacheFlag.Name) || ctx.IsSet(CacheDatabaseFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.DatabaseCache = ctx.Int(CacheFlag.Name) * ctx.Int(CacheDatabaseFlag.Name) / 100
 	}
@@ -1915,10 +1912,18 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 		}
 		cfg.Genesis = genesis
 	default:
-		if cfg.NetworkId == 1 {
+		if ctx.Uint64(NetworkIdFlag.Name) == 1 {
 			SetDNSDiscoveryDefaults(cfg, params.MainnetGenesisHash)
 		}
 	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(NetworkIdFlag.Name) {
+		// Typically it's best to automatically set the network ID to the chainID,
+		// by not passing the --networkid flag at all. Emit a warning when set
+		// explicitly in case overriding the network ID is not the user's intention.
+		id := ctx.Uint64(NetworkIdFlag.Name)
+		log.Warn("Setting network ID with command-line flag", "id", id)
+		cfg.NetworkId = id
+	}
 	// Set any dangling config values
 	if ctx.String(CryptoKZGFlag.Name) != "gokzg" && ctx.String(CryptoKZGFlag.Name) != "ckzg" {
 		Fatalf("--%s flag must be 'gokzg' or 'ckzg'", CryptoKZGFlag.Name)

From 5d512083347d7bdd1c9d92416dfd1d20dfc01544 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sina M <1591639+s1na@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Nov 2025 15:32:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 372/470] internal/ethapi: change default tx type to 0x2
 (#33058)

We still default to legacy txes for methods like eth_sendTransaction,
eth_signTransaction. We can default to 0x2 and if someone would like to
stay on legacy they can do so by setting the `gasPrice` field.

cc @deffrian
---
 eth/tracers/api.go     |  2 +-
 internal/ethapi/api.go | 10 +++++-----
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/tracers/api.go b/eth/tracers/api.go
index 5cfbc24b8e..5f2f16627a 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/api.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/api.go
@@ -986,7 +986,7 @@ func (api *API) TraceCall(ctx context.Context, args ethapi.TransactionArgs, bloc
 	}
 	var (
 		msg         = args.ToMessage(blockContext.BaseFee, true)
-		tx          = args.ToTransaction(types.LegacyTxType)
+		tx          = args.ToTransaction(types.DynamicFeeTxType)
 		traceConfig *TraceConfig
 	)
 	// Lower the basefee to 0 to avoid breaking EVM
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index 997ed47926..eb437201d5 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -1607,7 +1607,7 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, args Transaction
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
 	// Assemble the transaction and sign with the wallet
-	tx := args.ToTransaction(types.LegacyTxType)
+	tx := args.ToTransaction(types.DynamicFeeTxType)
 
 	signed, err := wallet.SignTx(account, tx, api.b.ChainConfig().ChainID)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1629,7 +1629,7 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) FillTransaction(ctx context.Context, args Transaction
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	// Assemble the transaction and obtain rlp
-	tx := args.ToTransaction(types.LegacyTxType)
+	tx := args.ToTransaction(types.DynamicFeeTxType)
 	data, err := tx.MarshalBinary()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -1825,7 +1825,7 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) SignTransaction(ctx context.Context, args Transaction
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	// Before actually sign the transaction, ensure the transaction fee is reasonable.
-	tx := args.ToTransaction(types.LegacyTxType)
+	tx := args.ToTransaction(types.DynamicFeeTxType)
 	if err := checkTxFee(tx.GasPrice(), tx.Gas(), api.b.RPCTxFeeCap()); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -1881,7 +1881,7 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) Resend(ctx context.Context, sendArgs TransactionArgs,
 	if err := sendArgs.setDefaults(ctx, api.b, sidecarConfig{}); err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
-	matchTx := sendArgs.ToTransaction(types.LegacyTxType)
+	matchTx := sendArgs.ToTransaction(types.DynamicFeeTxType)
 
 	// Before replacing the old transaction, ensure the _new_ transaction fee is reasonable.
 	price := matchTx.GasPrice()
@@ -1911,7 +1911,7 @@ func (api *TransactionAPI) Resend(ctx context.Context, sendArgs TransactionArgs,
 			if gasLimit != nil && *gasLimit != 0 {
 				sendArgs.Gas = gasLimit
 			}
-			signedTx, err := api.sign(sendArgs.from(), sendArgs.ToTransaction(types.LegacyTxType))
+			signedTx, err := api.sign(sendArgs.from(), sendArgs.ToTransaction(types.DynamicFeeTxType))
 			if err != nil {
 				return common.Hash{}, err
 			}

From cd3f9b24e964a2dfca036387e51452798a59dfea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Dec 2025 10:12:59 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 373/470] cmd/utils: fix disabling cache preimages  through
 config file (#33330)

---
 cmd/utils/flags.go | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 49d8677ca2..996cb276ee 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -1683,8 +1683,9 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	if ctx.IsSet(CacheNoPrefetchFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.NoPrefetch = ctx.Bool(CacheNoPrefetchFlag.Name)
 	}
-	// Read the value from the flag no matter if it's set or not.
-	cfg.Preimages = ctx.Bool(CachePreimagesFlag.Name)
+	if ctx.IsSet(CachePreimagesFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.Preimages = ctx.Bool(CachePreimagesFlag.Name)
+	}
 	if cfg.NoPruning && !cfg.Preimages {
 		cfg.Preimages = true
 		log.Info("Enabling recording of key preimages since archive mode is used")

From 6f2cbb7a27ba7e62b0bdb2090755ef0d271714be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Forostovec <ilonaforostovec22@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Dec 2025 04:19:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 374/470] triedb/pathdb: allow single-element history ranges
 (#33329)

---
 triedb/pathdb/history_inspect.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_inspect.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_inspect.go
index a839a184ca..74b8bb8df2 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_inspect.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_inspect.go
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func sanitizeRange(start, end uint64, freezer ethdb.AncientReader) (uint64, uint
 		last = end
 	}
 	// Make sure the range is valid
-	if first >= last {
+	if first > last {
 		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("range is invalid, first: %d, last: %d", first, last)
 	}
 	return first, last, nil

From da3822dcec13f30de5ae0f0b71a4bf61f0e2bac7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Fallengirl <155266340+Fallengirl@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Dec 2025 14:50:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 375/470] internal/debug: fix log memory limit format (#33336)

---
 internal/debug/api.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/internal/debug/api.go b/internal/debug/api.go
index 1bac36e908..5a2781cc77 100644
--- a/internal/debug/api.go
+++ b/internal/debug/api.go
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ func (*HandlerT) SetGCPercent(v int) int {
 //   - Geth also allocates memory off-heap, particularly for fastCache and Pebble,
 //     which can be non-trivial (a few gigabytes by default).
 func (*HandlerT) SetMemoryLimit(limit int64) int64 {
-	log.Info("Setting memory limit", "size", common.PrettyDuration(limit))
+	log.Info("Setting memory limit", "size", common.StorageSize(limit))
 	return debug.SetMemoryLimit(limit)
 }
 

From 042c47ce1a089ab15b7b0eed58e9d0b629b6dde6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Dec 2025 21:43:51 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 376/470] core: log detailed statistics for slow block (#32812)

This PR introduces a new debug feature, logging the slow blocks with
detailed performance statistics, such as state read, EVM execution and
so on.

Notably, the detailed performance statistics of slow blocks won't be
logged during the sync to not overwhelm users. Specifically, the statistics
are only logged if there is a single block processed.

Example output

```
########## SLOW BLOCK #########
Block: 23537063 (0xa7f878611c2dd27f245fc41107d12ebcf06b4e289f1d6acf44d49a169554ee09) txs: 248, mgasps: 202.99

EVM execution: 63.295ms
Validation: 1.130ms
Account read: 6.634ms(648)
Storage read: 17.391ms(1434)
State hash: 6.722ms
DB commit: 3.260ms
Block write: 1.954ms
Total: 99.094ms

State read cache: account (hit: 622, miss: 26), storage (hit: 1325, miss: 109)
##############################
```
---
 cmd/geth/chaincmd.go        |   1 +
 cmd/geth/main.go            |   1 +
 cmd/utils/flags.go          |  13 ++++
 core/blockchain.go          | 143 +++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 core/blockchain_stats.go    | 138 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 core/blockchain_test.go     |   4 +-
 core/state/reader.go        |  53 +++++++++----
 core/state/statedb.go       |   9 ++-
 eth/api_debug.go            |   6 --
 eth/backend.go              |   1 +
 eth/ethconfig/config.go     |   5 ++
 eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go |   6 ++
 12 files changed, 293 insertions(+), 87 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 core/blockchain_stats.go

diff --git a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
index c5145bbfb7..e535d7d892 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ if one is set.  Otherwise it prints the genesis from the datadir.`,
 			utils.CacheNoPrefetchFlag,
 			utils.CachePreimagesFlag,
 			utils.NoCompactionFlag,
+			utils.LogSlowBlockFlag,
 			utils.MetricsEnabledFlag,
 			utils.MetricsEnabledExpensiveFlag,
 			utils.MetricsHTTPFlag,
diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index 851ae1ce0b..b294ee593e 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -157,6 +157,7 @@ var (
 		utils.BeaconGenesisTimeFlag,
 		utils.BeaconCheckpointFlag,
 		utils.BeaconCheckpointFileFlag,
+		utils.LogSlowBlockFlag,
 	}, utils.NetworkFlags, utils.DatabaseFlags)
 
 	rpcFlags = []cli.Flag{
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 996cb276ee..0d53716f6c 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -672,6 +672,12 @@ var (
 		Usage:    "Disables db compaction after import",
 		Category: flags.LoggingCategory,
 	}
+	LogSlowBlockFlag = &cli.DurationFlag{
+		Name:     "debug.logslowblock",
+		Usage:    "Block execution time threshold beyond which detailed statistics will be logged (0 means disable)",
+		Value:    ethconfig.Defaults.SlowBlockThreshold,
+		Category: flags.LoggingCategory,
+	}
 
 	// MISC settings
 	SyncTargetFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
@@ -1720,6 +1726,9 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	if ctx.IsSet(LogNoHistoryFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.LogNoHistory = true
 	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(LogSlowBlockFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.SlowBlockThreshold = ctx.Duration(LogSlowBlockFlag.Name)
+	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(LogExportCheckpointsFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.LogExportCheckpoints = ctx.String(LogExportCheckpointsFlag.Name)
 	}
@@ -2299,6 +2308,7 @@ func MakeChain(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, readonly bool) (*core.BlockCh
 		Preimages:      ctx.Bool(CachePreimagesFlag.Name),
 		StateScheme:    scheme,
 		StateHistory:   ctx.Uint64(StateHistoryFlag.Name),
+
 		// Disable transaction indexing/unindexing.
 		TxLookupLimit: -1,
 
@@ -2310,6 +2320,9 @@ func MakeChain(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, readonly bool) (*core.BlockCh
 
 		// Enable state size tracking if enabled
 		StateSizeTracking: ctx.Bool(StateSizeTrackingFlag.Name),
+
+		// Configure the slow block statistic logger
+		SlowBlockThreshold: ctx.Duration(LogSlowBlockFlag.Name),
 	}
 	if options.ArchiveMode && !options.Preimages {
 		options.Preimages = true
diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index b7acd12aca..7fe39e2b65 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -198,6 +198,10 @@ type BlockChainConfig struct {
 
 	// StateSizeTracking indicates whether the state size tracking is enabled.
 	StateSizeTracking bool
+
+	// SlowBlockThreshold is the block execution time threshold beyond which
+	// detailed statistics will be logged.
+	SlowBlockThreshold time.Duration
 }
 
 // DefaultConfig returns the default config.
@@ -337,7 +341,8 @@ type BlockChain struct {
 	logger     *tracing.Hooks
 	stateSizer *state.SizeTracker // State size tracking
 
-	lastForkReadyAlert time.Time // Last time there was a fork readiness print out
+	lastForkReadyAlert time.Time     // Last time there was a fork readiness print out
+	slowBlockThreshold time.Duration // Block execution time threshold beyond which detailed statistics will be logged
 }
 
 // NewBlockChain returns a fully initialised block chain using information
@@ -372,19 +377,20 @@ func NewBlockChain(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis, engine consensus.Engine,
 	log.Info("")
 
 	bc := &BlockChain{
-		chainConfig:   chainConfig,
-		cfg:           cfg,
-		db:            db,
-		triedb:        triedb,
-		triegc:        prque.New[int64, common.Hash](nil),
-		chainmu:       syncx.NewClosableMutex(),
-		bodyCache:     lru.NewCache[common.Hash, *types.Body](bodyCacheLimit),
-		bodyRLPCache:  lru.NewCache[common.Hash, rlp.RawValue](bodyCacheLimit),
-		receiptsCache: lru.NewCache[common.Hash, []*types.Receipt](receiptsCacheLimit),
-		blockCache:    lru.NewCache[common.Hash, *types.Block](blockCacheLimit),
-		txLookupCache: lru.NewCache[common.Hash, txLookup](txLookupCacheLimit),
-		engine:        engine,
-		logger:        cfg.VmConfig.Tracer,
+		chainConfig:        chainConfig,
+		cfg:                cfg,
+		db:                 db,
+		triedb:             triedb,
+		triegc:             prque.New[int64, common.Hash](nil),
+		chainmu:            syncx.NewClosableMutex(),
+		bodyCache:          lru.NewCache[common.Hash, *types.Body](bodyCacheLimit),
+		bodyRLPCache:       lru.NewCache[common.Hash, rlp.RawValue](bodyCacheLimit),
+		receiptsCache:      lru.NewCache[common.Hash, []*types.Receipt](receiptsCacheLimit),
+		blockCache:         lru.NewCache[common.Hash, *types.Block](blockCacheLimit),
+		txLookupCache:      lru.NewCache[common.Hash, txLookup](txLookupCacheLimit),
+		engine:             engine,
+		logger:             cfg.VmConfig.Tracer,
+		slowBlockThreshold: cfg.SlowBlockThreshold,
 	}
 	bc.hc, err = NewHeaderChain(db, chainConfig, engine, bc.insertStopped)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -1847,7 +1853,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) insertChain(chain types.Blocks, setHead bool, makeWitness
 	// still need re-execution to generate snapshots that are missing
 	case err != nil && !errors.Is(err, ErrKnownBlock):
 		stats.ignored += len(it.chain)
-		bc.reportBlock(block, nil, err)
+		bc.reportBadBlock(block, nil, err)
 		return nil, it.index, err
 	}
 	// Track the singleton witness from this chain insertion (if any)
@@ -1915,6 +1921,14 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) insertChain(chain types.Blocks, setHead bool, makeWitness
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, it.index, err
 		}
+		res.stats.reportMetrics()
+
+		// Log slow block only if a single block is inserted (usually after the
+		// initial sync) to not overwhelm the users.
+		if len(chain) == 1 {
+			res.stats.logSlow(block, bc.slowBlockThreshold)
+		}
+
 		// Report the import stats before returning the various results
 		stats.processed++
 		stats.usedGas += res.usedGas
@@ -1975,15 +1989,20 @@ type blockProcessingResult struct {
 	procTime time.Duration
 	status   WriteStatus
 	witness  *stateless.Witness
+	stats    *ExecuteStats
 }
 
 func (bpr *blockProcessingResult) Witness() *stateless.Witness {
 	return bpr.witness
 }
 
+func (bpr *blockProcessingResult) Stats() *ExecuteStats {
+	return bpr.stats
+}
+
 // ProcessBlock executes and validates the given block. If there was no error
 // it writes the block and associated state to database.
-func (bc *BlockChain) ProcessBlock(parentRoot common.Hash, block *types.Block, setHead bool, makeWitness bool) (_ *blockProcessingResult, blockEndErr error) {
+func (bc *BlockChain) ProcessBlock(parentRoot common.Hash, block *types.Block, setHead bool, makeWitness bool) (result *blockProcessingResult, blockEndErr error) {
 	var (
 		err       error
 		startTime = time.Now()
@@ -2017,16 +2036,22 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) ProcessBlock(parentRoot common.Hash, block *types.Block, s
 		}
 		// Upload the statistics of reader at the end
 		defer func() {
-			stats := prefetch.GetStats()
-			accountCacheHitPrefetchMeter.Mark(stats.AccountHit)
-			accountCacheMissPrefetchMeter.Mark(stats.AccountMiss)
-			storageCacheHitPrefetchMeter.Mark(stats.StorageHit)
-			storageCacheMissPrefetchMeter.Mark(stats.StorageMiss)
-			stats = process.GetStats()
-			accountCacheHitMeter.Mark(stats.AccountHit)
-			accountCacheMissMeter.Mark(stats.AccountMiss)
-			storageCacheHitMeter.Mark(stats.StorageHit)
-			storageCacheMissMeter.Mark(stats.StorageMiss)
+			pStat := prefetch.GetStats()
+			accountCacheHitPrefetchMeter.Mark(pStat.AccountCacheHit)
+			accountCacheMissPrefetchMeter.Mark(pStat.AccountCacheMiss)
+			storageCacheHitPrefetchMeter.Mark(pStat.StorageCacheHit)
+			storageCacheMissPrefetchMeter.Mark(pStat.StorageCacheMiss)
+
+			rStat := process.GetStats()
+			accountCacheHitMeter.Mark(rStat.AccountCacheHit)
+			accountCacheMissMeter.Mark(rStat.AccountCacheMiss)
+			storageCacheHitMeter.Mark(rStat.StorageCacheHit)
+			storageCacheMissMeter.Mark(rStat.StorageCacheMiss)
+
+			if result != nil {
+				result.stats.StatePrefetchCacheStats = pStat
+				result.stats.StateReadCacheStats = rStat
+			}
 		}()
 
 		go func(start time.Time, throwaway *state.StateDB, block *types.Block) {
@@ -2083,14 +2108,14 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) ProcessBlock(parentRoot common.Hash, block *types.Block, s
 	pstart := time.Now()
 	res, err := bc.processor.Process(block, statedb, bc.cfg.VmConfig)
 	if err != nil {
-		bc.reportBlock(block, res, err)
+		bc.reportBadBlock(block, res, err)
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	ptime := time.Since(pstart)
 
 	vstart := time.Now()
 	if err := bc.validator.ValidateState(block, statedb, res, false); err != nil {
-		bc.reportBlock(block, res, err)
+		bc.reportBadBlock(block, res, err)
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	vtime := time.Since(vstart)
@@ -2124,26 +2149,28 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) ProcessBlock(parentRoot common.Hash, block *types.Block, s
 		}
 	}
 
-	xvtime := time.Since(xvstart)
-	proctime := time.Since(startTime) // processing + validation + cross validation
-
+	var (
+		xvtime   = time.Since(xvstart)
+		proctime = time.Since(startTime) // processing + validation + cross validation
+		stats    = &ExecuteStats{}
+	)
 	// Update the metrics touched during block processing and validation
-	accountReadTimer.Update(statedb.AccountReads) // Account reads are complete(in processing)
-	storageReadTimer.Update(statedb.StorageReads) // Storage reads are complete(in processing)
-	if statedb.AccountLoaded != 0 {
-		accountReadSingleTimer.Update(statedb.AccountReads / time.Duration(statedb.AccountLoaded))
-	}
-	if statedb.StorageLoaded != 0 {
-		storageReadSingleTimer.Update(statedb.StorageReads / time.Duration(statedb.StorageLoaded))
-	}
-	accountUpdateTimer.Update(statedb.AccountUpdates)                                 // Account updates are complete(in validation)
-	storageUpdateTimer.Update(statedb.StorageUpdates)                                 // Storage updates are complete(in validation)
-	accountHashTimer.Update(statedb.AccountHashes)                                    // Account hashes are complete(in validation)
-	triehash := statedb.AccountHashes                                                 // The time spent on tries hashing
-	trieUpdate := statedb.AccountUpdates + statedb.StorageUpdates                     // The time spent on tries update
-	blockExecutionTimer.Update(ptime - (statedb.AccountReads + statedb.StorageReads)) // The time spent on EVM processing
-	blockValidationTimer.Update(vtime - (triehash + trieUpdate))                      // The time spent on block validation
-	blockCrossValidationTimer.Update(xvtime)                                          // The time spent on stateless cross validation
+	stats.AccountReads = statedb.AccountReads     // Account reads are complete(in processing)
+	stats.StorageReads = statedb.StorageReads     // Storage reads are complete(in processing)
+	stats.AccountUpdates = statedb.AccountUpdates // Account updates are complete(in validation)
+	stats.StorageUpdates = statedb.StorageUpdates // Storage updates are complete(in validation)
+	stats.AccountHashes = statedb.AccountHashes   // Account hashes are complete(in validation)
+
+	stats.AccountLoaded = statedb.AccountLoaded
+	stats.AccountUpdated = statedb.AccountUpdated
+	stats.AccountDeleted = statedb.AccountDeleted
+	stats.StorageLoaded = statedb.StorageLoaded
+	stats.StorageUpdated = int(statedb.StorageUpdated.Load())
+	stats.StorageDeleted = int(statedb.StorageDeleted.Load())
+
+	stats.Execution = ptime - (statedb.AccountReads + statedb.StorageReads)                              // The time spent on EVM processing
+	stats.Validation = vtime - (statedb.AccountHashes + statedb.AccountUpdates + statedb.StorageUpdates) // The time spent on block validation
+	stats.CrossValidation = xvtime                                                                       // The time spent on stateless cross validation
 
 	// Write the block to the chain and get the status.
 	var (
@@ -2165,24 +2192,22 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) ProcessBlock(parentRoot common.Hash, block *types.Block, s
 	}
 
 	// Update the metrics touched during block commit
-	accountCommitTimer.Update(statedb.AccountCommits)   // Account commits are complete, we can mark them
-	storageCommitTimer.Update(statedb.StorageCommits)   // Storage commits are complete, we can mark them
-	snapshotCommitTimer.Update(statedb.SnapshotCommits) // Snapshot commits are complete, we can mark them
-	triedbCommitTimer.Update(statedb.TrieDBCommits)     // Trie database commits are complete, we can mark them
+	stats.AccountCommits = statedb.AccountCommits  // Account commits are complete, we can mark them
+	stats.StorageCommits = statedb.StorageCommits  // Storage commits are complete, we can mark them
+	stats.SnapshotCommit = statedb.SnapshotCommits // Snapshot commits are complete, we can mark them
+	stats.TrieDBCommit = statedb.TrieDBCommits     // Trie database commits are complete, we can mark them
+	stats.BlockWrite = time.Since(wstart) - max(statedb.AccountCommits, statedb.StorageCommits) /* concurrent */ - statedb.SnapshotCommits - statedb.TrieDBCommits
 
-	blockWriteTimer.Update(time.Since(wstart) - max(statedb.AccountCommits, statedb.StorageCommits) /* concurrent */ - statedb.SnapshotCommits - statedb.TrieDBCommits)
 	elapsed := time.Since(startTime) + 1 // prevent zero division
-	blockInsertTimer.Update(elapsed)
-
-	// TODO(rjl493456442) generalize the ResettingTimer
-	mgasps := float64(res.GasUsed) * 1000 / float64(elapsed)
-	chainMgaspsMeter.Update(time.Duration(mgasps))
+	stats.TotalTime = elapsed
+	stats.MgasPerSecond = float64(res.GasUsed) * 1000 / float64(elapsed)
 
 	return &blockProcessingResult{
 		usedGas:  res.GasUsed,
 		procTime: proctime,
 		status:   status,
 		witness:  witness,
+		stats:    stats,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -2667,8 +2692,8 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) skipBlock(err error, it *insertIterator) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-// reportBlock logs a bad block error.
-func (bc *BlockChain) reportBlock(block *types.Block, res *ProcessResult, err error) {
+// reportBadBlock logs a bad block error.
+func (bc *BlockChain) reportBadBlock(block *types.Block, res *ProcessResult, err error) {
 	var receipts types.Receipts
 	if res != nil {
 		receipts = res.Receipts
diff --git a/core/blockchain_stats.go b/core/blockchain_stats.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0cebebc20a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/blockchain_stats.go
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package core
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+)
+
+// ExecuteStats includes all the statistics of a block execution in details.
+type ExecuteStats struct {
+	// State read times
+	AccountReads   time.Duration // Time spent on the account reads
+	StorageReads   time.Duration // Time spent on the storage reads
+	AccountHashes  time.Duration // Time spent on the account trie hash
+	AccountUpdates time.Duration // Time spent on the account trie update
+	AccountCommits time.Duration // Time spent on the account trie commit
+	StorageUpdates time.Duration // Time spent on the storage trie update
+	StorageCommits time.Duration // Time spent on the storage trie commit
+
+	AccountLoaded  int // Number of accounts loaded
+	AccountUpdated int // Number of accounts updated
+	AccountDeleted int // Number of accounts deleted
+	StorageLoaded  int // Number of storage slots loaded
+	StorageUpdated int // Number of storage slots updated
+	StorageDeleted int // Number of storage slots deleted
+
+	Execution       time.Duration // Time spent on the EVM execution
+	Validation      time.Duration // Time spent on the block validation
+	CrossValidation time.Duration // Optional, time spent on the block cross validation
+	SnapshotCommit  time.Duration // Time spent on snapshot commit
+	TrieDBCommit    time.Duration // Time spent on database commit
+	BlockWrite      time.Duration // Time spent on block write
+	TotalTime       time.Duration // The total time spent on block execution
+	MgasPerSecond   float64       // The million gas processed per second
+
+	// Cache hit rates
+	StateReadCacheStats     state.ReaderStats
+	StatePrefetchCacheStats state.ReaderStats
+}
+
+// reportMetrics uploads execution statistics to the metrics system.
+func (s *ExecuteStats) reportMetrics() {
+	accountReadTimer.Update(s.AccountReads) // Account reads are complete(in processing)
+	storageReadTimer.Update(s.StorageReads) // Storage reads are complete(in processing)
+	if s.AccountLoaded != 0 {
+		accountReadSingleTimer.Update(s.AccountReads / time.Duration(s.AccountLoaded))
+	}
+	if s.StorageLoaded != 0 {
+		storageReadSingleTimer.Update(s.StorageReads / time.Duration(s.StorageLoaded))
+	}
+
+	accountUpdateTimer.Update(s.AccountUpdates) // Account updates are complete(in validation)
+	storageUpdateTimer.Update(s.StorageUpdates) // Storage updates are complete(in validation)
+	accountHashTimer.Update(s.AccountHashes)    // Account hashes are complete(in validation)
+
+	accountCommitTimer.Update(s.AccountCommits) // Account commits are complete, we can mark them
+	storageCommitTimer.Update(s.StorageCommits) // Storage commits are complete, we can mark them
+
+	blockExecutionTimer.Update(s.Execution)                 // The time spent on EVM processing
+	blockValidationTimer.Update(s.Validation)               // The time spent on block validation
+	blockCrossValidationTimer.Update(s.CrossValidation)     // The time spent on stateless cross validation
+	snapshotCommitTimer.Update(s.SnapshotCommit)            // Snapshot commits are complete, we can mark them
+	triedbCommitTimer.Update(s.TrieDBCommit)                // Trie database commits are complete, we can mark them
+	blockWriteTimer.Update(s.BlockWrite)                    // The time spent on block write
+	blockInsertTimer.Update(s.TotalTime)                    // The total time spent on block execution
+	chainMgaspsMeter.Update(time.Duration(s.MgasPerSecond)) // TODO(rjl493456442) generalize the ResettingTimer
+
+	// Cache hit rates
+	accountCacheHitPrefetchMeter.Mark(s.StatePrefetchCacheStats.AccountCacheHit)
+	accountCacheMissPrefetchMeter.Mark(s.StatePrefetchCacheStats.AccountCacheMiss)
+	storageCacheHitPrefetchMeter.Mark(s.StatePrefetchCacheStats.StorageCacheHit)
+	storageCacheMissPrefetchMeter.Mark(s.StatePrefetchCacheStats.StorageCacheMiss)
+
+	accountCacheHitMeter.Mark(s.StateReadCacheStats.AccountCacheHit)
+	accountCacheMissMeter.Mark(s.StateReadCacheStats.AccountCacheMiss)
+	storageCacheHitMeter.Mark(s.StateReadCacheStats.StorageCacheHit)
+	storageCacheMissMeter.Mark(s.StateReadCacheStats.StorageCacheMiss)
+}
+
+// logSlow prints the detailed execution statistics if the block is regarded as slow.
+func (s *ExecuteStats) logSlow(block *types.Block, slowBlockThreshold time.Duration) {
+	if slowBlockThreshold == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	if s.TotalTime < slowBlockThreshold {
+		return
+	}
+	msg := fmt.Sprintf(`
+########## SLOW BLOCK #########
+Block: %v (%#x) txs: %d, mgasps: %.2f, elapsed: %v
+
+EVM execution: %v
+Validation: %v
+Account read: %v(%d)
+Storage read: %v(%d)
+Account hash: %v
+Storage hash: %v
+DB commit: %v
+Block write: %v
+
+%s
+##############################
+`, block.Number(), block.Hash(), len(block.Transactions()), s.MgasPerSecond, common.PrettyDuration(s.TotalTime),
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.Execution), common.PrettyDuration(s.Validation+s.CrossValidation),
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.AccountReads), s.AccountLoaded,
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.StorageReads), s.StorageLoaded,
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.AccountHashes+s.AccountCommits+s.AccountUpdates),
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.StorageCommits+s.StorageUpdates),
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.TrieDBCommit+s.SnapshotCommit), common.PrettyDuration(s.BlockWrite),
+		s.StateReadCacheStats)
+	for _, line := range strings.Split(msg, "\n") {
+		if line == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		log.Info(line)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/core/blockchain_test.go b/core/blockchain_test.go
index b749798f9c..3e3053d9bf 100644
--- a/core/blockchain_test.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_test.go
@@ -162,12 +162,12 @@ func testBlockChainImport(chain types.Blocks, blockchain *BlockChain) error {
 		}
 		res, err := blockchain.processor.Process(block, statedb, vm.Config{})
 		if err != nil {
-			blockchain.reportBlock(block, res, err)
+			blockchain.reportBadBlock(block, res, err)
 			return err
 		}
 		err = blockchain.validator.ValidateState(block, statedb, res, false)
 		if err != nil {
-			blockchain.reportBlock(block, res, err)
+			blockchain.reportBadBlock(block, res, err)
 			return err
 		}
 
diff --git a/core/state/reader.go b/core/state/reader.go
index 93083c8ae2..21e76c5b66 100644
--- a/core/state/reader.go
+++ b/core/state/reader.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ package state
 
 import (
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 
@@ -88,10 +89,29 @@ type Reader interface {
 
 // ReaderStats wraps the statistics of reader.
 type ReaderStats struct {
-	AccountHit  int64
-	AccountMiss int64
-	StorageHit  int64
-	StorageMiss int64
+	// Cache stats
+	AccountCacheHit  int64
+	AccountCacheMiss int64
+	StorageCacheHit  int64
+	StorageCacheMiss int64
+}
+
+// String implements fmt.Stringer, returning string format statistics.
+func (s ReaderStats) String() string {
+	var (
+		accountCacheHitRate float64
+		storageCacheHitRate float64
+	)
+	if s.AccountCacheHit > 0 {
+		accountCacheHitRate = float64(s.AccountCacheHit) / float64(s.AccountCacheHit+s.AccountCacheMiss) * 100
+	}
+	if s.StorageCacheHit > 0 {
+		storageCacheHitRate = float64(s.StorageCacheHit) / float64(s.StorageCacheHit+s.StorageCacheMiss) * 100
+	}
+	msg := fmt.Sprintf("Reader statistics\n")
+	msg += fmt.Sprintf("account: hit: %d, miss: %d, rate: %.2f\n", s.AccountCacheHit, s.AccountCacheMiss, accountCacheHitRate)
+	msg += fmt.Sprintf("storage: hit: %d, miss: %d, rate: %.2f\n", s.StorageCacheHit, s.StorageCacheMiss, storageCacheHitRate)
+	return msg
 }
 
 // ReaderWithStats wraps the additional method to retrieve the reader statistics from.
@@ -544,10 +564,11 @@ func (r *readerWithCache) Storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (common
 
 type readerWithCacheStats struct {
 	*readerWithCache
-	accountHit  atomic.Int64
-	accountMiss atomic.Int64
-	storageHit  atomic.Int64
-	storageMiss atomic.Int64
+
+	accountCacheHit  atomic.Int64
+	accountCacheMiss atomic.Int64
+	storageCacheHit  atomic.Int64
+	storageCacheMiss atomic.Int64
 }
 
 // newReaderWithCacheStats constructs the reader with additional statistics tracked.
@@ -567,9 +588,9 @@ func (r *readerWithCacheStats) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if incache {
-		r.accountHit.Add(1)
+		r.accountCacheHit.Add(1)
 	} else {
-		r.accountMiss.Add(1)
+		r.accountCacheMiss.Add(1)
 	}
 	return account, nil
 }
@@ -585,9 +606,9 @@ func (r *readerWithCacheStats) Storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (c
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
 	if incache {
-		r.storageHit.Add(1)
+		r.storageCacheHit.Add(1)
 	} else {
-		r.storageMiss.Add(1)
+		r.storageCacheMiss.Add(1)
 	}
 	return value, nil
 }
@@ -595,9 +616,9 @@ func (r *readerWithCacheStats) Storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (c
 // GetStats implements ReaderWithStats, returning the statistics of state reader.
 func (r *readerWithCacheStats) GetStats() ReaderStats {
 	return ReaderStats{
-		AccountHit:  r.accountHit.Load(),
-		AccountMiss: r.accountMiss.Load(),
-		StorageHit:  r.storageHit.Load(),
-		StorageMiss: r.storageMiss.Load(),
+		AccountCacheHit:  r.accountCacheHit.Load(),
+		AccountCacheMiss: r.accountCacheMiss.Load(),
+		StorageCacheHit:  r.storageCacheHit.Load(),
+		StorageCacheMiss: r.storageCacheMiss.Load(),
 	}
 }
diff --git a/core/state/statedb.go b/core/state/statedb.go
index 364bc40850..73d4af7dcf 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@@ -141,10 +141,11 @@ type StateDB struct {
 	witnessStats *stateless.WitnessStats
 
 	// Measurements gathered during execution for debugging purposes
-	AccountReads    time.Duration
-	AccountHashes   time.Duration
-	AccountUpdates  time.Duration
-	AccountCommits  time.Duration
+	AccountReads   time.Duration
+	AccountHashes  time.Duration
+	AccountUpdates time.Duration
+	AccountCommits time.Duration
+
 	StorageReads    time.Duration
 	StorageUpdates  time.Duration
 	StorageCommits  time.Duration
diff --git a/eth/api_debug.go b/eth/api_debug.go
index 892e103213..db1b842e90 100644
--- a/eth/api_debug.go
+++ b/eth/api_debug.go
@@ -499,17 +499,14 @@ func (api *DebugAPI) ExecutionWitness(bn rpc.BlockNumber) (*stateless.ExtWitness
 	if err != nil {
 		return &stateless.ExtWitness{}, fmt.Errorf("block number %v not found", bn)
 	}
-
 	parent := bc.GetHeader(block.ParentHash(), block.NumberU64()-1)
 	if parent == nil {
 		return &stateless.ExtWitness{}, fmt.Errorf("block number %v found, but parent missing", bn)
 	}
-
 	result, err := bc.ProcessBlock(parent.Root, block, false, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
 	return result.Witness().ToExtWitness(), nil
 }
 
@@ -519,16 +516,13 @@ func (api *DebugAPI) ExecutionWitnessByHash(hash common.Hash) (*stateless.ExtWit
 	if block == nil {
 		return &stateless.ExtWitness{}, fmt.Errorf("block hash %x not found", hash)
 	}
-
 	parent := bc.GetHeader(block.ParentHash(), block.NumberU64()-1)
 	if parent == nil {
 		return &stateless.ExtWitness{}, fmt.Errorf("block number %x found, but parent missing", hash)
 	}
-
 	result, err := bc.ProcessBlock(parent.Root, block, false, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
 	return result.Witness().ToExtWitness(), nil
 }
diff --git a/eth/backend.go b/eth/backend.go
index 8509561822..95ae9d4a41 100644
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@@ -244,6 +244,7 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 			// - DATADIR/triedb/verkle.journal
 			TrieJournalDirectory: stack.ResolvePath("triedb"),
 			StateSizeTracking:    config.EnableStateSizeTracking,
+			SlowBlockThreshold:   config.SlowBlockThreshold,
 		}
 	)
 	if config.VMTrace != "" {
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/config.go b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
index c4a0956b3b..d6ed2c2576 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ var Defaults = Config{
 	RPCTxFeeCap:          1, // 1 ether
 	TxSyncDefaultTimeout: 20 * time.Second,
 	TxSyncMaxTimeout:     1 * time.Minute,
+	SlowBlockThreshold:   time.Second * 2,
 }
 
 //go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type Config -formats toml -out gen_config.go
@@ -118,6 +119,10 @@ type Config struct {
 	// presence of these blocks for every new peer connection.
 	RequiredBlocks map[uint64]common.Hash `toml:"-"`
 
+	// SlowBlockThreshold is the block execution speed threshold (Mgas/s)
+	// below which detailed statistics are logged.
+	SlowBlockThreshold time.Duration `toml:",omitempty"`
+
 	// Database options
 	SkipBcVersionCheck bool `toml:"-"`
 	DatabaseHandles    int  `toml:"-"`
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
index 6f18dc34c5..97c5db3ecd 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 		StateHistory            uint64                 `toml:",omitempty"`
 		StateScheme             string                 `toml:",omitempty"`
 		RequiredBlocks          map[uint64]common.Hash `toml:"-"`
+		SlowBlockThreshold      time.Duration          `toml:",omitempty"`
 		SkipBcVersionCheck      bool                   `toml:"-"`
 		DatabaseHandles         int                    `toml:"-"`
 		DatabaseCache           int
@@ -82,6 +83,7 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 	enc.StateHistory = c.StateHistory
 	enc.StateScheme = c.StateScheme
 	enc.RequiredBlocks = c.RequiredBlocks
+	enc.SlowBlockThreshold = c.SlowBlockThreshold
 	enc.SkipBcVersionCheck = c.SkipBcVersionCheck
 	enc.DatabaseHandles = c.DatabaseHandles
 	enc.DatabaseCache = c.DatabaseCache
@@ -135,6 +137,7 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 		StateHistory            *uint64                `toml:",omitempty"`
 		StateScheme             *string                `toml:",omitempty"`
 		RequiredBlocks          map[uint64]common.Hash `toml:"-"`
+		SlowBlockThreshold      *time.Duration         `toml:",omitempty"`
 		SkipBcVersionCheck      *bool                  `toml:"-"`
 		DatabaseHandles         *int                   `toml:"-"`
 		DatabaseCache           *int
@@ -219,6 +222,9 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 	if dec.RequiredBlocks != nil {
 		c.RequiredBlocks = dec.RequiredBlocks
 	}
+	if dec.SlowBlockThreshold != nil {
+		c.SlowBlockThreshold = *dec.SlowBlockThreshold
+	}
 	if dec.SkipBcVersionCheck != nil {
 		c.SkipBcVersionCheck = *dec.SkipBcVersionCheck
 	}

From be94ea1c4028f82b90de5f1e08a40f0b0a73d5da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Dec 2025 23:11:56 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 377/470] cmd/utils: fix handling of boolean flags when they
 are set to false (#33338)

geth --nodiscover=false
may result in ctx.IsSet(NoDiscoverFlag.Name) is true, but cfg.
NoDiscovery should be false, not true.
---
 cmd/utils/flags.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 0d53716f6c..b73fa80b17 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -1374,7 +1374,7 @@ func SetP2PConfig(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *p2p.Config) {
 		cfg.MaxPendingPeers = ctx.Int(MaxPendingPeersFlag.Name)
 	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(NoDiscoverFlag.Name) {
-		cfg.NoDiscovery = true
+		cfg.NoDiscovery = ctx.Bool(NoDiscoverFlag.Name)
 	}
 
 	flags.CheckExclusive(ctx, DiscoveryV4Flag, NoDiscoverFlag)
@@ -1724,7 +1724,7 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 		cfg.LogHistory = ctx.Uint64(LogHistoryFlag.Name)
 	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(LogNoHistoryFlag.Name) {
-		cfg.LogNoHistory = true
+		cfg.LogNoHistory = ctx.Bool(LogNoHistoryFlag.Name)
 	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(LogSlowBlockFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.SlowBlockThreshold = ctx.Duration(LogSlowBlockFlag.Name)

From 212967d0e18e456a532c9ba8c8883d8cb1f3f895 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Dec 2025 23:19:20 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 378/470] ethdb/pebble: add configuration changes (#33315)

This introduces two main changes to Pebble's configuration:

(a) Remove the Bloom filter at Level 6

The Bloom filter is never used at the bottom-most level, so keeping it
serves no purpose. Removing it saves storage without affecting read
performance.

(b) Re-enable read-sampling compaction

Read-sampling compaction was previously disabled in the hash-based
scheme because all data was identified by hashes and basically no data
overwrite. Read sampling compaction makes no sense.

After switching to the path-based scheme, data overwrites are much more
common, making read-sampling compaction beneficial and reasonable to re-enable.
---
 ethdb/pebble/pebble.go | 8 +++-----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go b/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
index 8abe7d4bc7..94311fc12b 100644
--- a/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
+++ b/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
@@ -263,7 +263,9 @@ func New(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool) (
 			{TargetFileSize: 16 * 1024 * 1024, FilterPolicy: bloom.FilterPolicy(10)},
 			{TargetFileSize: 32 * 1024 * 1024, FilterPolicy: bloom.FilterPolicy(10)},
 			{TargetFileSize: 64 * 1024 * 1024, FilterPolicy: bloom.FilterPolicy(10)},
-			{TargetFileSize: 128 * 1024 * 1024, FilterPolicy: bloom.FilterPolicy(10)},
+
+			// Pebble doesn't use the Bloom filter at level6 for read efficiency.
+			{TargetFileSize: 128 * 1024 * 1024},
 		},
 		ReadOnly: readonly,
 		EventListener: &pebble.EventListener{
@@ -294,10 +296,6 @@ func New(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool) (
 		// debt will be less than 1GB, but with more frequent compactions scheduled.
 		L0CompactionThreshold: 2,
 	}
-	// Disable seek compaction explicitly. Check https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/20130
-	// for more details.
-	opt.Experimental.ReadSamplingMultiplier = -1
-
 	// Open the db and recover any potential corruptions
 	innerDB, err := pebble.Open(file, opt)
 	if err != nil {

From d3679c2f2e9d7f6d354375bfad0165016e6d059c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Dec 2025 23:28:51 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 379/470] core/state: export statistics to metrics (#33254)

This PR exposes the state size statistics to the metrics, making them
easier to demonstrate.

Note that the contract code included in the metrics is not
de-duplicated, so the reported size
will appear larger than the actual storage footprint.
---
 core/state/state_sizer.go | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/state/state_sizer.go b/core/state/state_sizer.go
index 2066c94845..636b158da6 100644
--- a/core/state/state_sizer.go
+++ b/core/state/state_sizer.go
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
@@ -48,6 +49,21 @@ var (
 	codeKeySize               = int64(len(rawdb.CodePrefix) + common.HashLength)
 )
 
+// State size metrics
+var (
+	stateSizeChainHeightGauge           = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("state/height", nil)
+	stateSizeAccountsCountGauge         = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("state/accounts/count", nil)
+	stateSizeAccountsBytesGauge         = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("state/accounts/bytes", nil)
+	stateSizeStoragesCountGauge         = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("state/storages/count", nil)
+	stateSizeStoragesBytesGauge         = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("state/storages/bytes", nil)
+	stateSizeAccountTrieNodesCountGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("state/trienodes/account/count", nil)
+	stateSizeAccountTrieNodesBytesGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("state/trienodes/account/bytes", nil)
+	stateSizeStorageTrieNodesCountGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("state/trienodes/storage/count", nil)
+	stateSizeStorageTrieNodesBytesGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("state/trienodes/storage/bytes", nil)
+	stateSizeContractsCountGauge        = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("state/contracts/count", nil)
+	stateSizeContractsBytesGauge        = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("state/contracts/bytes", nil)
+)
+
 // SizeStats represents either the current state size statistics or the size
 // differences resulting from a state transition.
 type SizeStats struct {
@@ -76,6 +92,20 @@ func (s SizeStats) String() string {
 	)
 }
 
+func (s SizeStats) publish() {
+	stateSizeChainHeightGauge.Update(int64(s.BlockNumber))
+	stateSizeAccountsCountGauge.Update(s.Accounts)
+	stateSizeAccountsBytesGauge.Update(s.AccountBytes)
+	stateSizeStoragesCountGauge.Update(s.Storages)
+	stateSizeStoragesBytesGauge.Update(s.StorageBytes)
+	stateSizeAccountTrieNodesCountGauge.Update(s.AccountTrienodes)
+	stateSizeAccountTrieNodesBytesGauge.Update(s.AccountTrienodeBytes)
+	stateSizeStorageTrieNodesCountGauge.Update(s.StorageTrienodes)
+	stateSizeStorageTrieNodesBytesGauge.Update(s.StorageTrienodeBytes)
+	stateSizeContractsCountGauge.Update(s.ContractCodes)
+	stateSizeContractsBytesGauge.Update(s.ContractCodeBytes)
+}
+
 // add applies the given state diffs and produces a new version of the statistics.
 func (s SizeStats) add(diff SizeStats) SizeStats {
 	s.StateRoot = diff.StateRoot
@@ -309,6 +339,10 @@ func (t *SizeTracker) run() {
 			stats[u.root] = stat
 			last = u.root
 
+			// Publish statistics to metric system
+			stat.publish()
+
+			// Evict the stale statistics
 			heap.Push(&h, stats[u.root])
 			for u.blockNumber-h[0].BlockNumber > statEvictThreshold {
 				delete(stats, h[0].StateRoot)

From 129c562900b8fe52d6d67df7f19287a494732538 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Dec 2025 22:35:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 380/470] eth/catalyst: benchmark GetBlobsV2 at API level
 (#33196)

This is to benchmark how much the internal parts of GetBlobsV2 take.
This is not an RPC-level benchmark, so JSON-RPC overhead is not
included.

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 eth/catalyst/api_test.go | 87 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 54 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api_test.go b/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
index 2284a33453..a023962b81 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ func TestEth2DeepReorg(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 // startEthService creates a full node instance for testing.
-func startEthService(t *testing.T, genesis *core.Genesis, blocks []*types.Block) (*node.Node, *eth.Ethereum) {
+func startEthService(t testing.TB, genesis *core.Genesis, blocks []*types.Block) (*node.Node, *eth.Ethereum) {
 	t.Helper()
 
 	n, err := node.New(&node.Config{
@@ -1873,7 +1873,7 @@ func makeMultiBlobTx(chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, nonce uint64, blobCount in
 	return types.MustSignNewTx(key, types.LatestSigner(chainConfig), blobtx)
 }
 
-func newGetBlobEnv(t *testing.T, version byte) (*node.Node, *ConsensusAPI) {
+func newGetBlobEnv(t testing.TB, version byte) (*node.Node, *ConsensusAPI) {
 	var (
 		// Create a database pre-initialize with a genesis block
 		config = *params.MergedTestChainConfig
@@ -2045,36 +2045,57 @@ func TestGetBlobsV2(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}
 	for i, suite := range suites {
-		// Fill the request for retrieving blobs
-		var (
-			vhashes []common.Hash
-			expect  []*engine.BlobAndProofV2
-		)
-		// fill missing blob
-		if suite.fillRandom {
-			vhashes = append(vhashes, testrand.Hash())
-		}
-		for j := suite.start; j < suite.limit; j++ {
-			vhashes = append(vhashes, testBlobVHashes[j])
-			var cellProofs []hexutil.Bytes
-			for _, proof := range testBlobCellProofs[j] {
-				cellProofs = append(cellProofs, proof[:])
-			}
-			expect = append(expect, &engine.BlobAndProofV2{
-				Blob:       testBlobs[j][:],
-				CellProofs: cellProofs,
-			})
-		}
-		result, err := api.GetBlobsV2(vhashes)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("Unexpected error for case %d, %v", i, err)
-		}
-		// null is responded if any blob is missing
-		if suite.fillRandom {
-			expect = nil
-		}
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(result, expect) {
-			t.Fatalf("Unexpected result for case %d", i)
-		}
+		runGetBlobsV2(t, api, suite.start, suite.limit, suite.fillRandom, fmt.Sprintf("suite=%d", i))
+	}
+}
+
+// Benchmark GetBlobsV2 internals
+// Note that this is not an RPC-level benchmark, so JSON-RPC overhead is not included.
+func BenchmarkGetBlobsV2(b *testing.B) {
+	n, api := newGetBlobEnv(b, 1)
+	defer n.Close()
+
+	// for blobs in [1, 2, 4, 6], print string and run benchmark
+	for _, blobs := range []int{1, 2, 4, 6} {
+		name := fmt.Sprintf("blobs=%d", blobs)
+		b.Run(name, func(b *testing.B) {
+			for b.Loop() {
+				runGetBlobsV2(b, api, 0, blobs, false, name)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func runGetBlobsV2(t testing.TB, api *ConsensusAPI, start, limit int, fillRandom bool, name string) {
+	// Fill the request for retrieving blobs
+	var (
+		vhashes []common.Hash
+		expect  []*engine.BlobAndProofV2
+	)
+	// fill missing blob
+	if fillRandom {
+		vhashes = append(vhashes, testrand.Hash())
+	}
+	for j := start; j < limit; j++ {
+		vhashes = append(vhashes, testBlobVHashes[j])
+		var cellProofs []hexutil.Bytes
+		for _, proof := range testBlobCellProofs[j] {
+			cellProofs = append(cellProofs, proof[:])
+		}
+		expect = append(expect, &engine.BlobAndProofV2{
+			Blob:       testBlobs[j][:],
+			CellProofs: cellProofs,
+		})
+	}
+	result, err := api.GetBlobsV2(vhashes)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Unexpected error for case %s, %v", name, err)
+	}
+	// null is responded if any blob is missing
+	if fillRandom {
+		expect = nil
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(result, expect) {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected result for case %s", name)
 	}
 }

From 657c99f116d5d224e859eb42c584077026a55efe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Dec 2025 23:17:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 381/470] beacon/types: update for fulu (#33349)

Should fix decoding JSON blocks in the Fulu fork. This diff was missing
from https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/33349.
---
 beacon/types/beacon_block.go | 2 +-
 beacon/types/exec_header.go  | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/beacon/types/beacon_block.go b/beacon/types/beacon_block.go
index a2e31d5abf..82a0814a9f 100644
--- a/beacon/types/beacon_block.go
+++ b/beacon/types/beacon_block.go
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ func BlockFromJSON(forkName string, data []byte) (*BeaconBlock, error) {
 		obj = new(capella.BeaconBlock)
 	case "deneb":
 		obj = new(deneb.BeaconBlock)
-	case "electra":
+	case "electra", "fulu":
 		obj = new(electra.BeaconBlock)
 	default:
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported fork: %s", forkName)
diff --git a/beacon/types/exec_header.go b/beacon/types/exec_header.go
index ae79b00841..dbf5c54b36 100644
--- a/beacon/types/exec_header.go
+++ b/beacon/types/exec_header.go
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func ExecutionHeaderFromJSON(forkName string, data []byte) (*ExecutionHeader, er
 	switch forkName {
 	case "capella":
 		obj = new(capella.ExecutionPayloadHeader)
-	case "deneb", "electra": // note: the payload type was not changed in electra
+	case "deneb", "electra", "fulu": // note: the payload type was not changed in electra/fulu
 		obj = new(deneb.ExecutionPayloadHeader)
 	default:
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported fork: %s", forkName)

From 73a2df2b0a7d096714af66ff4ef544f93480894f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 11:02:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 382/470] eth/filters: change error code for invalid parameter
 errors (#33320)

This improves the error code for cases where invalid query parameters
are submitted to `eth_getLogs`. I also improved the error message that
is emitted when querying into the future.
---
 eth/filters/api.go    | 22 +++++++++++++++++-----
 eth/filters/filter.go |  5 ++++-
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/filters/api.go b/eth/filters/api.go
index 58baf2c3aa..4ed7e5be0a 100644
--- a/eth/filters/api.go
+++ b/eth/filters/api.go
@@ -35,17 +35,29 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	errInvalidTopic           = errors.New("invalid topic(s)")
-	errFilterNotFound         = errors.New("filter not found")
-	errInvalidBlockRange      = errors.New("invalid block range params")
+	errInvalidTopic           = invalidParamsErr("invalid topic(s)")
+	errInvalidBlockRange      = invalidParamsErr("invalid block range params")
+	errBlockRangeIntoFuture   = invalidParamsErr("block range extends beyond current head block")
+	errBlockHashWithRange     = invalidParamsErr("can't specify fromBlock/toBlock with blockHash")
+	errPendingLogsUnsupported = invalidParamsErr("pending logs are not supported")
 	errUnknownBlock           = errors.New("unknown block")
-	errBlockHashWithRange     = errors.New("can't specify fromBlock/toBlock with blockHash")
-	errPendingLogsUnsupported = errors.New("pending logs are not supported")
+	errFilterNotFound         = errors.New("filter not found")
 	errExceedMaxTopics        = errors.New("exceed max topics")
 	errExceedLogQueryLimit    = errors.New("exceed max addresses or topics per search position")
 	errExceedMaxTxHashes      = errors.New("exceed max number of transaction hashes allowed per transactionReceipts subscription")
 )
 
+type invalidParamsError struct {
+	err error
+}
+
+func (e invalidParamsError) Error() string  { return e.err.Error() }
+func (e invalidParamsError) ErrorCode() int { return -32602 }
+
+func invalidParamsErr(format string, args ...any) error {
+	return invalidParamsError{fmt.Errorf(format, args...)}
+}
+
 const (
 	// The maximum number of topic criteria allowed, vm.LOG4 - vm.LOG0
 	maxTopics = 4
diff --git a/eth/filters/filter.go b/eth/filters/filter.go
index a818f0b607..10afc84fe9 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter.go
@@ -221,9 +221,12 @@ func (s *searchSession) updateChainView() error {
 	if lastBlock == math.MaxUint64 {
 		lastBlock = head
 	}
-	if firstBlock > lastBlock || lastBlock > head {
+	if firstBlock > lastBlock {
 		return errInvalidBlockRange
 	}
+	if lastBlock > head {
+		return errBlockRangeIntoFuture
+	}
 	s.searchRange = common.NewRange(firstBlock, lastBlock+1-firstBlock)
 
 	// Trim existing match set in case a reorg may have invalidated some results

From e63e37be5e48a7869abf3f17e2a8cfff1fbfbcbf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Klank <155117116+davidjsonn@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 6 Dec 2025 05:21:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 383/470] core/filtermaps: fix operator precedence in delete
 logging condition (#33280)

The original condition `deleted && !logPrinted || time.Since(...)` was
incorrectly grouping due to operator precedence, causing logs to print
every 10 seconds even when no deletion was happening (deleted=false).

According to SafeDeleteRange documentation, the 'deleted' parameter is
"true if entries have actually been deleted already". The logging should
only happen when deletion is active.

Fixed by adding parentheses: `deleted && (!logPrinted ||
time.Since(...))`Now logs print only when items are being deleted AND
either it's the first log or 10+ seconds have passed since the last one.
---
 core/filtermaps/filtermaps.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/filtermaps/filtermaps.go b/core/filtermaps/filtermaps.go
index fede54df57..f6b1ef26d0 100644
--- a/core/filtermaps/filtermaps.go
+++ b/core/filtermaps/filtermaps.go
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ func (f *FilterMaps) safeDeleteWithLogs(deleteFn func(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, ha
 		lastLogPrinted = start
 	)
 	switch err := deleteFn(f.db, f.hashScheme, func(deleted bool) bool {
-		if deleted && !logPrinted || time.Since(lastLogPrinted) > time.Second*10 {
+		if deleted && (!logPrinted || time.Since(lastLogPrinted) > time.Second*10) {
 			log.Info(action+" in progress...", "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 			logPrinted, lastLogPrinted = true, time.Now()
 		}

From dbca85869f6d699441a913df9871dc6ac48b1d34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Dec 2025 20:53:40 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 384/470] ethdb/pebble: change the Pebble database
 configuration (#33353)

This PR changes the Pebble configurations as below:

- increase the MemTableStopWritesThreshold for handling temporary spike
- decrease the L0CompactionConcurrency and CompactionDebtConcurrency to
scale up compaction readily
---
 ethdb/pebble/pebble.go | 22 ++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go b/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
index 94311fc12b..800559ab4b 100644
--- a/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
+++ b/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
@@ -205,8 +205,8 @@ func New(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool) (
 	// limit unchanged allows writes to be flushed more smoothly. This helps
 	// avoid compaction spikes and mitigates write stalls caused by heavy
 	// compaction workloads.
-	memTableLimit := 4
-	memTableSize := cache * 1024 * 1024 / 2 / memTableLimit
+	memTableNumber := 4
+	memTableSize := cache * 1024 * 1024 / 2 / memTableNumber
 
 	// The memory table size is currently capped at maxMemTableSize-1 due to a
 	// known bug in the pebble where maxMemTableSize is not recognized as a
@@ -243,12 +243,16 @@ func New(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool) (
 		// Note, there may have more than two memory tables in the system.
 		MemTableSize: uint64(memTableSize),
 
-		// MemTableStopWritesThreshold places a hard limit on the size
+		// MemTableStopWritesThreshold places a hard limit on the number
 		// of the existent MemTables(including the frozen one).
+		//
 		// Note, this must be the number of tables not the size of all memtables
 		// according to https://github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/blob/master/options.go#L738-L742
 		// and to https://github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/blob/master/db.go#L1892-L1903.
-		MemTableStopWritesThreshold: memTableLimit,
+		//
+		// MemTableStopWritesThreshold is set to twice the maximum number of
+		// allowed memtables to accommodate temporary spikes.
+		MemTableStopWritesThreshold: memTableNumber * 2,
 
 		// The default compaction concurrency(1 thread),
 		// Here use all available CPUs for faster compaction.
@@ -296,6 +300,16 @@ func New(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool) (
 		// debt will be less than 1GB, but with more frequent compactions scheduled.
 		L0CompactionThreshold: 2,
 	}
+	// These two settings define the conditions under which compaction concurrency
+	// is increased. Specifically, one additional compaction job will be enabled when:
+	// - there is one more overlapping sub-level0;
+	// - there is an additional 512 MB of compaction debt;
+	//
+	// The maximum concurrency is still capped by MaxConcurrentCompactions, but with
+	// these settings compactions can scale up more readily.
+	opt.Experimental.L0CompactionConcurrency = 1
+	opt.Experimental.CompactionDebtConcurrency = 1 << 28 // 256MB
+
 	// Open the db and recover any potential corruptions
 	innerDB, err := pebble.Open(file, opt)
 	if err != nil {

From af47d9b472000d3ddf3d89b59ad75fb4c73c06ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Snezhkko <snezhkodaria38@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Dec 2025 16:02:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 385/470] p2p/nat: fix err shadowing in UPnP addAnyPortMapping
 (#33355)

The random-port retry loop in addAnyPortMapping shadowed the err
variable, causing the function to return (0, nil) when all attempts
failed. This change removes the shadowing and preserves the last error
across both the fixed-port and random-port retries, ensuring failures
are reported to callers correctly.
---
 p2p/nat/natupnp.go | 16 ++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/p2p/nat/natupnp.go b/p2p/nat/natupnp.go
index d79677db55..b9570e561f 100644
--- a/p2p/nat/natupnp.go
+++ b/p2p/nat/natupnp.go
@@ -107,30 +107,30 @@ func (n *upnp) addAnyPortMapping(protocol string, extport, intport int, ip net.I
 		})
 	}
 	// For IGDv1 and v1 services we should first try to add with extport.
+	var lastErr error
 	for i := 0; i < retryCount+1; i++ {
-		err := n.withRateLimit(func() error {
+		lastErr = n.withRateLimit(func() error {
 			return n.client.AddPortMapping("", uint16(extport), protocol, uint16(intport), ip.String(), true, desc, lifetimeS)
 		})
-		if err == nil {
+		if lastErr == nil {
 			return uint16(extport), nil
 		}
-		log.Debug("Failed to add port mapping", "protocol", protocol, "extport", extport, "intport", intport, "err", err)
+		log.Debug("Failed to add port mapping", "protocol", protocol, "extport", extport, "intport", intport, "err", lastErr)
 	}
 
 	// If above fails, we retry with a random port.
 	// We retry several times because of possible port conflicts.
-	var err error
 	for i := 0; i < randomCount; i++ {
 		extport = n.randomPort()
-		err := n.withRateLimit(func() error {
+		lastErr = n.withRateLimit(func() error {
 			return n.client.AddPortMapping("", uint16(extport), protocol, uint16(intport), ip.String(), true, desc, lifetimeS)
 		})
-		if err == nil {
+		if lastErr == nil {
 			return uint16(extport), nil
 		}
-		log.Debug("Failed to add random port mapping", "protocol", protocol, "extport", extport, "intport", intport, "err", err)
+		log.Debug("Failed to add random port mapping", "protocol", protocol, "extport", extport, "intport", intport, "err", lastErr)
 	}
-	return 0, err
+	return 0, lastErr
 }
 
 func (n *upnp) randomPort() int {

From 31f9c9ff75af85be24b386ab28399206467f2586 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Dec 2025 00:40:59 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 386/470] common/bitutil: deprecate XORBytes in favor of stdlib
 crypto/subtle (#33331)

XORBytes was added to package crypto/subtle in Go 1.20, and it's faster
than our bitutil.XORBytes. There is only one use of this function
across go-ethereum so we can simply deprecate the custom implementation.

---------

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 common/bitutil/bitutil.go      | 49 +++++++---------------------------
 common/bitutil/bitutil_test.go | 16 +++++++++--
 p2p/rlpx/rlpx.go               |  4 +--
 3 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/bitutil/bitutil.go b/common/bitutil/bitutil.go
index a18a6d18ee..578da1cf49 100644
--- a/common/bitutil/bitutil.go
+++ b/common/bitutil/bitutil.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 package bitutil
 
 import (
+	"crypto/subtle"
 	"runtime"
 	"unsafe"
 )
@@ -17,46 +18,16 @@ const supportsUnaligned = runtime.GOARCH == "386" || runtime.GOARCH == "amd64" |
 
 // XORBytes xors the bytes in a and b. The destination is assumed to have enough
 // space. Returns the number of bytes xor'd.
+//
+// If dst does not have length at least n,
+// XORBytes panics without writing anything to dst.
+//
+// dst and x or y may overlap exactly or not at all,
+// otherwise XORBytes may panic.
+//
+// Deprecated: use crypto/subtle.XORBytes
 func XORBytes(dst, a, b []byte) int {
-	if supportsUnaligned {
-		return fastXORBytes(dst, a, b)
-	}
-	return safeXORBytes(dst, a, b)
-}
-
-// fastXORBytes xors in bulk. It only works on architectures that support
-// unaligned read/writes.
-func fastXORBytes(dst, a, b []byte) int {
-	n := len(a)
-	if len(b) < n {
-		n = len(b)
-	}
-	w := n / wordSize
-	if w > 0 {
-		dw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&dst))
-		aw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&a))
-		bw := *(*[]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))
-		for i := 0; i < w; i++ {
-			dw[i] = aw[i] ^ bw[i]
-		}
-	}
-	for i := n - n%wordSize; i < n; i++ {
-		dst[i] = a[i] ^ b[i]
-	}
-	return n
-}
-
-// safeXORBytes xors one by one. It works on all architectures, independent if
-// it supports unaligned read/writes or not.
-func safeXORBytes(dst, a, b []byte) int {
-	n := len(a)
-	if len(b) < n {
-		n = len(b)
-	}
-	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
-		dst[i] = a[i] ^ b[i]
-	}
-	return n
+	return subtle.XORBytes(dst, a, b)
 }
 
 // ANDBytes ands the bytes in a and b. The destination is assumed to have enough
diff --git a/common/bitutil/bitutil_test.go b/common/bitutil/bitutil_test.go
index 12f3fe24a6..1748029794 100644
--- a/common/bitutil/bitutil_test.go
+++ b/common/bitutil/bitutil_test.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func TestXOR(t *testing.T) {
 				d2 := make([]byte, 1023+alignD)[alignD:]
 
 				XORBytes(d1, p, q)
-				safeXORBytes(d2, p, q)
+				naiveXOR(d2, p, q)
 				if !bytes.Equal(d1, d2) {
 					t.Error("not equal", d1, d2)
 				}
@@ -38,6 +38,18 @@ func TestXOR(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// naiveXOR xors bytes one by one.
+func naiveXOR(dst, a, b []byte) int {
+	n := len(a)
+	if len(b) < n {
+		n = len(b)
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		dst[i] = a[i] ^ b[i]
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
 // Tests that bitwise AND works for various alignments.
 func TestAND(t *testing.T) {
 	for alignP := 0; alignP < 2; alignP++ {
@@ -134,7 +146,7 @@ func benchmarkBaseXOR(b *testing.B, size int) {
 	p, q := make([]byte, size), make([]byte, size)
 
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		safeXORBytes(p, p, q)
+		naiveXOR(p, p, q)
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/p2p/rlpx/rlpx.go b/p2p/rlpx/rlpx.go
index c074534d4d..0dc4ecbe2d 100644
--- a/p2p/rlpx/rlpx.go
+++ b/p2p/rlpx/rlpx.go
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
 	"crypto/hmac"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/subtle"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -33,7 +34,6 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/bitutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/ecies"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
@@ -677,6 +677,6 @@ func exportPubkey(pub *ecies.PublicKey) []byte {
 
 func xor(one, other []byte) (xor []byte) {
 	xor = make([]byte, len(one))
-	bitutil.XORBytes(xor, one, other)
+	subtle.XORBytes(xor, one, other)
 	return xor
 }

From 66134b35dfde8cc1867d5f70756d8f07332e7ed3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Francisco Giordano <fg@frang.io>
Date: Mon, 8 Dec 2025 13:45:40 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 387/470] core/vm: fix PC increment for EIP-8024 opcodes
 (#33361)

The EIP says to increment PC by 2 _instead of_ the standard increment by
1. The opcode handlers added in #33095 result in incrementing PC by 3,
because they ignored the increment already present in `interpreter.go`.

Does this need to be better specified in the EIP? I've added a [new test
case](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/pull/10859) for it anyway.

Found by @0xriptide.
---
 core/vm/instructions.go      |  6 +++---
 core/vm/instructions_test.go | 12 ++++++++----
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/vm/instructions.go b/core/vm/instructions.go
index 29f1f79c49..6b04a2daff 100644
--- a/core/vm/instructions.go
+++ b/core/vm/instructions.go
@@ -964,7 +964,7 @@ func opDupN(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 
 	//The n‘th stack item is duplicated at the top of the stack.
 	scope.Stack.push(scope.Stack.Back(n - 1))
-	*pc += 2
+	*pc += 1
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
@@ -993,7 +993,7 @@ func opSwapN(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 	indexTop := scope.Stack.len() - 1
 	indexN := scope.Stack.len() - 1 - n
 	scope.Stack.data[indexTop], scope.Stack.data[indexN] = scope.Stack.data[indexN], scope.Stack.data[indexTop]
-	*pc += 2
+	*pc += 1
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
@@ -1025,7 +1025,7 @@ func opExchange(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 	indexN := scope.Stack.len() - 1 - n
 	indexM := scope.Stack.len() - 1 - m
 	scope.Stack.data[indexN], scope.Stack.data[indexM] = scope.Stack.data[indexM], scope.Stack.data[indexN]
-	*pc += 2
+	*pc += 1
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/core/vm/instructions_test.go b/core/vm/instructions_test.go
index 0f91a205f5..f38da7fb22 100644
--- a/core/vm/instructions_test.go
+++ b/core/vm/instructions_test.go
@@ -1107,6 +1107,11 @@ func TestEIP8024_Execution(t *testing.T) {
 			codeHex: "e8", // no operand
 			wantErr: true,
 		},
+		{
+			name:     "PC_INCREMENT",
+			codeHex:  "600060006000e80115",
+			wantVals: []uint64{1, 0, 0},
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
@@ -1123,17 +1128,15 @@ func TestEIP8024_Execution(t *testing.T) {
 					return
 				case 0x60:
 					_, err = opPush1(&pc, evm, scope)
-					pc++
 				case 0x80:
 					dup1 := makeDup(1)
 					_, err = dup1(&pc, evm, scope)
-					pc++
 				case 0x56:
 					_, err = opJump(&pc, evm, scope)
-					pc++
 				case 0x5b:
 					_, err = opJumpdest(&pc, evm, scope)
-					pc++
+				case 0x15:
+					_, err = opIszero(&pc, evm, scope)
 				case 0xe6:
 					_, err = opDupN(&pc, evm, scope)
 				case 0xe7:
@@ -1143,6 +1146,7 @@ func TestEIP8024_Execution(t *testing.T) {
 				default:
 					err = &ErrInvalidOpCode{opcode: OpCode(op)}
 				}
+				pc++
 			}
 			if tc.wantErr {
 				if err == nil {

From 228933a6606936ead106b34377c208e5a1b36632 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Dec 2025 05:49:57 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 388/470] eth/downloader: keep current syncmode in downloader
 only (#33157)

This moves the tracking of the current syncmode into the downloader, fixing an
issue where the syncmode being requested through the engine API could go
out-of-sync with the actual mode being performed by downloader.

Fixes #32629

---------

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
---
 eth/backend.go                    |  26 -------
 eth/catalyst/api.go               |   8 +--
 eth/downloader/beacondevsync.go   |   4 +-
 eth/downloader/beaconsync.go      |  48 ++-----------
 eth/downloader/downloader.go      |  28 ++++++--
 eth/downloader/downloader_test.go |  39 ++++++-----
 eth/downloader/syncmode.go        | 111 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 eth/handler.go                    |  51 ++------------
 eth/handler_eth_test.go           |   9 ++-
 eth/handler_test.go               |   8 +--
 eth/sync_test.go                  |  14 ++--
 eth/syncer/syncer.go              |   6 +-
 12 files changed, 192 insertions(+), 160 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 eth/downloader/syncmode.go

diff --git a/eth/backend.go b/eth/backend.go
index 95ae9d4a41..cae2aabe30 100644
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@@ -592,29 +592,3 @@ func (s *Ethereum) Stop() error {
 
 	return nil
 }
-
-// SyncMode retrieves the current sync mode, either explicitly set, or derived
-// from the chain status.
-func (s *Ethereum) SyncMode() ethconfig.SyncMode {
-	// If we're in snap sync mode, return that directly
-	if s.handler.snapSync.Load() {
-		return ethconfig.SnapSync
-	}
-	// We are probably in full sync, but we might have rewound to before the
-	// snap sync pivot, check if we should re-enable snap sync.
-	head := s.blockchain.CurrentBlock()
-	if pivot := rawdb.ReadLastPivotNumber(s.chainDb); pivot != nil {
-		if head.Number.Uint64() < *pivot {
-			return ethconfig.SnapSync
-		}
-	}
-	// We are in a full sync, but the associated head state is missing. To complete
-	// the head state, forcefully rerun the snap sync. Note it doesn't mean the
-	// persistent state is corrupted, just mismatch with the head block.
-	if !s.blockchain.HasState(head.Root) {
-		log.Info("Reenabled snap sync as chain is stateless")
-		return ethconfig.SnapSync
-	}
-	// Nope, we're really full syncing
-	return ethconfig.FullSync
-}
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index 0386bac556..d6d3f57936 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) forkchoiceUpdated(update engine.ForkchoiceStateV1, payl
 			}
 		}
 		log.Info("Forkchoice requested sync to new head", context...)
-		if err := api.eth.Downloader().BeaconSync(api.eth.SyncMode(), header, finalized); err != nil {
+		if err := api.eth.Downloader().BeaconSync(header, finalized); err != nil {
 			return engine.STATUS_SYNCING, err
 		}
 		return engine.STATUS_SYNCING, nil
@@ -764,7 +764,7 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) newPayload(params engine.ExecutableData, versionedHashe
 	// tries to make it import a block. That should be denied as pushing something
 	// into the database directly will conflict with the assumptions of snap sync
 	// that it has an empty db that it can fill itself.
-	if api.eth.SyncMode() != ethconfig.FullSync {
+	if api.eth.Downloader().ConfigSyncMode() == ethconfig.SnapSync {
 		return api.delayPayloadImport(block), nil
 	}
 	if !api.eth.BlockChain().HasBlockAndState(block.ParentHash(), block.NumberU64()-1) {
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) delayPayloadImport(block *types.Block) engine.PayloadSt
 	// Although we don't want to trigger a sync, if there is one already in
 	// progress, try to extend it with the current payload request to relieve
 	// some strain from the forkchoice update.
-	err := api.eth.Downloader().BeaconExtend(api.eth.SyncMode(), block.Header())
+	err := api.eth.Downloader().BeaconExtend(block.Header())
 	if err == nil {
 		log.Debug("Payload accepted for sync extension", "number", block.NumberU64(), "hash", block.Hash())
 		return engine.PayloadStatusV1{Status: engine.SYNCING}
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) delayPayloadImport(block *types.Block) engine.PayloadSt
 	// payload as non-integratable on top of the existing sync. We'll just
 	// have to rely on the beacon client to forcefully update the head with
 	// a forkchoice update request.
-	if api.eth.SyncMode() == ethconfig.FullSync {
+	if api.eth.Downloader().ConfigSyncMode() == ethconfig.FullSync {
 		// In full sync mode, failure to import a well-formed block can only mean
 		// that the parent state is missing and the syncer rejected extending the
 		// current cycle with the new payload.
diff --git a/eth/downloader/beacondevsync.go b/eth/downloader/beacondevsync.go
index 03f17b1a52..52e43f86b4 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/beacondevsync.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/beacondevsync.go
@@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ import (
 // Note, this must not be used in live code. If the forkchcoice endpoint where
 // to use this instead of giving us the payload first, then essentially nobody
 // in the network would have the block yet that we'd attempt to retrieve.
-func (d *Downloader) BeaconDevSync(mode SyncMode, header *types.Header) error {
+func (d *Downloader) BeaconDevSync(header *types.Header) error {
 	// Be very loud that this code should not be used in a live node
 	log.Warn("----------------------------------")
 	log.Warn("Beacon syncing with hash as target", "number", header.Number, "hash", header.Hash())
 	log.Warn("This is unhealthy for a live node!")
 	log.Warn("This is incompatible with the consensus layer!")
 	log.Warn("----------------------------------")
-	return d.BeaconSync(mode, header, header)
+	return d.BeaconSync(header, header)
 }
 
 // GetHeader tries to retrieve the header with a given hash from a random peer.
diff --git a/eth/downloader/beaconsync.go b/eth/downloader/beaconsync.go
index 12b74a1ba9..405643e576 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/beaconsync.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/beaconsync.go
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ import (
 // directed by the skeleton sync's head/tail events.
 type beaconBackfiller struct {
 	downloader *Downloader   // Downloader to direct via this callback implementation
-	syncMode   SyncMode      // Sync mode to use for backfilling the skeleton chains
 	success    func()        // Callback to run on successful sync cycle completion
 	filling    bool          // Flag whether the downloader is backfilling or not
 	filled     *types.Header // Last header filled by the last terminated sync loop
@@ -92,7 +91,6 @@ func (b *beaconBackfiller) resume() {
 	b.filling = true
 	b.filled = nil
 	b.started = make(chan struct{})
-	mode := b.syncMode
 	b.lock.Unlock()
 
 	// Start the backfilling on its own thread since the downloader does not have
@@ -107,7 +105,7 @@ func (b *beaconBackfiller) resume() {
 		}()
 		// If the downloader fails, report an error as in beacon chain mode there
 		// should be no errors as long as the chain we're syncing to is valid.
-		if err := b.downloader.synchronise(mode, b.started); err != nil {
+		if err := b.downloader.synchronise(b.started); err != nil {
 			log.Error("Beacon backfilling failed", "err", err)
 			return
 		}
@@ -119,27 +117,6 @@ func (b *beaconBackfiller) resume() {
 	}()
 }
 
-// setMode updates the sync mode from the current one to the requested one. If
-// there's an active sync in progress, it will be cancelled and restarted.
-func (b *beaconBackfiller) setMode(mode SyncMode) {
-	// Update the old sync mode and track if it was changed
-	b.lock.Lock()
-	oldMode := b.syncMode
-	updated := oldMode != mode
-	filling := b.filling
-	b.syncMode = mode
-	b.lock.Unlock()
-
-	// If the sync mode was changed mid-sync, restart. This should never ever
-	// really happen, we just handle it to detect programming errors.
-	if !updated || !filling {
-		return
-	}
-	log.Error("Downloader sync mode changed mid-run", "old", oldMode.String(), "new", mode.String())
-	b.suspend()
-	b.resume()
-}
-
 // SetBadBlockCallback sets the callback to run when a bad block is hit by the
 // block processor. This method is not thread safe and should be set only once
 // on startup before system events are fired.
@@ -153,8 +130,8 @@ func (d *Downloader) SetBadBlockCallback(onBadBlock badBlockFn) {
 //
 // Internally backfilling and state sync is done the same way, but the header
 // retrieval and scheduling is replaced.
-func (d *Downloader) BeaconSync(mode SyncMode, head *types.Header, final *types.Header) error {
-	return d.beaconSync(mode, head, final, true)
+func (d *Downloader) BeaconSync(head *types.Header, final *types.Header) error {
+	return d.beaconSync(head, final, true)
 }
 
 // BeaconExtend is an optimistic version of BeaconSync, where an attempt is made
@@ -163,8 +140,8 @@ func (d *Downloader) BeaconSync(mode SyncMode, head *types.Header, final *types.
 //
 // This is useful if a beacon client is feeding us large chunks of payloads to run,
 // but is not setting the head after each.
-func (d *Downloader) BeaconExtend(mode SyncMode, head *types.Header) error {
-	return d.beaconSync(mode, head, nil, false)
+func (d *Downloader) BeaconExtend(head *types.Header) error {
+	return d.beaconSync(head, nil, false)
 }
 
 // beaconSync is the post-merge version of the chain synchronization, where the
@@ -173,20 +150,9 @@ func (d *Downloader) BeaconExtend(mode SyncMode, head *types.Header) error {
 //
 // Internally backfilling and state sync is done the same way, but the header
 // retrieval and scheduling is replaced.
-func (d *Downloader) beaconSync(mode SyncMode, head *types.Header, final *types.Header, force bool) error {
-	// When the downloader starts a sync cycle, it needs to be aware of the sync
-	// mode to use (full, snap). To keep the skeleton chain oblivious, inject the
-	// mode into the backfiller directly.
-	//
-	// Super crazy dangerous type cast. Should be fine (TM), we're only using a
-	// different backfiller implementation for skeleton tests.
-	d.skeleton.filler.(*beaconBackfiller).setMode(mode)
-
+func (d *Downloader) beaconSync(head *types.Header, final *types.Header, force bool) error {
 	// Signal the skeleton sync to switch to a new head, however it wants
-	if err := d.skeleton.Sync(head, final, force); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
+	return d.skeleton.Sync(head, final, force)
 }
 
 // findBeaconAncestor tries to locate the common ancestor link of the local chain
diff --git a/eth/downloader/downloader.go b/eth/downloader/downloader.go
index 09837a3045..020dd7314b 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/downloader.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/downloader.go
@@ -97,8 +97,9 @@ type headerTask struct {
 }
 
 type Downloader struct {
-	mode atomic.Uint32  // Synchronisation mode defining the strategy used (per sync cycle), use d.getMode() to get the SyncMode
-	mux  *event.TypeMux // Event multiplexer to announce sync operation events
+	mode  atomic.Uint32  // Synchronisation mode defining the strategy used (per sync cycle), use d.getMode() to get the SyncMode
+	moder *syncModer     // Sync mode management, deliver the appropriate sync mode choice for each cycle
+	mux   *event.TypeMux // Event multiplexer to announce sync operation events
 
 	queue *queue   // Scheduler for selecting the hashes to download
 	peers *peerSet // Set of active peers from which download can proceed
@@ -165,6 +166,9 @@ type BlockChain interface {
 	// HasHeader verifies a header's presence in the local chain.
 	HasHeader(common.Hash, uint64) bool
 
+	// HasState checks if state trie is fully present in the database or not.
+	HasState(root common.Hash) bool
+
 	// GetHeaderByHash retrieves a header from the local chain.
 	GetHeaderByHash(common.Hash) *types.Header
 
@@ -221,10 +225,11 @@ type BlockChain interface {
 }
 
 // New creates a new downloader to fetch hashes and blocks from remote peers.
-func New(stateDb ethdb.Database, mux *event.TypeMux, chain BlockChain, dropPeer peerDropFn, success func()) *Downloader {
+func New(stateDb ethdb.Database, mode ethconfig.SyncMode, mux *event.TypeMux, chain BlockChain, dropPeer peerDropFn, success func()) *Downloader {
 	cutoffNumber, cutoffHash := chain.HistoryPruningCutoff()
 	dl := &Downloader{
 		stateDB:           stateDb,
+		moder:             newSyncModer(mode, chain, stateDb),
 		mux:               mux,
 		queue:             newQueue(blockCacheMaxItems, blockCacheInitialItems),
 		peers:             newPeerSet(),
@@ -331,7 +336,7 @@ func (d *Downloader) UnregisterPeer(id string) error {
 // synchronise will select the peer and use it for synchronising. If an empty string is given
 // it will use the best peer possible and synchronize if its TD is higher than our own. If any of the
 // checks fail an error will be returned. This method is synchronous
-func (d *Downloader) synchronise(mode SyncMode, beaconPing chan struct{}) error {
+func (d *Downloader) synchronise(beaconPing chan struct{}) (err error) {
 	// The beacon header syncer is async. It will start this synchronization and
 	// will continue doing other tasks. However, if synchronization needs to be
 	// cancelled, the syncer needs to know if we reached the startup point (and
@@ -356,6 +361,13 @@ func (d *Downloader) synchronise(mode SyncMode, beaconPing chan struct{}) error
 	if d.notified.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
 		log.Info("Block synchronisation started")
 	}
+	mode := d.moder.get()
+	defer func() {
+		if err == nil && mode == ethconfig.SnapSync {
+			d.moder.disableSnap()
+			log.Info("Disabled snap-sync after the initial sync cycle")
+		}
+	}()
 	if mode == ethconfig.SnapSync {
 		// Snap sync will directly modify the persistent state, making the entire
 		// trie database unusable until the state is fully synced. To prevent any
@@ -399,6 +411,7 @@ func (d *Downloader) synchronise(mode SyncMode, beaconPing chan struct{}) error
 
 	// Atomically set the requested sync mode
 	d.mode.Store(uint32(mode))
+	defer d.mode.Store(0)
 
 	if beaconPing != nil {
 		close(beaconPing)
@@ -406,10 +419,17 @@ func (d *Downloader) synchronise(mode SyncMode, beaconPing chan struct{}) error
 	return d.syncToHead()
 }
 
+// getMode returns the sync mode used within current cycle.
 func (d *Downloader) getMode() SyncMode {
 	return SyncMode(d.mode.Load())
 }
 
+// ConfigSyncMode returns the sync mode configured for the node.
+// The actual running sync mode can differ from this.
+func (d *Downloader) ConfigSyncMode() SyncMode {
+	return d.moder.get()
+}
+
 // syncToHead starts a block synchronization based on the hash chain from
 // the specified head hash.
 func (d *Downloader) syncToHead() (err error) {
diff --git a/eth/downloader/downloader_test.go b/eth/downloader/downloader_test.go
index c1a31d6e1c..7fa2522a3d 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/downloader_test.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/downloader_test.go
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/ethconfig"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/protocols/eth"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/protocols/snap"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
@@ -49,12 +50,12 @@ type downloadTester struct {
 }
 
 // newTester creates a new downloader test mocker.
-func newTester(t *testing.T) *downloadTester {
-	return newTesterWithNotification(t, nil)
+func newTester(t *testing.T, mode ethconfig.SyncMode) *downloadTester {
+	return newTesterWithNotification(t, mode, nil)
 }
 
 // newTesterWithNotification creates a new downloader test mocker.
-func newTesterWithNotification(t *testing.T, success func()) *downloadTester {
+func newTesterWithNotification(t *testing.T, mode ethconfig.SyncMode, success func()) *downloadTester {
 	db, err := rawdb.Open(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.OpenOptions{})
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ func newTesterWithNotification(t *testing.T, success func()) *downloadTester {
 		chain: chain,
 		peers: make(map[string]*downloadTesterPeer),
 	}
-	tester.downloader = New(db, new(event.TypeMux), tester.chain, tester.dropPeer, success)
+	tester.downloader = New(db, mode, new(event.TypeMux), tester.chain, tester.dropPeer, success)
 	return tester
 }
 
@@ -393,7 +394,7 @@ func TestCanonicalSynchronisation68Snap(t *testing.T) { testCanonSync(t, eth.ETH
 
 func testCanonSync(t *testing.T, protocol uint, mode SyncMode) {
 	success := make(chan struct{})
-	tester := newTesterWithNotification(t, func() {
+	tester := newTesterWithNotification(t, mode, func() {
 		close(success)
 	})
 	defer tester.terminate()
@@ -403,7 +404,7 @@ func testCanonSync(t *testing.T, protocol uint, mode SyncMode) {
 	tester.newPeer("peer", protocol, chain.blocks[1:])
 
 	// Synchronise with the peer and make sure all relevant data was retrieved
-	if err := tester.downloader.BeaconSync(mode, chain.blocks[len(chain.blocks)-1].Header(), nil); err != nil {
+	if err := tester.downloader.BeaconSync(chain.blocks[len(chain.blocks)-1].Header(), nil); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to beacon-sync chain: %v", err)
 	}
 	select {
@@ -420,7 +421,7 @@ func TestThrottling68Full(t *testing.T) { testThrottling(t, eth.ETH68, FullSync)
 func TestThrottling68Snap(t *testing.T) { testThrottling(t, eth.ETH68, SnapSync) }
 
 func testThrottling(t *testing.T, protocol uint, mode SyncMode) {
-	tester := newTester(t)
+	tester := newTester(t, mode)
 	defer tester.terminate()
 
 	// Create a long block chain to download and the tester
@@ -437,7 +438,7 @@ func testThrottling(t *testing.T, protocol uint, mode SyncMode) {
 	// Start a synchronisation concurrently
 	errc := make(chan error, 1)
 	go func() {
-		errc <- tester.downloader.BeaconSync(mode, testChainBase.blocks[len(testChainBase.blocks)-1].Header(), nil)
+		errc <- tester.downloader.BeaconSync(testChainBase.blocks[len(testChainBase.blocks)-1].Header(), nil)
 	}()
 	// Iteratively take some blocks, always checking the retrieval count
 	for {
@@ -502,7 +503,7 @@ func testCancel(t *testing.T, protocol uint, mode SyncMode) {
 	success := func() {
 		close(complete)
 	}
-	tester := newTesterWithNotification(t, success)
+	tester := newTesterWithNotification(t, mode, success)
 	defer tester.terminate()
 
 	chain := testChainBase.shorten(MaxHeaderFetch)
@@ -514,7 +515,7 @@ func testCancel(t *testing.T, protocol uint, mode SyncMode) {
 		t.Errorf("download queue not idle")
 	}
 	// Synchronise with the peer, but cancel afterwards
-	if err := tester.downloader.BeaconSync(mode, chain.blocks[len(chain.blocks)-1].Header(), nil); err != nil {
+	if err := tester.downloader.BeaconSync(chain.blocks[len(chain.blocks)-1].Header(), nil); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to synchronise blocks: %v", err)
 	}
 	<-complete
@@ -534,7 +535,7 @@ func testMultiProtoSync(t *testing.T, protocol uint, mode SyncMode) {
 	success := func() {
 		close(complete)
 	}
-	tester := newTesterWithNotification(t, success)
+	tester := newTesterWithNotification(t, mode, success)
 	defer tester.terminate()
 
 	// Create a small enough block chain to download
@@ -543,7 +544,7 @@ func testMultiProtoSync(t *testing.T, protocol uint, mode SyncMode) {
 	// Create peers of every type
 	tester.newPeer("peer 68", eth.ETH68, chain.blocks[1:])
 
-	if err := tester.downloader.BeaconSync(mode, chain.blocks[len(chain.blocks)-1].Header(), nil); err != nil {
+	if err := tester.downloader.BeaconSync(chain.blocks[len(chain.blocks)-1].Header(), nil); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to start beacon sync: %v", err)
 	}
 	select {
@@ -570,7 +571,7 @@ func TestEmptyShortCircuit68Snap(t *testing.T) { testEmptyShortCircuit(t, eth.ET
 
 func testEmptyShortCircuit(t *testing.T, protocol uint, mode SyncMode) {
 	success := make(chan struct{})
-	tester := newTesterWithNotification(t, func() {
+	tester := newTesterWithNotification(t, mode, func() {
 		close(success)
 	})
 	defer tester.terminate()
@@ -588,7 +589,7 @@ func testEmptyShortCircuit(t *testing.T, protocol uint, mode SyncMode) {
 		receiptsHave.Add(int32(len(headers)))
 	}
 
-	if err := tester.downloader.BeaconSync(mode, chain.blocks[len(chain.blocks)-1].Header(), nil); err != nil {
+	if err := tester.downloader.BeaconSync(chain.blocks[len(chain.blocks)-1].Header(), nil); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to synchronise blocks: %v", err)
 	}
 	select {
@@ -650,7 +651,7 @@ func testBeaconSync(t *testing.T, protocol uint, mode SyncMode) {
 	for _, c := range cases {
 		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			success := make(chan struct{})
-			tester := newTesterWithNotification(t, func() {
+			tester := newTesterWithNotification(t, mode, func() {
 				close(success)
 			})
 			defer tester.terminate()
@@ -662,7 +663,7 @@ func testBeaconSync(t *testing.T, protocol uint, mode SyncMode) {
 			if c.local > 0 {
 				tester.chain.InsertChain(chain.blocks[1 : c.local+1])
 			}
-			if err := tester.downloader.BeaconSync(mode, chain.blocks[len(chain.blocks)-1].Header(), nil); err != nil {
+			if err := tester.downloader.BeaconSync(chain.blocks[len(chain.blocks)-1].Header(), nil); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("Failed to beacon sync chain %v %v", c.name, err)
 			}
 			select {
@@ -685,7 +686,7 @@ func TestSyncProgress68Snap(t *testing.T) { testSyncProgress(t, eth.ETH68, SnapS
 
 func testSyncProgress(t *testing.T, protocol uint, mode SyncMode) {
 	success := make(chan struct{})
-	tester := newTesterWithNotification(t, func() {
+	tester := newTesterWithNotification(t, mode, func() {
 		success <- struct{}{}
 	})
 	defer tester.terminate()
@@ -700,7 +701,7 @@ func testSyncProgress(t *testing.T, protocol uint, mode SyncMode) {
 		faultyPeer.withholdBodies[header.Hash()] = struct{}{}
 	}
 
-	if err := tester.downloader.BeaconSync(mode, chain.blocks[len(chain.blocks)/2-1].Header(), nil); err != nil {
+	if err := tester.downloader.BeaconSync(chain.blocks[len(chain.blocks)/2-1].Header(), nil); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to beacon-sync chain: %v", err)
 	}
 	select {
@@ -716,7 +717,7 @@ func testSyncProgress(t *testing.T, protocol uint, mode SyncMode) {
 
 	// Synchronise all the blocks and check continuation progress
 	tester.newPeer("peer-full", protocol, chain.blocks[1:])
-	if err := tester.downloader.BeaconSync(mode, chain.blocks[len(chain.blocks)-1].Header(), nil); err != nil {
+	if err := tester.downloader.BeaconSync(chain.blocks[len(chain.blocks)-1].Header(), nil); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to beacon-sync chain: %v", err)
 	}
 	startingBlock := uint64(len(chain.blocks)/2 - 1)
diff --git a/eth/downloader/syncmode.go b/eth/downloader/syncmode.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7983d39e3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eth/downloader/syncmode.go
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package downloader
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/ethconfig"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+)
+
+// syncModer is responsible for managing the downloader's sync mode. It takes the
+// user's preference at startup and then determines the appropriate sync mode
+// based on the current chain status.
+type syncModer struct {
+	mode  ethconfig.SyncMode
+	chain BlockChain
+	disk  ethdb.KeyValueReader
+	lock  sync.Mutex
+}
+
+func newSyncModer(mode ethconfig.SyncMode, chain BlockChain, disk ethdb.KeyValueReader) *syncModer {
+	if mode == ethconfig.FullSync {
+		// The database seems empty as the current block is the genesis. Yet the snap
+		// block is ahead, so snap sync was enabled for this node at a certain point.
+		// The scenarios where this can happen is
+		// * if the user manually (or via a bad block) rolled back a snap sync node
+		//   below the sync point.
+		// * the last snap sync is not finished while user specifies a full sync this
+		//   time. But we don't have any recent state for full sync.
+		// In these cases however it's safe to reenable snap sync.
+		fullBlock, snapBlock := chain.CurrentBlock(), chain.CurrentSnapBlock()
+		if fullBlock.Number.Uint64() == 0 && snapBlock.Number.Uint64() > 0 {
+			mode = ethconfig.SnapSync
+			log.Warn("Switching from full-sync to snap-sync", "reason", "snap-sync incomplete")
+		} else if !chain.HasState(fullBlock.Root) {
+			mode = ethconfig.SnapSync
+			log.Warn("Switching from full-sync to snap-sync", "reason", "head state missing")
+		} else {
+			// Grant the full sync mode
+			log.Info("Enabled full-sync", "head", fullBlock.Number, "hash", fullBlock.Hash())
+		}
+	} else {
+		head := chain.CurrentBlock()
+		if head.Number.Uint64() > 0 && chain.HasState(head.Root) {
+			mode = ethconfig.FullSync
+			log.Info("Switching from snap-sync to full-sync", "reason", "snap-sync complete")
+		} else {
+			// If snap sync was requested and our database is empty, grant it
+			log.Info("Enabled snap-sync", "head", head.Number, "hash", head.Hash())
+		}
+	}
+	return &syncModer{
+		mode:  mode,
+		chain: chain,
+		disk:  disk,
+	}
+}
+
+// get retrieves the current sync mode, either explicitly set, or derived
+// from the chain status.
+func (m *syncModer) get() ethconfig.SyncMode {
+	m.lock.Lock()
+	defer m.lock.Unlock()
+
+	// If we're in snap sync mode, return that directly
+	if m.mode == ethconfig.SnapSync {
+		return ethconfig.SnapSync
+	}
+	// We are probably in full sync, but we might have rewound to before the
+	// snap sync pivot, check if we should re-enable snap sync.
+	head := m.chain.CurrentBlock()
+	if pivot := rawdb.ReadLastPivotNumber(m.disk); pivot != nil {
+		if head.Number.Uint64() < *pivot {
+			log.Info("Reenabled snap-sync as chain is lagging behind the pivot", "head", head.Number, "pivot", pivot)
+			return ethconfig.SnapSync
+		}
+	}
+	// We are in a full sync, but the associated head state is missing. To complete
+	// the head state, forcefully rerun the snap sync. Note it doesn't mean the
+	// persistent state is corrupted, just mismatch with the head block.
+	if !m.chain.HasState(head.Root) {
+		log.Info("Reenabled snap-sync as chain is stateless")
+		return ethconfig.SnapSync
+	}
+	// Nope, we're really full syncing
+	return ethconfig.FullSync
+}
+
+// disableSnap disables the snap sync mode, usually it's called after a successful snap sync.
+func (m *syncModer) disableSnap() {
+	m.lock.Lock()
+	m.mode = ethconfig.FullSync
+	m.lock.Unlock()
+}
diff --git a/eth/handler.go b/eth/handler.go
index ff970e2ba6..4510dd32f0 100644
--- a/eth/handler.go
+++ b/eth/handler.go
@@ -111,9 +111,7 @@ type handlerConfig struct {
 type handler struct {
 	nodeID    enode.ID
 	networkID uint64
-
-	snapSync atomic.Bool // Flag whether snap sync is enabled (gets disabled if we already have blocks)
-	synced   atomic.Bool // Flag whether we're considered synchronised (enables transaction processing)
+	synced    atomic.Bool // Flag whether we're considered synchronised (enables transaction processing)
 
 	database ethdb.Database
 	txpool   txPool
@@ -161,40 +159,13 @@ func newHandler(config *handlerConfig) (*handler, error) {
 		handlerDoneCh:  make(chan struct{}),
 		handlerStartCh: make(chan struct{}),
 	}
-	if config.Sync == ethconfig.FullSync {
-		// The database seems empty as the current block is the genesis. Yet the snap
-		// block is ahead, so snap sync was enabled for this node at a certain point.
-		// The scenarios where this can happen is
-		// * if the user manually (or via a bad block) rolled back a snap sync node
-		//   below the sync point.
-		// * the last snap sync is not finished while user specifies a full sync this
-		//   time. But we don't have any recent state for full sync.
-		// In these cases however it's safe to reenable snap sync.
-		fullBlock, snapBlock := h.chain.CurrentBlock(), h.chain.CurrentSnapBlock()
-		if fullBlock.Number.Uint64() == 0 && snapBlock.Number.Uint64() > 0 {
-			h.snapSync.Store(true)
-			log.Warn("Switch sync mode from full sync to snap sync", "reason", "snap sync incomplete")
-		} else if !h.chain.HasState(fullBlock.Root) {
-			h.snapSync.Store(true)
-			log.Warn("Switch sync mode from full sync to snap sync", "reason", "head state missing")
-		}
-	} else {
-		head := h.chain.CurrentBlock()
-		if head.Number.Uint64() > 0 && h.chain.HasState(head.Root) {
-			log.Info("Switch sync mode from snap sync to full sync", "reason", "snap sync complete")
-		} else {
-			// If snap sync was requested and our database is empty, grant it
-			h.snapSync.Store(true)
-			log.Info("Enabled snap sync", "head", head.Number, "hash", head.Hash())
-		}
-	}
+	// Construct the downloader (long sync)
+	h.downloader = downloader.New(config.Database, config.Sync, h.eventMux, h.chain, h.removePeer, h.enableSyncedFeatures)
+
 	// If snap sync is requested but snapshots are disabled, fail loudly
-	if h.snapSync.Load() && (config.Chain.Snapshots() == nil && config.Chain.TrieDB().Scheme() == rawdb.HashScheme) {
+	if h.downloader.ConfigSyncMode() == ethconfig.SnapSync && (config.Chain.Snapshots() == nil && config.Chain.TrieDB().Scheme() == rawdb.HashScheme) {
 		return nil, errors.New("snap sync not supported with snapshots disabled")
 	}
-	// Construct the downloader (long sync)
-	h.downloader = downloader.New(config.Database, h.eventMux, h.chain, h.removePeer, h.enableSyncedFeatures)
-
 	fetchTx := func(peer string, hashes []common.Hash) error {
 		p := h.peers.peer(peer)
 		if p == nil {
@@ -267,7 +238,7 @@ func (h *handler) runEthPeer(peer *eth.Peer, handler eth.Handler) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	reject := false // reserved peer slots
-	if h.snapSync.Load() {
+	if h.downloader.ConfigSyncMode() == ethconfig.SnapSync {
 		if snap == nil {
 			// If we are running snap-sync, we want to reserve roughly half the peer
 			// slots for peers supporting the snap protocol.
@@ -544,15 +515,7 @@ func (h *handler) txBroadcastLoop() {
 // enableSyncedFeatures enables the post-sync functionalities when the initial
 // sync is finished.
 func (h *handler) enableSyncedFeatures() {
-	// Mark the local node as synced.
 	h.synced.Store(true)
-
-	// If we were running snap sync and it finished, disable doing another
-	// round on next sync cycle
-	if h.snapSync.Load() {
-		log.Info("Snap sync complete, auto disabling")
-		h.snapSync.Store(false)
-	}
 }
 
 // blockRangeState holds the state of the block range update broadcasting mechanism.
@@ -590,7 +553,7 @@ func (h *handler) blockRangeLoop(st *blockRangeState) {
 			if ev == nil {
 				continue
 			}
-			if _, ok := ev.Data.(downloader.StartEvent); ok && h.snapSync.Load() {
+			if _, ok := ev.Data.(downloader.StartEvent); ok && h.downloader.ConfigSyncMode() == ethconfig.SnapSync {
 				h.blockRangeWhileSnapSyncing(st)
 			}
 		case <-st.headCh:
diff --git a/eth/handler_eth_test.go b/eth/handler_eth_test.go
index 058a0d5949..1343cae03e 100644
--- a/eth/handler_eth_test.go
+++ b/eth/handler_eth_test.go
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ func testRecvTransactions(t *testing.T, protocol uint) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create a message handler, configure it to accept transactions and watch them
-	handler := newTestHandler()
+	handler := newTestHandler(ethconfig.FullSync)
 	defer handler.close()
 
 	handler.handler.synced.Store(true) // mark synced to accept transactions
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ func testSendTransactions(t *testing.T, protocol uint) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create a message handler and fill the pool with big transactions
-	handler := newTestHandler()
+	handler := newTestHandler(ethconfig.FullSync)
 	defer handler.close()
 
 	insert := make([]*types.Transaction, 100)
@@ -365,13 +365,12 @@ func testTransactionPropagation(t *testing.T, protocol uint) {
 	// Create a source handler to send transactions from and a number of sinks
 	// to receive them. We need multiple sinks since a one-to-one peering would
 	// broadcast all transactions without announcement.
-	source := newTestHandler()
-	source.handler.snapSync.Store(false) // Avoid requiring snap, otherwise some will be dropped below
+	source := newTestHandler(ethconfig.FullSync)
 	defer source.close()
 
 	sinks := make([]*testHandler, 10)
 	for i := 0; i < len(sinks); i++ {
-		sinks[i] = newTestHandler()
+		sinks[i] = newTestHandler(ethconfig.FullSync)
 		defer sinks[i].close()
 
 		sinks[i].handler.synced.Store(true) // mark synced to accept transactions
diff --git a/eth/handler_test.go b/eth/handler_test.go
index b37e6227f4..312e5625ba 100644
--- a/eth/handler_test.go
+++ b/eth/handler_test.go
@@ -174,13 +174,13 @@ type testHandler struct {
 }
 
 // newTestHandler creates a new handler for testing purposes with no blocks.
-func newTestHandler() *testHandler {
-	return newTestHandlerWithBlocks(0)
+func newTestHandler(mode ethconfig.SyncMode) *testHandler {
+	return newTestHandlerWithBlocks(0, mode)
 }
 
 // newTestHandlerWithBlocks creates a new handler for testing purposes, with a
 // given number of initial blocks.
-func newTestHandlerWithBlocks(blocks int) *testHandler {
+func newTestHandlerWithBlocks(blocks int, mode ethconfig.SyncMode) *testHandler {
 	// Create a database pre-initialize with a genesis block
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 	gspec := &core.Genesis{
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ func newTestHandlerWithBlocks(blocks int) *testHandler {
 		Chain:      chain,
 		TxPool:     txpool,
 		Network:    1,
-		Sync:       ethconfig.SnapSync,
+		Sync:       mode,
 		BloomCache: 1,
 	})
 	handler.Start(1000)
diff --git a/eth/sync_test.go b/eth/sync_test.go
index dc295f2790..509b836f82 100644
--- a/eth/sync_test.go
+++ b/eth/sync_test.go
@@ -36,17 +36,11 @@ func testSnapSyncDisabling(t *testing.T, ethVer uint, snapVer uint) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	// Create an empty handler and ensure it's in snap sync mode
-	empty := newTestHandler()
-	if !empty.handler.snapSync.Load() {
-		t.Fatalf("snap sync disabled on pristine blockchain")
-	}
+	empty := newTestHandler(ethconfig.SnapSync)
 	defer empty.close()
 
 	// Create a full handler and ensure snap sync ends up disabled
-	full := newTestHandlerWithBlocks(1024)
-	if full.handler.snapSync.Load() {
-		t.Fatalf("snap sync not disabled on non-empty blockchain")
-	}
+	full := newTestHandlerWithBlocks(1024, ethconfig.SnapSync)
 	defer full.close()
 
 	// Sync up the two handlers via both `eth` and `snap`
@@ -85,7 +79,7 @@ func testSnapSyncDisabling(t *testing.T, ethVer uint, snapVer uint) {
 	time.Sleep(250 * time.Millisecond)
 
 	// Check that snap sync was disabled
-	if err := empty.handler.downloader.BeaconSync(ethconfig.SnapSync, full.chain.CurrentBlock(), nil); err != nil {
+	if err := empty.handler.downloader.BeaconSync(full.chain.CurrentBlock(), nil); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal("sync failed:", err)
 	}
 	// Downloader internally has to wait for a timer (3s) to be expired before
@@ -96,7 +90,7 @@ func testSnapSyncDisabling(t *testing.T, ethVer uint, snapVer uint) {
 		case <-timeout:
 			t.Fatalf("snap sync not disabled after successful synchronisation")
 		case <-time.After(100 * time.Millisecond):
-			if !empty.handler.snapSync.Load() {
+			if empty.handler.downloader.ConfigSyncMode() == ethconfig.FullSync {
 				return
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/eth/syncer/syncer.go b/eth/syncer/syncer.go
index 83fe3ad230..c0d54b953b 100644
--- a/eth/syncer/syncer.go
+++ b/eth/syncer/syncer.go
@@ -130,7 +130,11 @@ func (s *Syncer) run() {
 				break
 			}
 			if resync {
-				req.errc <- s.backend.Downloader().BeaconDevSync(ethconfig.FullSync, target)
+				if mode := s.backend.Downloader().ConfigSyncMode(); mode != ethconfig.FullSync {
+					req.errc <- fmt.Errorf("unsupported syncmode %v, please relaunch geth with --syncmode full", mode)
+				} else {
+					req.errc <- s.backend.Downloader().BeaconDevSync(target)
+				}
 			}
 
 		case <-ticker.C:

From e58c785424f3f60cbeaff980f546a9d6f228d07b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: wit liu <wit765765346@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Dec 2025 05:58:26 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 389/470] build: fix check_generate not printing changed files
 (#33299)

Fixes an issue where HashFolder skipped the root directory upon hitting
the first file in the excludes list. This happened because the walk function
returned SkipDir even for regular files.
---
 build/ci.go            | 11 ++++++++---
 internal/build/file.go | 13 +++++++------
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/build/ci.go b/build/ci.go
index e589cd2b40..abb7c4997f 100644
--- a/build/ci.go
+++ b/build/ci.go
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ func buildFlags(env build.Environment, staticLinking bool, buildTags []string) (
 		}
 		ld = append(ld, "-extldflags", "'"+strings.Join(extld, " ")+"'")
 	}
-    // TODO(gballet): revisit after the input api has been defined
+	// TODO(gballet): revisit after the input api has been defined
 	if runtime.GOARCH == "wasm" {
 		ld = append(ld, "-gcflags=all=-d=softfloat")
 	}
@@ -462,9 +462,14 @@ func doCheckGenerate() {
 	)
 	pathList := []string{filepath.Join(protocPath, "bin"), protocGenGoPath, os.Getenv("PATH")}
 
+	excludes := []string{"tests/testdata", "build/cache", ".git"}
+	for i := range excludes {
+		excludes[i] = filepath.FromSlash(excludes[i])
+	}
+
 	for _, mod := range goModules {
 		// Compute the origin hashes of all the files
-		hashes, err := build.HashFolder(mod, []string{"tests/testdata", "build/cache", ".git"})
+		hashes, err := build.HashFolder(mod, excludes)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Fatal("Error computing hashes", "err", err)
 		}
@@ -474,7 +479,7 @@ func doCheckGenerate() {
 		c.Dir = mod
 		build.MustRun(c)
 		// Check if generate file hashes have changed
-		generated, err := build.HashFolder(mod, []string{"tests/testdata", "build/cache", ".git"})
+		generated, err := build.HashFolder(mod, excludes)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Fatalf("Error re-computing hashes: %v", err)
 		}
diff --git a/internal/build/file.go b/internal/build/file.go
index 2cd090c42c..b7c00eb842 100644
--- a/internal/build/file.go
+++ b/internal/build/file.go
@@ -21,20 +21,21 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"sort"
-	"strings"
+	"slices"
 )
 
 // HashFolder iterates all files under the given directory, computing the hash
 // of each.
-func HashFolder(folder string, exlude []string) (map[string][32]byte, error) {
+func HashFolder(folder string, excludes []string) (map[string][32]byte, error) {
 	res := make(map[string][32]byte)
 	err := filepath.WalkDir(folder, func(path string, d os.DirEntry, _ error) error {
 		// Skip anything that's exluded or not a regular file
-		for _, skip := range exlude {
-			if strings.HasPrefix(path, filepath.FromSlash(skip)) {
+		// Skip anything that's excluded or not a regular file
+		if slices.Contains(excludes, path) {
+			if d.IsDir() {
 				return filepath.SkipDir
 			}
+			return nil
 		}
 		if !d.Type().IsRegular() {
 			return nil
@@ -71,6 +72,6 @@ func DiffHashes(a map[string][32]byte, b map[string][32]byte) []string {
 			updates = append(updates, file)
 		}
 	}
-	sort.Strings(updates)
+	slices.Sort(updates)
 	return updates
 }

From 9a346873b8d3b8e7c1bec9e88370aac7a924a26d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ng Wei Han <47109095+weiihann@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Dec 2025 11:33:59 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 390/470] core/state: fix incorrect contract code state metrics
 (#33376)

## Description
This PR fixes incorrect contract code state metrics by ensuring
duplicate codes are not counted towards the reported results.

## Rationale
The contract code metrics don't consider database deduplication. The
current implementation assumes that the results are only **slightly
inaccurate**, but this is not true, especially for data collection
efforts that started from the genesis block.
---
 core/blockchain.go              | 19 +++++++++++++------
 core/state/reader.go            | 11 +++++++++++
 core/state/state_sizer.go       |  8 +++++---
 core/state/state_sizer_test.go  | 15 ++++++++-------
 core/state/statedb.go           | 21 +++++++++++++--------
 core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go |  2 +-
 core/state/stateupdate.go       | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++--
 7 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index 7fe39e2b65..ae92386dc2 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -1609,15 +1609,22 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) writeBlockWithState(block *types.Block, receipts []*types.
 	if err := blockBatch.Write(); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to write block into disk", "err", err)
 	}
-	// Commit all cached state changes into underlying memory database.
-	root, stateUpdate, err := statedb.CommitWithUpdate(block.NumberU64(), bc.chainConfig.IsEIP158(block.Number()), bc.chainConfig.IsCancun(block.Number(), block.Time()))
+
+	var (
+		err      error
+		root     common.Hash
+		isEIP158 = bc.chainConfig.IsEIP158(block.Number())
+		isCancun = bc.chainConfig.IsCancun(block.Number(), block.Time())
+	)
+	if bc.stateSizer == nil {
+		root, err = statedb.Commit(block.NumberU64(), isEIP158, isCancun)
+	} else {
+		root, err = statedb.CommitAndTrack(block.NumberU64(), isEIP158, isCancun, bc.stateSizer)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	// Emit the state update to the state sizestats if it's active
-	if bc.stateSizer != nil {
-		bc.stateSizer.Notify(stateUpdate)
-	}
+
 	// If node is running in path mode, skip explicit gc operation
 	// which is unnecessary in this mode.
 	if bc.triedb.Scheme() == rawdb.PathScheme {
diff --git a/core/state/reader.go b/core/state/reader.go
index 21e76c5b66..c912ca28da 100644
--- a/core/state/reader.go
+++ b/core/state/reader.go
@@ -40,6 +40,10 @@ import (
 
 // ContractCodeReader defines the interface for accessing contract code.
 type ContractCodeReader interface {
+	// Has returns the flag indicating whether the contract code with
+	// specified address and hash exists or not.
+	Has(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) bool
+
 	// Code retrieves a particular contract's code.
 	//
 	// - Returns nil code along with nil error if the requested contract code
@@ -170,6 +174,13 @@ func (r *cachingCodeReader) CodeSize(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash)
 	return len(code), nil
 }
 
+// Has returns the flag indicating whether the contract code with
+// specified address and hash exists or not.
+func (r *cachingCodeReader) Has(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) bool {
+	code, _ := r.Code(addr, codeHash)
+	return len(code) > 0
+}
+
 // flatReader wraps a database state reader and is safe for concurrent access.
 type flatReader struct {
 	reader database.StateReader
diff --git a/core/state/state_sizer.go b/core/state/state_sizer.go
index 636b158da6..3faa750906 100644
--- a/core/state/state_sizer.go
+++ b/core/state/state_sizer.go
@@ -243,12 +243,14 @@ func calSizeStats(update *stateUpdate) (SizeStats, error) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Measure code changes. Note that the reported contract code size may be slightly
-	// inaccurate due to database deduplication (code is stored by its hash). However,
-	// this deviation is negligible and acceptable for measurement purposes.
+	codeExists := make(map[common.Hash]struct{})
 	for _, code := range update.codes {
+		if _, ok := codeExists[code.hash]; ok || code.exists {
+			continue
+		}
 		stats.ContractCodes += 1
 		stats.ContractCodeBytes += codeKeySize + int64(len(code.blob))
+		codeExists[code.hash] = struct{}{}
 	}
 	return stats, nil
 }
diff --git a/core/state/state_sizer_test.go b/core/state/state_sizer_test.go
index 65f652e424..b3203afd74 100644
--- a/core/state/state_sizer_test.go
+++ b/core/state/state_sizer_test.go
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func TestSizeTracker(t *testing.T) {
 	state.AddBalance(addr3, uint256.NewInt(3000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 	state.SetNonce(addr3, 3, tracing.NonceChangeUnspecified)
 
-	currentRoot, _, err := state.CommitWithUpdate(1, true, false)
+	currentRoot, err := state.Commit(1, true, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to commit initial state: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ func TestSizeTracker(t *testing.T) {
 		if i%3 == 0 {
 			newState.SetCode(testAddr, []byte{byte(i), 0x60, 0x80, byte(i + 1), 0x52}, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 		}
-		root, _, err := newState.CommitWithUpdate(blockNum, true, false)
+		root, err := newState.Commit(blockNum, true, false)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Failed to commit state at block %d: %v", blockNum, err)
 		}
@@ -154,21 +154,22 @@ func TestSizeTracker(t *testing.T) {
 		if i%3 == 0 {
 			newState.SetCode(testAddr, []byte{byte(i), 0x60, 0x80, byte(i + 1), 0x52}, tracing.CodeChangeUnspecified)
 		}
-		root, update, err := newState.CommitWithUpdate(blockNum, true, false)
+		ret, err := newState.commitAndFlush(blockNum, true, false, true)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Failed to commit state at block %d: %v", blockNum, err)
 		}
-		if err := tdb.Commit(root, false); err != nil {
+		tracker.Notify(ret)
+
+		if err := tdb.Commit(ret.root, false); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Failed to commit trie at block %d: %v", blockNum, err)
 		}
 
-		diff, err := calSizeStats(update)
+		diff, err := calSizeStats(ret)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Failed to calculate size stats for block %d: %v", blockNum, err)
 		}
 		trackedUpdates = append(trackedUpdates, diff)
-		tracker.Notify(update)
-		currentRoot = root
+		currentRoot = ret.root
 	}
 	finalRoot := rawdb.ReadSnapshotRoot(db)
 
diff --git a/core/state/statedb.go b/core/state/statedb.go
index 73d4af7dcf..8d8ab00e48 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@@ -1317,11 +1317,16 @@ func (s *StateDB) commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool, blockNum
 
 // commitAndFlush is a wrapper of commit which also commits the state mutations
 // to the configured data stores.
-func (s *StateDB) commitAndFlush(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool) (*stateUpdate, error) {
+func (s *StateDB) commitAndFlush(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool, dedupCode bool) (*stateUpdate, error) {
 	ret, err := s.commit(deleteEmptyObjects, noStorageWiping, block)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+
+	if dedupCode {
+		ret.markCodeExistence(s.reader)
+	}
+
 	// Commit dirty contract code if any exists
 	if db := s.db.TrieDB().Disk(); db != nil && len(ret.codes) > 0 {
 		batch := db.NewBatch()
@@ -1376,21 +1381,21 @@ func (s *StateDB) commitAndFlush(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorag
 // no empty accounts left that could be deleted by EIP-158, storage wiping
 // should not occur.
 func (s *StateDB) Commit(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool) (common.Hash, error) {
-	ret, err := s.commitAndFlush(block, deleteEmptyObjects, noStorageWiping)
+	ret, err := s.commitAndFlush(block, deleteEmptyObjects, noStorageWiping, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
 	return ret.root, nil
 }
 
-// CommitWithUpdate writes the state mutations and returns both the root hash and the state update.
-// This is useful for tracking state changes at the blockchain level.
-func (s *StateDB) CommitWithUpdate(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool) (common.Hash, *stateUpdate, error) {
-	ret, err := s.commitAndFlush(block, deleteEmptyObjects, noStorageWiping)
+// CommitAndTrack writes the state mutations and notifies the size tracker of the state changes.
+func (s *StateDB) CommitAndTrack(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool, sizer *SizeTracker) (common.Hash, error) {
+	ret, err := s.commitAndFlush(block, deleteEmptyObjects, noStorageWiping, true)
 	if err != nil {
-		return common.Hash{}, nil, err
+		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
-	return ret.root, ret, nil
+	sizer.Notify(ret)
+	return ret.root, nil
 }
 
 // Prepare handles the preparatory steps for executing a state transition with.
diff --git a/core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go b/core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go
index f4761bd10c..8b6ac0ba64 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ func (test *stateTest) run() bool {
 		} else {
 			state.IntermediateRoot(true) // call intermediateRoot at the transaction boundary
 		}
-		ret, err := state.commitAndFlush(0, true, false) // call commit at the block boundary
+		ret, err := state.commitAndFlush(0, true, false, false) // call commit at the block boundary
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}
diff --git a/core/state/stateupdate.go b/core/state/stateupdate.go
index a62e2b2d2d..853ed09dad 100644
--- a/core/state/stateupdate.go
+++ b/core/state/stateupdate.go
@@ -26,8 +26,9 @@ import (
 
 // contractCode represents a contract code with associated metadata.
 type contractCode struct {
-	hash common.Hash // hash is the cryptographic hash of the contract code.
-	blob []byte      // blob is the binary representation of the contract code.
+	hash   common.Hash // hash is the cryptographic hash of the contract code.
+	blob   []byte      // blob is the binary representation of the contract code.
+	exists bool        // flag whether the code has been existent
 }
 
 // accountDelete represents an operation for deleting an Ethereum account.
@@ -190,3 +191,22 @@ func (sc *stateUpdate) stateSet() *triedb.StateSet {
 		RawStorageKey:  sc.rawStorageKey,
 	}
 }
+
+// markCodeExistence determines whether each piece of contract code referenced
+// in this state update actually exists.
+//
+// Note: This operation is expensive and not needed during normal state transitions.
+// It is only required when SizeTracker is enabled to produce accurate state
+// statistics.
+func (sc *stateUpdate) markCodeExistence(reader ContractCodeReader) {
+	cache := make(map[common.Hash]bool)
+	for addr, code := range sc.codes {
+		if exists, ok := cache[code.hash]; ok {
+			code.exists = exists
+			continue
+		}
+		res := reader.Has(addr, code.hash)
+		cache[code.hash] = res
+		code.exists = res
+	}
+}

From c21fe5475ffd931c0c15c9addb99dcf909ccc7fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jwasinger <j-wasinger@hotmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Dec 2025 01:26:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 391/470] tests: integrate BlockTest.run into BlockTest.Run
 (#33383)

---
 tests/block_test_util.go | 13 +++++--------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/block_test_util.go b/tests/block_test_util.go
index 52fe58e702..72fd955c8f 100644
--- a/tests/block_test_util.go
+++ b/tests/block_test_util.go
@@ -116,15 +116,7 @@ func (t *BlockTest) Run(snapshotter bool, scheme string, witness bool, tracer *t
 	if !ok {
 		return UnsupportedForkError{t.json.Network}
 	}
-	return t.run(config, snapshotter, scheme, witness, tracer, postCheck)
-}
 
-// Network returns the network/fork name for this test.
-func (t *BlockTest) Network() string {
-	return t.json.Network
-}
-
-func (t *BlockTest) run(config *params.ChainConfig, snapshotter bool, scheme string, witness bool, tracer *tracing.Hooks, postCheck func(error, *core.BlockChain)) (result error) {
 	// import pre accounts & construct test genesis block & state root
 	// Commit genesis state
 	var (
@@ -212,6 +204,11 @@ func (t *BlockTest) run(config *params.ChainConfig, snapshotter bool, scheme str
 	return t.validateImportedHeaders(chain, validBlocks)
 }
 
+// Network returns the network/fork name for this test.
+func (t *BlockTest) Network() string {
+	return t.json.Network
+}
+
 func (t *BlockTest) genesis(config *params.ChainConfig) *core.Genesis {
 	return &core.Genesis{
 		Config:        config,

From 215ee6ac1882c7de749e3d2ab1906df19333adb7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Fibonacci747 <albertofibonacci12@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Dec 2025 07:56:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 392/470] internal/ethapi: select precompiles using the
 simulated header (#33363)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

The simulator computed active precompiles from the base header, which is
incorrect when simulations cross fork boundaries. This change selects
precompiles using the current simulated header so the precompile set
matches the block’s number/time. It brings simulate in line with doCall,
tracing, and mining, and keeps precompile state overrides applied on the
correct epoch set.
---
 internal/ethapi/simulate.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/internal/ethapi/simulate.go b/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
index e0732c327a..3c08061313 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/simulate.go
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ func (sim *simulator) processBlock(ctx context.Context, block *simBlock, header,
 	if block.BlockOverrides.BlobBaseFee != nil {
 		blockContext.BlobBaseFee = block.BlockOverrides.BlobBaseFee.ToInt()
 	}
-	precompiles := sim.activePrecompiles(sim.base)
+	precompiles := sim.activePrecompiles(header)
 	// State overrides are applied prior to execution of a block
 	if err := block.StateOverrides.Apply(sim.state, precompiles); err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, nil, err

From 1ce71a1895039d09b166771125dd24e693827d63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: SashaMalysehko <sashamalysehko@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Dec 2025 09:13:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 393/470] eth/tracers/native: include SWAP16 in default ignored
 opcodes (#33381)

---
 eth/tracers/native/erc7562.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/eth/tracers/native/erc7562.go b/eth/tracers/native/erc7562.go
index 3ab98c7132..34e202f667 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/native/erc7562.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/native/erc7562.go
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ func defaultIgnoredOpcodes() []hexutil.Uint64 {
 	ignored := make([]hexutil.Uint64, 0, 64)
 
 	// Allow all PUSHx, DUPx and SWAPx opcodes as they have sequential codes
-	for op := vm.PUSH0; op < vm.SWAP16; op++ {
+	for op := vm.PUSH0; op <= vm.SWAP16; op++ {
 		ignored = append(ignored, hexutil.Uint64(op))
 	}
 

From 13a8798fa322b16441b819404e3f66b4ea22c3c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kurahin <kurahinvladikdos@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Dec 2025 10:09:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 394/470] p2p/tracker: fix head detection in Fulfil to avoid
 unnecessary timer reschedules (#33370)

---
 p2p/tracker/tracker.go | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/p2p/tracker/tracker.go b/p2p/tracker/tracker.go
index 5b72eb2b88..a1cf6f1119 100644
--- a/p2p/tracker/tracker.go
+++ b/p2p/tracker/tracker.go
@@ -185,9 +185,10 @@ func (t *Tracker) Fulfil(peer string, version uint, code uint64, id uint64) {
 		return
 	}
 	// Everything matches, mark the request serviced and meter it
+	wasHead := req.expire.Prev() == nil
 	t.expire.Remove(req.expire)
 	delete(t.pending, id)
-	if req.expire.Prev() == nil {
+	if wasHead {
 		if t.wake.Stop() {
 			t.schedule()
 		}

From b98b25544949cb0d9caa3e61ce5fa0cc12445bde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bashmunta <georgebashmunta@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Dec 2025 10:09:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 395/470] core/rawdb: fix size counting in memory freezer
 (#33344)

---
 core/rawdb/freezer_memory.go | 14 ++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/freezer_memory.go b/core/rawdb/freezer_memory.go
index 8cb4cc2006..a0d308f896 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/freezer_memory.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/freezer_memory.go
@@ -91,6 +91,13 @@ func (t *memoryTable) truncateHead(items uint64) error {
 	if items < t.offset {
 		return errors.New("truncation below tail")
 	}
+	for i := int(items - t.offset); i < len(t.data); i++ {
+		if t.size > uint64(len(t.data[i])) {
+			t.size -= uint64(len(t.data[i]))
+		} else {
+			t.size = 0
+		}
+	}
 	t.data = t.data[:items-t.offset]
 	t.items = items
 	return nil
@@ -108,6 +115,13 @@ func (t *memoryTable) truncateTail(items uint64) error {
 	if t.items < items {
 		return errors.New("truncation above head")
 	}
+	for i := uint64(0); i < items-t.offset; i++ {
+		if t.size > uint64(len(t.data[i])) {
+			t.size -= uint64(len(t.data[i]))
+		} else {
+			t.size = 0
+		}
+	}
 	t.data = t.data[items-t.offset:]
 	t.offset = items
 	return nil

From 1b702f71d933af8cedb534d511bad723dd349f1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Dec 2025 09:37:16 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 396/470] triedb/pathdb: use copy instead of append to reduce
 memory alloc (#33044)

---
 triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go | 2 +-
 triedb/pathdb/flush.go     | 5 +++--
 triedb/pathdb/lookup.go    | 7 +++++++
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
index 76f3f5a46e..b9c308c5b6 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) storage(accountHash, storageHash common.Hash, depth int) ([
 
 	// If the layer is being generated, ensure the requested storage slot
 	// has already been covered by the generator.
-	key := append(accountHash[:], storageHash[:]...)
+	key := storageKeySlice(accountHash, storageHash)
 	marker := dl.genMarker()
 	if marker != nil && bytes.Compare(key, marker) > 0 {
 		return nil, errNotCoveredYet
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/flush.go b/triedb/pathdb/flush.go
index 6563dbccff..4f816cf6a6 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/flush.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/flush.go
@@ -116,15 +116,16 @@ func writeStates(batch ethdb.Batch, genMarker []byte, accountData map[common.Has
 				continue
 			}
 			slots += 1
+			key := storageKeySlice(addrHash, storageHash)
 			if len(blob) == 0 {
 				rawdb.DeleteStorageSnapshot(batch, addrHash, storageHash)
 				if clean != nil {
-					clean.Set(append(addrHash[:], storageHash[:]...), nil)
+					clean.Set(key, nil)
 				}
 			} else {
 				rawdb.WriteStorageSnapshot(batch, addrHash, storageHash, blob)
 				if clean != nil {
-					clean.Set(append(addrHash[:], storageHash[:]...), blob)
+					clean.Set(key, blob)
 				}
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/lookup.go b/triedb/pathdb/lookup.go
index 8b092730f8..719546f410 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/lookup.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/lookup.go
@@ -33,6 +33,13 @@ func storageKey(accountHash common.Hash, slotHash common.Hash) [64]byte {
 	return key
 }
 
+// storageKeySlice returns a key for uniquely identifying the storage slot in
+// the slice format.
+func storageKeySlice(accountHash common.Hash, slotHash common.Hash) []byte {
+	key := storageKey(accountHash, slotHash)
+	return key[:]
+}
+
 // lookup is an internal structure used to efficiently determine the layer in
 // which a state entry resides.
 type lookup struct {

From 56d201b0feb90b3e4a863349d0883c5502bc792f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bosul Mun <bsbs8645@snu.ac.kr>
Date: Thu, 11 Dec 2025 13:11:52 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 397/470] eth/fetcher: add metadata validation in tx
 announcement (#33378)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

This PR fixes the bug reported in #33365.

The impact of the bug is not catastrophic. After a transaction is
ultimately fetched, validation and propagation will be performed based
on the fetched body, and any response with a mismatched type is treated
as a protocol violation. An attacker could only waste the limited
portion of victim’s bandwidth at most.

However, the reasons for submitting this PR are as follows

1. Fetching a transaction announced with an arbitrary type is a weird
behavior.

2. It aligns with efforts such as EIP-8077 and #33119 to make the
fetcher smarter and reduce bandwidth waste.

Regarding the `FilterType` function, it could potentially be implemented
by modifying the Filter function's parameter itself, but I wasn’t sure
whether changing that function is acceptable, so I left it as is.
---
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go            |  7 +-
 core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go        |  7 +-
 core/txpool/subpool.go                      |  3 +
 core/txpool/txpool.go                       | 11 +++
 eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go                   | 83 +++++++++++---------
 eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go              | 85 ++++++++++++++-------
 eth/handler.go                              | 16 +++-
 eth/handler_test.go                         |  9 +++
 tests/fuzzers/txfetcher/txfetcher_fuzzer.go |  2 +-
 9 files changed, 153 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
index bfaf4d5b8e..e49fe7bb61 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
@@ -377,7 +377,12 @@ func New(config Config, chain BlockChain, hasPendingAuth func(common.Address) bo
 
 // Filter returns whether the given transaction can be consumed by the blob pool.
 func (p *BlobPool) Filter(tx *types.Transaction) bool {
-	return tx.Type() == types.BlobTxType
+	return p.FilterType(tx.Type())
+}
+
+// FilterType returns whether the blob pool supports the given transaction type.
+func (p *BlobPool) FilterType(kind byte) bool {
+	return kind == types.BlobTxType
 }
 
 // Init sets the gas price needed to keep a transaction in the pool and the chain
diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
index ceedc74a53..5f8dd4fac8 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
@@ -288,7 +288,12 @@ func New(config Config, chain BlockChain) *LegacyPool {
 // Filter returns whether the given transaction can be consumed by the legacy
 // pool, specifically, whether it is a Legacy, AccessList or Dynamic transaction.
 func (pool *LegacyPool) Filter(tx *types.Transaction) bool {
-	switch tx.Type() {
+	return pool.FilterType(tx.Type())
+}
+
+// FilterType returns whether the legacy pool supports the given transaction type.
+func (pool *LegacyPool) FilterType(kind byte) bool {
+	switch kind {
 	case types.LegacyTxType, types.AccessListTxType, types.DynamicFeeTxType, types.SetCodeTxType:
 		return true
 	default:
diff --git a/core/txpool/subpool.go b/core/txpool/subpool.go
index 519ae7b989..db099ddf98 100644
--- a/core/txpool/subpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/subpool.go
@@ -100,6 +100,9 @@ type SubPool interface {
 	// to this particular subpool.
 	Filter(tx *types.Transaction) bool
 
+	// FilterType returns whether the subpool supports the given transaction type.
+	FilterType(kind byte) bool
+
 	// Init sets the base parameters of the subpool, allowing it to load any saved
 	// transactions from disk and also permitting internal maintenance routines to
 	// start up.
diff --git a/core/txpool/txpool.go b/core/txpool/txpool.go
index 437861efca..a314a83f1b 100644
--- a/core/txpool/txpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/txpool.go
@@ -489,3 +489,14 @@ func (p *TxPool) Clear() {
 		subpool.Clear()
 	}
 }
+
+// FilterType returns whether a transaction with the given type is supported
+// (can be added) by the pool.
+func (p *TxPool) FilterType(kind byte) bool {
+	for _, subpool := range p.subpools {
+		if subpool.FilterType(kind) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
diff --git a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go
index d919ac8a5f..f024f3aeba 100644
--- a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go
+++ b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go
@@ -170,10 +170,10 @@ type TxFetcher struct {
 	alternates map[common.Hash]map[string]struct{} // In-flight transaction alternate origins if retrieval fails
 
 	// Callbacks
-	hasTx    func(common.Hash) bool             // Retrieves a tx from the local txpool
-	addTxs   func([]*types.Transaction) []error // Insert a batch of transactions into local txpool
-	fetchTxs func(string, []common.Hash) error  // Retrieves a set of txs from a remote peer
-	dropPeer func(string)                       // Drops a peer in case of announcement violation
+	validateMeta func(common.Hash, byte) error      // Validate a tx metadata based on the local txpool
+	addTxs       func([]*types.Transaction) []error // Insert a batch of transactions into local txpool
+	fetchTxs     func(string, []common.Hash) error  // Retrieves a set of txs from a remote peer
+	dropPeer     func(string)                       // Drops a peer in case of announcement violation
 
 	step     chan struct{}    // Notification channel when the fetcher loop iterates
 	clock    mclock.Clock     // Monotonic clock or simulated clock for tests
@@ -183,36 +183,36 @@ type TxFetcher struct {
 
 // NewTxFetcher creates a transaction fetcher to retrieve transaction
 // based on hash announcements.
-func NewTxFetcher(hasTx func(common.Hash) bool, addTxs func([]*types.Transaction) []error, fetchTxs func(string, []common.Hash) error, dropPeer func(string)) *TxFetcher {
-	return NewTxFetcherForTests(hasTx, addTxs, fetchTxs, dropPeer, mclock.System{}, time.Now, nil)
+func NewTxFetcher(validateMeta func(common.Hash, byte) error, addTxs func([]*types.Transaction) []error, fetchTxs func(string, []common.Hash) error, dropPeer func(string)) *TxFetcher {
+	return NewTxFetcherForTests(validateMeta, addTxs, fetchTxs, dropPeer, mclock.System{}, time.Now, nil)
 }
 
 // NewTxFetcherForTests is a testing method to mock out the realtime clock with
 // a simulated version and the internal randomness with a deterministic one.
 func NewTxFetcherForTests(
-	hasTx func(common.Hash) bool, addTxs func([]*types.Transaction) []error, fetchTxs func(string, []common.Hash) error, dropPeer func(string),
+	validateMeta func(common.Hash, byte) error, addTxs func([]*types.Transaction) []error, fetchTxs func(string, []common.Hash) error, dropPeer func(string),
 	clock mclock.Clock, realTime func() time.Time, rand *mrand.Rand) *TxFetcher {
 	return &TxFetcher{
-		notify:      make(chan *txAnnounce),
-		cleanup:     make(chan *txDelivery),
-		drop:        make(chan *txDrop),
-		quit:        make(chan struct{}),
-		waitlist:    make(map[common.Hash]map[string]struct{}),
-		waittime:    make(map[common.Hash]mclock.AbsTime),
-		waitslots:   make(map[string]map[common.Hash]*txMetadataWithSeq),
-		announces:   make(map[string]map[common.Hash]*txMetadataWithSeq),
-		announced:   make(map[common.Hash]map[string]struct{}),
-		fetching:    make(map[common.Hash]string),
-		requests:    make(map[string]*txRequest),
-		alternates:  make(map[common.Hash]map[string]struct{}),
-		underpriced: lru.NewCache[common.Hash, time.Time](maxTxUnderpricedSetSize),
-		hasTx:       hasTx,
-		addTxs:      addTxs,
-		fetchTxs:    fetchTxs,
-		dropPeer:    dropPeer,
-		clock:       clock,
-		realTime:    realTime,
-		rand:        rand,
+		notify:       make(chan *txAnnounce),
+		cleanup:      make(chan *txDelivery),
+		drop:         make(chan *txDrop),
+		quit:         make(chan struct{}),
+		waitlist:     make(map[common.Hash]map[string]struct{}),
+		waittime:     make(map[common.Hash]mclock.AbsTime),
+		waitslots:    make(map[string]map[common.Hash]*txMetadataWithSeq),
+		announces:    make(map[string]map[common.Hash]*txMetadataWithSeq),
+		announced:    make(map[common.Hash]map[string]struct{}),
+		fetching:     make(map[common.Hash]string),
+		requests:     make(map[string]*txRequest),
+		alternates:   make(map[common.Hash]map[string]struct{}),
+		underpriced:  lru.NewCache[common.Hash, time.Time](maxTxUnderpricedSetSize),
+		validateMeta: validateMeta,
+		addTxs:       addTxs,
+		fetchTxs:     fetchTxs,
+		dropPeer:     dropPeer,
+		clock:        clock,
+		realTime:     realTime,
+		rand:         rand,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -235,19 +235,26 @@ func (f *TxFetcher) Notify(peer string, types []byte, sizes []uint32, hashes []c
 		underpriced int64
 	)
 	for i, hash := range hashes {
-		switch {
-		case f.hasTx(hash):
+		err := f.validateMeta(hash, types[i])
+		if errors.Is(err, txpool.ErrAlreadyKnown) {
 			duplicate++
-		case f.isKnownUnderpriced(hash):
-			underpriced++
-		default:
-			unknownHashes = append(unknownHashes, hash)
-
-			// Transaction metadata has been available since eth68, and all
-			// legacy eth protocols (prior to eth68) have been deprecated.
-			// Therefore, metadata is always expected in the announcement.
-			unknownMetas = append(unknownMetas, txMetadata{kind: types[i], size: sizes[i]})
+			continue
 		}
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if f.isKnownUnderpriced(hash) {
+			underpriced++
+			continue
+		}
+
+		unknownHashes = append(unknownHashes, hash)
+
+		// Transaction metadata has been available since eth68, and all
+		// legacy eth protocols (prior to eth68) have been deprecated.
+		// Therefore, metadata is always expected in the announcement.
+		unknownMetas = append(unknownMetas, txMetadata{kind: types[i], size: sizes[i]})
 	}
 	txAnnounceKnownMeter.Mark(duplicate)
 	txAnnounceUnderpricedMeter.Mark(underpriced)
diff --git a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go
index bb41f62932..d6d5a8692e 100644
--- a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go
+++ b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherWaiting(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				nil,
 				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
 				nil,
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherSkipWaiting(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				nil,
 				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
 				nil,
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherSingletonRequesting(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				nil,
 				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
 				nil,
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherFailedRescheduling(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				nil,
 				func(origin string, hashes []common.Hash) error {
 					<-proceed
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherCleanup(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 					return make([]error, len(txs))
 				},
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherCleanupEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 					return make([]error, len(txs))
 				},
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherMissingRescheduling(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 					return make([]error, len(txs))
 				},
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherMissingCleanup(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 					return make([]error, len(txs))
 				},
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherBroadcasts(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 					return make([]error, len(txs))
 				},
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherWaitTimerResets(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				nil,
 				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
 				nil,
@@ -897,7 +897,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherTimeoutRescheduling(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 					return make([]error, len(txs))
 				},
@@ -975,7 +975,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherTimeoutTimerResets(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				nil,
 				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
 				nil,
@@ -1053,7 +1053,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherRateLimiting(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				nil,
 				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
 				nil,
@@ -1083,7 +1083,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherBandwidthLimiting(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				nil,
 				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
 				nil,
@@ -1200,7 +1200,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherDoSProtection(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				nil,
 				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
 				nil,
@@ -1267,7 +1267,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherUnderpricedDedup(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 					errs := make([]error, len(txs))
 					for i := 0; i < len(errs); i++ {
@@ -1368,7 +1368,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherUnderpricedDoSProtection(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcher(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 					errs := make([]error, len(txs))
 					for i := 0; i < len(errs); i++ {
@@ -1400,7 +1400,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherOutOfBoundDeliveries(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 					return make([]error, len(txs))
 				},
@@ -1459,7 +1459,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherDrop(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 					return make([]error, len(txs))
 				},
@@ -1533,7 +1533,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherDropRescheduling(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 					return make([]error, len(txs))
 				},
@@ -1579,7 +1579,7 @@ func TestInvalidAnnounceMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 					return make([]error, len(txs))
 				},
@@ -1662,7 +1662,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherFuzzCrash01(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 					return make([]error, len(txs))
 				},
@@ -1690,7 +1690,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherFuzzCrash02(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 					return make([]error, len(txs))
 				},
@@ -1720,7 +1720,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherFuzzCrash03(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 					return make([]error, len(txs))
 				},
@@ -1759,7 +1759,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherFuzzCrash04(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 					return make([]error, len(txs))
 				},
@@ -1794,7 +1794,7 @@ func TestBlobTransactionAnnounce(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				nil,
 				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
 				nil,
@@ -1862,7 +1862,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherDropAlternates(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
 			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 					return make([]error, len(txs))
 				},
@@ -1908,6 +1908,35 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherDropAlternates(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestTransactionFetcherWrongMetadata(t *testing.T) {
+	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
+		init: func() *TxFetcher {
+			return NewTxFetcher(
+				func(_ common.Hash, kind byte) error {
+					switch kind {
+					case types.LegacyTxType, types.AccessListTxType, types.DynamicFeeTxType, types.BlobTxType, types.SetCodeTxType:
+						return nil
+					}
+					return types.ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+				},
+				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
+					return make([]error, len(txs))
+				},
+				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
+				nil,
+			)
+		},
+		steps: []interface{}{
+			doTxNotify{peer: "A", hashes: []common.Hash{{0x01}, {0x02}}, types: []byte{0xff, types.LegacyTxType}, sizes: []uint32{111, 222}},
+			isWaiting(map[string][]announce{
+				"A": {
+					{common.Hash{0x02}, types.LegacyTxType, 222},
+				},
+			}),
+		},
+	})
+}
+
 func testTransactionFetcherParallel(t *testing.T, tt txFetcherTest) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	testTransactionFetcher(t, tt)
@@ -2245,7 +2274,7 @@ func TestTransactionForgotten(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	fetcher := NewTxFetcherForTests(
-		func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+		func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 		func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 			errs := make([]error, len(txs))
 			for i := 0; i < len(errs); i++ {
diff --git a/eth/handler.go b/eth/handler.go
index 4510dd32f0..0d07e88c7a 100644
--- a/eth/handler.go
+++ b/eth/handler.go
@@ -92,6 +92,9 @@ type txPool interface {
 	// can decide whether to receive notifications only for newly seen transactions
 	// or also for reorged out ones.
 	SubscribeTransactions(ch chan<- core.NewTxsEvent, reorgs bool) event.Subscription
+
+	// FilterType returns whether the given tx type is supported by the txPool.
+	FilterType(kind byte) bool
 }
 
 // handlerConfig is the collection of initialization parameters to create a full
@@ -176,7 +179,18 @@ func newHandler(config *handlerConfig) (*handler, error) {
 	addTxs := func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 		return h.txpool.Add(txs, false)
 	}
-	h.txFetcher = fetcher.NewTxFetcher(h.txpool.Has, addTxs, fetchTx, h.removePeer)
+
+	validateMeta := func(tx common.Hash, kind byte) error {
+		if h.txpool.Has(tx) {
+			return txpool.ErrAlreadyKnown
+		}
+		if !h.txpool.FilterType(kind) {
+			return types.ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	h.txFetcher = fetcher.NewTxFetcher(validateMeta, addTxs, fetchTx, h.removePeer)
 	return h, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/eth/handler_test.go b/eth/handler_test.go
index 312e5625ba..3470452980 100644
--- a/eth/handler_test.go
+++ b/eth/handler_test.go
@@ -163,6 +163,15 @@ func (p *testTxPool) SubscribeTransactions(ch chan<- core.NewTxsEvent, reorgs bo
 	return p.txFeed.Subscribe(ch)
 }
 
+// FilterType should check whether the pool supports the given type of transactions.
+func (p *testTxPool) FilterType(kind byte) bool {
+	switch kind {
+	case types.LegacyTxType, types.AccessListTxType, types.DynamicFeeTxType, types.BlobTxType, types.SetCodeTxType:
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 // testHandler is a live implementation of the Ethereum protocol handler, just
 // preinitialized with some sane testing defaults and the transaction pool mocked
 // out.
diff --git a/tests/fuzzers/txfetcher/txfetcher_fuzzer.go b/tests/fuzzers/txfetcher/txfetcher_fuzzer.go
index c136253a62..3baff33dcc 100644
--- a/tests/fuzzers/txfetcher/txfetcher_fuzzer.go
+++ b/tests/fuzzers/txfetcher/txfetcher_fuzzer.go
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func fuzz(input []byte) int {
 	rand := rand.New(rand.NewSource(0x3a29)) // Same used in package tests!!!
 
 	f := fetcher.NewTxFetcherForTests(
-		func(common.Hash) bool { return false },
+		func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
 		func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
 			return make([]error, len(txs))
 		},

From 472e3a24ac17626cac07c52704ff7f5706260792 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: yyhrnk <yaroslavnerest@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Dec 2025 09:42:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 398/470] core/stateless: cap witness depth metrics buckets
 (#33389)

---
 core/stateless/stats.go | 11 +++++++++--
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/stateless/stats.go b/core/stateless/stats.go
index 94f5587f99..73ce031bff 100644
--- a/core/stateless/stats.go
+++ b/core/stateless/stats.go
@@ -62,10 +62,17 @@ func (s *WitnessStats) Add(nodes map[string][]byte, owner common.Hash) {
 		// If current path is a prefix of the next path, it's not a leaf.
 		// The last path is always a leaf.
 		if i == len(paths)-1 || !strings.HasPrefix(paths[i+1], paths[i]) {
+			depth := len(path)
 			if owner == (common.Hash{}) {
-				s.accountTrieLeaves[len(path)] += 1
+				if depth >= len(s.accountTrieLeaves) {
+					depth = len(s.accountTrieLeaves) - 1
+				}
+				s.accountTrieLeaves[depth] += 1
 			} else {
-				s.storageTrieLeaves[len(path)] += 1
+				if depth >= len(s.storageTrieLeaves) {
+					depth = len(s.storageTrieLeaves) - 1
+				}
+				s.storageTrieLeaves[depth] += 1
 			}
 		}
 	}

From 16f50285b75533977566b3fb14511fb51deb8195 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rizky Ikwan <rizzikwann@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 12 Dec 2025 06:46:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 399/470] cmd/utils: fix DeveloperFlag handling when set to
 false (#33379)

geth --dev=false now correctly respects the false value, instead of
incorrectly enabling UseLightweightKDF.
---
 cmd/utils/flags.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index b73fa80b17..2b64761e00 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -1430,7 +1430,7 @@ func SetNodeConfig(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *node.Config) {
 		cfg.KeyStoreDir = ctx.String(KeyStoreDirFlag.Name)
 	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(DeveloperFlag.Name) {
-		cfg.UseLightweightKDF = true
+		cfg.UseLightweightKDF = ctx.Bool(DeveloperFlag.Name)
 	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(LightKDFFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.UseLightweightKDF = ctx.Bool(LightKDFFlag.Name)

From 3a5560fa987c0b2d1a25ddace14111e8397120d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Liu <liudaniel@qq.com>
Date: Sat, 13 Dec 2025 11:27:00 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 400/470] core/state: make test output message readable
 (#33400)

---
 core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go b/core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go
index 4ff1023eb2..4d85e61679 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ func TestHooks(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for i, want := range wants {
 		if have := result[i]; have != want {
-			t.Fatalf("error event %d, have\n%v\nwant%v\n", i, have, want)
+			t.Fatalf("error event %d\nhave: %v\nwant: %v", i, have, want)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ func TestHooks_OnCodeChangeV2(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for i, want := range wants {
 		if have := result[i]; have != want {
-			t.Fatalf("error event %d, have\n%v\nwant%v\n", i, have, want)
+			t.Fatalf("error event %d\nhave: %v\nwant: %v", i, have, want)
 		}
 	}
 }

From a9eaf2ffd8596d58433b7816f4607c0c9faf60d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Klank <155117116+davidjsonn@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 13 Dec 2025 06:09:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 401/470] crypto/signify: fix fuzz test compilation (#33402)

The fuzz test file has been broken for a while - it doesn't compile with
the `gofuzz` build tag.

Two issues:
- Line 59: called `SignifySignFile` which doesn't exist (should be
`SignFile`)
- Line 71: used `:=` instead of `=` for already declared `err` variable
---
 crypto/signify/signify_fuzz.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crypto/signify/signify_fuzz.go b/crypto/signify/signify_fuzz.go
index 239a2134df..d11125c697 100644
--- a/crypto/signify/signify_fuzz.go
+++ b/crypto/signify/signify_fuzz.go
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func Fuzz(data []byte) int {
 	fmt.Printf("untrusted: %v\n", untrustedComment)
 	fmt.Printf("trusted: %v\n", trustedComment)
 
-	err = SignifySignFile(tmpFile.Name(), tmpFile.Name()+".sig", testSecKey, untrustedComment, trustedComment)
+	err = SignFile(tmpFile.Name(), tmpFile.Name()+".sig", testSecKey, untrustedComment, trustedComment)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ func Fuzz(data []byte) int {
 		signify = path
 	}
 
-	_, err := exec.LookPath(signify)
+	_, err = exec.LookPath(signify)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}

From e20b05ec7fd1b1f8be5b0185e6f1698b3dfa87c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Galoretka <galoretochka@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Dec 2025 22:51:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 402/470] core/overlay: fix incorrect debug log key/value in
 LoadTransitionState (#32637)

---
 core/overlay/state_transition.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/overlay/state_transition.go b/core/overlay/state_transition.go
index 67ca0f9671..a52d9139c9 100644
--- a/core/overlay/state_transition.go
+++ b/core/overlay/state_transition.go
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ func LoadTransitionState(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, root common.Hash, isVerkle boo
 		// Initialize the first transition state, with the "ended"
 		// field set to true if the database was created
 		// as a verkle database.
-		log.Debug("no transition state found, starting fresh", "is verkle", db)
+		log.Debug("no transition state found, starting fresh", "verkle", isVerkle)
 
 		// Start with a fresh state
 		ts = &TransitionState{Ended: isVerkle}

From 15f52a29370cf44256b15ec2fc31c6eb1a227cfd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ng Wei Han <47109095+weiihann@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Dec 2025 13:54:26 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 403/470] core/state: fix code existence not marked correctly
 (#33415)

When iterating over a map with value types in Go, the loop variable is a
copy. In `markCodeExistence`, assigning to `code.exists` modified only
the local copy, not the actual map entry, causing the existence flag to
always remain false.

This resulted in overcounting contract codes in state size statistics,
as codes that already existed in the database were incorrectly counted
as new.

Fix by changing `codes` from `map[common.Address]contractCode` to
`map[common.Address]*contractCode`, so mutations apply directly to the
struct.
---
 core/state/stateupdate.go | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state/stateupdate.go b/core/state/stateupdate.go
index 853ed09dad..c043166cf2 100644
--- a/core/state/stateupdate.go
+++ b/core/state/stateupdate.go
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ type stateUpdate struct {
 	storagesOrigin map[common.Address]map[common.Hash][]byte
 	rawStorageKey  bool
 
-	codes map[common.Address]contractCode // codes contains the set of dirty codes
-	nodes *trienode.MergedNodeSet         // Aggregated dirty nodes caused by state changes
+	codes map[common.Address]*contractCode // codes contains the set of dirty codes
+	nodes *trienode.MergedNodeSet          // Aggregated dirty nodes caused by state changes
 }
 
 // empty returns a flag indicating the state transition is empty or not.
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ func newStateUpdate(rawStorageKey bool, originRoot common.Hash, root common.Hash
 		accountsOrigin = make(map[common.Address][]byte)
 		storages       = make(map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]byte)
 		storagesOrigin = make(map[common.Address]map[common.Hash][]byte)
-		codes          = make(map[common.Address]contractCode)
+		codes          = make(map[common.Address]*contractCode)
 	)
 	// Since some accounts might be destroyed and recreated within the same
 	// block, deletions must be aggregated first.
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ func newStateUpdate(rawStorageKey bool, originRoot common.Hash, root common.Hash
 		// Aggregate dirty contract codes if they are available.
 		addr := op.address
 		if op.code != nil {
-			codes[addr] = *op.code
+			codes[addr] = op.code
 		}
 		accounts[addrHash] = op.data
 

From 6978ab48aa411fa9618648df9e0c4e2a84f2f7a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Dec 2025 15:35:02 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 404/470] cmd/workload, eth/tracers/native: introduce state
 proof tests (#32247)

This pull request introduces a new workload command, providing the
features
for `eth_getProof` endpoint test generation and execution.
---
 cmd/workload/README.md             |   1 +
 cmd/workload/main.go               |   1 +
 cmd/workload/prooftest.go          | 105 +++++++++
 cmd/workload/prooftestgen.go       | 355 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 cmd/workload/testsuite.go          |  18 ++
 eth/tracers/native/prestate.go     |   6 +-
 ethclient/gethclient/gethclient.go |   7 +-
 7 files changed, 488 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 cmd/workload/prooftest.go
 create mode 100644 cmd/workload/prooftestgen.go

diff --git a/cmd/workload/README.md b/cmd/workload/README.md
index 1b84dd05db..ee1d6acbc9 100644
--- a/cmd/workload/README.md
+++ b/cmd/workload/README.md
@@ -34,4 +34,5 @@ the following commands (in this directory) against a synced mainnet node:
 > go run . filtergen --queries queries/filter_queries_mainnet.json http://host:8545
 > go run . historygen --history-tests queries/history_mainnet.json http://host:8545
 > go run . tracegen --trace-tests queries/trace_mainnet.json --trace-start 4000000 --trace-end 4000100 http://host:8545
+> go run . proofgen --proof-tests queries/proof_mainnet.json --proof-states 3000 http://host:8545
 ```
diff --git a/cmd/workload/main.go b/cmd/workload/main.go
index 8ac0e5b6cb..4ee894e962 100644
--- a/cmd/workload/main.go
+++ b/cmd/workload/main.go
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ func init() {
 		historyGenerateCommand,
 		filterGenerateCommand,
 		traceGenerateCommand,
+		proofGenerateCommand,
 		filterPerfCommand,
 		filterFuzzCommand,
 	}
diff --git a/cmd/workload/prooftest.go b/cmd/workload/prooftest.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dcc063d30e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/workload/prooftest.go
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of go-ethereum.
+//
+// go-ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// go-ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with go-ethereum. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/utesting"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+)
+
+// proofTest is the content of a state-proof test.
+type proofTest struct {
+	BlockNumbers []uint64           `json:"blockNumbers"`
+	Addresses    [][]common.Address `json:"addresses"`
+	StorageKeys  [][][]string       `json:"storageKeys"`
+	Results      [][]common.Hash    `json:"results"`
+}
+
+type proofTestSuite struct {
+	cfg        testConfig
+	tests      proofTest
+	invalidDir string
+}
+
+func newProofTestSuite(cfg testConfig, ctx *cli.Context) *proofTestSuite {
+	s := &proofTestSuite{
+		cfg:        cfg,
+		invalidDir: ctx.String(proofTestInvalidOutputFlag.Name),
+	}
+	if err := s.loadTests(); err != nil {
+		exit(err)
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+func (s *proofTestSuite) loadTests() error {
+	file, err := s.cfg.fsys.Open(s.cfg.proofTestFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		// If not found in embedded FS, try to load it from disk
+		if !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return err
+		}
+		file, err = os.OpenFile(s.cfg.proofTestFile, os.O_RDONLY, 0666)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("can't open proofTestFile: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+	defer file.Close()
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(file).Decode(&s.tests); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid JSON in %s: %v", s.cfg.proofTestFile, err)
+	}
+	if len(s.tests.BlockNumbers) == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("proofTestFile %s has no test data", s.cfg.proofTestFile)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *proofTestSuite) allTests() []workloadTest {
+	return []workloadTest{
+		newArchiveWorkloadTest("Proof/GetProof", s.getProof),
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *proofTestSuite) getProof(t *utesting.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	for i, blockNumber := range s.tests.BlockNumbers {
+		for j := 0; j < len(s.tests.Addresses[i]); j++ {
+			res, err := s.cfg.client.Geth.GetProof(ctx, s.tests.Addresses[i][j], s.tests.StorageKeys[i][j], big.NewInt(int64(blockNumber)))
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("State proving fails, blockNumber: %d, address: %x, keys: %v, err: %v\n", blockNumber, s.tests.Addresses[i][j], strings.Join(s.tests.StorageKeys[i][j], " "), err)
+				continue
+			}
+			blob, err := json.Marshal(res)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("State proving fails: error %v", err)
+				continue
+			}
+			if crypto.Keccak256Hash(blob) != s.tests.Results[i][j] {
+				t.Errorf("State proof mismatch, %d, number: %d, address: %x, keys: %v: invalid result", i, blockNumber, s.tests.Addresses[i][j], strings.Join(s.tests.StorageKeys[i][j], " "))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/cmd/workload/prooftestgen.go b/cmd/workload/prooftestgen.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d92eea114
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/workload/prooftestgen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of go-ethereum.
+//
+// go-ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// go-ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with go-ethereum. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"math/rand"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/tracers"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/tracers/native"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/flags"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/testrand"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+)
+
+var (
+	proofGenerateCommand = &cli.Command{
+		Name:      "proofgen",
+		Usage:     "Generates tests for state proof verification",
+		ArgsUsage: "<RPC endpoint URL>",
+		Action:    generateProofTests,
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			proofTestFileFlag,
+			proofTestResultOutputFlag,
+			proofTestStatesFlag,
+			proofTestStartBlockFlag,
+			proofTestEndBlockFlag,
+		},
+	}
+
+	proofTestFileFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:     "proof-tests",
+		Usage:    "JSON file containing proof test queries",
+		Value:    "proof_tests.json",
+		Category: flags.TestingCategory,
+	}
+	proofTestResultOutputFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:     "proof-output",
+		Usage:    "Folder containing detailed trace output files",
+		Value:    "",
+		Category: flags.TestingCategory,
+	}
+	proofTestStatesFlag = &cli.Int64Flag{
+		Name:     "proof-states",
+		Usage:    "Number of states to generate proof against",
+		Value:    10000,
+		Category: flags.TestingCategory,
+	}
+	proofTestInvalidOutputFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:     "proof-invalid",
+		Usage:    "Folder containing the mismatched state proof output files",
+		Value:    "",
+		Category: flags.TestingCategory,
+	}
+	proofTestStartBlockFlag = &cli.Uint64Flag{
+		Name:     "proof-start",
+		Usage:    "The number of starting block for proof verification (included)",
+		Category: flags.TestingCategory,
+	}
+	proofTestEndBlockFlag = &cli.Uint64Flag{
+		Name:     "proof-end",
+		Usage:    "The number of ending block for proof verification (excluded)",
+		Category: flags.TestingCategory,
+	}
+)
+
+type proofGenerator func(cli *client, startBlock uint64, endBlock uint64, number int) ([]uint64, [][]common.Address, [][][]string, error)
+
+func genAccountProof(cli *client, startBlock uint64, endBlock uint64, number int) ([]uint64, [][]common.Address, [][][]string, error) {
+	var (
+		blockNumbers     []uint64
+		accountAddresses [][]common.Address
+		storageKeys      [][][]string
+		nAccounts        int
+		ctx              = context.Background()
+		start            = time.Now()
+	)
+	chainID, err := cli.Eth.ChainID(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	signer := types.LatestSignerForChainID(chainID)
+
+	for {
+		if nAccounts >= number {
+			break
+		}
+		blockNumber := uint64(rand.Intn(int(endBlock-startBlock))) + startBlock
+
+		block, err := cli.Eth.BlockByNumber(context.Background(), big.NewInt(int64(blockNumber)))
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		var (
+			addresses []common.Address
+			keys      [][]string
+			gather    = func(address common.Address) {
+				addresses = append(addresses, address)
+				keys = append(keys, nil)
+				nAccounts++
+			}
+		)
+		for _, tx := range block.Transactions() {
+			if nAccounts >= number {
+				break
+			}
+			sender, err := signer.Sender(tx)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to resolve the sender address", "hash", tx.Hash(), "err", err)
+				continue
+			}
+			gather(sender)
+
+			if tx.To() != nil {
+				gather(*tx.To())
+			}
+		}
+		blockNumbers = append(blockNumbers, blockNumber)
+		accountAddresses = append(accountAddresses, addresses)
+		storageKeys = append(storageKeys, keys)
+	}
+	log.Info("Generated tests for account proof", "blocks", len(blockNumbers), "accounts", nAccounts, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	return blockNumbers, accountAddresses, storageKeys, nil
+}
+
+func genNonExistentAccountProof(cli *client, startBlock uint64, endBlock uint64, number int) ([]uint64, [][]common.Address, [][][]string, error) {
+	var (
+		blockNumbers     []uint64
+		accountAddresses [][]common.Address
+		storageKeys      [][][]string
+		total            int
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < number/5; i++ {
+		var (
+			addresses   []common.Address
+			keys        [][]string
+			blockNumber = uint64(rand.Intn(int(endBlock-startBlock))) + startBlock
+		)
+		for j := 0; j < 5; j++ {
+			addresses = append(addresses, testrand.Address())
+			keys = append(keys, nil)
+		}
+		total += len(addresses)
+		blockNumbers = append(blockNumbers, blockNumber)
+		accountAddresses = append(accountAddresses, addresses)
+		storageKeys = append(storageKeys, keys)
+	}
+	log.Info("Generated tests for non-existing account proof", "blocks", len(blockNumbers), "accounts", total)
+	return blockNumbers, accountAddresses, storageKeys, nil
+}
+
+func genStorageProof(cli *client, startBlock uint64, endBlock uint64, number int) ([]uint64, [][]common.Address, [][][]string, error) {
+	var (
+		blockNumbers     []uint64
+		accountAddresses [][]common.Address
+		storageKeys      [][][]string
+
+		nAccounts int
+		nStorages int
+		start     = time.Now()
+	)
+	for {
+		if nAccounts+nStorages >= number {
+			break
+		}
+		blockNumber := uint64(rand.Intn(int(endBlock-startBlock))) + startBlock
+
+		block, err := cli.Eth.BlockByNumber(context.Background(), big.NewInt(int64(blockNumber)))
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		var (
+			addresses     []common.Address
+			slots         [][]string
+			tracer        = "prestateTracer"
+			configBlob, _ = json.Marshal(native.PrestateTracerConfig{
+				DiffMode:       false,
+				DisableCode:    true,
+				DisableStorage: false,
+			})
+		)
+		for _, tx := range block.Transactions() {
+			if nAccounts+nStorages >= number {
+				break
+			}
+			if tx.To() == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			ret, err := cli.Geth.TraceTransaction(context.Background(), tx.Hash(), &tracers.TraceConfig{
+				Tracer:       &tracer,
+				TracerConfig: configBlob,
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to trace the transaction", "blockNumber", blockNumber, "hash", tx.Hash(), "err", err)
+				continue
+			}
+			blob, err := json.Marshal(ret)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to marshal data", "err", err)
+				continue
+			}
+			var accounts map[common.Address]*types.Account
+			if err := json.Unmarshal(blob, &accounts); err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to decode trace result", "blockNumber", blockNumber, "hash", tx.Hash(), "err", err)
+				continue
+			}
+			for addr, account := range accounts {
+				if len(account.Storage) == 0 {
+					continue
+				}
+				addresses = append(addresses, addr)
+				nAccounts += 1
+
+				var keys []string
+				for k := range account.Storage {
+					keys = append(keys, k.Hex())
+				}
+				nStorages += len(keys)
+
+				var emptyKeys []string
+				for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+					emptyKeys = append(emptyKeys, testrand.Hash().Hex())
+				}
+				nStorages += len(emptyKeys)
+
+				slots = append(slots, append(keys, emptyKeys...))
+			}
+		}
+		blockNumbers = append(blockNumbers, blockNumber)
+		accountAddresses = append(accountAddresses, addresses)
+		storageKeys = append(storageKeys, slots)
+	}
+	log.Info("Generated tests for storage proof", "blocks", len(blockNumbers), "accounts", nAccounts, "storages", nStorages, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	return blockNumbers, accountAddresses, storageKeys, nil
+}
+
+func genProofRequests(cli *client, startBlock, endBlock uint64, states int) (*proofTest, error) {
+	var (
+		blockNumbers     []uint64
+		accountAddresses [][]common.Address
+		storageKeys      [][][]string
+	)
+	ratio := []float64{0.2, 0.1, 0.7}
+	for i, fn := range []proofGenerator{genAccountProof, genNonExistentAccountProof, genStorageProof} {
+		numbers, addresses, keys, err := fn(cli, startBlock, endBlock, int(float64(states)*ratio[i]))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		blockNumbers = append(blockNumbers, numbers...)
+		accountAddresses = append(accountAddresses, addresses...)
+		storageKeys = append(storageKeys, keys...)
+	}
+	return &proofTest{
+		BlockNumbers: blockNumbers,
+		Addresses:    accountAddresses,
+		StorageKeys:  storageKeys,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func generateProofTests(clictx *cli.Context) error {
+	var (
+		client     = makeClient(clictx)
+		ctx        = context.Background()
+		states     = clictx.Int(proofTestStatesFlag.Name)
+		outputFile = clictx.String(proofTestFileFlag.Name)
+		outputDir  = clictx.String(proofTestResultOutputFlag.Name)
+		startBlock = clictx.Uint64(proofTestStartBlockFlag.Name)
+		endBlock   = clictx.Uint64(proofTestEndBlockFlag.Name)
+	)
+	head, err := client.Eth.BlockNumber(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		exit(err)
+	}
+	if startBlock > head || endBlock > head {
+		return fmt.Errorf("chain is out of proof range, head %d, start: %d, limit: %d", head, startBlock, endBlock)
+	}
+	if endBlock == 0 {
+		endBlock = head
+	}
+	log.Info("Generating proof states", "startBlock", startBlock, "endBlock", endBlock, "states", states)
+
+	test, err := genProofRequests(client, startBlock, endBlock, states)
+	if err != nil {
+		exit(err)
+	}
+	for i, blockNumber := range test.BlockNumbers {
+		var hashes []common.Hash
+		for j := 0; j < len(test.Addresses[i]); j++ {
+			res, err := client.Geth.GetProof(ctx, test.Addresses[i][j], test.StorageKeys[i][j], big.NewInt(int64(blockNumber)))
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to prove the state", "number", blockNumber, "address", test.Addresses[i][j], "slots", len(test.StorageKeys[i][j]), "err", err)
+				continue
+			}
+			blob, err := json.Marshal(res)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			hashes = append(hashes, crypto.Keccak256Hash(blob))
+
+			writeStateProof(outputDir, blockNumber, test.Addresses[i][j], res)
+		}
+		test.Results = append(test.Results, hashes)
+	}
+	writeJSON(outputFile, test)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func writeStateProof(dir string, blockNumber uint64, address common.Address, result any) {
+	if dir == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	// Ensure the directory exists
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, os.ModePerm); err != nil {
+		exit(fmt.Errorf("failed to create directories: %w", err))
+	}
+	fname := fmt.Sprintf("%d-%x", blockNumber, address)
+	name := filepath.Join(dir, fname)
+	file, err := os.Create(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		exit(fmt.Errorf("error creating %s: %v", name, err))
+		return
+	}
+	defer file.Close()
+
+	data, _ := json.MarshalIndent(result, "", "    ")
+	_, err = file.Write(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		exit(fmt.Errorf("error writing %s: %v", name, err))
+		return
+	}
+}
diff --git a/cmd/workload/testsuite.go b/cmd/workload/testsuite.go
index 25dc17a49e..80cbd15352 100644
--- a/cmd/workload/testsuite.go
+++ b/cmd/workload/testsuite.go
@@ -50,7 +50,9 @@ var (
 			filterQueryFileFlag,
 			historyTestFileFlag,
 			traceTestFileFlag,
+			proofTestFileFlag,
 			traceTestInvalidOutputFlag,
+			proofTestInvalidOutputFlag,
 		},
 	}
 	testPatternFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
@@ -95,6 +97,7 @@ type testConfig struct {
 	historyTestFile   string
 	historyPruneBlock *uint64
 	traceTestFile     string
+	proofTestFile     string
 }
 
 var errPrunedHistory = errors.New("attempt to access pruned history")
@@ -145,6 +148,12 @@ func testConfigFromCLI(ctx *cli.Context) (cfg testConfig) {
 		} else {
 			cfg.traceTestFile = "queries/trace_mainnet.json"
 		}
+		if ctx.IsSet(proofTestFileFlag.Name) {
+			cfg.proofTestFile = ctx.String(proofTestFileFlag.Name)
+		} else {
+			cfg.proofTestFile = "queries/proof_mainnet.json"
+		}
+
 		cfg.historyPruneBlock = new(uint64)
 		*cfg.historyPruneBlock = history.PrunePoints[params.MainnetGenesisHash].BlockNumber
 	case ctx.Bool(testSepoliaFlag.Name):
@@ -164,6 +173,12 @@ func testConfigFromCLI(ctx *cli.Context) (cfg testConfig) {
 		} else {
 			cfg.traceTestFile = "queries/trace_sepolia.json"
 		}
+		if ctx.IsSet(proofTestFileFlag.Name) {
+			cfg.proofTestFile = ctx.String(proofTestFileFlag.Name)
+		} else {
+			cfg.proofTestFile = "queries/proof_sepolia.json"
+		}
+
 		cfg.historyPruneBlock = new(uint64)
 		*cfg.historyPruneBlock = history.PrunePoints[params.SepoliaGenesisHash].BlockNumber
 	default:
@@ -171,6 +186,7 @@ func testConfigFromCLI(ctx *cli.Context) (cfg testConfig) {
 		cfg.filterQueryFile = ctx.String(filterQueryFileFlag.Name)
 		cfg.historyTestFile = ctx.String(historyTestFileFlag.Name)
 		cfg.traceTestFile = ctx.String(traceTestFileFlag.Name)
+		cfg.proofTestFile = ctx.String(proofTestFileFlag.Name)
 	}
 	return cfg
 }
@@ -222,11 +238,13 @@ func runTestCmd(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	filterSuite := newFilterTestSuite(cfg)
 	historySuite := newHistoryTestSuite(cfg)
 	traceSuite := newTraceTestSuite(cfg, ctx)
+	proofSuite := newProofTestSuite(cfg, ctx)
 
 	// Filter test cases.
 	tests := filterSuite.allTests()
 	tests = append(tests, historySuite.allTests()...)
 	tests = append(tests, traceSuite.allTests()...)
+	tests = append(tests, proofSuite.allTests()...)
 
 	utests := filterTests(tests, ctx.String(testPatternFlag.Name), func(t workloadTest) bool {
 		if t.Slow && !ctx.Bool(testSlowFlag.Name) {
diff --git a/eth/tracers/native/prestate.go b/eth/tracers/native/prestate.go
index 2e446f729b..159a91b310 100644
--- a/eth/tracers/native/prestate.go
+++ b/eth/tracers/native/prestate.go
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ type prestateTracer struct {
 	pre         stateMap
 	post        stateMap
 	to          common.Address
-	config      prestateTracerConfig
+	config      PrestateTracerConfig
 	chainConfig *params.ChainConfig
 	interrupt   atomic.Bool // Atomic flag to signal execution interruption
 	reason      error       // Textual reason for the interruption
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ type prestateTracer struct {
 	deleted     map[common.Address]bool
 }
 
-type prestateTracerConfig struct {
+type PrestateTracerConfig struct {
 	DiffMode       bool `json:"diffMode"`       // If true, this tracer will return state modifications
 	DisableCode    bool `json:"disableCode"`    // If true, this tracer will not return the contract code
 	DisableStorage bool `json:"disableStorage"` // If true, this tracer will not return the contract storage
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ type prestateTracerConfig struct {
 }
 
 func newPrestateTracer(ctx *tracers.Context, cfg json.RawMessage, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig) (*tracers.Tracer, error) {
-	var config prestateTracerConfig
+	var config PrestateTracerConfig
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(cfg, &config); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/ethclient/gethclient/gethclient.go b/ethclient/gethclient/gethclient.go
index 6a0f5eb312..c2013bca2c 100644
--- a/ethclient/gethclient/gethclient.go
+++ b/ethclient/gethclient/gethclient.go
@@ -104,7 +104,10 @@ func (ec *Client) GetProof(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, keys []s
 
 	var res accountResult
 	err := ec.c.CallContext(ctx, &res, "eth_getProof", account, keys, toBlockNumArg(blockNumber))
-	// Turn hexutils back to normal datatypes
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Turn hexutils back to normal data types
 	storageResults := make([]StorageResult, 0, len(res.StorageProof))
 	for _, st := range res.StorageProof {
 		storageResults = append(storageResults, StorageResult{
@@ -122,7 +125,7 @@ func (ec *Client) GetProof(ctx context.Context, account common.Address, keys []s
 		StorageHash:  res.StorageHash,
 		StorageProof: storageResults,
 	}
-	return &result, err
+	return &result, nil
 }
 
 // CallContract executes a message call transaction, which is directly executed in the VM

From 7aae33eacf523ab55b8e8fce253bdedae7553077 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jonny Rhea <5555162+jrhea@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Dec 2025 17:24:10 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 405/470] eth/catalyst: fix invalid timestamp log message
 (#33440)

Fixes a typo in the NewPayload invalid timestamp warning where the
parent timestamp was incorrectly logged as the block timestamp.
---
 eth/catalyst/api.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index d6d3f57936..7a8ba6a07a 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) newPayload(params engine.ExecutableData, versionedHashe
 		return api.delayPayloadImport(block), nil
 	}
 	if block.Time() <= parent.Time() {
-		log.Warn("Invalid timestamp", "parent", block.Time(), "block", block.Time())
+		log.Warn("Invalid timestamp", "parent", parent.Time(), "block", block.Time())
 		return api.invalid(errors.New("invalid timestamp"), parent.Header()), nil
 	}
 	// Another corner case: if the node is in snap sync mode, but the CL client

From ffe9dc97e5e04994ebcd72059c38e6e9ee4bd7fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Dec 2025 17:24:02 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 406/470] core: add code read statistics (#33442)

---
 core/blockchain.go         | 20 +++++++++-----
 core/blockchain_stats.go   | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 core/state/state_object.go | 10 +++++++
 core/state/statedb.go      |  2 ++
 4 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index ae92386dc2..9e4562eb44 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ var (
 	storageReadTimer   = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/storage/reads", nil)
 	storageUpdateTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/storage/updates", nil)
 	storageCommitTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/storage/commits", nil)
+	codeReadTimer      = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/code/reads", nil)
 
 	accountCacheHitMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("chain/account/reads/cache/process/hit", nil)
 	accountCacheMissMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("chain/account/reads/cache/process/miss", nil)
@@ -88,6 +89,7 @@ var (
 
 	accountReadSingleTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/account/single/reads", nil)
 	storageReadSingleTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/storage/single/reads", nil)
+	codeReadSingleTimer    = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/code/single/reads", nil)
 
 	snapshotCommitTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/snapshot/commits", nil)
 	triedbCommitTimer   = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("chain/triedb/commits", nil)
@@ -1602,13 +1604,17 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) writeBlockWithState(block *types.Block, receipts []*types.
 	//
 	// Note all the components of block(hash->number map, header, body, receipts)
 	// should be written atomically. BlockBatch is used for containing all components.
-	blockBatch := bc.db.NewBatch()
-	rawdb.WriteBlock(blockBatch, block)
-	rawdb.WriteReceipts(blockBatch, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), receipts)
-	rawdb.WritePreimages(blockBatch, statedb.Preimages())
-	if err := blockBatch.Write(); err != nil {
+	var (
+		batch = bc.db.NewBatch()
+		start = time.Now()
+	)
+	rawdb.WriteBlock(batch, block)
+	rawdb.WriteReceipts(batch, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), receipts)
+	rawdb.WritePreimages(batch, statedb.Preimages())
+	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to write block into disk", "err", err)
 	}
+	log.Debug("Committed block data", "size", common.StorageSize(batch.ValueSize()), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 
 	var (
 		err      error
@@ -2167,6 +2173,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) ProcessBlock(parentRoot common.Hash, block *types.Block, s
 	stats.AccountUpdates = statedb.AccountUpdates // Account updates are complete(in validation)
 	stats.StorageUpdates = statedb.StorageUpdates // Storage updates are complete(in validation)
 	stats.AccountHashes = statedb.AccountHashes   // Account hashes are complete(in validation)
+	stats.CodeReads = statedb.CodeReads
 
 	stats.AccountLoaded = statedb.AccountLoaded
 	stats.AccountUpdated = statedb.AccountUpdated
@@ -2174,8 +2181,9 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) ProcessBlock(parentRoot common.Hash, block *types.Block, s
 	stats.StorageLoaded = statedb.StorageLoaded
 	stats.StorageUpdated = int(statedb.StorageUpdated.Load())
 	stats.StorageDeleted = int(statedb.StorageDeleted.Load())
+	stats.CodeLoaded = statedb.CodeLoaded
 
-	stats.Execution = ptime - (statedb.AccountReads + statedb.StorageReads)                              // The time spent on EVM processing
+	stats.Execution = ptime - (statedb.AccountReads + statedb.StorageReads + statedb.CodeReads)          // The time spent on EVM processing
 	stats.Validation = vtime - (statedb.AccountHashes + statedb.AccountUpdates + statedb.StorageUpdates) // The time spent on block validation
 	stats.CrossValidation = xvtime                                                                       // The time spent on stateless cross validation
 
diff --git a/core/blockchain_stats.go b/core/blockchain_stats.go
index 0cebebc20a..d52426d574 100644
--- a/core/blockchain_stats.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_stats.go
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ type ExecuteStats struct {
 	AccountCommits time.Duration // Time spent on the account trie commit
 	StorageUpdates time.Duration // Time spent on the storage trie update
 	StorageCommits time.Duration // Time spent on the storage trie commit
+	CodeReads      time.Duration // Time spent on the contract code read
 
 	AccountLoaded  int // Number of accounts loaded
 	AccountUpdated int // Number of accounts updated
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ type ExecuteStats struct {
 	StorageLoaded  int // Number of storage slots loaded
 	StorageUpdated int // Number of storage slots updated
 	StorageDeleted int // Number of storage slots deleted
+	CodeLoaded     int // Number of contract code loaded
 
 	Execution       time.Duration // Time spent on the EVM execution
 	Validation      time.Duration // Time spent on the block validation
@@ -61,19 +63,21 @@ type ExecuteStats struct {
 
 // reportMetrics uploads execution statistics to the metrics system.
 func (s *ExecuteStats) reportMetrics() {
-	accountReadTimer.Update(s.AccountReads) // Account reads are complete(in processing)
-	storageReadTimer.Update(s.StorageReads) // Storage reads are complete(in processing)
 	if s.AccountLoaded != 0 {
+		accountReadTimer.Update(s.AccountReads)
 		accountReadSingleTimer.Update(s.AccountReads / time.Duration(s.AccountLoaded))
 	}
 	if s.StorageLoaded != 0 {
+		storageReadTimer.Update(s.StorageReads)
 		storageReadSingleTimer.Update(s.StorageReads / time.Duration(s.StorageLoaded))
 	}
-
+	if s.CodeLoaded != 0 {
+		codeReadTimer.Update(s.CodeReads)
+		codeReadSingleTimer.Update(s.CodeReads / time.Duration(s.CodeLoaded))
+	}
 	accountUpdateTimer.Update(s.AccountUpdates) // Account updates are complete(in validation)
 	storageUpdateTimer.Update(s.StorageUpdates) // Storage updates are complete(in validation)
 	accountHashTimer.Update(s.AccountHashes)    // Account hashes are complete(in validation)
-
 	accountCommitTimer.Update(s.AccountCommits) // Account commits are complete, we can mark them
 	storageCommitTimer.Update(s.StorageCommits) // Storage commits are complete, we can mark them
 
@@ -112,22 +116,44 @@ Block: %v (%#x) txs: %d, mgasps: %.2f, elapsed: %v
 
 EVM execution: %v
 Validation: %v
-Account read: %v(%d)
-Storage read: %v(%d)
-Account hash: %v
-Storage hash: %v
-DB commit: %v
-Block write: %v
+State read: %v
+    Account read: %v(%d)
+    Storage read: %v(%d)
+    Code read: %v(%d)
+
+State hash: %v
+    Account hash: %v
+    Storage hash: %v
+    Trie commit: %v
+
+DB write: %v
+    State write: %v
+    Block write: %v
 
 %s
 ##############################
 `, block.Number(), block.Hash(), len(block.Transactions()), s.MgasPerSecond, common.PrettyDuration(s.TotalTime),
-		common.PrettyDuration(s.Execution), common.PrettyDuration(s.Validation+s.CrossValidation),
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.Execution),
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.Validation+s.CrossValidation),
+
+		// State read
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.AccountReads+s.StorageReads+s.CodeReads),
 		common.PrettyDuration(s.AccountReads), s.AccountLoaded,
 		common.PrettyDuration(s.StorageReads), s.StorageLoaded,
-		common.PrettyDuration(s.AccountHashes+s.AccountCommits+s.AccountUpdates),
-		common.PrettyDuration(s.StorageCommits+s.StorageUpdates),
-		common.PrettyDuration(s.TrieDBCommit+s.SnapshotCommit), common.PrettyDuration(s.BlockWrite),
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.CodeReads), s.CodeLoaded,
+
+		// State hash
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.AccountHashes+s.AccountUpdates+s.StorageUpdates+max(s.AccountCommits, s.StorageCommits)),
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.AccountHashes+s.AccountUpdates),
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.StorageUpdates),
+		common.PrettyDuration(max(s.AccountCommits, s.StorageCommits)),
+
+		// Database commit
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.TrieDBCommit+s.SnapshotCommit+s.BlockWrite),
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.TrieDBCommit+s.SnapshotCommit),
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.BlockWrite),
+
+		// cache statistics
 		s.StateReadCacheStats)
 	for _, line := range strings.Split(msg, "\n") {
 		if line == "" {
diff --git a/core/state/state_object.go b/core/state/state_object.go
index 8f2f323327..91623a838b 100644
--- a/core/state/state_object.go
+++ b/core/state/state_object.go
@@ -531,6 +531,11 @@ func (s *stateObject) Code() []byte {
 	if bytes.Equal(s.CodeHash(), types.EmptyCodeHash.Bytes()) {
 		return nil
 	}
+	defer func(start time.Time) {
+		s.db.CodeLoaded += 1
+		s.db.CodeReads += time.Since(start)
+	}(time.Now())
+
 	code, err := s.db.reader.Code(s.address, common.BytesToHash(s.CodeHash()))
 	if err != nil {
 		s.db.setError(fmt.Errorf("can't load code hash %x: %v", s.CodeHash(), err))
@@ -552,6 +557,11 @@ func (s *stateObject) CodeSize() int {
 	if bytes.Equal(s.CodeHash(), types.EmptyCodeHash.Bytes()) {
 		return 0
 	}
+	defer func(start time.Time) {
+		s.db.CodeLoaded += 1
+		s.db.CodeReads += time.Since(start)
+	}(time.Now())
+
 	size, err := s.db.reader.CodeSize(s.address, common.BytesToHash(s.CodeHash()))
 	if err != nil {
 		s.db.setError(fmt.Errorf("can't load code size %x: %v", s.CodeHash(), err))
diff --git a/core/state/statedb.go b/core/state/statedb.go
index 8d8ab00e48..7c6b8bbdfc 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ type StateDB struct {
 	StorageCommits  time.Duration
 	SnapshotCommits time.Duration
 	TrieDBCommits   time.Duration
+	CodeReads       time.Duration
 
 	AccountLoaded  int          // Number of accounts retrieved from the database during the state transition
 	AccountUpdated int          // Number of accounts updated during the state transition
@@ -158,6 +159,7 @@ type StateDB struct {
 	StorageLoaded  int          // Number of storage slots retrieved from the database during the state transition
 	StorageUpdated atomic.Int64 // Number of storage slots updated during the state transition
 	StorageDeleted atomic.Int64 // Number of storage slots deleted during the state transition
+	CodeLoaded     int          // Number of contract code loaded during the state transition
 }
 
 // New creates a new state from a given trie.

From bd77b77ede8a019a8cb7a3a4d9aae797fa330dd6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Dec 2025 03:33:07 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 407/470] core/txpool/blobpool: remove legacy sidecar
 conversion (#33352)

This PR removes the legacy sidecar conversion logic.

After the Osaka fork, the blobpool will accept only blob sidecar version
1.
Any remaining version 0 blob transactions, if they still exist, will no
longer
be eligible for inclusion.

Note that conversion at the RPC layer is still supported, and version 0
blob
transactions will be automatically converted to version 1 there.
---
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go        | 261 ++---------------------
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go   | 262 +-----------------------
 core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go      | 218 --------------------
 core/txpool/blobpool/conversion_test.go | 171 ----------------
 core/txpool/blobpool/lookup.go          |  10 -
 core/txpool/validation.go               |  11 +-
 eth/catalyst/api.go                     |   4 +-
 7 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 907 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go
 delete mode 100644 core/txpool/blobpool/conversion_test.go

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
index e49fe7bb61..e1a4960c8e 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
@@ -21,12 +21,10 @@ import (
 	"container/heap"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"maps"
 	"math"
 	"math/big"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
@@ -96,11 +94,6 @@ const (
 	// storeVersion is the current slotter layout used for the billy.Database
 	// store.
 	storeVersion = 1
-
-	// conversionTimeWindow defines the period after the Osaka fork during which
-	// the pool will still accept and convert legacy blob transactions. After this
-	// window, all legacy blob transactions will be rejected.
-	conversionTimeWindow = time.Hour * 2
 )
 
 // blobTxMeta is the minimal subset of types.BlobTx necessary to validate and
@@ -337,9 +330,8 @@ type BlobPool struct {
 	stored uint64         // Useful data size of all transactions on disk
 	limbo  *limbo         // Persistent data store for the non-finalized blobs
 
-	signer types.Signer     // Transaction signer to use for sender recovery
-	chain  BlockChain       // Chain object to access the state through
-	cQueue *conversionQueue // The queue for performing legacy sidecar conversion (TODO: remove after Osaka)
+	signer types.Signer // Transaction signer to use for sender recovery
+	chain  BlockChain   // Chain object to access the state through
 
 	head   atomic.Pointer[types.Header] // Current head of the chain
 	state  *state.StateDB               // Current state at the head of the chain
@@ -368,7 +360,6 @@ func New(config Config, chain BlockChain, hasPendingAuth func(common.Address) bo
 		hasPendingAuth: hasPendingAuth,
 		signer:         types.LatestSigner(chain.Config()),
 		chain:          chain,
-		cQueue:         newConversionQueue(), // Deprecate it after the osaka fork
 		lookup:         newLookup(),
 		index:          make(map[common.Address][]*blobTxMeta),
 		spent:          make(map[common.Address]*uint256.Int),
@@ -490,9 +481,6 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Init(gasTip uint64, head *types.Header, reserver txpool.Reser
 
 // Close closes down the underlying persistent store.
 func (p *BlobPool) Close() error {
-	// Terminate the conversion queue
-	p.cQueue.close()
-
 	var errs []error
 	if p.limbo != nil { // Close might be invoked due to error in constructor, before p,limbo is set
 		if err := p.limbo.Close(); err != nil {
@@ -890,172 +878,6 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Reset(oldHead, newHead *types.Header) {
 	basefeeGauge.Update(int64(basefee.Uint64()))
 	blobfeeGauge.Update(int64(blobfee.Uint64()))
 	p.updateStorageMetrics()
-
-	// Perform the conversion logic at the fork boundary
-	if !p.chain.Config().IsOsaka(oldHead.Number, oldHead.Time) && p.chain.Config().IsOsaka(newHead.Number, newHead.Time) {
-		// Deep copy all indexed transaction metadata.
-		var (
-			ids = make(map[common.Address]map[uint64]uint64)
-			txs = make(map[common.Address]map[uint64]common.Hash)
-		)
-		for sender, list := range p.index {
-			ids[sender] = make(map[uint64]uint64)
-			txs[sender] = make(map[uint64]common.Hash)
-			for _, m := range list {
-				ids[sender][m.nonce] = m.id
-				txs[sender][m.nonce] = m.hash
-			}
-		}
-		// Initiate the background conversion thread.
-		p.cQueue.launchBillyConversion(func() {
-			p.convertLegacySidecars(ids, txs)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-// compareAndSwap checks if the specified transaction is still tracked in the pool
-// and replace the metadata accordingly. It should only be used in the fork boundary
-// bulk conversion. If it fails for some reason, the subsequent txs won't be dropped
-// for simplicity which we assume it's very likely to happen.
-//
-// The returned flag indicates whether the replacement succeeded.
-func (p *BlobPool) compareAndSwap(address common.Address, hash common.Hash, blob []byte, oldID uint64, oldStorageSize uint32) bool {
-	p.lock.Lock()
-	defer p.lock.Unlock()
-
-	newId, err := p.store.Put(blob)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to store transaction", "hash", hash, "err", err)
-		return false
-	}
-	newSize := uint64(len(blob))
-	newStorageSize := p.store.Size(newId)
-
-	// Terminate the procedure if the transaction was already evicted. The
-	// newly added blob should be removed before return.
-	if !p.lookup.update(hash, newId, newSize) {
-		if derr := p.store.Delete(newId); derr != nil {
-			log.Error("Failed to delete the dangling blob tx", "err", derr)
-		} else {
-			log.Warn("Deleted the dangling blob tx", "id", newId)
-		}
-		return false
-	}
-	// Update the metadata of blob transaction
-	for _, meta := range p.index[address] {
-		if meta.hash == hash {
-			meta.id = newId
-			meta.version = types.BlobSidecarVersion1
-			meta.storageSize = newStorageSize
-			meta.size = newSize
-
-			p.stored += uint64(newStorageSize)
-			p.stored -= uint64(oldStorageSize)
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	if err := p.store.Delete(oldID); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to delete the legacy transaction", "hash", hash, "id", oldID, "err", err)
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-// convertLegacySidecar fetches transaction data from the store, performs an
-// on-the-fly conversion. This function is intended for use only during the
-// Osaka fork transition period.
-//
-// The returned flag indicates whether the replacement succeeds or not.
-func (p *BlobPool) convertLegacySidecar(sender common.Address, hash common.Hash, id uint64) bool {
-	start := time.Now()
-
-	// Retrieves the legacy blob transaction from the underlying store with
-	// read lock held, preventing any potential data race around the slot
-	// specified by the id.
-	p.lock.RLock()
-	data, err := p.store.Get(id)
-	if err != nil {
-		p.lock.RUnlock()
-		// The transaction may have been evicted simultaneously, safe to skip conversion.
-		log.Debug("Blob transaction is missing", "hash", hash, "id", id, "err", err)
-		return false
-	}
-	oldStorageSize := p.store.Size(id)
-	p.lock.RUnlock()
-
-	// Decode the transaction, the failure is not expected and report the error
-	// loudly if possible. If the blob transaction in this slot is corrupted,
-	// leave it in the store, it will be dropped during the next pool
-	// initialization.
-	var tx types.Transaction
-	if err = rlp.DecodeBytes(data, &tx); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Blob transaction is corrupted", "hash", hash, "id", id, "err", err)
-		return false
-	}
-
-	// Skip conversion if the transaction does not match the expected hash, or if it was
-	// already converted. This can occur if the original transaction was evicted from the
-	// pool and the slot was reused by a new one.
-	if tx.Hash() != hash {
-		log.Warn("Blob transaction was replaced", "hash", hash, "id", id, "stored", tx.Hash())
-		return false
-	}
-	sc := tx.BlobTxSidecar()
-	if sc.Version >= types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
-		log.Debug("Skipping conversion of blob tx", "hash", hash, "id", id)
-		return false
-	}
-
-	// Perform the sidecar conversion, the failure is not expected and report the error
-	// loudly if possible.
-	if err := tx.BlobTxSidecar().ToV1(); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to convert blob transaction", "hash", hash, "err", err)
-		return false
-	}
-
-	// Encode the converted transaction, the failure is not expected and report
-	// the error loudly if possible.
-	blob, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(&tx)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to encode blob transaction", "hash", tx.Hash(), "err", err)
-		return false
-	}
-
-	// Replace the legacy blob transaction with the converted format.
-	if !p.compareAndSwap(sender, hash, blob, id, oldStorageSize) {
-		log.Error("Failed to replace the legacy transaction", "hash", hash)
-		return false
-	}
-	log.Debug("Converted legacy blob transaction", "hash", hash, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
-	return true
-}
-
-// convertLegacySidecars converts all given transactions to sidecar version 1.
-//
-// If any of them fails to be converted, the subsequent transactions will still
-// be processed, as we assume the failure is very unlikely to happen. If happens,
-// these transactions will be stuck in the pool until eviction.
-func (p *BlobPool) convertLegacySidecars(ids map[common.Address]map[uint64]uint64, txs map[common.Address]map[uint64]common.Hash) {
-	var (
-		start   = time.Now()
-		success int
-		failure int
-	)
-	for addr, list := range txs {
-		// Transactions evicted from the pool must be contiguous, if in any case,
-		// the transactions are gapped with each other, they will be discarded.
-		nonces := slices.Collect(maps.Keys(list))
-		slices.Sort(nonces)
-
-		// Convert the txs with nonce order
-		for _, nonce := range nonces {
-			if p.convertLegacySidecar(addr, list[nonce], ids[addr][nonce]) {
-				success++
-			} else {
-				failure++
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	log.Info("Completed blob transaction conversion", "discarded", failure, "injected", success, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 }
 
 // reorg assembles all the transactors and missing transactions between an old
@@ -1535,8 +1357,8 @@ func (p *BlobPool) GetMetadata(hash common.Hash) *txpool.TxMetadata {
 //
 // The version argument specifies the type of proofs to return, either the
 // blob proofs (version 0) or the cell proofs (version 1). Proofs conversion is
-// CPU intensive, so only done if explicitly requested with the convert flag.
-func (p *BlobPool) GetBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash, version byte, convert bool) ([]*kzg4844.Blob, []kzg4844.Commitment, [][]kzg4844.Proof, error) {
+// CPU intensive and prohibited in the blobpool explicitly.
+func (p *BlobPool) GetBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash, version byte) ([]*kzg4844.Blob, []kzg4844.Commitment, [][]kzg4844.Proof, error) {
 	var (
 		blobs       = make([]*kzg4844.Blob, len(vhashes))
 		commitments = make([]kzg4844.Commitment, len(vhashes))
@@ -1587,7 +1409,7 @@ func (p *BlobPool) GetBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash, version byte, convert bool) (
 			}
 			// Mark hash as seen.
 			filled[hash] = struct{}{}
-			if sidecar.Version != version && !convert {
+			if sidecar.Version != version {
 				// Skip blobs with incompatible version. Note we still track the blob hash
 				// in `filled` here, ensuring that we do not resolve this tx another time.
 				continue
@@ -1596,29 +1418,13 @@ func (p *BlobPool) GetBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash, version byte, convert bool) (
 			var pf []kzg4844.Proof
 			switch version {
 			case types.BlobSidecarVersion0:
-				if sidecar.Version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 {
-					pf = []kzg4844.Proof{sidecar.Proofs[i]}
-				} else {
-					proof, err := kzg4844.ComputeBlobProof(&sidecar.Blobs[i], sidecar.Commitments[i])
-					if err != nil {
-						return nil, nil, nil, err
-					}
-					pf = []kzg4844.Proof{proof}
-				}
+				pf = []kzg4844.Proof{sidecar.Proofs[i]}
 			case types.BlobSidecarVersion1:
-				if sidecar.Version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 {
-					cellProofs, err := kzg4844.ComputeCellProofs(&sidecar.Blobs[i])
-					if err != nil {
-						return nil, nil, nil, err
-					}
-					pf = cellProofs
-				} else {
-					cellProofs, err := sidecar.CellProofsAt(i)
-					if err != nil {
-						return nil, nil, nil, err
-					}
-					pf = cellProofs
+				cellProofs, err := sidecar.CellProofsAt(i)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, nil, nil, err
 				}
+				pf = cellProofs
 			}
 			for _, index := range list {
 				blobs[index] = &sidecar.Blobs[i]
@@ -1645,56 +1451,15 @@ func (p *BlobPool) AvailableBlobs(vhashes []common.Hash) int {
 	return available
 }
 
-// preCheck performs the static validation upon the provided tx and converts
-// the legacy sidecars if Osaka fork has been activated with a short time window.
-//
-// This function is pure static and lock free.
-func (p *BlobPool) preCheck(tx *types.Transaction) error {
-	var (
-		head     = p.head.Load()
-		isOsaka  = p.chain.Config().IsOsaka(head.Number, head.Time)
-		deadline time.Time
-	)
-	if isOsaka {
-		deadline = time.Unix(int64(*p.chain.Config().OsakaTime), 0).Add(conversionTimeWindow)
-	}
-	// Validate the transaction statically at first to avoid unnecessary
-	// conversion. This step doesn't require lock protection.
-	if err := p.ValidateTxBasics(tx); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	// Before the Osaka fork, reject the blob txs with cell proofs
-	if !isOsaka {
-		if tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 {
-			return nil
-		} else {
-			return errors.New("cell proof is not supported yet")
-		}
-	}
-	// After the Osaka fork, reject the legacy blob txs if the conversion
-	// time window is passed.
-	if tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version == types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
-		return nil
-	}
-	if head.Time > uint64(deadline.Unix()) {
-		return errors.New("legacy blob tx is not supported")
-	}
-	// Convert the legacy sidecar after Osaka fork. This could be a long
-	// procedure which takes a few seconds, even minutes if there is a long
-	// queue. Fortunately it will only block the routine of the source peer
-	// announcing the tx, without affecting other parts.
-	return p.cQueue.convert(tx)
-}
-
 // Add inserts a set of blob transactions into the pool if they pass validation (both
 // consensus validity and pool restrictions).
 func (p *BlobPool) Add(txs []*types.Transaction, sync bool) []error {
 	var (
-		errs []error = make([]error, len(txs))
-		adds         = make([]*types.Transaction, 0, len(txs))
+		errs = make([]error, len(txs))
+		adds = make([]*types.Transaction, 0, len(txs))
 	)
 	for i, tx := range txs {
-		if errs[i] = p.preCheck(tx); errs[i] != nil {
+		if errs[i] = p.ValidateTxBasics(tx); errs[i] != nil {
 			continue
 		}
 		if errs[i] = p.add(tx); errs[i] == nil {
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
index 2fa1927cae..eda87008c3 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
@@ -92,10 +92,6 @@ type testBlockChain struct {
 	blockTime *uint64
 }
 
-func (bc *testBlockChain) setHeadTime(time uint64) {
-	bc.blockTime = &time
-}
-
 func (bc *testBlockChain) Config() *params.ChainConfig {
 	return bc.config
 }
@@ -433,11 +429,11 @@ func verifyBlobRetrievals(t *testing.T, pool *BlobPool) {
 			hashes = append(hashes, tx.vhashes...)
 		}
 	}
-	blobs1, _, proofs1, err := pool.GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion0, false)
+	blobs1, _, proofs1, err := pool.GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	blobs2, _, proofs2, err := pool.GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion1, false)
+	blobs2, _, proofs2, err := pool.GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion1)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -1329,7 +1325,7 @@ func TestBlobCountLimit(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Check that first succeeds second fails.
 	if errs[0] != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("expected tx with 7 blobs to succeed")
+		t.Fatalf("expected tx with 7 blobs to succeed, got %v", errs[0])
 	}
 	if !errors.Is(errs[1], txpool.ErrTxBlobLimitExceeded) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected tx with 8 blobs to fail, got: %v", errs[1])
@@ -1806,66 +1802,6 @@ func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// Tests that transactions with legacy sidecars are accepted within the
-// conversion window but rejected after it has passed.
-func TestAddLegacyBlobTx(t *testing.T) {
-	testAddLegacyBlobTx(t, true)  // conversion window has not yet passed
-	testAddLegacyBlobTx(t, false) // conversion window passed
-}
-
-func testAddLegacyBlobTx(t *testing.T, accept bool) {
-	var (
-		key1, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
-		key2, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
-
-		addr1 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
-		addr2 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key2.PublicKey)
-	)
-
-	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
-	statedb.AddBalance(addr1, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
-	statedb.AddBalance(addr2, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
-	statedb.Commit(0, true, false)
-
-	chain := &testBlockChain{
-		config:  params.MergedTestChainConfig,
-		basefee: uint256.NewInt(1050),
-		blobfee: uint256.NewInt(105),
-		statedb: statedb,
-	}
-	var timeDiff uint64
-	if accept {
-		timeDiff = uint64(conversionTimeWindow.Seconds()) - 1
-	} else {
-		timeDiff = uint64(conversionTimeWindow.Seconds()) + 1
-	}
-	time := *params.MergedTestChainConfig.OsakaTime + timeDiff
-	chain.setHeadTime(time)
-
-	pool := New(Config{Datadir: t.TempDir()}, chain, nil)
-	if err := pool.Init(1, chain.CurrentBlock(), newReserver()); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to create blob pool: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// Attempt to add legacy blob transactions.
-	var (
-		tx1 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 6, 0, key1, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
-		tx2 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 800, 70, 6, 6, key2, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
-		txs = []*types.Transaction{tx1, tx2}
-	)
-	errs := pool.Add(txs, true)
-	for _, err := range errs {
-		if accept && err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("expected tx add to succeed, %v", err)
-		}
-		if !accept && err == nil {
-			t.Fatal("expected tx add to fail")
-		}
-	}
-	verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)
-	pool.Close()
-}
-
 func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelTrace, true)))
 
@@ -1952,7 +1888,6 @@ func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 		limit      int
 		fillRandom bool // Whether to randomly fill some of the requested blobs with unknowns
 		version    byte // Blob sidecar version to request
-		convert    bool // Whether to convert version on retrieval
 	}{
 		{
 			start: 0, limit: 6,
@@ -2018,11 +1953,6 @@ func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 			start: 0, limit: 18, fillRandom: true,
 			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
 		},
-		{
-			start: 0, limit: 18, fillRandom: true,
-			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
-			convert: true, // Convert some version 0 blobs to version 1 while retrieving
-		},
 	}
 	for i, c := range cases {
 		var (
@@ -2044,7 +1974,7 @@ func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 			filled[len(vhashes)] = struct{}{}
 			vhashes = append(vhashes, testrand.Hash())
 		}
-		blobs, _, proofs, err := pool.GetBlobs(vhashes, c.version, c.convert)
+		blobs, _, proofs, err := pool.GetBlobs(vhashes, c.version)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("Unexpected error for case %d, %v", i, err)
 		}
@@ -2070,8 +2000,7 @@ func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 			// If an item is missing, but shouldn't, error
 			if blobs[j] == nil || proofs[j] == nil {
 				// This is only an error if there was no version mismatch
-				if c.convert ||
-					(c.version == types.BlobSidecarVersion1 && 6 <= testBlobIndex && testBlobIndex < 12) ||
+				if (c.version == types.BlobSidecarVersion1 && 6 <= testBlobIndex && testBlobIndex < 12) ||
 					(c.version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 && (testBlobIndex < 6 || 12 <= testBlobIndex)) {
 					t.Errorf("tracked blob retrieval failed: item %d, hash %x", j, vhashes[j])
 				}
@@ -2098,185 +2027,6 @@ func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 	pool.Close()
 }
 
-// TestSidecarConversion will verify that after the Osaka fork, all legacy
-// sidecars in the pool are successfully convert to v1 sidecars.
-func TestSidecarConversion(t *testing.T) {
-	// log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelTrace, true)))
-
-	// Create a temporary folder for the persistent backend
-	storage := t.TempDir()
-	os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore), 0700)
-
-	var (
-		preOsakaTxs  = make(types.Transactions, 10)
-		postOsakaTxs = make(types.Transactions, 3)
-		keys         = make([]*ecdsa.PrivateKey, len(preOsakaTxs)+len(postOsakaTxs))
-		addrs        = make([]common.Address, len(preOsakaTxs)+len(postOsakaTxs))
-		statedb, _   = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
-	)
-	for i := range keys {
-		keys[i], _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
-		addrs[i] = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(keys[i].PublicKey)
-		statedb.AddBalance(addrs[i], uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
-	}
-	for i := range preOsakaTxs {
-		preOsakaTxs[i] = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 2, 0, keys[i], types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
-	}
-	for i := range postOsakaTxs {
-		if i == 0 {
-			// First has a v0 sidecar.
-			postOsakaTxs[i] = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 1, 0, keys[len(preOsakaTxs)+i], types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
-		}
-		postOsakaTxs[i] = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 1, 0, keys[len(preOsakaTxs)+i], types.BlobSidecarVersion1)
-	}
-	statedb.Commit(0, true, false)
-
-	// Test plan:
-	// 1) Create a bunch v0 sidecar txs and add to pool before Osaka.
-	// 2) Pass in new Osaka header to activate the conversion thread.
-	// 3) Continue adding both v0 and v1 transactions to the pool.
-	// 4) Verify that as additional blocks come in, transactions involved in the
-	// migration are correctly discarded.
-
-	config := &params.ChainConfig{
-		ChainID:            big.NewInt(1),
-		LondonBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
-		BerlinBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
-		CancunTime:         newUint64(0),
-		PragueTime:         newUint64(0),
-		OsakaTime:          newUint64(1),
-		BlobScheduleConfig: params.DefaultBlobSchedule,
-	}
-	chain := &testBlockChain{
-		config:  config,
-		basefee: uint256.NewInt(1050),
-		blobfee: uint256.NewInt(105),
-		statedb: statedb,
-		blocks:  make(map[uint64]*types.Block),
-	}
-
-	// Create 3 blocks:
-	//	- the current block, before Osaka
-	//	- the first block after Osaka
-	//	- another post-Osaka block with several transactions in it
-	header0 := chain.CurrentBlock()
-	header0.Time = 0
-	chain.blocks[0] = types.NewBlockWithHeader(header0)
-
-	header1 := chain.CurrentBlock()
-	header1.Number = big.NewInt(1)
-	header1.Time = 1
-	chain.blocks[1] = types.NewBlockWithHeader(header1)
-
-	header2 := chain.CurrentBlock()
-	header2.Time = 2
-	header2.Number = big.NewInt(2)
-
-	// Make a copy of one of the pre-Osaka transactions and convert it to v1 here
-	// so that we can add it to the pool later and ensure a duplicate is not added
-	// by the conversion queue.
-	tx := preOsakaTxs[len(preOsakaTxs)-1]
-	sc := *tx.BlobTxSidecar() // copy sidecar
-	sc.ToV1()
-	tx.WithBlobTxSidecar(&sc)
-
-	block2 := types.NewBlockWithHeader(header2).WithBody(types.Body{Transactions: append(postOsakaTxs, tx)})
-	chain.blocks[2] = block2
-
-	pool := New(Config{Datadir: storage}, chain, nil)
-	if err := pool.Init(1, header0, newReserver()); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to create blob pool: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	errs := pool.Add(preOsakaTxs, true)
-	for i, err := range errs {
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("failed to insert blob tx from %s: %s", addrs[i], errs[i])
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Kick off migration.
-	pool.Reset(header0, header1)
-
-	// Add the v0 sidecar tx, but don't block so we can keep doing other stuff
-	// while it converts the sidecar.
-	addDone := make(chan struct{})
-	go func() {
-		pool.Add(types.Transactions{postOsakaTxs[0]}, false)
-		close(addDone)
-	}()
-
-	// Add the post-Osaka v1 sidecar txs.
-	errs = pool.Add(postOsakaTxs[1:], false)
-	for _, err := range errs {
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("expected tx add to succeed: %v", err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Wait for the first tx's conversion to complete, then check that all
-	// transactions added after Osaka can be accounted for in the pool.
-	<-addDone
-	pending := pool.Pending(txpool.PendingFilter{BlobTxs: true, BlobVersion: types.BlobSidecarVersion1})
-	for _, tx := range postOsakaTxs {
-		from, _ := pool.signer.Sender(tx)
-		if len(pending[from]) != 1 || pending[from][0].Hash != tx.Hash() {
-			t.Fatalf("expected post-Osaka txs to be pending")
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Now update the pool with the next block. This should cause the pool to
-	// clear out the post-Osaka txs since they were included in block 2. Since the
-	// test blockchain doesn't manage nonces, we'll just do that manually before
-	// the reset is called. Don't forget about the pre-Osaka transaction we also
-	// added to block 2!
-	for i := range postOsakaTxs {
-		statedb.SetNonce(addrs[len(preOsakaTxs)+i], 1, tracing.NonceChangeEoACall)
-	}
-	statedb.SetNonce(addrs[len(preOsakaTxs)-1], 1, tracing.NonceChangeEoACall)
-	pool.Reset(header1, block2.Header())
-
-	// Now verify no post-Osaka transactions are tracked by the pool.
-	for i, tx := range postOsakaTxs {
-		if pool.Get(tx.Hash()) != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("expected txs added post-osaka to have been placed in limbo due to inclusion in a block: index %d, hash %s", i, tx.Hash())
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Wait for the pool migration to complete.
-	<-pool.cQueue.anyBillyConversionDone
-
-	// Verify all transactions in the pool were converted and verify the
-	// subsequent cell proofs.
-	count, _ := pool.Stats()
-	if count != len(preOsakaTxs)-1 {
-		t.Errorf("expected pending count to match initial tx count: pending=%d, expected=%d", count, len(preOsakaTxs)-1)
-	}
-	for addr, acc := range pool.index {
-		for _, m := range acc {
-			if m.version != types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
-				t.Errorf("expected sidecar to have been converted: from %s, hash %s", addr, m.hash)
-			}
-			tx := pool.Get(m.hash)
-			if tx == nil {
-				t.Errorf("failed to get tx by hash: %s", m.hash)
-			}
-			sc := tx.BlobTxSidecar()
-			if err := kzg4844.VerifyCellProofs(sc.Blobs, sc.Commitments, sc.Proofs); err != nil {
-				t.Errorf("failed to verify cell proofs for tx %s after conversion: %s", m.hash, err)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)
-
-	// Launch conversion a second time.
-	// This is just a sanity check to ensure we can handle it.
-	pool.Reset(header0, header1)
-
-	pool.Close()
-}
-
 // fakeBilly is a billy.Database implementation which just drops data on the floor.
 type fakeBilly struct {
 	billy.Database
@@ -2360,5 +2110,3 @@ func benchmarkPoolPending(b *testing.B, datacap uint64) {
 		}
 	}
 }
-
-func newUint64(val uint64) *uint64 { return &val }
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go
deleted file mode 100644
index afdc10554f..0000000000
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,218 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package blobpool
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"slices"
-	"sync/atomic"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
-)
-
-// maxPendingConversionTasks caps the number of pending conversion tasks. This
-// prevents excessive memory usage; the worst-case scenario (2k transactions
-// with 6 blobs each) would consume approximately 1.5GB of memory.
-const maxPendingConversionTasks = 2048
-
-// txConvert represents a conversion task with an attached legacy blob transaction.
-type txConvert struct {
-	tx   *types.Transaction // Legacy blob transaction
-	done chan error         // Channel for signaling back if the conversion succeeds
-}
-
-// conversionQueue is a dedicated queue for converting legacy blob transactions
-// received from the network after the Osaka fork. Since conversion is expensive,
-// it is performed in the background by a single thread, ensuring the main Geth
-// process is not overloaded.
-type conversionQueue struct {
-	tasks      chan *txConvert
-	startBilly chan func()
-	quit       chan struct{}
-	closed     chan struct{}
-
-	billyQueue    []func()
-	billyTaskDone chan struct{}
-
-	// This channel will be closed when the first billy conversion finishes.
-	// It's added for unit tests to synchronize with the conversion progress.
-	anyBillyConversionDone chan struct{}
-}
-
-// newConversionQueue constructs the conversion queue.
-func newConversionQueue() *conversionQueue {
-	q := &conversionQueue{
-		tasks:                  make(chan *txConvert),
-		startBilly:             make(chan func()),
-		quit:                   make(chan struct{}),
-		closed:                 make(chan struct{}),
-		anyBillyConversionDone: make(chan struct{}),
-	}
-	go q.loop()
-	return q
-}
-
-// convert accepts a legacy blob transaction with version-0 blobs and queues it
-// for conversion.
-//
-// This function may block for a long time until the transaction is processed.
-func (q *conversionQueue) convert(tx *types.Transaction) error {
-	done := make(chan error, 1)
-	select {
-	case q.tasks <- &txConvert{tx: tx, done: done}:
-		return <-done
-	case <-q.closed:
-		return errors.New("conversion queue closed")
-	}
-}
-
-// launchBillyConversion starts a conversion task in the background.
-func (q *conversionQueue) launchBillyConversion(fn func()) error {
-	select {
-	case q.startBilly <- fn:
-		return nil
-	case <-q.closed:
-		return errors.New("conversion queue closed")
-	}
-}
-
-// close terminates the conversion queue.
-func (q *conversionQueue) close() {
-	select {
-	case <-q.closed:
-		return
-	default:
-		close(q.quit)
-		<-q.closed
-	}
-}
-
-// run converts a batch of legacy blob txs to the new cell proof format.
-func (q *conversionQueue) run(tasks []*txConvert, done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32) {
-	defer close(done)
-
-	for _, t := range tasks {
-		if interrupt != nil && interrupt.Load() != 0 {
-			t.done <- errors.New("conversion is interrupted")
-			continue
-		}
-		sidecar := t.tx.BlobTxSidecar()
-		if sidecar == nil {
-			t.done <- errors.New("tx without sidecar")
-			continue
-		}
-		// Run the conversion, the original sidecar will be mutated in place
-		start := time.Now()
-		err := sidecar.ToV1()
-		t.done <- err
-		log.Trace("Converted legacy blob tx", "hash", t.tx.Hash(), "err", err, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
-	}
-}
-
-func (q *conversionQueue) loop() {
-	defer close(q.closed)
-
-	var (
-		done      chan struct{} // Non-nil if background routine is active
-		interrupt *atomic.Int32 // Flag to signal conversion interruption
-
-		// The pending tasks for sidecar conversion. We assume the number of legacy
-		// blob transactions requiring conversion will not be excessive. However,
-		// a hard cap is applied as a protective measure.
-		txTasks []*txConvert
-
-		firstBilly = true
-	)
-
-	for {
-		select {
-		case t := <-q.tasks:
-			if len(txTasks) >= maxPendingConversionTasks {
-				t.done <- errors.New("conversion queue is overloaded")
-				continue
-			}
-			txTasks = append(txTasks, t)
-
-			// Launch the background conversion thread if it's idle
-			if done == nil {
-				done, interrupt = make(chan struct{}), new(atomic.Int32)
-
-				tasks := slices.Clone(txTasks)
-				txTasks = txTasks[:0]
-				go q.run(tasks, done, interrupt)
-			}
-
-		case <-done:
-			done, interrupt = nil, nil
-			if len(txTasks) > 0 {
-				done, interrupt = make(chan struct{}), new(atomic.Int32)
-				tasks := slices.Clone(txTasks)
-				txTasks = txTasks[:0]
-				go q.run(tasks, done, interrupt)
-			}
-
-		case fn := <-q.startBilly:
-			q.billyQueue = append(q.billyQueue, fn)
-			q.runNextBillyTask()
-
-		case <-q.billyTaskDone:
-			if firstBilly {
-				close(q.anyBillyConversionDone)
-				firstBilly = false
-			}
-			q.runNextBillyTask()
-
-		case <-q.quit:
-			if done != nil {
-				log.Debug("Waiting for blob proof conversion to exit")
-				interrupt.Store(1)
-				<-done
-			}
-			if q.billyTaskDone != nil {
-				log.Debug("Waiting for blobpool billy conversion to exit")
-				<-q.billyTaskDone
-			}
-			// Signal any tasks that were queued for the next batch but never started
-			// so callers blocked in convert() receive an error instead of hanging.
-			for _, t := range txTasks {
-				// Best-effort notify; t.done is a buffered channel of size 1
-				// created by convert(), and we send exactly once per task.
-				t.done <- errors.New("conversion queue closed")
-			}
-			// Drop references to allow GC of the backing array.
-			txTasks = txTasks[:0]
-			return
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func (q *conversionQueue) runNextBillyTask() {
-	if len(q.billyQueue) == 0 {
-		q.billyTaskDone = nil
-		return
-	}
-
-	fn := q.billyQueue[0]
-	q.billyQueue = append(q.billyQueue[:0], q.billyQueue[1:]...)
-
-	done := make(chan struct{})
-	go func() { defer close(done); fn() }()
-	q.billyTaskDone = done
-}
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 7ffffb2e4d..0000000000
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/conversion_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,171 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package blobpool
-
-import (
-	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	"crypto/sha256"
-	"sync"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/kzg4844"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
-	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
-)
-
-// createV1BlobTx creates a blob transaction with version 1 sidecar for testing.
-func createV1BlobTx(nonce uint64, key *ecdsa.PrivateKey) *types.Transaction {
-	blob := &kzg4844.Blob{byte(nonce)}
-	commitment, _ := kzg4844.BlobToCommitment(blob)
-	cellProofs, _ := kzg4844.ComputeCellProofs(blob)
-
-	blobtx := &types.BlobTx{
-		ChainID:    uint256.MustFromBig(params.MainnetChainConfig.ChainID),
-		Nonce:      nonce,
-		GasTipCap:  uint256.NewInt(1),
-		GasFeeCap:  uint256.NewInt(1000),
-		Gas:        21000,
-		BlobFeeCap: uint256.NewInt(100),
-		BlobHashes: []common.Hash{kzg4844.CalcBlobHashV1(sha256.New(), &commitment)},
-		Value:      uint256.NewInt(100),
-		Sidecar:    types.NewBlobTxSidecar(types.BlobSidecarVersion1, []kzg4844.Blob{*blob}, []kzg4844.Commitment{commitment}, cellProofs),
-	}
-	return types.MustSignNewTx(key, types.LatestSigner(params.MainnetChainConfig), blobtx)
-}
-
-func TestConversionQueueBasic(t *testing.T) {
-	queue := newConversionQueue()
-	defer queue.close()
-
-	key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
-	tx := makeTx(0, 1, 1, 1, key)
-	if err := queue.convert(tx); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Expected successful conversion, got error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version != types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
-		t.Errorf("Expected sidecar version to be %d, got %d", types.BlobSidecarVersion1, tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestConversionQueueV1BlobTx(t *testing.T) {
-	queue := newConversionQueue()
-	defer queue.close()
-
-	key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
-	tx := createV1BlobTx(0, key)
-	version := tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version
-
-	err := queue.convert(tx)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Expected successful conversion, got error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version != version {
-		t.Errorf("Expected sidecar version to remain %d, got %d", version, tx.BlobTxSidecar().Version)
-	}
-}
-
-func TestConversionQueueClosed(t *testing.T) {
-	queue := newConversionQueue()
-
-	// Close the queue first
-	queue.close()
-	key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
-	tx := makeTx(0, 1, 1, 1, key)
-
-	err := queue.convert(tx)
-	if err == nil {
-		t.Fatal("Expected error when converting on closed queue, got nil")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestConversionQueueDoubleClose(t *testing.T) {
-	queue := newConversionQueue()
-	queue.close()
-	queue.close() // Should not panic
-}
-
-func TestConversionQueueAutoRestartBatch(t *testing.T) {
-	queue := newConversionQueue()
-	defer queue.close()
-
-	key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
-
-	// Create a heavy transaction to ensure the first batch runs long enough
-	// for subsequent tasks to be queued while it is active.
-	heavy := makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1, 1, int(params.BlobTxMaxBlobs), 0, key, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
-
-	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	wg.Add(1)
-	heavyDone := make(chan error, 1)
-	go func() {
-		defer wg.Done()
-		heavyDone <- queue.convert(heavy)
-	}()
-
-	// Give the conversion worker a head start so that the following tasks are
-	// enqueued while the first batch is running.
-	time.Sleep(200 * time.Millisecond)
-
-	tx1 := makeTx(1, 1, 1, 1, key)
-	tx2 := makeTx(2, 1, 1, 1, key)
-
-	wg.Add(2)
-	done1 := make(chan error, 1)
-	done2 := make(chan error, 1)
-	go func() { defer wg.Done(); done1 <- queue.convert(tx1) }()
-	go func() { defer wg.Done(); done2 <- queue.convert(tx2) }()
-
-	select {
-	case err := <-done1:
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("tx1 conversion error: %v", err)
-		}
-	case <-time.After(30 * time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("timeout waiting for tx1 conversion")
-	}
-
-	select {
-	case err := <-done2:
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("tx2 conversion error: %v", err)
-		}
-	case <-time.After(30 * time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("timeout waiting for tx2 conversion")
-	}
-
-	select {
-	case err := <-heavyDone:
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("heavy conversion error: %v", err)
-		}
-	case <-time.After(30 * time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("timeout waiting for heavy conversion")
-	}
-
-	wg.Wait()
-
-	if tx1.BlobTxSidecar().Version != types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
-		t.Fatalf("tx1 sidecar version mismatch: have %d, want %d", tx1.BlobTxSidecar().Version, types.BlobSidecarVersion1)
-	}
-	if tx2.BlobTxSidecar().Version != types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
-		t.Fatalf("tx2 sidecar version mismatch: have %d, want %d", tx2.BlobTxSidecar().Version, types.BlobSidecarVersion1)
-	}
-}
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/lookup.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/lookup.go
index 874ca85b8c..7607cd487a 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/lookup.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/lookup.go
@@ -110,13 +110,3 @@ func (l *lookup) untrack(tx *blobTxMeta) {
 		}
 	}
 }
-
-// update updates the transaction index. It should only be used in the conversion.
-func (l *lookup) update(hash common.Hash, id uint64, size uint64) bool {
-	meta, exists := l.txIndex[hash]
-	if !exists {
-		return false
-	}
-	meta.id, meta.size = id, size
-	return true
-}
diff --git a/core/txpool/validation.go b/core/txpool/validation.go
index 4b54eac50d..4f985a8bd0 100644
--- a/core/txpool/validation.go
+++ b/core/txpool/validation.go
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ func ValidateTransaction(tx *types.Transaction, head *types.Header, signer types
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: gas %v, minimum needed %v", core.ErrIntrinsicGas, tx.Gas(), intrGas)
 	}
 	// Ensure the transaction can cover floor data gas.
-	if opts.Config.IsPrague(head.Number, head.Time) {
+	if rules.IsPrague {
 		floorDataGas, err := core.FloorDataGas(tx.Data())
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -160,6 +160,15 @@ func validateBlobTx(tx *types.Transaction, head *types.Header, opts *ValidationO
 	if sidecar == nil {
 		return errors.New("missing sidecar in blob transaction")
 	}
+	// Ensure the sidecar is constructed with the correct version, consistent
+	// with the current fork.
+	version := types.BlobSidecarVersion0
+	if opts.Config.IsOsaka(head.Number, head.Time) {
+		version = types.BlobSidecarVersion1
+	}
+	if sidecar.Version != version {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected sidecar version, want: %d, got: %d", version, sidecar.Version)
+	}
 	// Ensure the blob fee cap satisfies the minimum blob gas price
 	if tx.BlobGasFeeCapIntCmp(blobTxMinBlobGasPrice) < 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: blob fee cap %v, minimum needed %v", ErrTxGasPriceTooLow, tx.BlobGasFeeCap(), blobTxMinBlobGasPrice)
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index 7a8ba6a07a..0ad87ec496 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV1(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProo
 	if len(hashes) > 128 {
 		return nil, engine.TooLargeRequest.With(fmt.Errorf("requested blob count too large: %v", len(hashes)))
 	}
-	blobs, _, proofs, err := api.eth.BlobTxPool().GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion0, false)
+	blobs, _, proofs, err := api.eth.BlobTxPool().GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, engine.InvalidParams.With(err)
 	}
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV2(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProo
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 
-	blobs, _, proofs, err := api.eth.BlobTxPool().GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion1, false)
+	blobs, _, proofs, err := api.eth.BlobTxPool().GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion1)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, engine.InvalidParams.With(err)
 	}

From 5dfcffcf3c505d0380ae7f02b702d03f4dcbc7f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: 0xFloki <signal-rooms-7n@icloud.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Dec 2025 02:13:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 408/470] tests/fuzzers: remove unused field from kv struct in
 rangeproof fuzzer (#33447)

Removes the unused `t bool` field from the `kv` struct in the rangeproof fuzzer.
---
 tests/fuzzers/rangeproof/rangeproof-fuzzer.go | 7 +++----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/fuzzers/rangeproof/rangeproof-fuzzer.go b/tests/fuzzers/rangeproof/rangeproof-fuzzer.go
index 4d94d31c0c..c60c9cb6e6 100644
--- a/tests/fuzzers/rangeproof/rangeproof-fuzzer.go
+++ b/tests/fuzzers/rangeproof/rangeproof-fuzzer.go
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ import (
 
 type kv struct {
 	k, v []byte
-	t    bool
 }
 
 type fuzzer struct {
@@ -62,8 +61,8 @@ func (f *fuzzer) randomTrie(n int) (*trie.Trie, map[string]*kv) {
 	size := f.readInt()
 	// Fill it with some fluff
 	for i := byte(0); i < byte(size); i++ {
-		value := &kv{common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{i}, 32), []byte{i}, false}
-		value2 := &kv{common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{i + 10}, 32), []byte{i}, false}
+		value := &kv{common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{i}, 32), []byte{i}}
+		value2 := &kv{common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{i + 10}, 32), []byte{i}}
 		trie.MustUpdate(value.k, value.v)
 		trie.MustUpdate(value2.k, value2.v)
 		vals[string(value.k)] = value
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ func (f *fuzzer) randomTrie(n int) (*trie.Trie, map[string]*kv) {
 	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
 		k := f.randBytes(32)
 		v := f.randBytes(20)
-		value := &kv{k, v, false}
+		value := &kv{k, v}
 		trie.MustUpdate(k, v)
 		vals[string(k)] = value
 		if f.exhausted {

From dd7daace9ddc5e02bd23aeb5fbced9fda20b1ab5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeevan <g1siddharthr@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Dec 2025 12:12:51 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 409/470] eth/catalyst: return empty response for GetBlobsV2
 before Osaka (#33444)

Fix #33420
---
 eth/catalyst/api.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index 0ad87ec496..7ab9cd57fd 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV1(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProo
 func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV2(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProofV2, error) {
 	head := api.eth.BlockChain().CurrentHeader()
 	if api.config().LatestFork(head.Time) < forks.Osaka {
-		return nil, unsupportedForkErr("engine_getBlobsV2 is not available before Osaka fork")
+		return nil, nil
 	}
 	if len(hashes) > 128 {
 		return nil, engine.TooLargeRequest.With(fmt.Errorf("requested blob count too large: %v", len(hashes)))

From bf141fbfb114e18b6203e495ebb0442f632454df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Dec 2025 16:36:48 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 410/470] core, eth: add lock protection in snap sync (#33428)

Fixes #33396, #33397, #33398
---
 core/blockchain.go           | 56 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 eth/catalyst/api.go          | 22 +++-----------
 eth/catalyst/metrics.go      | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++
 eth/downloader/beaconsync.go |  5 ++++
 eth/downloader/downloader.go | 35 +++++++++++-----------
 eth/downloader/skeleton.go   | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 eth/downloader/syncmode.go   | 10 +++++--
 triedb/pathdb/generate.go    |  1 +
 8 files changed, 149 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 eth/catalyst/metrics.go

diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index 9e4562eb44..858eceb630 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -953,7 +953,8 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) rewindPathHead(head *types.Header, root common.Hash) (*typ
 	// Recover if the target state if it's not available yet.
 	if !bc.HasState(head.Root) {
 		if err := bc.triedb.Recover(head.Root); err != nil {
-			log.Crit("Failed to rollback state", "err", err)
+			log.Error("Failed to rollback state, resetting to genesis", "err", err)
+			return bc.genesisBlock.Header(), rootNumber
 		}
 	}
 	log.Info("Rewound to block with state", "number", head.Number, "hash", head.Hash())
@@ -1115,14 +1116,48 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) setHeadBeyondRoot(head uint64, time uint64, root common.Ha
 	return rootNumber, bc.loadLastState()
 }
 
-// SnapSyncCommitHead sets the current head block to the one defined by the hash
-// irrelevant what the chain contents were prior.
-func (bc *BlockChain) SnapSyncCommitHead(hash common.Hash) error {
+// SnapSyncStart disables the underlying databases (such as the trie DB and the
+// optional state snapshot) to prevent potential concurrent mutations between
+// snap sync and other chain operations.
+func (bc *BlockChain) SnapSyncStart() error {
+	if !bc.chainmu.TryLock() {
+		return errChainStopped
+	}
+	defer bc.chainmu.Unlock()
+
+	// Snap sync will directly modify the persistent state, making the entire
+	// trie database unusable until the state is fully synced. To prevent any
+	// subsequent state reads, explicitly disable the trie database and state
+	// syncer is responsible to address and correct any state missing.
+	if bc.TrieDB().Scheme() == rawdb.PathScheme {
+		if err := bc.TrieDB().Disable(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	// Snap sync uses the snapshot namespace to store potentially flaky data until
+	// sync completely heals and finishes. Pause snapshot maintenance in the mean-
+	// time to prevent access.
+	if snapshots := bc.Snapshots(); snapshots != nil { // Only nil in tests
+		snapshots.Disable()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SnapSyncComplete sets the current head block to the block identified by the
+// given hash, regardless of the chain contents prior to snap sync. It is
+// invoked once snap sync completes and assumes that SnapSyncStart was called
+// previously.
+func (bc *BlockChain) SnapSyncComplete(hash common.Hash) error {
 	// Make sure that both the block as well at its state trie exists
 	block := bc.GetBlockByHash(hash)
 	if block == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("non existent block [%x..]", hash[:4])
 	}
+	if !bc.chainmu.TryLock() {
+		return errChainStopped
+	}
+	defer bc.chainmu.Unlock()
+
 	// Reset the trie database with the fresh snap synced state.
 	root := block.Root()
 	if bc.triedb.Scheme() == rawdb.PathScheme {
@@ -1133,19 +1168,16 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) SnapSyncCommitHead(hash common.Hash) error {
 	if !bc.HasState(root) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("non existent state [%x..]", root[:4])
 	}
-	// If all checks out, manually set the head block.
-	if !bc.chainmu.TryLock() {
-		return errChainStopped
-	}
-	bc.currentBlock.Store(block.Header())
-	headBlockGauge.Update(int64(block.NumberU64()))
-	bc.chainmu.Unlock()
-
 	// Destroy any existing state snapshot and regenerate it in the background,
 	// also resuming the normal maintenance of any previously paused snapshot.
 	if bc.snaps != nil {
 		bc.snaps.Rebuild(root)
 	}
+
+	// If all checks out, manually set the head block.
+	bc.currentBlock.Store(block.Header())
+	headBlockGauge.Update(int64(block.NumberU64()))
+
 	log.Info("Committed new head block", "number", block.Number(), "hash", hash)
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index 7ab9cd57fd..cc9086b091 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/ethconfig"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/version"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/miner"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/node"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
@@ -81,20 +80,6 @@ const (
 	beaconUpdateWarnFrequency = 5 * time.Minute
 )
 
-var (
-	// Number of blobs requested via getBlobsV2
-	getBlobsRequestedCounter = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("engine/getblobs/requested", nil)
-
-	// Number of blobs requested via getBlobsV2 that are present in the blobpool
-	getBlobsAvailableCounter = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("engine/getblobs/available", nil)
-
-	// Number of times getBlobsV2 responded with “hit”
-	getBlobsV2RequestHit = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("engine/getblobs/hit", nil)
-
-	// Number of times getBlobsV2 responded with “miss”
-	getBlobsV2RequestMiss = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("engine/getblobs/miss", nil)
-)
-
 type ConsensusAPI struct {
 	eth *eth.Ethereum
 
@@ -137,6 +122,9 @@ type ConsensusAPI struct {
 
 // NewConsensusAPI creates a new consensus api for the given backend.
 // The underlying blockchain needs to have a valid terminal total difficulty set.
+//
+// This function creates a long-lived object with an attached background thread.
+// For testing or other short-term use cases, please use newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat.
 func NewConsensusAPI(eth *eth.Ethereum) *ConsensusAPI {
 	api := newConsensusAPIWithoutHeartbeat(eth)
 	go api.heartbeat()
@@ -818,7 +806,7 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) delayPayloadImport(block *types.Block) engine.PayloadSt
 		return engine.PayloadStatusV1{Status: engine.SYNCING}
 	}
 	// Either no beacon sync was started yet, or it rejected the delivered
-	// payload as non-integratable on top of the existing sync. We'll just
+	// payload as non-integrate on top of the existing sync. We'll just
 	// have to rely on the beacon client to forcefully update the head with
 	// a forkchoice update request.
 	if api.eth.Downloader().ConfigSyncMode() == ethconfig.FullSync {
@@ -916,8 +904,6 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) invalid(err error, latestValid *types.Header) engine.Pa
 // heartbeat loops indefinitely, and checks if there have been beacon client updates
 // received in the last while. If not - or if they but strange ones - it warns the
 // user that something might be off with their consensus node.
-//
-// TODO(karalabe): Spin this goroutine down somehow
 func (api *ConsensusAPI) heartbeat() {
 	// Sleep a bit on startup since there's obviously no beacon client yet
 	// attached, so no need to print scary warnings to the user.
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/metrics.go b/eth/catalyst/metrics.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0a733a22b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eth/catalyst/metrics.go
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package catalyst
+
+import "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
+
+var (
+	// Number of blobs requested via getBlobsV2
+	getBlobsRequestedCounter = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("engine/getblobs/requested", nil)
+
+	// Number of blobs requested via getBlobsV2 that are present in the blobpool
+	getBlobsAvailableCounter = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("engine/getblobs/available", nil)
+
+	// Number of times getBlobsV2 responded with “hit”
+	getBlobsV2RequestHit = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("engine/getblobs/hit", nil)
+
+	// Number of times getBlobsV2 responded with “miss”
+	getBlobsV2RequestMiss = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("engine/getblobs/miss", nil)
+)
diff --git a/eth/downloader/beaconsync.go b/eth/downloader/beaconsync.go
index 405643e576..750c224230 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/beaconsync.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/beaconsync.go
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ func (b *beaconBackfiller) suspend() *types.Header {
 	b.lock.Unlock()
 
 	if !filling {
+		log.Debug("Backfiller was inactive")
 		return filled // Return the filled header on the previous sync completion
 	}
 	// A previous filling should be running, though it may happen that it hasn't
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@ func (b *beaconBackfiller) suspend() *types.Header {
 	// Now that we're sure the downloader successfully started up, we can cancel
 	// it safely without running the risk of data races.
 	b.downloader.Cancel()
+	log.Debug("Backfiller has been suspended")
 
 	// Sync cycle was just terminated, retrieve and return the last filled header.
 	// Can't use `filled` as that contains a stale value from before cancellation.
@@ -86,6 +88,7 @@ func (b *beaconBackfiller) resume() {
 		// If a previous filling cycle is still running, just ignore this start
 		// request. // TODO(karalabe): We should make this channel driven
 		b.lock.Unlock()
+		log.Debug("Backfiller is running")
 		return
 	}
 	b.filling = true
@@ -114,7 +117,9 @@ func (b *beaconBackfiller) resume() {
 		if b.success != nil {
 			b.success()
 		}
+		log.Debug("Backfilling completed")
 	}()
+	log.Debug("Backfilling started")
 }
 
 // SetBadBlockCallback sets the callback to run when a bad block is hit by the
diff --git a/eth/downloader/downloader.go b/eth/downloader/downloader.go
index 020dd7314b..e16014be95 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/downloader.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/downloader.go
@@ -193,8 +193,12 @@ type BlockChain interface {
 	// CurrentSnapBlock retrieves the head snap block from the local chain.
 	CurrentSnapBlock() *types.Header
 
-	// SnapSyncCommitHead directly commits the head block to a certain entity.
-	SnapSyncCommitHead(common.Hash) error
+	// SnapSyncStart explicitly notifies the chain that snap sync is scheduled and
+	// marks chain mutations as disallowed.
+	SnapSyncStart() error
+
+	// SnapSyncComplete directly commits the head block to a certain entity.
+	SnapSyncComplete(common.Hash) error
 
 	// InsertHeadersBeforeCutoff inserts a batch of headers before the configured
 	// chain cutoff into the ancient store.
@@ -361,28 +365,21 @@ func (d *Downloader) synchronise(beaconPing chan struct{}) (err error) {
 	if d.notified.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
 		log.Info("Block synchronisation started")
 	}
-	mode := d.moder.get()
+
+	// Obtain the synchronized used in this cycle
+	mode := d.moder.get(true)
 	defer func() {
 		if err == nil && mode == ethconfig.SnapSync {
 			d.moder.disableSnap()
 			log.Info("Disabled snap-sync after the initial sync cycle")
 		}
 	}()
+
+	// Disable chain mutations when snap sync is selected, ensuring the
+	// downloader is the sole mutator.
 	if mode == ethconfig.SnapSync {
-		// Snap sync will directly modify the persistent state, making the entire
-		// trie database unusable until the state is fully synced. To prevent any
-		// subsequent state reads, explicitly disable the trie database and state
-		// syncer is responsible to address and correct any state missing.
-		if d.blockchain.TrieDB().Scheme() == rawdb.PathScheme {
-			if err := d.blockchain.TrieDB().Disable(); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-		// Snap sync uses the snapshot namespace to store potentially flaky data until
-		// sync completely heals and finishes. Pause snapshot maintenance in the mean-
-		// time to prevent access.
-		if snapshots := d.blockchain.Snapshots(); snapshots != nil { // Only nil in tests
-			snapshots.Disable()
+		if err := d.blockchain.SnapSyncStart(); err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
 	}
 	// Reset the queue, peer set and wake channels to clean any internal leftover state
@@ -427,7 +424,7 @@ func (d *Downloader) getMode() SyncMode {
 // ConfigSyncMode returns the sync mode configured for the node.
 // The actual running sync mode can differ from this.
 func (d *Downloader) ConfigSyncMode() SyncMode {
-	return d.moder.get()
+	return d.moder.get(false)
 }
 
 // syncToHead starts a block synchronization based on the hash chain from
@@ -1086,7 +1083,7 @@ func (d *Downloader) commitPivotBlock(result *fetchResult) error {
 	if _, err := d.blockchain.InsertReceiptChain([]*types.Block{block}, []rlp.RawValue{result.Receipts}, d.ancientLimit); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := d.blockchain.SnapSyncCommitHead(block.Hash()); err != nil {
+	if err := d.blockchain.SnapSyncComplete(block.Hash()); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	d.committed.Store(true)
diff --git a/eth/downloader/skeleton.go b/eth/downloader/skeleton.go
index 2cf9c4672b..c498ac84ec 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/skeleton.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/skeleton.go
@@ -64,6 +64,12 @@ var errSyncMerged = errors.New("sync merged")
 // should abort and restart with the new state.
 var errSyncReorged = errors.New("sync reorged")
 
+// errSyncTrimmed is an internal helper error to signal that the local chain
+// has been trimmed (e.g, via debug_setHead explicitly) and the skeleton chain
+// is no longer linked with the local chain. In this case, the skeleton sync
+// should be re-scheduled again.
+var errSyncTrimmed = errors.New("sync trimmed")
+
 // errTerminated is returned if the sync mechanism was terminated for this run of
 // the process. This is usually the case when Geth is shutting down and some events
 // might still be propagating.
@@ -296,6 +302,11 @@ func (s *skeleton) startup() {
 					// head to force a cleanup.
 					head = newhead
 
+				case err == errSyncTrimmed:
+					// The skeleton chain is not linked with the local chain anymore,
+					// restart the sync.
+					head = nil
+
 				case err == errTerminated:
 					// Sync was requested to be terminated from within, stop and
 					// return (no need to pass a message, was already done internally)
@@ -486,7 +497,22 @@ func (s *skeleton) sync(head *types.Header) (*types.Header, error) {
 			// is still running, it will pick it up. If it already terminated,
 			// a new cycle needs to be spun up.
 			if linked {
-				s.filler.resume()
+				linked = len(s.progress.Subchains) == 1 &&
+					rawdb.HasHeader(s.db, s.progress.Subchains[0].Next, s.scratchHead) &&
+					rawdb.HasBody(s.db, s.progress.Subchains[0].Next, s.scratchHead) &&
+					rawdb.HasReceipts(s.db, s.progress.Subchains[0].Next, s.scratchHead)
+
+				if linked {
+					// The skeleton chain has been extended and is still linked with the local
+					// chain, try to re-schedule the backfiller if it's already terminated.
+					s.filler.resume()
+				} else {
+					// The skeleton chain is no longer linked to the local chain for some reason
+					// (e.g. debug_setHead was used to trim the local chain). Re-schedule the
+					// skeleton sync to fill the chain gap.
+					log.Warn("Local chain has been trimmed", "tailnumber", s.scratchHead, "tailhash", s.progress.Subchains[0].Next)
+					return nil, errSyncTrimmed
+				}
 			}
 
 		case req := <-requestFails:
@@ -649,9 +675,19 @@ func (s *skeleton) processNewHead(head *types.Header, final *types.Header) error
 		// Not a noop / double head announce, abort with a reorg
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w, tail: %d, head: %d, newHead: %d", errChainReorged, lastchain.Tail, lastchain.Head, number)
 	}
+	// Terminate the sync if the chain head is gapped
 	if lastchain.Head+1 < number {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w, head: %d, newHead: %d", errChainGapped, lastchain.Head, number)
 	}
+	// Ignore the duplicated beacon header announcement
+	if lastchain.Head == number {
+		local := rawdb.ReadSkeletonHeader(s.db, number)
+		if local != nil && local.Hash() == head.Hash() {
+			log.Debug("Ignored the identical beacon header", "number", number, "hash", local.Hash())
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+	// Terminate the sync if the chain head is forked
 	if parent := rawdb.ReadSkeletonHeader(s.db, number-1); parent.Hash() != head.ParentHash {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w, ancestor: %d, hash: %s, want: %s", errChainForked, number-1, parent.Hash(), head.ParentHash)
 	}
@@ -669,6 +705,7 @@ func (s *skeleton) processNewHead(head *types.Header, final *types.Header) error
 	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to write skeleton sync status", "err", err)
 	}
+	log.Debug("Extended beacon header chain", "number", head.Number, "hash", head.Hash())
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -1206,6 +1243,7 @@ func (s *skeleton) cleanStales(filled *types.Header) error {
 	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to write beacon trim data", "err", err)
 	}
+	log.Debug("Cleaned stale beacon headers", "start", start, "end", end)
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/eth/downloader/syncmode.go b/eth/downloader/syncmode.go
index 7983d39e3a..036119ce3d 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/syncmode.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/syncmode.go
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func newSyncModer(mode ethconfig.SyncMode, chain BlockChain, disk ethdb.KeyValue
 
 // get retrieves the current sync mode, either explicitly set, or derived
 // from the chain status.
-func (m *syncModer) get() ethconfig.SyncMode {
+func (m *syncModer) get(report bool) ethconfig.SyncMode {
 	m.lock.Lock()
 	defer m.lock.Unlock()
 
@@ -83,12 +83,16 @@ func (m *syncModer) get() ethconfig.SyncMode {
 	if m.mode == ethconfig.SnapSync {
 		return ethconfig.SnapSync
 	}
+	logger := log.Debug
+	if report {
+		logger = log.Info
+	}
 	// We are probably in full sync, but we might have rewound to before the
 	// snap sync pivot, check if we should re-enable snap sync.
 	head := m.chain.CurrentBlock()
 	if pivot := rawdb.ReadLastPivotNumber(m.disk); pivot != nil {
 		if head.Number.Uint64() < *pivot {
-			log.Info("Reenabled snap-sync as chain is lagging behind the pivot", "head", head.Number, "pivot", pivot)
+			logger("Reenabled snap-sync as chain is lagging behind the pivot", "head", head.Number, "pivot", pivot)
 			return ethconfig.SnapSync
 		}
 	}
@@ -96,7 +100,7 @@ func (m *syncModer) get() ethconfig.SyncMode {
 	// the head state, forcefully rerun the snap sync. Note it doesn't mean the
 	// persistent state is corrupted, just mismatch with the head block.
 	if !m.chain.HasState(head.Root) {
-		log.Info("Reenabled snap-sync as chain is stateless")
+		logger("Reenabled snap-sync as chain is stateless")
 		return ethconfig.SnapSync
 	}
 	// Nope, we're really full syncing
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/generate.go b/triedb/pathdb/generate.go
index 2efbbbb4e1..d3d26fff26 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/generate.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/generate.go
@@ -148,6 +148,7 @@ func (g *generator) stop() {
 	g.abort <- ch
 	<-ch
 	g.running = false
+	log.Debug("Snapshot generation has been terminated")
 }
 
 // completed returns the flag indicating if the whole generation is done.

From 2e5cd21edf21175fbbb0e6a95d2a110b97508d20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rizky Ikwan <rizzikwann@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Dec 2025 12:29:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 411/470] graphql: add nil check in block resolver (#33225)

Add nil checks for header and block in Block resolver methods to prevent
panic when querying non-existent blocks.
---
 graphql/graphql.go | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/graphql/graphql.go b/graphql/graphql.go
index 55da3185dd..0013abf26f 100644
--- a/graphql/graphql.go
+++ b/graphql/graphql.go
@@ -707,6 +707,9 @@ func (b *Block) resolveHeader(ctx context.Context) (*types.Header, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	if b.header == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
 	if b.hash == (common.Hash{}) {
 		b.hash = b.header.Hash()
 	}

From 27b3a6087e23a477b74e617641ff2378faf2a970 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Dec 2025 02:44:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 412/470] core/txpool/blobpool: fix slotter size limit (#33474)

Blobs are stored per transaction in the pool, so we need billy to handle
up to the per-tx limit, not to the per-block limit.

The per-block limit was larger than the per-tx limit, so it not a bug,
we just created and handled a few billy files for no reason.

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go | 2 +-
 core/txpool/blobpool/limbo.go    | 3 +--
 core/txpool/blobpool/slotter.go  | 5 ++---
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
index e1a4960c8e..28326ae605 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Init(gasTip uint64, head *types.Header, reserver txpool.Reser
 	p.state = state
 
 	// Create new slotter for pre-Osaka blob configuration.
-	slotter := newSlotter(eip4844.LatestMaxBlobsPerBlock(p.chain.Config()))
+	slotter := newSlotter(params.BlobTxMaxBlobs)
 
 	// See if we need to migrate the queue blob store after fusaka
 	slotter, err = tryMigrate(p.chain.Config(), slotter, queuedir)
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/limbo.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/limbo.go
index 50c40c9d83..36284d6a03 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/limbo.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/limbo.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ func newLimbo(config *params.ChainConfig, datadir string) (*limbo, error) {
 	}
 
 	// Create new slotter for pre-Osaka blob configuration.
-	slotter := newSlotter(eip4844.LatestMaxBlobsPerBlock(config))
+	slotter := newSlotter(params.BlobTxMaxBlobs)
 
 	// See if we need to migrate the limbo after fusaka.
 	slotter, err := tryMigrate(config, slotter, datadir)
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/slotter.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/slotter.go
index 9b793e366c..3399361e55 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/slotter.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/slotter.go
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 package blobpool
 
 import (
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/holiman/billy"
 )
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ func tryMigrate(config *params.ChainConfig, slotter billy.SlotSizeFn, datadir st
 		// If the version found is less than the currently configured store version,
 		// perform a migration then write the updated version of the store.
 		if version < storeVersion {
-			newSlotter := newSlotterEIP7594(eip4844.LatestMaxBlobsPerBlock(config))
+			newSlotter := newSlotterEIP7594(params.BlobTxMaxBlobs)
 			if err := billy.Migrate(billy.Options{Path: datadir, Repair: true}, slotter, newSlotter); err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ func tryMigrate(config *params.ChainConfig, slotter billy.SlotSizeFn, datadir st
 			store.Close()
 		}
 		// Set the slotter to the format now that the Osaka is active.
-		slotter = newSlotterEIP7594(eip4844.LatestMaxBlobsPerBlock(config))
+		slotter = newSlotterEIP7594(params.BlobTxMaxBlobs)
 	}
 	return slotter, nil
 }

From 4531bfebecbb448ac742ee804e5063e6e8d3d1c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Dec 2025 16:13:30 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 413/470] eth/downloader: fix stale beacon header deletion
 (#33481)

In this PR, two things have been fixed:

---

(a) truncate the stale beacon headers with latest snap block

Originally, b.filled is used as the indicator for deleting stale beacon headers.
This field is set only after synchronization has been scheduled, under the
assumption that the skeleton chain is already linked to the local chain.

However, the local chain can be mutated via `debug_setHead`, which may
cause `b.filled` outdated. For instance, `b.filled` refers to the last head snap block
in the last sync cycle while after `debug_setHead`, the head snap block has been
rewounded to 1.

As a result, Geth can enter an unintended loop: it repeatedly downloads
the missing beacon headers for the skeleton chain and attempts to schedule the
actual synchronization, but in the final step, all recently fetched headers are removed
by `cleanStales` due to the stale `b.filled` value.

This issue is addressed by always using the latest snap block as the indicator,
without relying on any cached value. However, note that before the skeleton
chain is linked to the local chain, the latest snap block will always be below
skeleton.tail, and this condition should not be treated as an error.

---

(b) merge the subchains once the skeleton chain links to local chain

Once the skeleton chain links with local one, it will try to schedule the
synchronization by fetching the missing blocks and import them then.
It's possible the last subchain already overwrites the previous subchain and
results in having two subchains leftover. As a result, an error log will printed
https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/master/eth/downloader/skeleton.go#L1074
---
 eth/downloader/beaconsync.go    |  15 ++--
 eth/downloader/downloader.go    |   2 +-
 eth/downloader/skeleton.go      | 135 ++++++++++++++++++++------------
 eth/downloader/skeleton_test.go |  13 ++-
 4 files changed, 104 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/downloader/beaconsync.go b/eth/downloader/beaconsync.go
index 750c224230..914e1dfada 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/beaconsync.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/beaconsync.go
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ type beaconBackfiller struct {
 	downloader *Downloader   // Downloader to direct via this callback implementation
 	success    func()        // Callback to run on successful sync cycle completion
 	filling    bool          // Flag whether the downloader is backfilling or not
-	filled     *types.Header // Last header filled by the last terminated sync loop
 	started    chan struct{} // Notification channel whether the downloader inited
 	lock       sync.Mutex    // Mutex protecting the sync lock
 }
@@ -56,13 +55,15 @@ func (b *beaconBackfiller) suspend() *types.Header {
 	// If no filling is running, don't waste cycles
 	b.lock.Lock()
 	filling := b.filling
-	filled := b.filled
 	started := b.started
 	b.lock.Unlock()
 
 	if !filling {
+		// Sync cycle was inactive, retrieve and return the latest snap block
+		// as the filled header.
 		log.Debug("Backfiller was inactive")
-		return filled // Return the filled header on the previous sync completion
+
+		return b.downloader.blockchain.CurrentSnapBlock()
 	}
 	// A previous filling should be running, though it may happen that it hasn't
 	// yet started (being done on a new goroutine). Many concurrent beacon head
@@ -77,7 +78,6 @@ func (b *beaconBackfiller) suspend() *types.Header {
 	log.Debug("Backfiller has been suspended")
 
 	// Sync cycle was just terminated, retrieve and return the last filled header.
-	// Can't use `filled` as that contains a stale value from before cancellation.
 	return b.downloader.blockchain.CurrentSnapBlock()
 }
 
@@ -92,7 +92,6 @@ func (b *beaconBackfiller) resume() {
 		return
 	}
 	b.filling = true
-	b.filled = nil
 	b.started = make(chan struct{})
 	b.lock.Unlock()
 
@@ -103,7 +102,6 @@ func (b *beaconBackfiller) resume() {
 		defer func() {
 			b.lock.Lock()
 			b.filling = false
-			b.filled = b.downloader.blockchain.CurrentSnapBlock()
 			b.lock.Unlock()
 		}()
 		// If the downloader fails, report an error as in beacon chain mode there
@@ -113,7 +111,7 @@ func (b *beaconBackfiller) resume() {
 			return
 		}
 		// Synchronization succeeded. Since this happens async, notify the outer
-		// context to disable snap syncing and enable transaction propagation.
+		// context to enable transaction propagation.
 		if b.success != nil {
 			b.success()
 		}
@@ -188,6 +186,8 @@ func (d *Downloader) findBeaconAncestor() (uint64, error) {
 		log.Error("Failed to retrieve beacon bounds", "err", err)
 		return 0, err
 	}
+	log.Debug("Searching beacon ancestor", "local", number, "beaconhead", beaconHead.Number, "beacontail", beaconTail.Number)
+
 	var linked bool
 	switch d.getMode() {
 	case ethconfig.FullSync:
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ func (d *Downloader) findBeaconAncestor() (uint64, error) {
 		}
 		start = check
 	}
+	log.Debug("Found beacon ancestor", "number", start)
 	return start, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/eth/downloader/downloader.go b/eth/downloader/downloader.go
index e16014be95..caeb3d64dd 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/downloader.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/downloader.go
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ func New(stateDb ethdb.Database, mode ethconfig.SyncMode, mux *event.TypeMux, ch
 		syncStartBlock:    chain.CurrentSnapBlock().Number.Uint64(),
 	}
 	// Create the post-merge skeleton syncer and start the process
-	dl.skeleton = newSkeleton(stateDb, dl.peers, dropPeer, newBeaconBackfiller(dl, success))
+	dl.skeleton = newSkeleton(stateDb, dl.peers, dropPeer, newBeaconBackfiller(dl, success), chain)
 
 	go dl.stateFetcher()
 	return dl
diff --git a/eth/downloader/skeleton.go b/eth/downloader/skeleton.go
index c498ac84ec..e693bfc066 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/skeleton.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/skeleton.go
@@ -207,6 +207,7 @@ type backfiller interface {
 type skeleton struct {
 	db     ethdb.Database // Database backing the skeleton
 	filler backfiller     // Chain syncer suspended/resumed by head events
+	chain  chainReader    // Underlying block chain
 
 	peers *peerSet                   // Set of peers we can sync from
 	idles map[string]*peerConnection // Set of idle peers in the current sync cycle
@@ -231,12 +232,19 @@ type skeleton struct {
 	syncStarting func() // callback triggered after a sync cycle is inited but before started
 }
 
+// chainReader wraps the method to retrieve the head of the local chain.
+type chainReader interface {
+	// CurrentSnapBlock retrieves the head snap block from the local chain.
+	CurrentSnapBlock() *types.Header
+}
+
 // newSkeleton creates a new sync skeleton that tracks a potentially dangling
 // header chain until it's linked into an existing set of blocks.
-func newSkeleton(db ethdb.Database, peers *peerSet, drop peerDropFn, filler backfiller) *skeleton {
+func newSkeleton(db ethdb.Database, peers *peerSet, drop peerDropFn, filler backfiller, chain chainReader) *skeleton {
 	sk := &skeleton{
 		db:         db,
 		filler:     filler,
+		chain:      chain,
 		peers:      peers,
 		drop:       drop,
 		requests:   make(map[uint64]*headerRequest),
@@ -354,6 +362,29 @@ func (s *skeleton) Sync(head *types.Header, final *types.Header, force bool) err
 	}
 }
 
+// linked returns the flag indicating whether the skeleton has been linked with
+// the local chain.
+func (s *skeleton) linked(number uint64, hash common.Hash) bool {
+	linked := rawdb.HasHeader(s.db, hash, number) &&
+		rawdb.HasBody(s.db, hash, number) &&
+		rawdb.HasReceipts(s.db, hash, number)
+
+	// Ensure the skeleton chain links to the local chain below the chain head.
+	// This accounts for edge cases where leftover chain segments above the head
+	// may still link to the skeleton chain. In such cases, synchronization is
+	// likely to fail due to potentially missing segments in the middle.
+	//
+	// You can try to produce the edge case by these steps:
+	// - sync the chain
+	// - debug.setHead(`0x1`)
+	// - kill the geth process (the chain segment will be left with chain head rewound)
+	// - restart
+	if s.chain.CurrentSnapBlock() != nil {
+		linked = linked && s.chain.CurrentSnapBlock().Number.Uint64() >= number
+	}
+	return linked
+}
+
 // sync is the internal version of Sync that executes a single sync cycle, either
 // until some termination condition is reached, or until the current cycle merges
 // with a previously aborted run.
@@ -378,10 +409,7 @@ func (s *skeleton) sync(head *types.Header) (*types.Header, error) {
 
 	// If the sync is already done, resume the backfiller. When the loop stops,
 	// terminate the backfiller too.
-	linked := len(s.progress.Subchains) == 1 &&
-		rawdb.HasHeader(s.db, s.progress.Subchains[0].Next, s.scratchHead) &&
-		rawdb.HasBody(s.db, s.progress.Subchains[0].Next, s.scratchHead) &&
-		rawdb.HasReceipts(s.db, s.progress.Subchains[0].Next, s.scratchHead)
+	linked := len(s.progress.Subchains) == 1 && s.linked(s.scratchHead, s.progress.Subchains[0].Next)
 	if linked {
 		s.filler.resume()
 	}
@@ -497,12 +525,7 @@ func (s *skeleton) sync(head *types.Header) (*types.Header, error) {
 			// is still running, it will pick it up. If it already terminated,
 			// a new cycle needs to be spun up.
 			if linked {
-				linked = len(s.progress.Subchains) == 1 &&
-					rawdb.HasHeader(s.db, s.progress.Subchains[0].Next, s.scratchHead) &&
-					rawdb.HasBody(s.db, s.progress.Subchains[0].Next, s.scratchHead) &&
-					rawdb.HasReceipts(s.db, s.progress.Subchains[0].Next, s.scratchHead)
-
-				if linked {
+				if len(s.progress.Subchains) == 1 && s.linked(s.scratchHead, s.progress.Subchains[0].Next) {
 					// The skeleton chain has been extended and is still linked with the local
 					// chain, try to re-schedule the backfiller if it's already terminated.
 					s.filler.resume()
@@ -946,6 +969,45 @@ func (s *skeleton) revertRequest(req *headerRequest) {
 	s.scratchOwners[(s.scratchHead-req.head)/requestHeaders] = ""
 }
 
+// mergeSubchains is invoked once certain beacon headers have been persisted locally
+// and the subchains should be merged in case there are some overlaps between. An
+// indicator will be returned if the last subchain is merged with previous subchain.
+func (s *skeleton) mergeSubchains() bool {
+	// If the subchain extended into the next subchain, we need to handle
+	// the overlap. Since there could be many overlaps, do this in a loop.
+	var merged bool
+	for len(s.progress.Subchains) > 1 && s.progress.Subchains[1].Head >= s.progress.Subchains[0].Tail {
+		// Extract some stats from the second subchain
+		head := s.progress.Subchains[1].Head
+		tail := s.progress.Subchains[1].Tail
+		next := s.progress.Subchains[1].Next
+
+		// Since we just overwrote part of the next subchain, we need to trim
+		// its head independent of matching or mismatching content
+		if s.progress.Subchains[1].Tail >= s.progress.Subchains[0].Tail {
+			// Fully overwritten, get rid of the subchain as a whole
+			log.Debug("Previous subchain fully overwritten", "head", head, "tail", tail, "next", next)
+			s.progress.Subchains = append(s.progress.Subchains[:1], s.progress.Subchains[2:]...)
+			continue
+		} else {
+			// Partially overwritten, trim the head to the overwritten size
+			log.Debug("Previous subchain partially overwritten", "head", head, "tail", tail, "next", next)
+			s.progress.Subchains[1].Head = s.progress.Subchains[0].Tail - 1
+		}
+		// If the old subchain is an extension of the new one, merge the two
+		// and let the skeleton syncer restart (to clean internal state)
+		if rawdb.ReadSkeletonHeader(s.db, s.progress.Subchains[1].Head).Hash() == s.progress.Subchains[0].Next {
+			log.Debug("Previous subchain merged", "head", head, "tail", tail, "next", next)
+			s.progress.Subchains[0].Tail = s.progress.Subchains[1].Tail
+			s.progress.Subchains[0].Next = s.progress.Subchains[1].Next
+
+			s.progress.Subchains = append(s.progress.Subchains[:1], s.progress.Subchains[2:]...)
+			merged = true
+		}
+	}
+	return merged
+}
+
 func (s *skeleton) processResponse(res *headerResponse) (linked bool, merged bool) {
 	res.peer.log.Trace("Processing header response", "head", res.headers[0].Number, "hash", res.headers[0].Hash(), "count", len(res.headers))
 
@@ -1019,10 +1081,9 @@ func (s *skeleton) processResponse(res *headerResponse) (linked bool, merged boo
 				// processing is done, so it's just one more "needless" check.
 				//
 				// The weird cascading checks are done to minimize the database reads.
-				linked = rawdb.HasHeader(s.db, header.ParentHash, header.Number.Uint64()-1) &&
-					rawdb.HasBody(s.db, header.ParentHash, header.Number.Uint64()-1) &&
-					rawdb.HasReceipts(s.db, header.ParentHash, header.Number.Uint64()-1)
+				linked = s.linked(header.Number.Uint64()-1, header.ParentHash)
 				if linked {
+					log.Debug("Primary subchain linked", "number", header.Number.Uint64()-1, "hash", header.ParentHash)
 					break
 				}
 			}
@@ -1036,6 +1097,9 @@ func (s *skeleton) processResponse(res *headerResponse) (linked bool, merged boo
 		// If the beacon chain was linked to the local chain, completely swap out
 		// all internal progress and abort header synchronization.
 		if linked {
+			// Merge all overlapped subchains beforehand
+			s.mergeSubchains()
+
 			// Linking into the local chain should also mean that there are no
 			// leftover subchains, but in the case of importing the blocks via
 			// the engine API, we will not push the subchains forward. This will
@@ -1093,41 +1157,10 @@ func (s *skeleton) processResponse(res *headerResponse) (linked bool, merged boo
 
 		s.scratchHead -= uint64(consumed)
 
-		// If the subchain extended into the next subchain, we need to handle
-		// the overlap. Since there could be many overlaps (come on), do this
-		// in a loop.
-		for len(s.progress.Subchains) > 1 && s.progress.Subchains[1].Head >= s.progress.Subchains[0].Tail {
-			// Extract some stats from the second subchain
-			head := s.progress.Subchains[1].Head
-			tail := s.progress.Subchains[1].Tail
-			next := s.progress.Subchains[1].Next
-
-			// Since we just overwrote part of the next subchain, we need to trim
-			// its head independent of matching or mismatching content
-			if s.progress.Subchains[1].Tail >= s.progress.Subchains[0].Tail {
-				// Fully overwritten, get rid of the subchain as a whole
-				log.Debug("Previous subchain fully overwritten", "head", head, "tail", tail, "next", next)
-				s.progress.Subchains = append(s.progress.Subchains[:1], s.progress.Subchains[2:]...)
-				continue
-			} else {
-				// Partially overwritten, trim the head to the overwritten size
-				log.Debug("Previous subchain partially overwritten", "head", head, "tail", tail, "next", next)
-				s.progress.Subchains[1].Head = s.progress.Subchains[0].Tail - 1
-			}
-			// If the old subchain is an extension of the new one, merge the two
-			// and let the skeleton syncer restart (to clean internal state)
-			if rawdb.ReadSkeletonHeader(s.db, s.progress.Subchains[1].Head).Hash() == s.progress.Subchains[0].Next {
-				log.Debug("Previous subchain merged", "head", head, "tail", tail, "next", next)
-				s.progress.Subchains[0].Tail = s.progress.Subchains[1].Tail
-				s.progress.Subchains[0].Next = s.progress.Subchains[1].Next
-
-				s.progress.Subchains = append(s.progress.Subchains[:1], s.progress.Subchains[2:]...)
-				merged = true
-			}
-		}
 		// If subchains were merged, all further available headers in the scratch
 		// space are invalid since we skipped ahead. Stop processing the scratch
 		// space to avoid dropping peers thinking they delivered invalid data.
+		merged = s.mergeSubchains()
 		if merged {
 			break
 		}
@@ -1158,15 +1191,17 @@ func (s *skeleton) processResponse(res *headerResponse) (linked bool, merged boo
 // due to the downloader backfilling past the tracked tail.
 func (s *skeleton) cleanStales(filled *types.Header) error {
 	number := filled.Number.Uint64()
-	log.Trace("Cleaning stale beacon headers", "filled", number, "hash", filled.Hash())
+	log.Debug("Cleaning stale beacon headers", "filled", number, "hash", filled.Hash())
 
-	// If the filled header is below the linked subchain, something's corrupted
-	// internally. Report and error and refuse to do anything.
+	// If the filled header is below the subchain, it means the skeleton is not
+	// linked with local chain yet, don't bother to do cleanup.
 	if number+1 < s.progress.Subchains[0].Tail {
-		return fmt.Errorf("filled header below beacon header tail: %d < %d", number, s.progress.Subchains[0].Tail)
+		log.Debug("filled header below beacon header tail", "filled", number, "tail", s.progress.Subchains[0].Tail)
+		return nil
 	}
 	// If nothing in subchain is filled, don't bother to do cleanup.
 	if number+1 == s.progress.Subchains[0].Tail {
+		log.Debug("Skeleton chain not yet consumed", "filled", number, "hash", filled.Hash(), "tail", s.progress.Subchains[0].Tail)
 		return nil
 	}
 	// If the latest fill was on a different subchain, it means the backfiller
diff --git a/eth/downloader/skeleton_test.go b/eth/downloader/skeleton_test.go
index 4aa97cf1f7..5c54b4b5c2 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/skeleton_test.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/skeleton_test.go
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"math"
 	"math/big"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
@@ -71,6 +72,12 @@ func (hf *hookedBackfiller) resume() {
 	}
 }
 
+type fakeChainReader struct{}
+
+func (fc *fakeChainReader) CurrentSnapBlock() *types.Header {
+	return &types.Header{Number: big.NewInt(math.MaxInt64)}
+}
+
 // skeletonTestPeer is a mock peer that can only serve header requests from a
 // pre-perated header chain (which may be arbitrarily wrong for testing).
 //
@@ -369,7 +376,7 @@ func TestSkeletonSyncInit(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a skeleton sync and run a cycle
 		wait := make(chan struct{})
 
-		skeleton := newSkeleton(db, newPeerSet(), nil, newHookedBackfiller())
+		skeleton := newSkeleton(db, newPeerSet(), nil, newHookedBackfiller(), &fakeChainReader{})
 		skeleton.syncStarting = func() { close(wait) }
 		skeleton.Sync(tt.head, nil, true)
 
@@ -472,7 +479,7 @@ func TestSkeletonSyncExtend(t *testing.T) {
 		// Create a skeleton sync and run a cycle
 		wait := make(chan struct{})
 
-		skeleton := newSkeleton(db, newPeerSet(), nil, newHookedBackfiller())
+		skeleton := newSkeleton(db, newPeerSet(), nil, newHookedBackfiller(), &fakeChainReader{})
 		skeleton.syncStarting = func() { close(wait) }
 		skeleton.Sync(tt.head, nil, true)
 
@@ -885,7 +892,7 @@ func TestSkeletonSyncRetrievals(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 		}
 		// Create a skeleton sync and run a cycle
-		skeleton := newSkeleton(db, peerset, drop, filler)
+		skeleton := newSkeleton(db, peerset, drop, filler, &fakeChainReader{})
 		skeleton.Sync(tt.head, nil, true)
 
 		// Wait a bit (bleah) for the initial sync loop to go to idle. This might

From b9702ed27b30b5c0388b9da5cdc816792b52515b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: oooLowNeoNooo <ooolowneonooo@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:23:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 414/470] console/prompt: use PromptInput in PromptConfirm
 method (#33445)

---
 console/prompt/prompter.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/console/prompt/prompter.go b/console/prompt/prompter.go
index 2a20b6906a..5a0a89e76a 100644
--- a/console/prompt/prompter.go
+++ b/console/prompt/prompter.go
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ func (p *terminalPrompter) PromptPassword(prompt string) (passwd string, err err
 // PromptConfirm displays the given prompt to the user and requests a boolean
 // choice to be made, returning that choice.
 func (p *terminalPrompter) PromptConfirm(prompt string) (bool, error) {
-	input, err := p.Prompt(prompt + " [y/n] ")
+	input, err := p.PromptInput(prompt + " [y/n] ")
 	if len(input) > 0 && strings.EqualFold(input[:1], "y") {
 		return true, nil
 	}

From 57f84866bc6e5a638eea604298c3813b88de1e29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Archkon <180910180+Archkon@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Dec 2025 20:57:29 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 415/470] params: fix wrong comment (#33503)

It seems that the comment for CopyGas was wrongly associated to
SloadGas.
---
 params/protocol_params.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/params/protocol_params.go b/params/protocol_params.go
index e8b044f450..bb506af015 100644
--- a/params/protocol_params.go
+++ b/params/protocol_params.go
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ const (
 
 	MaximumExtraDataSize  uint64 = 32    // Maximum size extra data may be after Genesis.
 	ExpByteGas            uint64 = 10    // Times ceil(log256(exponent)) for the EXP instruction.
-	SloadGas              uint64 = 50    // Multiplied by the number of 32-byte words that are copied (round up) for any *COPY operation and added.
+	SloadGas              uint64 = 50    //
 	CallValueTransferGas  uint64 = 9000  // Paid for CALL when the value transfer is non-zero.
 	CallNewAccountGas     uint64 = 25000 // Paid for CALL when the destination address didn't exist prior.
 	TxGas                 uint64 = 21000 // Per transaction not creating a contract. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions.
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ const (
 	CallCreateDepth       uint64 = 1024  // Maximum depth of call/create stack.
 	ExpGas                uint64 = 10    // Once per EXP instruction
 	LogGas                uint64 = 375   // Per LOG* operation.
-	CopyGas               uint64 = 3     //
+	CopyGas               uint64 = 3     //	Multiplied by the number of 32-byte words that are copied (round up) for any *COPY operation and added.
 	StackLimit            uint64 = 1024  // Maximum size of VM stack allowed.
 	TierStepGas           uint64 = 0     // Once per operation, for a selection of them.
 	LogTopicGas           uint64 = 375   // Multiplied by the * of the LOG*, per LOG transaction. e.g. LOG0 incurs 0 * c_txLogTopicGas, LOG4 incurs 4 * c_txLogTopicGas.

From 3f641dba872dd43c8232b9384b4c09f0b9e3bd96 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Dec 2025 13:44:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 416/470] trie, go.mod: remove all references to go-verkle and
 go-ipa (#33461)

In order to reduce the amount of code that is embedded into the keeper
binary, I am removing all the verkle code that uses go-verkle and
go-ipa. This will be followed by further PRs that are more like stubs to
replace code when the keeper build is detected.

I'm keeping the binary tree of course. This means that you will still
see `isVerkle` variables all over the codebase, but they will be renamed
when code is touched (i.e. this is not an invitation for 30+ AI slop
PRs).

---------

Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 beacon/engine/gen_ed.go          |  74 +++--
 beacon/engine/types.go           |  73 +++--
 cmd/geth/main.go                 |   2 -
 cmd/geth/verkle.go               | 214 ---------------
 cmd/keeper/go.mod                |   2 -
 cmd/keeper/go.sum                |   4 -
 consensus/beacon/consensus.go    |  41 +--
 core/state/access_events.go      |  55 ++--
 core/state/access_events_test.go |   7 +-
 core/state/database.go           |  18 +-
 core/state/database_history.go   |   8 -
 core/state/reader.go             |   3 +-
 core/state/state_object.go       |   5 +-
 core/state/statedb.go            |   8 +-
 core/state/statedb_hooked.go     |   5 -
 core/types/block.go              |  28 --
 core/vm/evm.go                   |   2 +-
 core/vm/interface.go             |   4 -
 go.mod                           |   2 -
 go.sum                           |   4 -
 trie/bintrie/key_encoding.go     |  48 +++-
 trie/bintrie/trie.go             |   5 +-
 trie/utils/verkle.go             | 413 ----------------------------
 trie/utils/verkle_test.go        | 130 ---------
 trie/verkle.go                   | 458 -------------------------------
 trie/verkle_test.go              | 173 ------------
 26 files changed, 154 insertions(+), 1632 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 cmd/geth/verkle.go
 delete mode 100644 trie/utils/verkle.go
 delete mode 100644 trie/utils/verkle_test.go
 delete mode 100644 trie/verkle.go
 delete mode 100644 trie/verkle_test.go

diff --git a/beacon/engine/gen_ed.go b/beacon/engine/gen_ed.go
index 0ae5a3b8f1..6893d64a16 100644
--- a/beacon/engine/gen_ed.go
+++ b/beacon/engine/gen_ed.go
@@ -17,24 +17,23 @@ var _ = (*executableDataMarshaling)(nil)
 // MarshalJSON marshals as JSON.
 func (e ExecutableData) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	type ExecutableData struct {
-		ParentHash       common.Hash             `json:"parentHash"    gencodec:"required"`
-		FeeRecipient     common.Address          `json:"feeRecipient"  gencodec:"required"`
-		StateRoot        common.Hash             `json:"stateRoot"     gencodec:"required"`
-		ReceiptsRoot     common.Hash             `json:"receiptsRoot"  gencodec:"required"`
-		LogsBloom        hexutil.Bytes           `json:"logsBloom"     gencodec:"required"`
-		Random           common.Hash             `json:"prevRandao"    gencodec:"required"`
-		Number           hexutil.Uint64          `json:"blockNumber"   gencodec:"required"`
-		GasLimit         hexutil.Uint64          `json:"gasLimit"      gencodec:"required"`
-		GasUsed          hexutil.Uint64          `json:"gasUsed"       gencodec:"required"`
-		Timestamp        hexutil.Uint64          `json:"timestamp"     gencodec:"required"`
-		ExtraData        hexutil.Bytes           `json:"extraData"     gencodec:"required"`
-		BaseFeePerGas    *hexutil.Big            `json:"baseFeePerGas" gencodec:"required"`
-		BlockHash        common.Hash             `json:"blockHash"     gencodec:"required"`
-		Transactions     []hexutil.Bytes         `json:"transactions"  gencodec:"required"`
-		Withdrawals      []*types.Withdrawal     `json:"withdrawals"`
-		BlobGasUsed      *hexutil.Uint64         `json:"blobGasUsed"`
-		ExcessBlobGas    *hexutil.Uint64         `json:"excessBlobGas"`
-		ExecutionWitness *types.ExecutionWitness `json:"executionWitness,omitempty"`
+		ParentHash    common.Hash         `json:"parentHash"    gencodec:"required"`
+		FeeRecipient  common.Address      `json:"feeRecipient"  gencodec:"required"`
+		StateRoot     common.Hash         `json:"stateRoot"     gencodec:"required"`
+		ReceiptsRoot  common.Hash         `json:"receiptsRoot"  gencodec:"required"`
+		LogsBloom     hexutil.Bytes       `json:"logsBloom"     gencodec:"required"`
+		Random        common.Hash         `json:"prevRandao"    gencodec:"required"`
+		Number        hexutil.Uint64      `json:"blockNumber"   gencodec:"required"`
+		GasLimit      hexutil.Uint64      `json:"gasLimit"      gencodec:"required"`
+		GasUsed       hexutil.Uint64      `json:"gasUsed"       gencodec:"required"`
+		Timestamp     hexutil.Uint64      `json:"timestamp"     gencodec:"required"`
+		ExtraData     hexutil.Bytes       `json:"extraData"     gencodec:"required"`
+		BaseFeePerGas *hexutil.Big        `json:"baseFeePerGas" gencodec:"required"`
+		BlockHash     common.Hash         `json:"blockHash"     gencodec:"required"`
+		Transactions  []hexutil.Bytes     `json:"transactions"  gencodec:"required"`
+		Withdrawals   []*types.Withdrawal `json:"withdrawals"`
+		BlobGasUsed   *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"blobGasUsed"`
+		ExcessBlobGas *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"excessBlobGas"`
 	}
 	var enc ExecutableData
 	enc.ParentHash = e.ParentHash
@@ -59,31 +58,29 @@ func (e ExecutableData) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	enc.Withdrawals = e.Withdrawals
 	enc.BlobGasUsed = (*hexutil.Uint64)(e.BlobGasUsed)
 	enc.ExcessBlobGas = (*hexutil.Uint64)(e.ExcessBlobGas)
-	enc.ExecutionWitness = e.ExecutionWitness
 	return json.Marshal(&enc)
 }
 
 // UnmarshalJSON unmarshals from JSON.
 func (e *ExecutableData) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 	type ExecutableData struct {
-		ParentHash       *common.Hash            `json:"parentHash"    gencodec:"required"`
-		FeeRecipient     *common.Address         `json:"feeRecipient"  gencodec:"required"`
-		StateRoot        *common.Hash            `json:"stateRoot"     gencodec:"required"`
-		ReceiptsRoot     *common.Hash            `json:"receiptsRoot"  gencodec:"required"`
-		LogsBloom        *hexutil.Bytes          `json:"logsBloom"     gencodec:"required"`
-		Random           *common.Hash            `json:"prevRandao"    gencodec:"required"`
-		Number           *hexutil.Uint64         `json:"blockNumber"   gencodec:"required"`
-		GasLimit         *hexutil.Uint64         `json:"gasLimit"      gencodec:"required"`
-		GasUsed          *hexutil.Uint64         `json:"gasUsed"       gencodec:"required"`
-		Timestamp        *hexutil.Uint64         `json:"timestamp"     gencodec:"required"`
-		ExtraData        *hexutil.Bytes          `json:"extraData"     gencodec:"required"`
-		BaseFeePerGas    *hexutil.Big            `json:"baseFeePerGas" gencodec:"required"`
-		BlockHash        *common.Hash            `json:"blockHash"     gencodec:"required"`
-		Transactions     []hexutil.Bytes         `json:"transactions"  gencodec:"required"`
-		Withdrawals      []*types.Withdrawal     `json:"withdrawals"`
-		BlobGasUsed      *hexutil.Uint64         `json:"blobGasUsed"`
-		ExcessBlobGas    *hexutil.Uint64         `json:"excessBlobGas"`
-		ExecutionWitness *types.ExecutionWitness `json:"executionWitness,omitempty"`
+		ParentHash    *common.Hash        `json:"parentHash"    gencodec:"required"`
+		FeeRecipient  *common.Address     `json:"feeRecipient"  gencodec:"required"`
+		StateRoot     *common.Hash        `json:"stateRoot"     gencodec:"required"`
+		ReceiptsRoot  *common.Hash        `json:"receiptsRoot"  gencodec:"required"`
+		LogsBloom     *hexutil.Bytes      `json:"logsBloom"     gencodec:"required"`
+		Random        *common.Hash        `json:"prevRandao"    gencodec:"required"`
+		Number        *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"blockNumber"   gencodec:"required"`
+		GasLimit      *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"gasLimit"      gencodec:"required"`
+		GasUsed       *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"gasUsed"       gencodec:"required"`
+		Timestamp     *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"timestamp"     gencodec:"required"`
+		ExtraData     *hexutil.Bytes      `json:"extraData"     gencodec:"required"`
+		BaseFeePerGas *hexutil.Big        `json:"baseFeePerGas" gencodec:"required"`
+		BlockHash     *common.Hash        `json:"blockHash"     gencodec:"required"`
+		Transactions  []hexutil.Bytes     `json:"transactions"  gencodec:"required"`
+		Withdrawals   []*types.Withdrawal `json:"withdrawals"`
+		BlobGasUsed   *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"blobGasUsed"`
+		ExcessBlobGas *hexutil.Uint64     `json:"excessBlobGas"`
 	}
 	var dec ExecutableData
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(input, &dec); err != nil {
@@ -157,8 +154,5 @@ func (e *ExecutableData) UnmarshalJSON(input []byte) error {
 	if dec.ExcessBlobGas != nil {
 		e.ExcessBlobGas = (*uint64)(dec.ExcessBlobGas)
 	}
-	if dec.ExecutionWitness != nil {
-		e.ExecutionWitness = dec.ExecutionWitness
-	}
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/beacon/engine/types.go b/beacon/engine/types.go
index ddb276ab09..da9b6568f2 100644
--- a/beacon/engine/types.go
+++ b/beacon/engine/types.go
@@ -73,24 +73,23 @@ type payloadAttributesMarshaling struct {
 
 // ExecutableData is the data necessary to execute an EL payload.
 type ExecutableData struct {
-	ParentHash       common.Hash             `json:"parentHash"    gencodec:"required"`
-	FeeRecipient     common.Address          `json:"feeRecipient"  gencodec:"required"`
-	StateRoot        common.Hash             `json:"stateRoot"     gencodec:"required"`
-	ReceiptsRoot     common.Hash             `json:"receiptsRoot"  gencodec:"required"`
-	LogsBloom        []byte                  `json:"logsBloom"     gencodec:"required"`
-	Random           common.Hash             `json:"prevRandao"    gencodec:"required"`
-	Number           uint64                  `json:"blockNumber"   gencodec:"required"`
-	GasLimit         uint64                  `json:"gasLimit"      gencodec:"required"`
-	GasUsed          uint64                  `json:"gasUsed"       gencodec:"required"`
-	Timestamp        uint64                  `json:"timestamp"     gencodec:"required"`
-	ExtraData        []byte                  `json:"extraData"     gencodec:"required"`
-	BaseFeePerGas    *big.Int                `json:"baseFeePerGas" gencodec:"required"`
-	BlockHash        common.Hash             `json:"blockHash"     gencodec:"required"`
-	Transactions     [][]byte                `json:"transactions"  gencodec:"required"`
-	Withdrawals      []*types.Withdrawal     `json:"withdrawals"`
-	BlobGasUsed      *uint64                 `json:"blobGasUsed"`
-	ExcessBlobGas    *uint64                 `json:"excessBlobGas"`
-	ExecutionWitness *types.ExecutionWitness `json:"executionWitness,omitempty"`
+	ParentHash    common.Hash         `json:"parentHash"    gencodec:"required"`
+	FeeRecipient  common.Address      `json:"feeRecipient"  gencodec:"required"`
+	StateRoot     common.Hash         `json:"stateRoot"     gencodec:"required"`
+	ReceiptsRoot  common.Hash         `json:"receiptsRoot"  gencodec:"required"`
+	LogsBloom     []byte              `json:"logsBloom"     gencodec:"required"`
+	Random        common.Hash         `json:"prevRandao"    gencodec:"required"`
+	Number        uint64              `json:"blockNumber"   gencodec:"required"`
+	GasLimit      uint64              `json:"gasLimit"      gencodec:"required"`
+	GasUsed       uint64              `json:"gasUsed"       gencodec:"required"`
+	Timestamp     uint64              `json:"timestamp"     gencodec:"required"`
+	ExtraData     []byte              `json:"extraData"     gencodec:"required"`
+	BaseFeePerGas *big.Int            `json:"baseFeePerGas" gencodec:"required"`
+	BlockHash     common.Hash         `json:"blockHash"     gencodec:"required"`
+	Transactions  [][]byte            `json:"transactions"  gencodec:"required"`
+	Withdrawals   []*types.Withdrawal `json:"withdrawals"`
+	BlobGasUsed   *uint64             `json:"blobGasUsed"`
+	ExcessBlobGas *uint64             `json:"excessBlobGas"`
 }
 
 // JSON type overrides for executableData.
@@ -316,8 +315,7 @@ func ExecutableDataToBlockNoHash(data ExecutableData, versionedHashes []common.H
 		RequestsHash:     requestsHash,
 	}
 	return types.NewBlockWithHeader(header).
-			WithBody(types.Body{Transactions: txs, Uncles: nil, Withdrawals: data.Withdrawals}).
-			WithWitness(data.ExecutionWitness),
+			WithBody(types.Body{Transactions: txs, Uncles: nil, Withdrawals: data.Withdrawals}),
 		nil
 }
 
@@ -325,24 +323,23 @@ func ExecutableDataToBlockNoHash(data ExecutableData, versionedHashes []common.H
 // fields from the given block. It assumes the given block is post-merge block.
 func BlockToExecutableData(block *types.Block, fees *big.Int, sidecars []*types.BlobTxSidecar, requests [][]byte) *ExecutionPayloadEnvelope {
 	data := &ExecutableData{
-		BlockHash:        block.Hash(),
-		ParentHash:       block.ParentHash(),
-		FeeRecipient:     block.Coinbase(),
-		StateRoot:        block.Root(),
-		Number:           block.NumberU64(),
-		GasLimit:         block.GasLimit(),
-		GasUsed:          block.GasUsed(),
-		BaseFeePerGas:    block.BaseFee(),
-		Timestamp:        block.Time(),
-		ReceiptsRoot:     block.ReceiptHash(),
-		LogsBloom:        block.Bloom().Bytes(),
-		Transactions:     encodeTransactions(block.Transactions()),
-		Random:           block.MixDigest(),
-		ExtraData:        block.Extra(),
-		Withdrawals:      block.Withdrawals(),
-		BlobGasUsed:      block.BlobGasUsed(),
-		ExcessBlobGas:    block.ExcessBlobGas(),
-		ExecutionWitness: block.ExecutionWitness(),
+		BlockHash:     block.Hash(),
+		ParentHash:    block.ParentHash(),
+		FeeRecipient:  block.Coinbase(),
+		StateRoot:     block.Root(),
+		Number:        block.NumberU64(),
+		GasLimit:      block.GasLimit(),
+		GasUsed:       block.GasUsed(),
+		BaseFeePerGas: block.BaseFee(),
+		Timestamp:     block.Time(),
+		ReceiptsRoot:  block.ReceiptHash(),
+		LogsBloom:     block.Bloom().Bytes(),
+		Transactions:  encodeTransactions(block.Transactions()),
+		Random:        block.MixDigest(),
+		ExtraData:     block.Extra(),
+		Withdrawals:   block.Withdrawals(),
+		BlobGasUsed:   block.BlobGasUsed(),
+		ExcessBlobGas: block.ExcessBlobGas(),
 	}
 
 	// Add blobs.
diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index b294ee593e..96f9f58dde 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -251,8 +251,6 @@ func init() {
 		utils.ShowDeprecated,
 		// See snapshot.go
 		snapshotCommand,
-		// See verkle.go
-		verkleCommand,
 	}
 	if logTestCommand != nil {
 		app.Commands = append(app.Commands, logTestCommand)
diff --git a/cmd/geth/verkle.go b/cmd/geth/verkle.go
deleted file mode 100644
index c064d70aba..0000000000
--- a/cmd/geth/verkle.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,214 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2022 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of go-ethereum.
-//
-// go-ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// go-ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-// along with go-ethereum. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package main
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"encoding/hex"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-	"slices"
-
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/cmd/utils"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-verkle"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
-)
-
-var (
-	zero [32]byte
-
-	verkleCommand = &cli.Command{
-		Name:        "verkle",
-		Usage:       "A set of experimental verkle tree management commands",
-		Description: "",
-		Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
-			{
-				Name:      "verify",
-				Usage:     "verify the conversion of a MPT into a verkle tree",
-				ArgsUsage: "<root>",
-				Action:    verifyVerkle,
-				Flags:     slices.Concat(utils.NetworkFlags, utils.DatabaseFlags),
-				Description: `
-geth verkle verify <state-root>
-This command takes a root commitment and attempts to rebuild the tree.
- `,
-			},
-			{
-				Name:      "dump",
-				Usage:     "Dump a verkle tree to a DOT file",
-				ArgsUsage: "<root> <key1> [<key 2> ...]",
-				Action:    expandVerkle,
-				Flags:     slices.Concat(utils.NetworkFlags, utils.DatabaseFlags),
-				Description: `
-geth verkle dump <state-root> <key 1> [<key 2> ...]
-This command will produce a dot file representing the tree, rooted at <root>.
-in which key1, key2, ... are expanded.
- `,
-			},
-		},
-	}
-)
-
-// recurse into each child to ensure they can be loaded from the db. The tree isn't rebuilt
-// (only its nodes are loaded) so there is no need to flush them, the garbage collector should
-// take care of that for us.
-func checkChildren(root verkle.VerkleNode, resolver verkle.NodeResolverFn) error {
-	switch node := root.(type) {
-	case *verkle.InternalNode:
-		for i, child := range node.Children() {
-			childC := child.Commit().Bytes()
-
-			if bytes.Equal(childC[:], zero[:]) {
-				continue
-			}
-			childS, err := resolver(childC[:])
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("could not find child %x in db: %w", childC, err)
-			}
-			// depth is set to 0, the tree isn't rebuilt so it's not a problem
-			childN, err := verkle.ParseNode(childS, 0)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("decode error child %x in db: %w", child.Commitment().Bytes(), err)
-			}
-			if err := checkChildren(childN, resolver); err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("%x%w", i, err) // write the path to the erroring node
-			}
-		}
-	case *verkle.LeafNode:
-		// sanity check: ensure at least one value is non-zero
-
-		for i := 0; i < verkle.NodeWidth; i++ {
-			if len(node.Value(i)) != 0 {
-				return nil
-			}
-		}
-		return errors.New("both balance and nonce are 0")
-	case verkle.Empty:
-		// nothing to do
-	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported type encountered %v", root)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func verifyVerkle(ctx *cli.Context) error {
-	stack, _ := makeConfigNode(ctx)
-	defer stack.Close()
-
-	chaindb := utils.MakeChainDatabase(ctx, stack, true)
-	defer chaindb.Close()
-	headBlock := rawdb.ReadHeadBlock(chaindb)
-	if headBlock == nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to load head block")
-		return errors.New("no head block")
-	}
-	if ctx.NArg() > 1 {
-		log.Error("Too many arguments given")
-		return errors.New("too many arguments")
-	}
-	var (
-		rootC common.Hash
-		err   error
-	)
-	if ctx.NArg() == 1 {
-		rootC, err = parseRoot(ctx.Args().First())
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("Failed to resolve state root", "error", err)
-			return err
-		}
-		log.Info("Rebuilding the tree", "root", rootC)
-	} else {
-		rootC = headBlock.Root()
-		log.Info("Rebuilding the tree", "root", rootC, "number", headBlock.NumberU64())
-	}
-
-	serializedRoot, err := chaindb.Get(rootC[:])
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	root, err := verkle.ParseNode(serializedRoot, 0)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err := checkChildren(root, chaindb.Get); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Could not rebuild the tree from the database", "err", err)
-		return err
-	}
-
-	log.Info("Tree was rebuilt from the database")
-	return nil
-}
-
-func expandVerkle(ctx *cli.Context) error {
-	stack, _ := makeConfigNode(ctx)
-	defer stack.Close()
-
-	chaindb := utils.MakeChainDatabase(ctx, stack, true)
-	defer chaindb.Close()
-	var (
-		rootC   common.Hash
-		keylist [][]byte
-		err     error
-	)
-	if ctx.NArg() >= 2 {
-		rootC, err = parseRoot(ctx.Args().First())
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("Failed to resolve state root", "error", err)
-			return err
-		}
-		keylist = make([][]byte, 0, ctx.Args().Len()-1)
-		args := ctx.Args().Slice()
-		for i := range args[1:] {
-			key, err := hex.DecodeString(args[i+1])
-			log.Info("decoded key", "arg", args[i+1], "key", key)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("error decoding key #%d: %w", i+1, err)
-			}
-			keylist = append(keylist, key)
-		}
-		log.Info("Rebuilding the tree", "root", rootC)
-	} else {
-		return fmt.Errorf("usage: %s root key1 [key 2...]", ctx.App.Name)
-	}
-
-	serializedRoot, err := chaindb.Get(rootC[:])
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	root, err := verkle.ParseNode(serializedRoot, 0)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	for i, key := range keylist {
-		log.Info("Reading key", "index", i, "key", key)
-		root.Get(key, chaindb.Get)
-	}
-
-	if err := os.WriteFile("dump.dot", []byte(verkle.ToDot(root)), 0600); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to dump file", "err", err)
-	} else {
-		log.Info("Tree was dumped to file", "file", "dump.dot")
-	}
-	return nil
-}
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.mod b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
index 8402382a9b..a42be042aa 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.mod
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
@@ -14,13 +14,11 @@ require (
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.1 // indirect
 	github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0 // indirect
-	github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a // indirect
 	github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/emicklei/dot v1.6.2 // indirect
 	github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.5 // indirect
 	github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab // indirect
-	github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/ferranbt/fastssz v0.1.4 // indirect
 	github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/gofrs/flock v0.12.1 // indirect
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.sum b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
index 4f4c0dbba0..133a3b10b1 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.sum
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
@@ -30,8 +30,6 @@ github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.1 h1:RyLV6UhPRoYYzaFnPQA4qK3DyuDgkTgskDd
 github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.1/go.mod h1:L3mXGFTe1ZN+RSJ+CLjUt9x7PNdx8ubaYfDROyp2Z8c=
 github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0 h1:WzDGjHk4gFg6YzV0rJOAsTK4z3Qkz5jd4RE3DAvPFkg=
 github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0/go.mod h1:J9/u5sWfznSObptgfa92Jq8rTswn6ahQWEuiLHOjCUI=
-github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a h1:W8mUrRp6NOVl3J+MYp5kPMoUZPp7aOYHtaua31lwRHg=
-github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a/go.mod h1:sTwzHBvIzm2RfVCGNEBZgRyjwK40bVoun3ZnGOCafNM=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.6.0 h1:XfcQbWM1LlMB8BsJ8N9vW5ehnnPVIw0je80NsVHagjM=
@@ -46,8 +44,6 @@ github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.5 h1:aVtoLK5xwJ6c5RiqO8g8ptJ5KU+2Hdquf6G3
 github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.5/go.mod h1:u59hRTTah4Co6i9fDWtiCjTrblJv0UwsqZKCc0GfgUs=
 github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab h1:rvv6MJhy07IMfEKuARQ9TKojGqLVNxQajaXEp/BoqSk=
 github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab/go.mod h1:IuLm4IsPipXKF7CW5Lzf68PIbZ5yl7FFd74l/E0o9A8=
-github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2 h1:I2W0WjnrFUIzzVPwm8ykY+7pL2d4VhlsePn4j7cnFk8=
-github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2/go.mod h1:M3b90YRnzqKyyzBEWJGqj8Qff4IDeXnzFw0P9bFw3uk=
 github.com/ferranbt/fastssz v0.1.4 h1:OCDB+dYDEQDvAgtAGnTSidK1Pe2tW3nFV40XyMkTeDY=
 github.com/ferranbt/fastssz v0.1.4/go.mod h1:Ea3+oeoRGGLGm5shYAeDgu6PGUlcvQhE2fILyD9+tGg=
 github.com/getsentry/sentry-go v0.27.0 h1:Pv98CIbtB3LkMWmXi4Joa5OOcwbmnX88sF5qbK3r3Ps=
diff --git a/consensus/beacon/consensus.go b/consensus/beacon/consensus.go
index dbba73947f..eed27407a5 100644
--- a/consensus/beacon/consensus.go
+++ b/consensus/beacon/consensus.go
@@ -365,46 +365,7 @@ func (beacon *Beacon) FinalizeAndAssemble(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, hea
 	header.Root = state.IntermediateRoot(true)
 
 	// Assemble the final block.
-	block := types.NewBlock(header, body, receipts, trie.NewStackTrie(nil))
-
-	// Create the block witness and attach to block.
-	// This step needs to happen as late as possible to catch all access events.
-	if chain.Config().IsVerkle(header.Number, header.Time) {
-		keys := state.AccessEvents().Keys()
-
-		// Open the pre-tree to prove the pre-state against
-		parent := chain.GetHeaderByNumber(header.Number.Uint64() - 1)
-		if parent == nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil parent header for block %d", header.Number)
-		}
-		preTrie, err := state.Database().OpenTrie(parent.Root)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("error opening pre-state tree root: %w", err)
-		}
-		postTrie := state.GetTrie()
-		if postTrie == nil {
-			return nil, errors.New("post-state tree is not available")
-		}
-		vktPreTrie, okpre := preTrie.(*trie.VerkleTrie)
-		vktPostTrie, okpost := postTrie.(*trie.VerkleTrie)
-
-		// The witness is only attached iff both parent and current block are
-		// using verkle tree.
-		if okpre && okpost {
-			if len(keys) > 0 {
-				verkleProof, stateDiff, err := vktPreTrie.Proof(vktPostTrie, keys)
-				if err != nil {
-					return nil, fmt.Errorf("error generating verkle proof for block %d: %w", header.Number, err)
-				}
-				block = block.WithWitness(&types.ExecutionWitness{
-					StateDiff:   stateDiff,
-					VerkleProof: verkleProof,
-				})
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return block, nil
+	return types.NewBlock(header, body, receipts, trie.NewStackTrie(nil)), nil
 }
 
 // Seal generates a new sealing request for the given input block and pushes
diff --git a/core/state/access_events.go b/core/state/access_events.go
index 0575c9898a..86f44bd623 100644
--- a/core/state/access_events.go
+++ b/core/state/access_events.go
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/bintrie"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
@@ -45,15 +45,12 @@ var zeroTreeIndex uint256.Int
 type AccessEvents struct {
 	branches map[branchAccessKey]mode
 	chunks   map[chunkAccessKey]mode
-
-	pointCache *utils.PointCache
 }
 
-func NewAccessEvents(pointCache *utils.PointCache) *AccessEvents {
+func NewAccessEvents() *AccessEvents {
 	return &AccessEvents{
-		branches:   make(map[branchAccessKey]mode),
-		chunks:     make(map[chunkAccessKey]mode),
-		pointCache: pointCache,
+		branches: make(map[branchAccessKey]mode),
+		chunks:   make(map[chunkAccessKey]mode),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -75,8 +72,11 @@ func (ae *AccessEvents) Keys() [][]byte {
 	// TODO: consider if parallelizing this is worth it, probably depending on len(ae.chunks).
 	keys := make([][]byte, 0, len(ae.chunks))
 	for chunk := range ae.chunks {
-		basePoint := ae.pointCache.Get(chunk.addr[:])
-		key := utils.GetTreeKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(basePoint, &chunk.treeIndex, chunk.leafKey)
+		var offset [32]byte
+		treeIndexBytes := chunk.treeIndex.Bytes32()
+		copy(offset[:31], treeIndexBytes[1:])
+		offset[31] = chunk.leafKey
+		key := bintrie.GetBinaryTreeKey(chunk.addr, offset[:])
 		keys = append(keys, key)
 	}
 	return keys
@@ -84,9 +84,8 @@ func (ae *AccessEvents) Keys() [][]byte {
 
 func (ae *AccessEvents) Copy() *AccessEvents {
 	cpy := &AccessEvents{
-		branches:   maps.Clone(ae.branches),
-		chunks:     maps.Clone(ae.chunks),
-		pointCache: ae.pointCache,
+		branches: maps.Clone(ae.branches),
+		chunks:   maps.Clone(ae.chunks),
 	}
 	return cpy
 }
@@ -95,12 +94,12 @@ func (ae *AccessEvents) Copy() *AccessEvents {
 // member fields of an account.
 func (ae *AccessEvents) AddAccount(addr common.Address, isWrite bool, availableGas uint64) uint64 {
 	var gas uint64 // accumulate the consumed gas
-	consumed, expected := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, utils.BasicDataLeafKey, isWrite, availableGas)
+	consumed, expected := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, bintrie.BasicDataLeafKey, isWrite, availableGas)
 	if consumed < expected {
 		return expected
 	}
 	gas += consumed
-	consumed, expected = ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, utils.CodeHashLeafKey, isWrite, availableGas-consumed)
+	consumed, expected = ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, bintrie.CodeHashLeafKey, isWrite, availableGas-consumed)
 	if consumed < expected {
 		return expected + gas
 	}
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ func (ae *AccessEvents) AddAccount(addr common.Address, isWrite bool, availableG
 // cold member fields of an account, that need to be touched when making a message
 // call to that account.
 func (ae *AccessEvents) MessageCallGas(destination common.Address, availableGas uint64) uint64 {
-	_, expected := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(destination, zeroTreeIndex, utils.BasicDataLeafKey, false, availableGas)
+	_, expected := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(destination, zeroTreeIndex, bintrie.BasicDataLeafKey, false, availableGas)
 	if expected == 0 {
 		expected = params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929
 	}
@@ -122,11 +121,11 @@ func (ae *AccessEvents) MessageCallGas(destination common.Address, availableGas
 // ValueTransferGas returns the gas to be charged for each of the currently
 // cold balance member fields of the caller and the callee accounts.
 func (ae *AccessEvents) ValueTransferGas(callerAddr, targetAddr common.Address, availableGas uint64) uint64 {
-	_, expected1 := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(callerAddr, zeroTreeIndex, utils.BasicDataLeafKey, true, availableGas)
+	_, expected1 := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(callerAddr, zeroTreeIndex, bintrie.BasicDataLeafKey, true, availableGas)
 	if expected1 > availableGas {
 		return expected1
 	}
-	_, expected2 := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(targetAddr, zeroTreeIndex, utils.BasicDataLeafKey, true, availableGas-expected1)
+	_, expected2 := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(targetAddr, zeroTreeIndex, bintrie.BasicDataLeafKey, true, availableGas-expected1)
 	if expected1+expected2 == 0 {
 		return params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929
 	}
@@ -138,8 +137,8 @@ func (ae *AccessEvents) ValueTransferGas(callerAddr, targetAddr common.Address,
 // address collision is done before the transfer, and so no write
 // are guaranteed to happen at this point.
 func (ae *AccessEvents) ContractCreatePreCheckGas(addr common.Address, availableGas uint64) uint64 {
-	consumed, expected1 := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, utils.BasicDataLeafKey, false, availableGas)
-	_, expected2 := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, utils.CodeHashLeafKey, false, availableGas-consumed)
+	consumed, expected1 := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, bintrie.BasicDataLeafKey, false, availableGas)
+	_, expected2 := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, bintrie.CodeHashLeafKey, false, availableGas-consumed)
 	return expected1 + expected2
 }
 
@@ -147,9 +146,9 @@ func (ae *AccessEvents) ContractCreatePreCheckGas(addr common.Address, available
 // a contract creation.
 func (ae *AccessEvents) ContractCreateInitGas(addr common.Address, availableGas uint64) (uint64, uint64) {
 	var gas uint64
-	consumed, expected1 := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, utils.BasicDataLeafKey, true, availableGas)
+	consumed, expected1 := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, bintrie.BasicDataLeafKey, true, availableGas)
 	gas += consumed
-	consumed, expected2 := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, utils.CodeHashLeafKey, true, availableGas-consumed)
+	consumed, expected2 := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, bintrie.CodeHashLeafKey, true, availableGas-consumed)
 	gas += consumed
 	return gas, expected1 + expected2
 }
@@ -157,20 +156,20 @@ func (ae *AccessEvents) ContractCreateInitGas(addr common.Address, availableGas
 // AddTxOrigin adds the member fields of the sender account to the access event list,
 // so that cold accesses are not charged, since they are covered by the 21000 gas.
 func (ae *AccessEvents) AddTxOrigin(originAddr common.Address) {
-	ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(originAddr, zeroTreeIndex, utils.BasicDataLeafKey, true, gomath.MaxUint64)
-	ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(originAddr, zeroTreeIndex, utils.CodeHashLeafKey, false, gomath.MaxUint64)
+	ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(originAddr, zeroTreeIndex, bintrie.BasicDataLeafKey, true, gomath.MaxUint64)
+	ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(originAddr, zeroTreeIndex, bintrie.CodeHashLeafKey, false, gomath.MaxUint64)
 }
 
 // AddTxDestination adds the member fields of the sender account to the access event list,
 // so that cold accesses are not charged, since they are covered by the 21000 gas.
 func (ae *AccessEvents) AddTxDestination(addr common.Address, sendsValue, doesntExist bool) {
-	ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, utils.BasicDataLeafKey, sendsValue, gomath.MaxUint64)
-	ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, utils.CodeHashLeafKey, doesntExist, gomath.MaxUint64)
+	ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, bintrie.BasicDataLeafKey, sendsValue, gomath.MaxUint64)
+	ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, bintrie.CodeHashLeafKey, doesntExist, gomath.MaxUint64)
 }
 
 // SlotGas returns the amount of gas to be charged for a cold storage access.
 func (ae *AccessEvents) SlotGas(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash, isWrite bool, availableGas uint64, chargeWarmCosts bool) uint64 {
-	treeIndex, subIndex := utils.StorageIndex(slot.Bytes())
+	treeIndex, subIndex := bintrie.StorageIndex(slot.Bytes())
 	_, expected := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, *treeIndex, subIndex, isWrite, availableGas)
 	if expected == 0 && chargeWarmCosts {
 		expected = params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929
@@ -313,7 +312,7 @@ func (ae *AccessEvents) CodeChunksRangeGas(contractAddr common.Address, startPC,
 // Note that an access in write mode implies an access in read mode, whereas an
 // access in read mode does not imply an access in write mode.
 func (ae *AccessEvents) BasicDataGas(addr common.Address, isWrite bool, availableGas uint64, chargeWarmCosts bool) uint64 {
-	_, expected := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, utils.BasicDataLeafKey, isWrite, availableGas)
+	_, expected := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, bintrie.BasicDataLeafKey, isWrite, availableGas)
 	if expected == 0 && chargeWarmCosts {
 		if availableGas < params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929 {
 			return availableGas
@@ -329,7 +328,7 @@ func (ae *AccessEvents) BasicDataGas(addr common.Address, isWrite bool, availabl
 // Note that an access in write mode implies an access in read mode, whereas an access in
 // read mode does not imply an access in write mode.
 func (ae *AccessEvents) CodeHashGas(addr common.Address, isWrite bool, availableGas uint64, chargeWarmCosts bool) uint64 {
-	_, expected := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, utils.CodeHashLeafKey, isWrite, availableGas)
+	_, expected := ae.touchAddressAndChargeGas(addr, zeroTreeIndex, bintrie.CodeHashLeafKey, isWrite, availableGas)
 	if expected == 0 && chargeWarmCosts {
 		if availableGas < params.WarmStorageReadCostEIP2929 {
 			return availableGas
diff --git a/core/state/access_events_test.go b/core/state/access_events_test.go
index e80859a0b4..0b39130e8d 100644
--- a/core/state/access_events_test.go
+++ b/core/state/access_events_test.go
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 func TestAccountHeaderGas(t *testing.T) {
-	ae := NewAccessEvents(utils.NewPointCache(1024))
+	ae := NewAccessEvents()
 
 	// Check cold read cost
 	gas := ae.BasicDataGas(testAddr, false, math.MaxUint64, false)
@@ -93,7 +92,7 @@ func TestAccountHeaderGas(t *testing.T) {
 // TestContractCreateInitGas checks that the gas cost of contract creation is correctly
 // calculated.
 func TestContractCreateInitGas(t *testing.T) {
-	ae := NewAccessEvents(utils.NewPointCache(1024))
+	ae := NewAccessEvents()
 
 	var testAddr [20]byte
 	for i := byte(0); i < 20; i++ {
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ func TestContractCreateInitGas(t *testing.T) {
 // TestMessageCallGas checks that the gas cost of message calls is correctly
 // calculated.
 func TestMessageCallGas(t *testing.T) {
-	ae := NewAccessEvents(utils.NewPointCache(1024))
+	ae := NewAccessEvents()
 
 	// Check cold read cost, without a value
 	gas := ae.MessageCallGas(testAddr, math.MaxUint64)
diff --git a/core/state/database.go b/core/state/database.go
index ae177d964f..1e8fc9d5c9 100644
--- a/core/state/database.go
+++ b/core/state/database.go
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/bintrie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/transitiontrie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
@@ -41,9 +40,6 @@ const (
 
 	// Cache size granted for caching clean code.
 	codeCacheSize = 256 * 1024 * 1024
-
-	// Number of address->curve point associations to keep.
-	pointCacheSize = 4096
 )
 
 // Database wraps access to tries and contract code.
@@ -57,9 +53,6 @@ type Database interface {
 	// OpenStorageTrie opens the storage trie of an account.
 	OpenStorageTrie(stateRoot common.Hash, address common.Address, root common.Hash, trie Trie) (Trie, error)
 
-	// PointCache returns the cache holding points used in verkle tree key computation
-	PointCache() *utils.PointCache
-
 	// TrieDB returns the underlying trie database for managing trie nodes.
 	TrieDB() *triedb.Database
 
@@ -161,7 +154,6 @@ type CachingDB struct {
 	snap          *snapshot.Tree
 	codeCache     *lru.SizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte]
 	codeSizeCache *lru.Cache[common.Hash, int]
-	pointCache    *utils.PointCache
 
 	// Transition-specific fields
 	TransitionStatePerRoot *lru.Cache[common.Hash, *overlay.TransitionState]
@@ -175,7 +167,6 @@ func NewDatabase(triedb *triedb.Database, snap *snapshot.Tree) *CachingDB {
 		snap:                   snap,
 		codeCache:              lru.NewSizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte](codeCacheSize),
 		codeSizeCache:          lru.NewCache[common.Hash, int](codeSizeCacheSize),
-		pointCache:             utils.NewPointCache(pointCacheSize),
 		TransitionStatePerRoot: lru.NewCache[common.Hash, *overlay.TransitionState](1000),
 	}
 }
@@ -211,7 +202,7 @@ func (db *CachingDB) Reader(stateRoot common.Hash) (Reader, error) {
 	}
 	// Configure the trie reader, which is expected to be available as the
 	// gatekeeper unless the state is corrupted.
-	tr, err := newTrieReader(stateRoot, db.triedb, db.pointCache)
+	tr, err := newTrieReader(stateRoot, db.triedb)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -289,11 +280,6 @@ func (db *CachingDB) TrieDB() *triedb.Database {
 	return db.triedb
 }
 
-// PointCache returns the cache of evaluated curve points.
-func (db *CachingDB) PointCache() *utils.PointCache {
-	return db.pointCache
-}
-
 // Snapshot returns the underlying state snapshot.
 func (db *CachingDB) Snapshot() *snapshot.Tree {
 	return db.snap
@@ -304,8 +290,6 @@ func mustCopyTrie(t Trie) Trie {
 	switch t := t.(type) {
 	case *trie.StateTrie:
 		return t.Copy()
-	case *trie.VerkleTrie:
-		return t.Copy()
 	case *transitiontrie.TransitionTrie:
 		return t.Copy()
 	default:
diff --git a/core/state/database_history.go b/core/state/database_history.go
index 314c56c470..f9c4a69f2f 100644
--- a/core/state/database_history.go
+++ b/core/state/database_history.go
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
 )
@@ -105,7 +104,6 @@ type HistoricDB struct {
 	triedb        *triedb.Database
 	codeCache     *lru.SizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte]
 	codeSizeCache *lru.Cache[common.Hash, int]
-	pointCache    *utils.PointCache
 }
 
 // NewHistoricDatabase creates a historic state database.
@@ -115,7 +113,6 @@ func NewHistoricDatabase(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, triedb *triedb.Database) *His
 		triedb:        triedb,
 		codeCache:     lru.NewSizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte](codeCacheSize),
 		codeSizeCache: lru.NewCache[common.Hash, int](codeSizeCacheSize),
-		pointCache:    utils.NewPointCache(pointCacheSize),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -139,11 +136,6 @@ func (db *HistoricDB) OpenStorageTrie(stateRoot common.Hash, address common.Addr
 	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
-// PointCache returns the cache holding points used in verkle tree key computation
-func (db *HistoricDB) PointCache() *utils.PointCache {
-	return db.pointCache
-}
-
 // TrieDB returns the underlying trie database for managing trie nodes.
 func (db *HistoricDB) TrieDB() *triedb.Database {
 	return db.triedb
diff --git a/core/state/reader.go b/core/state/reader.go
index c912ca28da..38228f8453 100644
--- a/core/state/reader.go
+++ b/core/state/reader.go
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/bintrie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/transitiontrie"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/database"
 )
@@ -267,7 +266,7 @@ type trieReader struct {
 
 // newTrieReader constructs a trie reader of the specific state. An error will be
 // returned if the associated trie specified by root is not existent.
-func newTrieReader(root common.Hash, db *triedb.Database, cache *utils.PointCache) (*trieReader, error) {
+func newTrieReader(root common.Hash, db *triedb.Database) (*trieReader, error) {
 	var (
 		tr  Trie
 		err error
diff --git a/core/state/state_object.go b/core/state/state_object.go
index 91623a838b..411d5fb5b5 100644
--- a/core/state/state_object.go
+++ b/core/state/state_object.go
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/bintrie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/transitiontrie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
@@ -498,8 +499,8 @@ func (s *stateObject) deepCopy(db *StateDB) *stateObject {
 	}
 
 	switch s.trie.(type) {
-	case *trie.VerkleTrie:
-		// Verkle uses only one tree, and the copy has already been
+	case *bintrie.BinaryTrie:
+		// UBT uses only one tree, and the copy has already been
 		// made in mustCopyTrie.
 		obj.trie = db.trie
 	case *transitiontrie.TransitionTrie:
diff --git a/core/state/statedb.go b/core/state/statedb.go
index 7c6b8bbdfc..c239d66233 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
@@ -188,7 +187,7 @@ func NewWithReader(root common.Hash, db Database, reader Reader) (*StateDB, erro
 		transientStorage:     newTransientStorage(),
 	}
 	if db.TrieDB().IsVerkle() {
-		sdb.accessEvents = NewAccessEvents(db.PointCache())
+		sdb.accessEvents = NewAccessEvents()
 	}
 	return sdb, nil
 }
@@ -1495,11 +1494,6 @@ func (s *StateDB) markUpdate(addr common.Address) {
 	s.mutations[addr].typ = update
 }
 
-// PointCache returns the point cache used by verkle tree.
-func (s *StateDB) PointCache() *utils.PointCache {
-	return s.db.PointCache()
-}
-
 // Witness retrieves the current state witness being collected.
 func (s *StateDB) Witness() *stateless.Witness {
 	return s.witness
diff --git a/core/state/statedb_hooked.go b/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
index 50acc03aa8..33a2016784 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
@@ -133,10 +132,6 @@ func (s *hookedStateDB) AddSlotToAccessList(addr common.Address, slot common.Has
 	s.inner.AddSlotToAccessList(addr, slot)
 }
 
-func (s *hookedStateDB) PointCache() *utils.PointCache {
-	return s.inner.PointCache()
-}
-
 func (s *hookedStateDB) Prepare(rules params.Rules, sender, coinbase common.Address, dest *common.Address, precompiles []common.Address, txAccesses types.AccessList) {
 	s.inner.Prepare(rules, sender, coinbase, dest, precompiles, txAccesses)
 }
diff --git a/core/types/block.go b/core/types/block.go
index b5b6468a13..c52c05a4c7 100644
--- a/core/types/block.go
+++ b/core/types/block.go
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-verkle"
 )
 
 // A BlockNonce is a 64-bit hash which proves (combined with the
@@ -61,13 +60,6 @@ func (n *BlockNonce) UnmarshalText(input []byte) error {
 	return hexutil.UnmarshalFixedText("BlockNonce", input, n[:])
 }
 
-// ExecutionWitness represents the witness + proof used in a verkle context,
-// to provide the ability to execute a block statelessly.
-type ExecutionWitness struct {
-	StateDiff   verkle.StateDiff    `json:"stateDiff"`
-	VerkleProof *verkle.VerkleProof `json:"verkleProof"`
-}
-
 //go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type Header -field-override headerMarshaling -out gen_header_json.go
 //go:generate go run ../../rlp/rlpgen -type Header -out gen_header_rlp.go
 
@@ -209,11 +201,6 @@ type Block struct {
 	transactions Transactions
 	withdrawals  Withdrawals
 
-	// witness is not an encoded part of the block body.
-	// It is held in Block in order for easy relaying to the places
-	// that process it.
-	witness *ExecutionWitness
-
 	// caches
 	hash atomic.Pointer[common.Hash]
 	size atomic.Uint64
@@ -429,9 +416,6 @@ func (b *Block) BlobGasUsed() *uint64 {
 	return blobGasUsed
 }
 
-// ExecutionWitness returns the verkle execution witneess + proof for a block
-func (b *Block) ExecutionWitness() *ExecutionWitness { return b.witness }
-
 // Size returns the true RLP encoded storage size of the block, either by encoding
 // and returning it, or returning a previously cached value.
 func (b *Block) Size() uint64 {
@@ -494,7 +478,6 @@ func (b *Block) WithSeal(header *Header) *Block {
 		transactions: b.transactions,
 		uncles:       b.uncles,
 		withdrawals:  b.withdrawals,
-		witness:      b.witness,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -506,7 +489,6 @@ func (b *Block) WithBody(body Body) *Block {
 		transactions: slices.Clone(body.Transactions),
 		uncles:       make([]*Header, len(body.Uncles)),
 		withdrawals:  slices.Clone(body.Withdrawals),
-		witness:      b.witness,
 	}
 	for i := range body.Uncles {
 		block.uncles[i] = CopyHeader(body.Uncles[i])
@@ -514,16 +496,6 @@ func (b *Block) WithBody(body Body) *Block {
 	return block
 }
 
-func (b *Block) WithWitness(witness *ExecutionWitness) *Block {
-	return &Block{
-		header:       b.header,
-		transactions: b.transactions,
-		uncles:       b.uncles,
-		withdrawals:  b.withdrawals,
-		witness:      witness,
-	}
-}
-
 // Hash returns the keccak256 hash of b's header.
 // The hash is computed on the first call and cached thereafter.
 func (b *Block) Hash() common.Hash {
diff --git a/core/vm/evm.go b/core/vm/evm.go
index 8975c791c8..25a3318c02 100644
--- a/core/vm/evm.go
+++ b/core/vm/evm.go
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ func (evm *EVM) SetJumpDestCache(jumpDests JumpDestCache) {
 // This is not threadsafe and should only be done very cautiously.
 func (evm *EVM) SetTxContext(txCtx TxContext) {
 	if evm.chainRules.IsEIP4762 {
-		txCtx.AccessEvents = state.NewAccessEvents(evm.StateDB.PointCache())
+		txCtx.AccessEvents = state.NewAccessEvents()
 	}
 	evm.TxContext = txCtx
 }
diff --git a/core/vm/interface.go b/core/vm/interface.go
index d7f4c10e1f..e2f6a65189 100644
--- a/core/vm/interface.go
+++ b/core/vm/interface.go
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
@@ -84,9 +83,6 @@ type StateDB interface {
 	// even if the feature/fork is not active yet
 	AddSlotToAccessList(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash)
 
-	// PointCache returns the point cache used in computations
-	PointCache() *utils.PointCache
-
 	Prepare(rules params.Rules, sender, coinbase common.Address, dest *common.Address, precompiles []common.Address, txAccesses types.AccessList)
 
 	RevertToSnapshot(int)
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index aff1d53923..66f3a3ffa5 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ require (
 	github.com/cockroachdb/pebble v1.1.5
 	github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.18.1
 	github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0
-	github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1
 	github.com/dchest/siphash v1.2.3
 	github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.6.0
@@ -24,7 +23,6 @@ require (
 	github.com/dop251/goja v0.0.0-20230605162241-28ee0ee714f3
 	github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.5
 	github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab
-	github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2
 	github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0
 	github.com/ferranbt/fastssz v0.1.4
 	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.6.0
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 503e0975d6..ad066abc03 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -81,8 +81,6 @@ github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.5 h1:ZtcqGrnekaHpVLArFSe4HK5DoKx1T0rq2DwVB
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.5/go.mod h1:tgQtvFlXSQOSOSIRvRPT7W67SCa46tRHOmNcaadrF8o=
 github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0 h1:WzDGjHk4gFg6YzV0rJOAsTK4z3Qkz5jd4RE3DAvPFkg=
 github.com/crate-crypto/go-eth-kzg v1.4.0/go.mod h1:J9/u5sWfznSObptgfa92Jq8rTswn6ahQWEuiLHOjCUI=
-github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a h1:W8mUrRp6NOVl3J+MYp5kPMoUZPp7aOYHtaua31lwRHg=
-github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa v0.0.0-20240724233137-53bbb0ceb27a/go.mod h1:sTwzHBvIzm2RfVCGNEBZgRyjwK40bVoun3ZnGOCafNM=
 github.com/creack/pty v1.1.9/go.mod h1:oKZEueFk5CKHvIhNR5MUki03XCEU+Q6VDXinZuGJ33E=
 github.com/cyberdelia/templates v0.0.0-20141128023046-ca7fffd4298c/go.mod h1:GyV+0YP4qX0UQ7r2MoYZ+AvYDp12OF5yg4q8rGnyNh4=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
@@ -117,8 +115,6 @@ github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.5 h1:aVtoLK5xwJ6c5RiqO8g8ptJ5KU+2Hdquf6G3
 github.com/ethereum/c-kzg-4844/v2 v2.1.5/go.mod h1:u59hRTTah4Co6i9fDWtiCjTrblJv0UwsqZKCc0GfgUs=
 github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab h1:rvv6MJhy07IMfEKuARQ9TKojGqLVNxQajaXEp/BoqSk=
 github.com/ethereum/go-bigmodexpfix v0.0.0-20250911101455-f9e208c548ab/go.mod h1:IuLm4IsPipXKF7CW5Lzf68PIbZ5yl7FFd74l/E0o9A8=
-github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2 h1:I2W0WjnrFUIzzVPwm8ykY+7pL2d4VhlsePn4j7cnFk8=
-github.com/ethereum/go-verkle v0.2.2/go.mod h1:M3b90YRnzqKyyzBEWJGqj8Qff4IDeXnzFw0P9bFw3uk=
 github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0 h1:zmkK9Ngbjj+K0yRhTVONQh1p/HknKYSlNT+vZCzyokM=
 github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0/go.mod h1:fL2Sau1YI5c0pdGEVCbKQbLXB6edEj1ZgiY4NijnWvE=
 github.com/ferranbt/fastssz v0.1.4 h1:OCDB+dYDEQDvAgtAGnTSidK1Pe2tW3nFV40XyMkTeDY=
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/key_encoding.go b/trie/bintrie/key_encoding.go
index cda797521a..5a93fcde9a 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/key_encoding.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/key_encoding.go
@@ -33,8 +33,17 @@ const (
 )
 
 var (
-	zeroHash   = common.Hash{}
-	codeOffset = uint256.NewInt(128)
+	zeroInt                             = uint256.NewInt(0)
+	zeroHash                            = common.Hash{}
+	verkleNodeWidthLog2                 = 8
+	headerStorageOffset                 = uint256.NewInt(64)
+	codeOffset                          = uint256.NewInt(128)
+	codeStorageDelta                    = uint256.NewInt(0).Sub(codeOffset, headerStorageOffset)
+	mainStorageOffsetLshVerkleNodeWidth = new(uint256.Int).Lsh(uint256.NewInt(1), 248-uint(verkleNodeWidthLog2))
+	CodeOffset                          = uint256.NewInt(128)
+	VerkleNodeWidth                     = uint256.NewInt(256)
+	HeaderStorageOffset                 = uint256.NewInt(64)
+	VerkleNodeWidthLog2                 = 8
 )
 
 func GetBinaryTreeKey(addr common.Address, key []byte) []byte {
@@ -83,3 +92,38 @@ func GetBinaryTreeKeyCodeChunk(address common.Address, chunknr *uint256.Int) []b
 	chunkOffset := new(uint256.Int).Add(codeOffset, chunknr).Bytes()
 	return GetBinaryTreeKey(address, chunkOffset)
 }
+
+func StorageIndex(storageKey []byte) (*uint256.Int, byte) {
+	// If the storage slot is in the header, we need to add the header offset.
+	var key uint256.Int
+	key.SetBytes(storageKey)
+	if key.Cmp(codeStorageDelta) < 0 {
+		// This addition is always safe; it can't ever overflow since pos<codeStorageDelta.
+		key.Add(headerStorageOffset, &key)
+
+		// In this branch, the tree-index is zero since we're in the account header,
+		// and the sub-index is the LSB of the modified storage key.
+		return zeroInt, byte(key[0] & 0xFF)
+	}
+	// If the storage slot is in the main storage, we need to add the main storage offset.
+
+	// The first MAIN_STORAGE_OFFSET group will see its
+	// first 64 slots unreachable. This is either a typo in the
+	// spec or intended to conserve the 256-u256
+	// alignment. If we decide to ever access these 64
+	// slots, uncomment this.
+	// // Get the new offset since we now know that we are above 64.
+	// pos.Sub(&pos, codeStorageDelta)
+	// suffix := byte(pos[0] & 0xFF)
+	suffix := storageKey[len(storageKey)-1]
+
+	// We first divide by VerkleNodeWidth to create room to avoid an overflow next.
+	key.Rsh(&key, uint(verkleNodeWidthLog2))
+
+	// We add mainStorageOffset/VerkleNodeWidth which can't overflow.
+	key.Add(&key, mainStorageOffsetLshVerkleNodeWidth)
+
+	// The sub-index is the LSB of the original storage key, since mainStorageOffset
+	// doesn't affect this byte, so we can avoid masks or shifts.
+	return &key, suffix
+}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/trie.go b/trie/bintrie/trie.go
index a7ee342b74..c082d57bdf 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/trie.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/trie.go
@@ -79,10 +79,7 @@ func ChunkifyCode(code []byte) ChunkedCode {
 	chunks := make([]byte, chunkCount*HashSize)
 	for i := 0; i < chunkCount; i++ {
 		// number of bytes to copy, StemSize unless the end of the code has been reached.
-		end := StemSize * (i + 1)
-		if len(code) < end {
-			end = len(code)
-		}
+		end := min(len(code), StemSize*(i+1))
 		copy(chunks[i*HashSize+1:], code[StemSize*i:end]) // copy the code itself
 
 		// chunk offset = taken from the last chunk.
diff --git a/trie/utils/verkle.go b/trie/utils/verkle.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 2e42477b8d..0000000000
--- a/trie/utils/verkle.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,413 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package utils
-
-import (
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"sync"
-
-	"github.com/crate-crypto/go-ipa/bandersnatch/fr"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/lru"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-verkle"
-	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
-)
-
-const (
-	BasicDataLeafKey = 0
-	CodeHashLeafKey  = 1
-
-	BasicDataVersionOffset  = 0
-	BasicDataCodeSizeOffset = 5
-	BasicDataNonceOffset    = 8
-	BasicDataBalanceOffset  = 16
-)
-
-var (
-	zero                                = uint256.NewInt(0)
-	verkleNodeWidthLog2                 = 8
-	headerStorageOffset                 = uint256.NewInt(64)
-	codeOffset                          = uint256.NewInt(128)
-	verkleNodeWidth                     = uint256.NewInt(256)
-	codeStorageDelta                    = uint256.NewInt(0).Sub(codeOffset, headerStorageOffset)
-	mainStorageOffsetLshVerkleNodeWidth = new(uint256.Int).Lsh(uint256.NewInt(1), 248-uint(verkleNodeWidthLog2))
-	CodeOffset                          = uint256.NewInt(128)
-	VerkleNodeWidth                     = uint256.NewInt(256)
-	HeaderStorageOffset                 = uint256.NewInt(64)
-	VerkleNodeWidthLog2                 = 8
-
-	index0Point *verkle.Point // pre-computed commitment of polynomial [2+256*64]
-
-	// cacheHitGauge is the metric to track how many cache hit occurred.
-	cacheHitGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("trie/verkle/cache/hit", nil)
-
-	// cacheMissGauge is the metric to track how many cache miss occurred.
-	cacheMissGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("trie/verkle/cache/miss", nil)
-)
-
-func init() {
-	// The byte array is the Marshalled output of the point computed as such:
-	//
-	// 	var (
-	//		config = verkle.GetConfig()
-	//		fr     verkle.Fr
-	//	)
-	//	verkle.FromLEBytes(&fr, []byte{2, 64})
-	//	point := config.CommitToPoly([]verkle.Fr{fr}, 1)
-	index0Point = new(verkle.Point)
-	err := index0Point.SetBytes([]byte{34, 25, 109, 242, 193, 5, 144, 224, 76, 52, 189, 92, 197, 126, 9, 145, 27, 152, 199, 130, 165, 3, 210, 27, 193, 131, 142, 28, 110, 26, 16, 191})
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-}
-
-// PointCache is the LRU cache for storing evaluated address commitment.
-type PointCache struct {
-	lru  lru.BasicLRU[string, *verkle.Point]
-	lock sync.RWMutex
-}
-
-// NewPointCache returns the cache with specified size.
-func NewPointCache(maxItems int) *PointCache {
-	return &PointCache{
-		lru: lru.NewBasicLRU[string, *verkle.Point](maxItems),
-	}
-}
-
-// Get returns the cached commitment for the specified address, or computing
-// it on the flight.
-func (c *PointCache) Get(addr []byte) *verkle.Point {
-	c.lock.Lock()
-	defer c.lock.Unlock()
-
-	p, ok := c.lru.Get(string(addr))
-	if ok {
-		cacheHitGauge.Inc(1)
-		return p
-	}
-	cacheMissGauge.Inc(1)
-	p = evaluateAddressPoint(addr)
-	c.lru.Add(string(addr), p)
-	return p
-}
-
-// GetStem returns the first 31 bytes of the tree key as the tree stem. It only
-// works for the account metadata whose treeIndex is 0.
-func (c *PointCache) GetStem(addr []byte) []byte {
-	p := c.Get(addr)
-	return pointToHash(p, 0)[:31]
-}
-
-// GetTreeKey performs both the work of the spec's get_tree_key function, and that
-// of pedersen_hash: it builds the polynomial in pedersen_hash without having to
-// create a mostly zero-filled buffer and "type cast" it to a 128-long 16-byte
-// array. Since at most the first 5 coefficients of the polynomial will be non-zero,
-// these 5 coefficients are created directly.
-func GetTreeKey(address []byte, treeIndex *uint256.Int, subIndex byte) []byte {
-	if len(address) < 32 {
-		var aligned [32]byte
-		address = append(aligned[:32-len(address)], address...)
-	}
-	// poly = [2+256*64, address_le_low, address_le_high, tree_index_le_low, tree_index_le_high]
-	var poly [5]fr.Element
-
-	// 32-byte address, interpreted as two little endian
-	// 16-byte numbers.
-	verkle.FromLEBytes(&poly[1], address[:16])
-	verkle.FromLEBytes(&poly[2], address[16:])
-
-	// treeIndex must be interpreted as a 32-byte aligned little-endian integer.
-	// e.g: if treeIndex is 0xAABBCC, we need the byte representation to be 0xCCBBAA00...00.
-	// poly[3] = LE({CC,BB,AA,00...0}) (16 bytes), poly[4]=LE({00,00,...}) (16 bytes).
-	//
-	// To avoid unnecessary endianness conversions for go-ipa, we do some trick:
-	// - poly[3]'s byte representation is the same as the *top* 16 bytes (trieIndexBytes[16:]) of
-	//   32-byte aligned big-endian representation (BE({00,...,AA,BB,CC})).
-	// - poly[4]'s byte representation is the same as the *low* 16 bytes (trieIndexBytes[:16]) of
-	//   the 32-byte aligned big-endian representation (BE({00,00,...}).
-	trieIndexBytes := treeIndex.Bytes32()
-	verkle.FromBytes(&poly[3], trieIndexBytes[16:])
-	verkle.FromBytes(&poly[4], trieIndexBytes[:16])
-
-	cfg := verkle.GetConfig()
-	ret := cfg.CommitToPoly(poly[:], 0)
-
-	// add a constant point corresponding to poly[0]=[2+256*64].
-	ret.Add(ret, index0Point)
-
-	return pointToHash(ret, subIndex)
-}
-
-// GetTreeKeyWithEvaluatedAddress is basically identical to GetTreeKey, the only
-// difference is a part of polynomial is already evaluated.
-//
-// Specifically, poly = [2+256*64, address_le_low, address_le_high] is already
-// evaluated.
-func GetTreeKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(evaluated *verkle.Point, treeIndex *uint256.Int, subIndex byte) []byte {
-	var poly [5]fr.Element
-
-	// little-endian, 32-byte aligned treeIndex
-	var index [32]byte
-	for i := 0; i < len(treeIndex); i++ {
-		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(index[i*8:(i+1)*8], treeIndex[i])
-	}
-	verkle.FromLEBytes(&poly[3], index[:16])
-	verkle.FromLEBytes(&poly[4], index[16:])
-
-	cfg := verkle.GetConfig()
-	ret := cfg.CommitToPoly(poly[:], 0)
-
-	// add the pre-evaluated address
-	ret.Add(ret, evaluated)
-
-	return pointToHash(ret, subIndex)
-}
-
-// BasicDataKey returns the verkle tree key of the basic data field for
-// the specified account.
-func BasicDataKey(address []byte) []byte {
-	return GetTreeKey(address, zero, BasicDataLeafKey)
-}
-
-// CodeHashKey returns the verkle tree key of the code hash field for
-// the specified account.
-func CodeHashKey(address []byte) []byte {
-	return GetTreeKey(address, zero, CodeHashLeafKey)
-}
-
-func codeChunkIndex(chunk *uint256.Int) (*uint256.Int, byte) {
-	var (
-		chunkOffset            = new(uint256.Int).Add(codeOffset, chunk)
-		treeIndex, subIndexMod = new(uint256.Int).DivMod(chunkOffset, verkleNodeWidth, new(uint256.Int))
-	)
-	return treeIndex, byte(subIndexMod.Uint64())
-}
-
-// CodeChunkKey returns the verkle tree key of the code chunk for the
-// specified account.
-func CodeChunkKey(address []byte, chunk *uint256.Int) []byte {
-	treeIndex, subIndex := codeChunkIndex(chunk)
-	return GetTreeKey(address, treeIndex, subIndex)
-}
-
-func GetTreeKeyCodeChunkIndices(chunk *uint256.Int) (*uint256.Int, byte) {
-	chunkOffset := new(uint256.Int).Add(CodeOffset, chunk)
-	treeIndex := new(uint256.Int).Div(chunkOffset, VerkleNodeWidth)
-	subIndexMod := new(uint256.Int).Mod(chunkOffset, VerkleNodeWidth)
-	var subIndex byte
-	if len(subIndexMod) != 0 {
-		subIndex = byte(subIndexMod[0])
-	}
-	return treeIndex, subIndex
-}
-
-func GetTreeKeyCodeChunk(address []byte, chunk *uint256.Int) []byte {
-	treeIndex, subIndex := GetTreeKeyCodeChunkIndices(chunk)
-	return GetTreeKey(address, treeIndex, subIndex)
-}
-
-func StorageIndex(storageKey []byte) (*uint256.Int, byte) {
-	// If the storage slot is in the header, we need to add the header offset.
-	var key uint256.Int
-	key.SetBytes(storageKey)
-	if key.Cmp(codeStorageDelta) < 0 {
-		// This addition is always safe; it can't ever overflow since pos<codeStorageDelta.
-		key.Add(headerStorageOffset, &key)
-
-		// In this branch, the tree-index is zero since we're in the account header,
-		// and the sub-index is the LSB of the modified storage key.
-		return zero, byte(key[0] & 0xFF)
-	}
-	// If the storage slot is in the main storage, we need to add the main storage offset.
-
-	// The first MAIN_STORAGE_OFFSET group will see its
-	// first 64 slots unreachable. This is either a typo in the
-	// spec or intended to conserve the 256-u256
-	// alignment. If we decide to ever access these 64
-	// slots, uncomment this.
-	// // Get the new offset since we now know that we are above 64.
-	// pos.Sub(&pos, codeStorageDelta)
-	// suffix := byte(pos[0] & 0xFF)
-	suffix := storageKey[len(storageKey)-1]
-
-	// We first divide by VerkleNodeWidth to create room to avoid an overflow next.
-	key.Rsh(&key, uint(verkleNodeWidthLog2))
-
-	// We add mainStorageOffset/VerkleNodeWidth which can't overflow.
-	key.Add(&key, mainStorageOffsetLshVerkleNodeWidth)
-
-	// The sub-index is the LSB of the original storage key, since mainStorageOffset
-	// doesn't affect this byte, so we can avoid masks or shifts.
-	return &key, suffix
-}
-
-// StorageSlotKey returns the verkle tree key of the storage slot for the
-// specified account.
-func StorageSlotKey(address []byte, storageKey []byte) []byte {
-	treeIndex, subIndex := StorageIndex(storageKey)
-	return GetTreeKey(address, treeIndex, subIndex)
-}
-
-// BasicDataKeyWithEvaluatedAddress returns the verkle tree key of the basic data
-// field for the specified account. The difference between BasicDataKey is the
-// address evaluation is already computed to minimize the computational overhead.
-func BasicDataKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(evaluated *verkle.Point) []byte {
-	return GetTreeKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(evaluated, zero, BasicDataLeafKey)
-}
-
-// CodeHashKeyWithEvaluatedAddress returns the verkle tree key of the code
-// hash for the specified account. The difference between CodeHashKey is the
-// address evaluation is already computed to minimize the computational overhead.
-func CodeHashKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(evaluated *verkle.Point) []byte {
-	return GetTreeKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(evaluated, zero, CodeHashLeafKey)
-}
-
-// CodeChunkKeyWithEvaluatedAddress returns the verkle tree key of the code
-// chunk for the specified account. The difference between CodeChunkKey is the
-// address evaluation is already computed to minimize the computational overhead.
-func CodeChunkKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(addressPoint *verkle.Point, chunk *uint256.Int) []byte {
-	treeIndex, subIndex := codeChunkIndex(chunk)
-	return GetTreeKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(addressPoint, treeIndex, subIndex)
-}
-
-// StorageSlotKeyWithEvaluatedAddress returns the verkle tree key of the storage
-// slot for the specified account. The difference between StorageSlotKey is the
-// address evaluation is already computed to minimize the computational overhead.
-func StorageSlotKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(evaluated *verkle.Point, storageKey []byte) []byte {
-	treeIndex, subIndex := StorageIndex(storageKey)
-	return GetTreeKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(evaluated, treeIndex, subIndex)
-}
-
-func pointToHash(evaluated *verkle.Point, suffix byte) []byte {
-	retb := verkle.HashPointToBytes(evaluated)
-	retb[31] = suffix
-	return retb[:]
-}
-
-func evaluateAddressPoint(address []byte) *verkle.Point {
-	if len(address) < 32 {
-		var aligned [32]byte
-		address = append(aligned[:32-len(address)], address...)
-	}
-	var poly [3]fr.Element
-
-	// 32-byte address, interpreted as two little endian
-	// 16-byte numbers.
-	verkle.FromLEBytes(&poly[1], address[:16])
-	verkle.FromLEBytes(&poly[2], address[16:])
-
-	cfg := verkle.GetConfig()
-	ret := cfg.CommitToPoly(poly[:], 0)
-
-	// add a constant point
-	ret.Add(ret, index0Point)
-	return ret
-}
-
-func EvaluateAddressPoint(address []byte) *verkle.Point {
-	if len(address) < 32 {
-		var aligned [32]byte
-		address = append(aligned[:32-len(address)], address...)
-	}
-	var poly [3]fr.Element
-
-	poly[0].SetZero()
-
-	// 32-byte address, interpreted as two little endian
-	// 16-byte numbers.
-	verkle.FromLEBytes(&poly[1], address[:16])
-	verkle.FromLEBytes(&poly[2], address[16:])
-
-	cfg := verkle.GetConfig()
-	ret := cfg.CommitToPoly(poly[:], 0)
-
-	// add a constant point
-	ret.Add(ret, index0Point)
-
-	return ret
-}
-
-func GetTreeKeyStorageSlotWithEvaluatedAddress(evaluated *verkle.Point, storageKey []byte) []byte {
-	treeIndex, subIndex := GetTreeKeyStorageSlotTreeIndexes(storageKey)
-	return GetTreeKeyWithEvaluatedAddess(evaluated, treeIndex, subIndex)
-}
-
-func GetTreeKeyStorageSlotTreeIndexes(storageKey []byte) (*uint256.Int, byte) {
-	var pos uint256.Int
-	pos.SetBytes(storageKey)
-
-	// If the storage slot is in the header, we need to add the header offset.
-	if pos.Cmp(codeStorageDelta) < 0 {
-		// This addition is always safe; it can't ever overflow since pos<codeStorageDelta.
-		pos.Add(HeaderStorageOffset, &pos)
-
-		// In this branch, the tree-index is zero since we're in the account header,
-		// and the sub-index is the LSB of the modified storage key.
-		return zero, byte(pos[0] & 0xFF)
-	}
-	// If the storage slot is in the main storage, we need to add the main storage offset.
-
-	// The first MAIN_STORAGE_OFFSET group will see its
-	// first 64 slots unreachable. This is either a typo in the
-	// spec or intended to conserve the 256-u256
-	// aligment. If we decide to ever access these 64
-	// slots, uncomment this.
-	// // Get the new offset since we now know that we are above 64.
-	// pos.Sub(&pos, codeStorageDelta)
-	// suffix := byte(pos[0] & 0xFF)
-	suffix := storageKey[len(storageKey)-1]
-
-	// We first divide by VerkleNodeWidth to create room to avoid an overflow next.
-	pos.Rsh(&pos, uint(VerkleNodeWidthLog2))
-
-	// We add mainStorageOffset/VerkleNodeWidth which can't overflow.
-	pos.Add(&pos, mainStorageOffsetLshVerkleNodeWidth)
-
-	// The sub-index is the LSB of the original storage key, since mainStorageOffset
-	// doesn't affect this byte, so we can avoid masks or shifts.
-	return &pos, suffix
-}
-
-func GetTreeKeyWithEvaluatedAddess(evaluated *verkle.Point, treeIndex *uint256.Int, subIndex byte) []byte {
-	var poly [5]fr.Element
-
-	poly[0].SetZero()
-	poly[1].SetZero()
-	poly[2].SetZero()
-
-	trieIndexBytes := treeIndex.Bytes32()
-	verkle.FromBytes(&poly[3], trieIndexBytes[16:])
-	verkle.FromBytes(&poly[4], trieIndexBytes[:16])
-
-	cfg := verkle.GetConfig()
-	ret := cfg.CommitToPoly(poly[:], 0)
-
-	// add the pre-evaluated address
-	ret.Add(ret, evaluated)
-
-	return PointToHash(ret, subIndex)
-}
-
-func GetTreeKeyBasicDataEvaluatedAddress(addrp *verkle.Point) []byte {
-	return GetTreeKeyWithEvaluatedAddess(addrp, zero, BasicDataLeafKey)
-}
-
-func PointToHash(evaluated *verkle.Point, suffix byte) []byte {
-	retb := verkle.HashPointToBytes(evaluated)
-	retb[31] = suffix
-	return retb[:]
-}
diff --git a/trie/utils/verkle_test.go b/trie/utils/verkle_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 44c67ba03e..0000000000
--- a/trie/utils/verkle_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package utils
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-verkle"
-	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
-)
-
-func TestTreeKey(t *testing.T) {
-	var (
-		address      = []byte{0x01}
-		addressEval  = evaluateAddressPoint(address)
-		smallIndex   = uint256.NewInt(1)
-		largeIndex   = uint256.NewInt(10000)
-		smallStorage = []byte{0x1}
-		largeStorage = bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xff}, 16)
-	)
-	if !bytes.Equal(BasicDataKey(address), BasicDataKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(addressEval)) {
-		t.Fatal("Unmatched basic data key")
-	}
-	if !bytes.Equal(CodeHashKey(address), CodeHashKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(addressEval)) {
-		t.Fatal("Unmatched code hash key")
-	}
-	if !bytes.Equal(CodeChunkKey(address, smallIndex), CodeChunkKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(addressEval, smallIndex)) {
-		t.Fatal("Unmatched code chunk key")
-	}
-	if !bytes.Equal(CodeChunkKey(address, largeIndex), CodeChunkKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(addressEval, largeIndex)) {
-		t.Fatal("Unmatched code chunk key")
-	}
-	if !bytes.Equal(StorageSlotKey(address, smallStorage), StorageSlotKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(addressEval, smallStorage)) {
-		t.Fatal("Unmatched storage slot key")
-	}
-	if !bytes.Equal(StorageSlotKey(address, largeStorage), StorageSlotKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(addressEval, largeStorage)) {
-		t.Fatal("Unmatched storage slot key")
-	}
-}
-
-// goos: darwin
-// goarch: amd64
-// pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils
-// cpu: VirtualApple @ 2.50GHz
-// BenchmarkTreeKey
-// BenchmarkTreeKey-8   	  398731	      2961 ns/op	      32 B/op	       1 allocs/op
-func BenchmarkTreeKey(b *testing.B) {
-	// Initialize the IPA settings which can be pretty expensive.
-	verkle.GetConfig()
-
-	b.ReportAllocs()
-	b.ResetTimer()
-
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		BasicDataKey([]byte{0x01})
-	}
-}
-
-// goos: darwin
-// goarch: amd64
-// pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils
-// cpu: VirtualApple @ 2.50GHz
-// BenchmarkTreeKeyWithEvaluation
-// BenchmarkTreeKeyWithEvaluation-8   	  513855	      2324 ns/op	      32 B/op	       1 allocs/op
-func BenchmarkTreeKeyWithEvaluation(b *testing.B) {
-	// Initialize the IPA settings which can be pretty expensive.
-	verkle.GetConfig()
-
-	addr := []byte{0x01}
-	eval := evaluateAddressPoint(addr)
-
-	b.ReportAllocs()
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		BasicDataKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(eval)
-	}
-}
-
-// goos: darwin
-// goarch: amd64
-// pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils
-// cpu: VirtualApple @ 2.50GHz
-// BenchmarkStorageKey
-// BenchmarkStorageKey-8   	  230516	      4584 ns/op	      96 B/op	       3 allocs/op
-func BenchmarkStorageKey(b *testing.B) {
-	// Initialize the IPA settings which can be pretty expensive.
-	verkle.GetConfig()
-
-	b.ReportAllocs()
-	b.ResetTimer()
-
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		StorageSlotKey([]byte{0x01}, bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xff}, 32))
-	}
-}
-
-// goos: darwin
-// goarch: amd64
-// pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils
-// cpu: VirtualApple @ 2.50GHz
-// BenchmarkStorageKeyWithEvaluation
-// BenchmarkStorageKeyWithEvaluation-8   	  320125	      3753 ns/op	      96 B/op	       3 allocs/op
-func BenchmarkStorageKeyWithEvaluation(b *testing.B) {
-	// Initialize the IPA settings which can be pretty expensive.
-	verkle.GetConfig()
-
-	addr := []byte{0x01}
-	eval := evaluateAddressPoint(addr)
-
-	b.ReportAllocs()
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		StorageSlotKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(eval, bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xff}, 32))
-	}
-}
diff --git a/trie/verkle.go b/trie/verkle.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 70793330c5..0000000000
--- a/trie/verkle.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,458 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package trie
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/database"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-verkle"
-	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
-)
-
-var (
-	errInvalidRootType = errors.New("invalid node type for root")
-)
-
-// VerkleTrie is a wrapper around VerkleNode that implements the trie.Trie
-// interface so that Verkle trees can be reused verbatim.
-type VerkleTrie struct {
-	root   verkle.VerkleNode
-	cache  *utils.PointCache
-	reader *Reader
-	tracer *PrevalueTracer
-}
-
-// NewVerkleTrie constructs a verkle tree based on the specified root hash.
-func NewVerkleTrie(root common.Hash, db database.NodeDatabase, cache *utils.PointCache) (*VerkleTrie, error) {
-	reader, err := NewReader(root, common.Hash{}, db)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	t := &VerkleTrie{
-		root:   verkle.New(),
-		cache:  cache,
-		reader: reader,
-		tracer: NewPrevalueTracer(),
-	}
-	// Parse the root verkle node if it's not empty.
-	if root != types.EmptyVerkleHash && root != types.EmptyRootHash {
-		blob, err := t.nodeResolver(nil)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		node, err := verkle.ParseNode(blob, 0)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		t.root = node
-	}
-	return t, nil
-}
-
-// GetKey returns the sha3 preimage of a hashed key that was previously used
-// to store a value.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) GetKey(key []byte) []byte {
-	return key
-}
-
-// GetAccount implements state.Trie, retrieving the account with the specified
-// account address. If the specified account is not in the verkle tree, nil will
-// be returned. If the tree is corrupted, an error will be returned.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) GetAccount(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
-	var (
-		acc    = &types.StateAccount{}
-		values [][]byte
-		err    error
-	)
-	switch n := t.root.(type) {
-	case *verkle.InternalNode:
-		values, err = n.GetValuesAtStem(t.cache.GetStem(addr[:]), t.nodeResolver)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("GetAccount (%x) error: %v", addr, err)
-		}
-	default:
-		return nil, errInvalidRootType
-	}
-	if values == nil {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-	basicData := values[utils.BasicDataLeafKey]
-	acc.Nonce = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(basicData[utils.BasicDataNonceOffset:])
-	acc.Balance = new(uint256.Int).SetBytes(basicData[utils.BasicDataBalanceOffset : utils.BasicDataBalanceOffset+16])
-	acc.CodeHash = values[utils.CodeHashLeafKey]
-
-	// TODO account.Root is leave as empty. How should we handle the legacy account?
-	return acc, nil
-}
-
-// PrefetchAccount attempts to resolve specific accounts from the database
-// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) PrefetchAccount(addresses []common.Address) error {
-	for _, addr := range addresses {
-		if _, err := t.GetAccount(addr); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// GetStorage implements state.Trie, retrieving the storage slot with the specified
-// account address and storage key. If the specified slot is not in the verkle tree,
-// nil will be returned. If the tree is corrupted, an error will be returned.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) GetStorage(addr common.Address, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	k := utils.StorageSlotKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(t.cache.Get(addr.Bytes()), key)
-	val, err := t.root.Get(k, t.nodeResolver)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return common.TrimLeftZeroes(val), nil
-}
-
-// PrefetchStorage attempts to resolve specific storage slots from the database
-// to accelerate subsequent trie operations.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) PrefetchStorage(addr common.Address, keys [][]byte) error {
-	for _, key := range keys {
-		if _, err := t.GetStorage(addr, key); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// UpdateAccount implements state.Trie, writing the provided account into the tree.
-// If the tree is corrupted, an error will be returned.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) UpdateAccount(addr common.Address, acc *types.StateAccount, codeLen int) error {
-	var (
-		err       error
-		basicData [32]byte
-		values    = make([][]byte, verkle.NodeWidth)
-		stem      = t.cache.GetStem(addr[:])
-	)
-
-	// Code size is encoded in BasicData as a 3-byte big-endian integer. Spare bytes are present
-	// before the code size to support bigger integers in the future. PutUint32(...) requires
-	// 4 bytes, so we need to shift the offset 1 byte to the left.
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(basicData[utils.BasicDataCodeSizeOffset-1:], uint32(codeLen))
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(basicData[utils.BasicDataNonceOffset:], acc.Nonce)
-	if acc.Balance.ByteLen() > 16 {
-		panic("balance too large")
-	}
-	acc.Balance.WriteToSlice(basicData[utils.BasicDataBalanceOffset : utils.BasicDataBalanceOffset+16])
-	values[utils.BasicDataLeafKey] = basicData[:]
-	values[utils.CodeHashLeafKey] = acc.CodeHash[:]
-
-	switch root := t.root.(type) {
-	case *verkle.InternalNode:
-		err = root.InsertValuesAtStem(stem, values, t.nodeResolver)
-	default:
-		return errInvalidRootType
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("UpdateAccount (%x) error: %v", addr, err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// UpdateStorage implements state.Trie, writing the provided storage slot into
-// the tree. If the tree is corrupted, an error will be returned.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) UpdateStorage(address common.Address, key, value []byte) error {
-	// Left padding the slot value to 32 bytes.
-	var v [32]byte
-	if len(value) >= 32 {
-		copy(v[:], value[:32])
-	} else {
-		copy(v[32-len(value):], value[:])
-	}
-	k := utils.StorageSlotKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(t.cache.Get(address.Bytes()), key)
-	return t.root.Insert(k, v[:], t.nodeResolver)
-}
-
-// DeleteAccount leaves the account untouched, as no account deletion can happen
-// in verkle.
-// There is a special corner case, in which an account that is prefunded, CREATE2-d
-// and then SELFDESTRUCT-d should see its funds drained. EIP161 says that account
-// should be removed, but this is verboten by the verkle spec. This contains a
-// workaround in which the method checks for this corner case, and if so, overwrites
-// the balance with 0. This will be removed once the spec has been clarified.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) DeleteAccount(addr common.Address) error {
-	k := utils.BasicDataKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(t.cache.Get(addr.Bytes()))
-	values, err := t.root.(*verkle.InternalNode).GetValuesAtStem(k, t.nodeResolver)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error getting data at %x in delete: %w", k, err)
-	}
-	var prefunded bool
-	for i, v := range values {
-		switch i {
-		case 0:
-			prefunded = len(v) == 32
-		case 1:
-			prefunded = len(v) == 32 && bytes.Equal(v, types.EmptyCodeHash[:])
-		default:
-			prefunded = v == nil
-		}
-		if !prefunded {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	if prefunded {
-		t.root.Insert(k, common.Hash{}.Bytes(), t.nodeResolver)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// RollBackAccount removes the account info + code from the tree, unlike DeleteAccount
-// that will overwrite it with 0s. The first 64 storage slots are also removed.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) RollBackAccount(addr common.Address) error {
-	var (
-		evaluatedAddr = t.cache.Get(addr.Bytes())
-		basicDataKey  = utils.BasicDataKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(evaluatedAddr)
-	)
-	basicDataBytes, err := t.root.Get(basicDataKey, t.nodeResolver)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("rollback: error finding code size: %w", err)
-	}
-	if len(basicDataBytes) == 0 {
-		return errors.New("rollback: basic data is not existent")
-	}
-	// The code size is encoded in BasicData as a 3-byte big-endian integer. Spare bytes are present
-	// before the code size to support bigger integers in the future.
-	// LittleEndian.Uint32(...) expects 4-bytes, so we need to shift the offset 1-byte to the left.
-	codeSize := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(basicDataBytes[utils.BasicDataCodeSizeOffset-1:])
-
-	// Delete the account header + first 64 slots + first 128 code chunks
-	_, err = t.root.(*verkle.InternalNode).DeleteAtStem(basicDataKey[:31], t.nodeResolver)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error rolling back account header: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Delete all further code
-	for i, chunknr := uint64(31*128), uint64(128); i < uint64(codeSize); i, chunknr = i+31*256, chunknr+256 {
-		// evaluate group key at the start of a new group
-		offset := uint256.NewInt(chunknr)
-		key := utils.CodeChunkKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(evaluatedAddr, offset)
-
-		if _, err = t.root.(*verkle.InternalNode).DeleteAtStem(key[:], t.nodeResolver); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error deleting code chunk stem (addr=%x, offset=%d) error: %w", addr[:], offset, err)
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// DeleteStorage implements state.Trie, deleting the specified storage slot from
-// the trie. If the storage slot was not existent in the trie, no error will be
-// returned. If the trie is corrupted, an error will be returned.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) DeleteStorage(addr common.Address, key []byte) error {
-	var zero [32]byte
-	k := utils.StorageSlotKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(t.cache.Get(addr.Bytes()), key)
-	return t.root.Insert(k, zero[:], t.nodeResolver)
-}
-
-// Hash returns the root hash of the tree. It does not write to the database and
-// can be used even if the tree doesn't have one.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) Hash() common.Hash {
-	return t.root.Commit().Bytes()
-}
-
-// Commit writes all nodes to the tree's memory database.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) Commit(_ bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
-	root := t.root.(*verkle.InternalNode)
-	nodes, err := root.BatchSerialize()
-	if err != nil {
-		// Error return from this function indicates error in the code logic
-		// of BatchSerialize, and we fail catastrophically if this is the case.
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("BatchSerialize failed: %v", err))
-	}
-	nodeset := trienode.NewNodeSet(common.Hash{})
-	for _, node := range nodes {
-		// Hash parameter is not used in pathdb
-		nodeset.AddNode(node.Path, trienode.NewNodeWithPrev(common.Hash{}, node.SerializedBytes, t.tracer.Get(node.Path)))
-	}
-	// Serialize root commitment form
-	return t.Hash(), nodeset
-}
-
-// NodeIterator implements state.Trie, returning an iterator that returns
-// nodes of the trie. Iteration starts at the key after the given start key.
-//
-// TODO(gballet, rjl493456442) implement it.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) NodeIterator(startKey []byte) (NodeIterator, error) {
-	// TODO(@CPerezz): remove.
-	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
-}
-
-// Prove implements state.Trie, constructing a Merkle proof for key. The result
-// contains all encoded nodes on the path to the value at key. The value itself
-// is also included in the last node and can be retrieved by verifying the proof.
-//
-// If the trie does not contain a value for key, the returned proof contains all
-// nodes of the longest existing prefix of the key (at least the root), ending
-// with the node that proves the absence of the key.
-//
-// TODO(gballet, rjl493456442) implement it.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) Prove(key []byte, proofDb ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error {
-	panic("not implemented")
-}
-
-// Copy returns a deep-copied verkle tree.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) Copy() *VerkleTrie {
-	return &VerkleTrie{
-		root:   t.root.Copy(),
-		cache:  t.cache,
-		reader: t.reader,
-		tracer: t.tracer.Copy(),
-	}
-}
-
-// IsVerkle indicates if the trie is a Verkle trie.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) IsVerkle() bool {
-	return true
-}
-
-// Proof builds and returns the verkle multiproof for keys, built against
-// the pre tree. The post tree is passed in order to add the post values
-// to that proof.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) Proof(posttrie *VerkleTrie, keys [][]byte) (*verkle.VerkleProof, verkle.StateDiff, error) {
-	var postroot verkle.VerkleNode
-	if posttrie != nil {
-		postroot = posttrie.root
-	}
-	proof, _, _, _, err := verkle.MakeVerkleMultiProof(t.root, postroot, keys, t.nodeResolver)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-	p, kvps, err := verkle.SerializeProof(proof)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-	return p, kvps, nil
-}
-
-// ChunkedCode represents a sequence of 32-bytes chunks of code (31 bytes of which
-// are actual code, and 1 byte is the pushdata offset).
-type ChunkedCode []byte
-
-// Copy the values here so as to avoid an import cycle
-const (
-	PUSH1  = byte(0x60)
-	PUSH32 = byte(0x7f)
-)
-
-// ChunkifyCode generates the chunked version of an array representing EVM bytecode
-func ChunkifyCode(code []byte) ChunkedCode {
-	var (
-		chunkOffset = 0 // offset in the chunk
-		chunkCount  = len(code) / 31
-		codeOffset  = 0 // offset in the code
-	)
-	if len(code)%31 != 0 {
-		chunkCount++
-	}
-	chunks := make([]byte, chunkCount*32)
-	for i := 0; i < chunkCount; i++ {
-		// number of bytes to copy, 31 unless the end of the code has been reached.
-		end := 31 * (i + 1)
-		if len(code) < end {
-			end = len(code)
-		}
-		copy(chunks[i*32+1:], code[31*i:end]) // copy the code itself
-
-		// chunk offset = taken from the last chunk.
-		if chunkOffset > 31 {
-			// skip offset calculation if push data covers the whole chunk
-			chunks[i*32] = 31
-			chunkOffset = 1
-			continue
-		}
-		chunks[32*i] = byte(chunkOffset)
-		chunkOffset = 0
-
-		// Check each instruction and update the offset it should be 0 unless
-		// a PUSH-N overflows.
-		for ; codeOffset < end; codeOffset++ {
-			if code[codeOffset] >= PUSH1 && code[codeOffset] <= PUSH32 {
-				codeOffset += int(code[codeOffset] - PUSH1 + 1)
-				if codeOffset+1 >= 31*(i+1) {
-					codeOffset++
-					chunkOffset = codeOffset - 31*(i+1)
-					break
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return chunks
-}
-
-// UpdateContractCode implements state.Trie, writing the provided contract code
-// into the trie.
-// Note that the code-size *must* be already saved by a previous UpdateAccount call.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) UpdateContractCode(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash, code []byte) error {
-	var (
-		chunks = ChunkifyCode(code)
-		values [][]byte
-		key    []byte
-		err    error
-	)
-	for i, chunknr := 0, uint64(0); i < len(chunks); i, chunknr = i+32, chunknr+1 {
-		groupOffset := (chunknr + 128) % 256
-		if groupOffset == 0 /* start of new group */ || chunknr == 0 /* first chunk in header group */ {
-			values = make([][]byte, verkle.NodeWidth)
-			key = utils.CodeChunkKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(t.cache.Get(addr.Bytes()), uint256.NewInt(chunknr))
-		}
-		values[groupOffset] = chunks[i : i+32]
-
-		if groupOffset == 255 || len(chunks)-i <= 32 {
-			switch root := t.root.(type) {
-			case *verkle.InternalNode:
-				err = root.InsertValuesAtStem(key[:31], values, t.nodeResolver)
-				if err != nil {
-					return fmt.Errorf("UpdateContractCode (addr=%x) error: %w", addr[:], err)
-				}
-			default:
-				return errInvalidRootType
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (t *VerkleTrie) ToDot() string {
-	return verkle.ToDot(t.root)
-}
-
-func (t *VerkleTrie) nodeResolver(path []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	blob, err := t.reader.Node(path, common.Hash{})
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	t.tracer.Put(path, blob)
-	return blob, nil
-}
-
-// Witness returns a set containing all trie nodes that have been accessed.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) Witness() map[string][]byte {
-	panic("not implemented")
-}
diff --git a/trie/verkle_test.go b/trie/verkle_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 1832e3db13..0000000000
--- a/trie/verkle_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package trie
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"reflect"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
-	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
-)
-
-var (
-	accounts = map[common.Address]*types.StateAccount{
-		{1}: {
-			Nonce:    100,
-			Balance:  uint256.NewInt(100),
-			CodeHash: common.Hash{0x1}.Bytes(),
-		},
-		{2}: {
-			Nonce:    200,
-			Balance:  uint256.NewInt(200),
-			CodeHash: common.Hash{0x2}.Bytes(),
-		},
-	}
-	storages = map[common.Address]map[common.Hash][]byte{
-		{1}: {
-			common.Hash{10}: []byte{10},
-			common.Hash{11}: []byte{11},
-			common.MaxHash:  []byte{0xff},
-		},
-		{2}: {
-			common.Hash{20}: []byte{20},
-			common.Hash{21}: []byte{21},
-			common.MaxHash:  []byte{0xff},
-		},
-	}
-)
-
-func TestVerkleTreeReadWrite(t *testing.T) {
-	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.PathScheme)
-	tr, _ := NewVerkleTrie(types.EmptyVerkleHash, db, utils.NewPointCache(100))
-
-	for addr, acct := range accounts {
-		if err := tr.UpdateAccount(addr, acct, 0); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("Failed to update account, %v", err)
-		}
-		for key, val := range storages[addr] {
-			if err := tr.UpdateStorage(addr, key.Bytes(), val); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("Failed to update storage, %v", err)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	for addr, acct := range accounts {
-		stored, err := tr.GetAccount(addr)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("Failed to get account, %v", err)
-		}
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(stored, acct) {
-			t.Fatal("account is not matched")
-		}
-		for key, val := range storages[addr] {
-			stored, err := tr.GetStorage(addr, key.Bytes())
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("Failed to get storage, %v", err)
-			}
-			if !bytes.Equal(stored, val) {
-				t.Fatal("storage is not matched")
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestVerkleRollBack(t *testing.T) {
-	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.PathScheme)
-	tr, _ := NewVerkleTrie(types.EmptyVerkleHash, db, utils.NewPointCache(100))
-
-	for addr, acct := range accounts {
-		// create more than 128 chunks of code
-		code := make([]byte, 129*32)
-		for i := 0; i < len(code); i += 2 {
-			code[i] = 0x60
-			code[i+1] = byte(i % 256)
-		}
-		if err := tr.UpdateAccount(addr, acct, len(code)); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("Failed to update account, %v", err)
-		}
-		for key, val := range storages[addr] {
-			if err := tr.UpdateStorage(addr, key.Bytes(), val); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("Failed to update storage, %v", err)
-			}
-		}
-		hash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(code)
-		if err := tr.UpdateContractCode(addr, hash, code); err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("Failed to update contract, %v", err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Check that things were created
-	for addr, acct := range accounts {
-		stored, err := tr.GetAccount(addr)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("Failed to get account, %v", err)
-		}
-		if !reflect.DeepEqual(stored, acct) {
-			t.Fatal("account is not matched")
-		}
-		for key, val := range storages[addr] {
-			stored, err := tr.GetStorage(addr, key.Bytes())
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("Failed to get storage, %v", err)
-			}
-			if !bytes.Equal(stored, val) {
-				t.Fatal("storage is not matched")
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// ensure there is some code in the 2nd group of the 1st account
-	keyOf2ndGroup := utils.CodeChunkKeyWithEvaluatedAddress(tr.cache.Get(common.Address{1}.Bytes()), uint256.NewInt(128))
-	chunk, err := tr.root.Get(keyOf2ndGroup, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to get account, %v", err)
-	}
-	if len(chunk) == 0 {
-		t.Fatal("account was not created ")
-	}
-
-	// Rollback first account and check that it is gone
-	addr1 := common.Address{1}
-	err = tr.RollBackAccount(addr1)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("error rolling back address 1: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// ensure the account is gone
-	stored, err := tr.GetAccount(addr1)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to get account, %v", err)
-	}
-	if stored != nil {
-		t.Fatal("account was not deleted")
-	}
-
-	// ensure that the last code chunk is also gone from the tree
-	chunk, err = tr.root.Get(keyOf2ndGroup, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to get account, %v", err)
-	}
-	if len(chunk) != 0 {
-		t.Fatal("account was not deleted")
-	}
-}

From b84097d22eeeb90ac1b02901e5777ce7face6d5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Guillaume Ballet <3272758+gballet@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Dec 2025 14:43:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 417/470] .github/workflows: preventively close PRs that seem
 AI-generated (#33414)

This is a new step in my crusade against the braindead fad of starting
PR titles with a word that is completely redundant with github labels,
thus wasting prime first-line real-estate for something that isn't
necessary.

I noticed that every single one of these PRs are low-quality AI-slop, so
I think there is a strong case to be made for these PRs to be
auto-closed. A message is added before closing the PR, redirecting to
our contribution guidelines, so I expect quality first-time contributors
to read them and reopen the PR. In the case of spam PRs, the author is
unlikely to revisit a given PR, and so auto-closing might have a
positive impact. That's an experiment worth trying, imo.
---
 .github/workflows/validate_pr.yml | 39 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml b/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml
index 57e8c12b5e..aa3c74cc67 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/validate_pr.yml
@@ -8,6 +8,45 @@ jobs:
   validate-pr:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
+      - name: Check for Spam PR
+        uses: actions/github-script@v7
+        with:
+          script: |
+            const prTitle = context.payload.pull_request.title;
+            const spamRegex = /^(feat|chore|fix)(\(.*\))?\s*:/i;
+
+            if (spamRegex.test(prTitle)) {
+              // Leave a comment explaining why
+              await github.rest.issues.createComment({
+                owner: context.repo.owner,
+                repo: context.repo.repo,
+                issue_number: context.payload.pull_request.number,
+                body: `## PR Closed as Spam
+
+            This PR was automatically closed because the title format \`feat:\`, \`fix:\`, or \`chore:\` is commonly associated with spam contributions.
+
+            If this is a legitimate contribution, please:
+            1. Review our contribution guidelines
+            2. Use the correct PR title format: \`directory, ...: description\`
+            3. Open a new PR with the proper title format
+
+            Thank you for your understanding.`
+              });
+
+              // Close the PR
+              await github.rest.pulls.update({
+                owner: context.repo.owner,
+                repo: context.repo.repo,
+                pull_number: context.payload.pull_request.number,
+                state: 'closed'
+              });
+
+              core.setFailed('PR closed as spam due to suspicious title format');
+              return;
+            }
+
+            console.log('✅ PR passed spam check');
+
       - name: Checkout repository
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
 

From b3e7d9ee445a7eb2121e7af3918fe974b10b977c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Dec 2025 23:05:13 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 418/470] triedb/pathdb: optimize history indexing efficiency
 (#33303)

This pull request optimizes history indexing by splitting a single large
database
 batch into multiple smaller chunks.

Originally, the indexer will resolve a batch of state histories and
commit all
corresponding index entries atomically together with the indexing
marker.

While indexing more state histories in a single batch improves
efficiency, excessively
large batches can cause significant memory issues.

To mitigate this, the pull request splits the mega-batch into several
smaller batches
and flushes them independently during indexing. However, this introduces
a potential
inconsistency that some index entries may be flushed while the indexing
marker is not,
and an unclean shutdown may leave the database in a partially updated
state.
This can corrupt index data.

To address this, head truncation is introduced. After a restart, any
excessive index
entries beyond the expected indexing marker are removed, ensuring the
index remains
consistent after an unclean shutdown.
---
 triedb/pathdb/history_index.go               |  51 +++++--
 triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go         |  42 +++++-
 triedb/pathdb/history_index_block_test.go    |  98 ++++++++++--
 triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go |   4 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go          | 149 +++++++++++++++++--
 triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go             |  71 ++++-----
 6 files changed, 333 insertions(+), 82 deletions(-)

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
index 87b6e377af..cc5cd204b4 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
@@ -163,12 +163,15 @@ type indexWriter struct {
 	db       ethdb.KeyValueReader
 }
 
-// newIndexWriter constructs the index writer for the specified state.
-func newIndexWriter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent) (*indexWriter, error) {
+// newIndexWriter constructs the index writer for the specified state. Additionally,
+// it takes an integer as the limit and prunes all existing elements above that ID.
+// It's essential as the recovery mechanism after unclean shutdown during the history
+// indexing.
+func newIndexWriter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent, limit uint64) (*indexWriter, error) {
 	blob := readStateIndex(state, db)
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		desc := newIndexBlockDesc(0)
-		bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, desc)
+		bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, desc, 0 /* useless if the block is empty */)
 		return &indexWriter{
 			descList: []*indexBlockDesc{desc},
 			bw:       bw,
@@ -180,15 +183,27 @@ func newIndexWriter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent) (*indexWriter, er
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	// Trim trailing blocks whose elements all exceed the limit.
+	for i := len(descList) - 1; i > 0 && descList[i].max > limit; i-- {
+		// The previous block has the elements that exceed the limit,
+		// therefore the current block can be entirely dropped.
+		if descList[i-1].max >= limit {
+			descList = descList[:i]
+		}
+	}
+	// Take the last block for appending new elements
 	lastDesc := descList[len(descList)-1]
 	indexBlock := readStateIndexBlock(state, db, lastDesc.id)
-	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc)
+
+	// Construct the writer for the last block. All elements in this block
+	// that exceed the limit will be truncated.
+	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc, limit)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return &indexWriter{
 		descList: descList,
-		lastID:   lastDesc.max,
+		lastID:   bw.last(),
 		bw:       bw,
 		state:    state,
 		db:       db,
@@ -221,7 +236,7 @@ func (w *indexWriter) rotate() error {
 		desc = newIndexBlockDesc(w.bw.desc.id + 1)
 	)
 	w.frozen = append(w.frozen, w.bw)
-	w.bw, err = newBlockWriter(nil, desc)
+	w.bw, err = newBlockWriter(nil, desc, 0 /* useless if the block is empty */)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -271,13 +286,13 @@ type indexDeleter struct {
 }
 
 // newIndexDeleter constructs the index deleter for the specified state.
-func newIndexDeleter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent) (*indexDeleter, error) {
+func newIndexDeleter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent, limit uint64) (*indexDeleter, error) {
 	blob := readStateIndex(state, db)
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		// TODO(rjl493456442) we can probably return an error here,
 		// deleter with no data is meaningless.
 		desc := newIndexBlockDesc(0)
-		bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, desc)
+		bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, desc, 0 /* useless if the block is empty */)
 		return &indexDeleter{
 			descList: []*indexBlockDesc{desc},
 			bw:       bw,
@@ -289,22 +304,34 @@ func newIndexDeleter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent) (*indexDeleter,
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	// Trim trailing blocks whose elements all exceed the limit.
+	for i := len(descList) - 1; i > 0 && descList[i].max > limit; i-- {
+		// The previous block has the elements that exceed the limit,
+		// therefore the current block can be entirely dropped.
+		if descList[i-1].max >= limit {
+			descList = descList[:i]
+		}
+	}
+	// Take the block for deleting element from
 	lastDesc := descList[len(descList)-1]
 	indexBlock := readStateIndexBlock(state, db, lastDesc.id)
-	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc)
+
+	// Construct the writer for the last block. All elements in this block
+	// that exceed the limit will be truncated.
+	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc, limit)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return &indexDeleter{
 		descList: descList,
-		lastID:   lastDesc.max,
+		lastID:   bw.last(),
 		bw:       bw,
 		state:    state,
 		db:       db,
 	}, nil
 }
 
-// empty returns an flag indicating whether the state index is empty.
+// empty returns whether the state index is empty.
 func (d *indexDeleter) empty() bool {
 	return d.bw.empty() && len(d.descList) == 1
 }
@@ -337,7 +364,7 @@ func (d *indexDeleter) pop(id uint64) error {
 	// Open the previous block writer for deleting
 	lastDesc := d.descList[len(d.descList)-1]
 	indexBlock := readStateIndexBlock(d.state, d.db, lastDesc.id)
-	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc)
+	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc, lastDesc.max)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go
index 7b59c8e882..13f16b4cf3 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go
@@ -21,13 +21,15 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 )
 
 const (
-	indexBlockDescSize   = 14         // The size of index block descriptor
-	indexBlockEntriesCap = 4096       // The maximum number of entries can be grouped in a block
-	indexBlockRestartLen = 256        // The restart interval length of index block
-	historyIndexBatch    = 512 * 1024 // The number of state history indexes for constructing or deleting as batch
+	indexBlockDescSize   = 14              // The size of index block descriptor
+	indexBlockEntriesCap = 4096            // The maximum number of entries can be grouped in a block
+	indexBlockRestartLen = 256             // The restart interval length of index block
+	historyIndexBatch    = 8 * 1024 * 1024 // The number of state history indexes for constructing or deleting as batch
 )
 
 // indexBlockDesc represents a descriptor for an index block, which contains a
@@ -180,7 +182,11 @@ type blockWriter struct {
 	data     []byte          // Aggregated encoded data slice
 }
 
-func newBlockWriter(blob []byte, desc *indexBlockDesc) (*blockWriter, error) {
+// newBlockWriter constructs a block writer. In addition to the existing data
+// and block description, it takes an element ID and prunes all existing elements
+// above that ID. It's essential as the recovery mechanism after unclean shutdown
+// during the history indexing.
+func newBlockWriter(blob []byte, desc *indexBlockDesc, limit uint64) (*blockWriter, error) {
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		return &blockWriter{
 			desc: desc,
@@ -191,11 +197,22 @@ func newBlockWriter(blob []byte, desc *indexBlockDesc) (*blockWriter, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return &blockWriter{
+	writer := &blockWriter{
 		desc:     desc,
 		restarts: restarts,
 		data:     data, // safe to own the slice
-	}, nil
+	}
+	var trimmed int
+	for !writer.empty() && writer.last() > limit {
+		if err := writer.pop(writer.last()); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		trimmed += 1
+	}
+	if trimmed > 0 {
+		log.Debug("Truncated extraneous elements", "count", trimmed, "limit", limit)
+	}
+	return writer, nil
 }
 
 // append adds a new element to the block. The new element must be greater than
@@ -271,6 +288,7 @@ func (b *blockWriter) sectionLast(section int) uint64 {
 
 // sectionSearch looks up the specified value in the given section,
 // the position and the preceding value will be returned if found.
+// It assumes that the preceding element exists in the section.
 func (b *blockWriter) sectionSearch(section int, n uint64) (found bool, prev uint64, pos int) {
 	b.scanSection(section, func(v uint64, p int) bool {
 		if n == v {
@@ -295,7 +313,6 @@ func (b *blockWriter) pop(id uint64) error {
 	}
 	// If there is only one entry left, the entire block should be reset
 	if b.desc.entries == 1 {
-		//b.desc.min = 0
 		b.desc.max = 0
 		b.desc.entries = 0
 		b.restarts = nil
@@ -331,6 +348,15 @@ func (b *blockWriter) full() bool {
 	return b.desc.full()
 }
 
+// last returns the last element in the block. It should only be called when
+// writer is not empty, otherwise the returned data is meaningless.
+func (b *blockWriter) last() uint64 {
+	if b.empty() {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return b.desc.max
+}
+
 // finish finalizes the index block encoding by appending the encoded restart points
 // and the restart counter to the end of the block.
 //
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block_test.go
index c251cea2ec..f8c6d3ab87 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block_test.go
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ func TestBlockReaderBasic(t *testing.T) {
 	elements := []uint64{
 		1, 5, 10, 11, 20,
 	}
-	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0))
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
 	for i := 0; i < len(elements); i++ {
 		bw.append(elements[i])
 	}
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func TestBlockReaderLarge(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	slices.Sort(elements)
 
-	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0))
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
 	for i := 0; i < len(elements); i++ {
 		bw.append(elements[i])
 	}
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func TestBlockReaderLarge(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestBlockWriterBasic(t *testing.T) {
-	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0))
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
 	if !bw.empty() {
 		t.Fatal("expected empty block")
 	}
@@ -103,11 +103,13 @@ func TestBlockWriterBasic(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := bw.append(1); err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("out-of-order insertion is not expected")
 	}
+	var maxElem uint64
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 		bw.append(uint64(i + 3))
+		maxElem = uint64(i + 3)
 	}
 
-	bw, err := newBlockWriter(bw.finish(), newIndexBlockDesc(0))
+	bw, err := newBlockWriter(bw.finish(), newIndexBlockDesc(0), maxElem)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to construct the block writer, %v", err)
 	}
@@ -119,8 +121,71 @@ func TestBlockWriterBasic(t *testing.T) {
 	bw.finish()
 }
 
+func TestBlockWriterWithLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
+
+	var maxElem uint64
+	for i := 0; i < indexBlockRestartLen*2; i++ {
+		bw.append(uint64(i + 1))
+		maxElem = uint64(i + 1)
+	}
+
+	suites := []struct {
+		limit  uint64
+		expMax uint64
+	}{
+		// nothing to truncate
+		{
+			maxElem, maxElem,
+		},
+		// truncate the last element
+		{
+			maxElem - 1, maxElem - 1,
+		},
+		// truncation around the restart boundary
+		{
+			uint64(indexBlockRestartLen + 1),
+			uint64(indexBlockRestartLen + 1),
+		},
+		// truncation around the restart boundary
+		{
+			uint64(indexBlockRestartLen),
+			uint64(indexBlockRestartLen),
+		},
+		{
+			uint64(1), uint64(1),
+		},
+		// truncate the entire block, it's in theory invalid
+		{
+			uint64(0), uint64(0),
+		},
+	}
+	for i, suite := range suites {
+		desc := *bw.desc
+		block, err := newBlockWriter(bw.finish(), &desc, suite.limit)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to construct the block writer, %v", err)
+		}
+		if block.desc.max != suite.expMax {
+			t.Fatalf("Test %d, unexpected max value, got %d, want %d", i, block.desc.max, suite.expMax)
+		}
+
+		// Re-fill the elements
+		var maxElem uint64
+		for elem := suite.limit + 1; elem < indexBlockRestartLen*4; elem++ {
+			if err := block.append(elem); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Failed to append value %d: %v", elem, err)
+			}
+			maxElem = elem
+		}
+		if block.desc.max != maxElem {
+			t.Fatalf("Test %d, unexpected max value, got %d, want %d", i, block.desc.max, maxElem)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestBlockWriterDelete(t *testing.T) {
-	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0))
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 		bw.append(uint64(i + 1))
 	}
@@ -147,7 +212,7 @@ func TestBlcokWriterDeleteWithData(t *testing.T) {
 	elements := []uint64{
 		1, 5, 10, 11, 20,
 	}
-	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0))
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
 	for i := 0; i < len(elements); i++ {
 		bw.append(elements[i])
 	}
@@ -158,7 +223,7 @@ func TestBlcokWriterDeleteWithData(t *testing.T) {
 		max:     20,
 		entries: 5,
 	}
-	bw, err := newBlockWriter(bw.finish(), desc)
+	bw, err := newBlockWriter(bw.finish(), desc, elements[len(elements)-1])
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to construct block writer %v", err)
 	}
@@ -201,15 +266,18 @@ func TestBlcokWriterDeleteWithData(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCorruptedIndexBlock(t *testing.T) {
-	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0))
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
+
+	var maxElem uint64
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 		bw.append(uint64(i + 1))
+		maxElem = uint64(i + 1)
 	}
 	buf := bw.finish()
 
 	// Mutate the buffer manually
 	buf[len(buf)-1]++
-	_, err := newBlockWriter(buf, newIndexBlockDesc(0))
+	_, err := newBlockWriter(buf, newIndexBlockDesc(0), maxElem)
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("Corrupted index block data is not detected")
 	}
@@ -218,7 +286,7 @@ func TestCorruptedIndexBlock(t *testing.T) {
 // BenchmarkParseIndexBlock benchmarks the performance of parseIndexBlock.
 func BenchmarkParseIndexBlock(b *testing.B) {
 	// Generate a realistic index block blob
-	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0))
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
 	for i := 0; i < 4096; i++ {
 		bw.append(uint64(i * 2))
 	}
@@ -238,13 +306,15 @@ func BenchmarkBlockWriterAppend(b *testing.B) {
 	b.ReportAllocs()
 	b.ResetTimer()
 
-	desc := newIndexBlockDesc(0)
-	writer, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, desc)
+	var blockID uint32
+	desc := newIndexBlockDesc(blockID)
+	writer, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, desc, 0)
 
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		if writer.full() {
-			desc = newIndexBlockDesc(0)
-			writer, _ = newBlockWriter(nil, desc)
+			blockID += 1
+			desc = newIndexBlockDesc(blockID)
+			writer, _ = newBlockWriter(nil, desc, 0)
 		}
 		if err := writer.append(writer.desc.max + 1); err != nil {
 			b.Error(err)
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go
index da60dc6e8f..f0dd3fee4a 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ func makeTestIndexBlock(count int) ([]byte, []uint64) {
 		marks    = make(map[uint64]bool)
 		elements []uint64
 	)
-	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0))
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
 	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 		n := uint64(rand.Uint32())
 		if marks[n] {
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ func makeTestIndexBlocks(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, stateIdent stateIdent, count in
 	}
 	sort.Slice(elements, func(i, j int) bool { return elements[i] < elements[j] })
 
-	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, stateIdent)
+	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, stateIdent, 0)
 	for i := 0; i < len(elements); i++ {
 		iw.append(elements[i])
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go
index be9b7c4049..42cb04b001 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ func TestIndexReaderBasic(t *testing.T) {
 		1, 5, 10, 11, 20,
 	}
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	bw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}))
+	bw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0)
 	for i := 0; i < len(elements); i++ {
 		bw.append(elements[i])
 	}
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func TestIndexReaderLarge(t *testing.T) {
 	slices.Sort(elements)
 
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	bw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}))
+	bw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0)
 	for i := 0; i < len(elements); i++ {
 		bw.append(elements[i])
 	}
@@ -122,19 +122,21 @@ func TestEmptyIndexReader(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestIndexWriterBasic(t *testing.T) {
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}))
+	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0)
 	iw.append(2)
 	if err := iw.append(1); err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("out-of-order insertion is not expected")
 	}
+	var maxElem uint64
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 		iw.append(uint64(i + 3))
+		maxElem = uint64(i + 3)
 	}
 	batch := db.NewBatch()
 	iw.finish(batch)
 	batch.Write()
 
-	iw, err := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}))
+	iw, err := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), maxElem)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to construct the block writer, %v", err)
 	}
@@ -146,18 +148,87 @@ func TestIndexWriterBasic(t *testing.T) {
 	iw.finish(db.NewBatch())
 }
 
-func TestIndexWriterDelete(t *testing.T) {
+func TestIndexWriterWithLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}))
+	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0)
+
+	var maxElem uint64
+	for i := 0; i < indexBlockEntriesCap*2; i++ {
+		iw.append(uint64(i + 1))
+		maxElem = uint64(i + 1)
+	}
+	batch := db.NewBatch()
+	iw.finish(batch)
+	batch.Write()
+
+	suites := []struct {
+		limit  uint64
+		expMax uint64
+	}{
+		// nothing to truncate
+		{
+			maxElem, maxElem,
+		},
+		// truncate the last element
+		{
+			maxElem - 1, maxElem - 1,
+		},
+		// truncation around the block boundary
+		{
+			uint64(indexBlockEntriesCap + 1),
+			uint64(indexBlockEntriesCap + 1),
+		},
+		// truncation around the block boundary
+		{
+			uint64(indexBlockEntriesCap),
+			uint64(indexBlockEntriesCap),
+		},
+		{
+			uint64(1), uint64(1),
+		},
+		// truncate the entire index, it's in theory invalid
+		{
+			uint64(0), uint64(0),
+		},
+	}
+	for i, suite := range suites {
+		iw, err := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), suite.limit)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to construct the index writer, %v", err)
+		}
+		if iw.lastID != suite.expMax {
+			t.Fatalf("Test %d, unexpected max value, got %d, want %d", i, iw.lastID, suite.expMax)
+		}
+
+		// Re-fill the elements
+		var maxElem uint64
+		for elem := suite.limit + 1; elem < indexBlockEntriesCap*4; elem++ {
+			if err := iw.append(elem); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Failed to append value %d: %v", elem, err)
+			}
+			maxElem = elem
+		}
+		if iw.lastID != maxElem {
+			t.Fatalf("Test %d, unexpected max value, got %d, want %d", i, iw.lastID, maxElem)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIndexDeleterBasic(t *testing.T) {
+	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0)
+
+	var maxElem uint64
 	for i := 0; i < indexBlockEntriesCap*4; i++ {
 		iw.append(uint64(i + 1))
+		maxElem = uint64(i + 1)
 	}
 	batch := db.NewBatch()
 	iw.finish(batch)
 	batch.Write()
 
 	// Delete unknown id, the request should be rejected
-	id, _ := newIndexDeleter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}))
+	id, _ := newIndexDeleter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), maxElem)
 	if err := id.pop(indexBlockEntriesCap * 5); err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("Expect error to occur for unknown id")
 	}
@@ -168,10 +239,66 @@ func TestIndexWriterDelete(t *testing.T) {
 		if id.lastID != uint64(i-1) {
 			t.Fatalf("Unexpected lastID, want: %d, got: %d", uint64(i-1), iw.lastID)
 		}
-		if rand.Intn(10) == 0 {
-			batch := db.NewBatch()
-			id.finish(batch)
-			batch.Write()
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIndexDeleterWithLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0)
+
+	var maxElem uint64
+	for i := 0; i < indexBlockEntriesCap*2; i++ {
+		iw.append(uint64(i + 1))
+		maxElem = uint64(i + 1)
+	}
+	batch := db.NewBatch()
+	iw.finish(batch)
+	batch.Write()
+
+	suites := []struct {
+		limit  uint64
+		expMax uint64
+	}{
+		// nothing to truncate
+		{
+			maxElem, maxElem,
+		},
+		// truncate the last element
+		{
+			maxElem - 1, maxElem - 1,
+		},
+		// truncation around the block boundary
+		{
+			uint64(indexBlockEntriesCap + 1),
+			uint64(indexBlockEntriesCap + 1),
+		},
+		// truncation around the block boundary
+		{
+			uint64(indexBlockEntriesCap),
+			uint64(indexBlockEntriesCap),
+		},
+		{
+			uint64(1), uint64(1),
+		},
+		// truncate the entire index, it's in theory invalid
+		{
+			uint64(0), uint64(0),
+		},
+	}
+	for i, suite := range suites {
+		id, err := newIndexDeleter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), suite.limit)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to construct the index writer, %v", err)
+		}
+		if id.lastID != suite.expMax {
+			t.Fatalf("Test %d, unexpected max value, got %d, want %d", i, id.lastID, suite.expMax)
+		}
+
+		// Keep removing elements
+		for elem := id.lastID; elem > 0; elem-- {
+			if err := id.pop(elem); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Failed to pop value %d: %v", elem, err)
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
index 893ccd6523..9af7a96dc6 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
@@ -40,11 +40,6 @@ const (
 	stateHistoryIndexVersion    = stateHistoryIndexV0    // the current state index version
 	trienodeHistoryIndexV0      = uint8(0)               // initial version of trienode index structure
 	trienodeHistoryIndexVersion = trienodeHistoryIndexV0 // the current trienode index version
-
-	// estimations for calculating the batch size for atomic database commit
-	estimatedStateHistoryIndexSize    = 3  // The average size of each state history index entry is approximately 2–3 bytes
-	estimatedTrienodeHistoryIndexSize = 3  // The average size of each trienode history index entry is approximately 2-3 bytes
-	estimatedIndexBatchSizeFactor     = 32 // The factor counts for the write amplification for each entry
 )
 
 // indexVersion returns the latest index version for the given history type.
@@ -155,22 +150,6 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) process(h history, id uint64) error {
 	return b.finish(false)
 }
 
-// makeBatch constructs a database batch based on the number of pending entries.
-// The batch size is roughly estimated to minimize repeated resizing rounds,
-// as accurately predicting the exact size is technically challenging.
-func (b *batchIndexer) makeBatch() ethdb.Batch {
-	var size int
-	switch b.typ {
-	case typeStateHistory:
-		size = estimatedStateHistoryIndexSize
-	case typeTrienodeHistory:
-		size = estimatedTrienodeHistoryIndexSize
-	default:
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown history type %d", b.typ))
-	}
-	return b.db.NewBatchWithSize(size * estimatedIndexBatchSizeFactor * b.pending)
-}
-
 // finish writes the accumulated state indexes into the disk if either the
 // memory limitation is reached or it's requested forcibly.
 func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
@@ -181,17 +160,38 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 	var (
-		batch   = b.makeBatch()
-		batchMu sync.RWMutex
-		start   = time.Now()
-		eg      errgroup.Group
+		start = time.Now()
+		eg    errgroup.Group
+
+		batch     = b.db.NewBatchWithSize(ethdb.IdealBatchSize)
+		batchSize int
+		batchMu   sync.RWMutex
+
+		writeBatch = func(fn func(batch ethdb.Batch)) error {
+			batchMu.Lock()
+			defer batchMu.Unlock()
+
+			fn(batch)
+			if batch.ValueSize() >= ethdb.IdealBatchSize {
+				batchSize += batch.ValueSize()
+				if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				batch.Reset()
+			}
+			return nil
+		}
 	)
 	eg.SetLimit(runtime.NumCPU())
 
+	var indexed uint64
+	if metadata := loadIndexMetadata(b.db, b.typ); metadata != nil {
+		indexed = metadata.Last
+	}
 	for ident, list := range b.index {
 		eg.Go(func() error {
 			if !b.delete {
-				iw, err := newIndexWriter(b.db, ident)
+				iw, err := newIndexWriter(b.db, ident, indexed)
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
@@ -200,11 +200,11 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 						return err
 					}
 				}
-				batchMu.Lock()
-				iw.finish(batch)
-				batchMu.Unlock()
+				return writeBatch(func(batch ethdb.Batch) {
+					iw.finish(batch)
+				})
 			} else {
-				id, err := newIndexDeleter(b.db, ident)
+				id, err := newIndexDeleter(b.db, ident, indexed)
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
@@ -213,11 +213,10 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 						return err
 					}
 				}
-				batchMu.Lock()
-				id.finish(batch)
-				batchMu.Unlock()
+				return writeBatch(func(batch ethdb.Batch) {
+					id.finish(batch)
+				})
 			}
-			return nil
 		})
 	}
 	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
@@ -233,10 +232,12 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 			storeIndexMetadata(batch, b.typ, b.lastID-1)
 		}
 	}
+	batchSize += batch.ValueSize()
+
 	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	log.Debug("Committed batch indexer", "type", b.typ, "entries", len(b.index), "records", b.pending, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	log.Debug("Committed batch indexer", "type", b.typ, "entries", len(b.index), "records", b.pending, "size", common.StorageSize(batchSize), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 	b.pending = 0
 	b.index = make(map[stateIdent][]uint64)
 	return nil

From d9aaab13d37af39556e0e2be930baf9f10374a93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Fibonacci747 <albertofibonacci12@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Dec 2025 18:27:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 419/470] beacon/light/sync: clear reqFinalityEpoch on server
 unregistration (#33483)

HeadSync kept reqFinalityEpoch entries for servers after receiving
EvUnregistered, while other per-server maps were cleared. This left
stale request.Server keys reachable from HeadSync, which can lead to a
slow memory leak in setups that dynamically register and unregister
servers.

The fix adds deletion of the reqFinalityEpoch entry in the
EvUnregistered handler. This aligns HeadSync with the cleanup pattern
used by other sync modules and keeps the finality request bookkeeping
strictly limited to currently registered servers.
---
 beacon/light/sync/head_sync.go | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/beacon/light/sync/head_sync.go b/beacon/light/sync/head_sync.go
index 5e41258053..7189767d9c 100644
--- a/beacon/light/sync/head_sync.go
+++ b/beacon/light/sync/head_sync.go
@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ func (s *HeadSync) Process(requester request.Requester, events []request.Event)
 			delete(s.serverHeads, event.Server)
 			delete(s.unvalidatedOptimistic, event.Server)
 			delete(s.unvalidatedFinality, event.Server)
+			delete(s.reqFinalityEpoch, event.Server)
 		}
 	}
 }

From 52ae75afcda074d46a07fb017c334c2862f162be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rim Dinov <rdin35051@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Dec 2025 01:04:38 +0500
Subject: [PATCH 420/470] cmd/geth: remove deprecated vulnerability check
 command (#33498)

This PR removes the version-check command and its associated logic as
discussed in issue #31222.

Removed versionCheckCommand from misccmd.go and main.go.

Deleted version_check.go and its corresponding tests.

Cleaned up testdata/vcheck directory (~800 lines of JSON/signatures
removed).

Verified build with make geth
---
 SECURITY.md                                   |   1 -
 cmd/geth/main.go                              |   1 -
 cmd/geth/misccmd.go                           |  24 ---
 cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/data.json            | 202 ------------------
 .../vcheck/minisig-sigs-new/data.json.minisig |   4 -
 .../vulnerabilities.json.minisig.1            |   4 -
 .../vulnerabilities.json.minisig.2            |   4 -
 .../vulnerabilities.json.minisig.3            |   4 -
 cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisign.pub         |   2 -
 cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisign.sec         |   2 -
 .../vcheck/signify-sigs/data.json.sig         |   2 -
 cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/signifykey.pub       |   2 -
 cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/signifykey.sec       |   2 -
 cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/vulnerabilities.json | 202 ------------------
 cmd/geth/version_check.go                     | 170 ---------------
 cmd/geth/version_check_test.go                | 189 ----------------
 16 files changed, 815 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/data.json
 delete mode 100644 cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs-new/data.json.minisig
 delete mode 100644 cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs/vulnerabilities.json.minisig.1
 delete mode 100644 cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs/vulnerabilities.json.minisig.2
 delete mode 100644 cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs/vulnerabilities.json.minisig.3
 delete mode 100644 cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisign.pub
 delete mode 100644 cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisign.sec
 delete mode 100644 cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/signify-sigs/data.json.sig
 delete mode 100644 cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/signifykey.pub
 delete mode 100644 cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/signifykey.sec
 delete mode 100644 cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/vulnerabilities.json
 delete mode 100644 cmd/geth/version_check.go
 delete mode 100644 cmd/geth/version_check_test.go

diff --git a/SECURITY.md b/SECURITY.md
index 0b497b44ae..d497248de5 100644
--- a/SECURITY.md
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ Audit reports are published in the `docs` folder: https://github.com/ethereum/go
 
 To find out how to disclose a vulnerability in Ethereum visit [https://bounty.ethereum.org](https://bounty.ethereum.org) or email bounty@ethereum.org. Please read the [disclosure page](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories?state=published) for more information about publicly disclosed security vulnerabilities.
 
-Use the built-in `geth version-check` feature to check whether the software is affected by any known vulnerability. This command will fetch the latest [`vulnerabilities.json`](https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/vulnerabilities/vulnerabilities.json) file which contains known security vulnerabilities concerning `geth`, and cross-check the data against its own version number.
 
 The following key may be used to communicate sensitive information to developers.
 
diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index 96f9f58dde..db4b569c89 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -241,7 +241,6 @@ func init() {
 		javascriptCommand,
 		// See misccmd.go:
 		versionCommand,
-		versionCheckCommand,
 		licenseCommand,
 		// See config.go
 		dumpConfigCommand,
diff --git a/cmd/geth/misccmd.go b/cmd/geth/misccmd.go
index 2d31f3abe7..f5c0d55ebb 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/misccmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/misccmd.go
@@ -27,16 +27,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	VersionCheckUrlFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
-		Name:  "check.url",
-		Usage: "URL to use when checking vulnerabilities",
-		Value: "https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/vulnerabilities/vulnerabilities.json",
-	}
-	VersionCheckVersionFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
-		Name:  "check.version",
-		Usage: "Version to check",
-		Value: version.ClientName(clientIdentifier),
-	}
 	versionCommand = &cli.Command{
 		Action:    printVersion,
 		Name:      "version",
@@ -44,20 +34,6 @@ var (
 		ArgsUsage: " ",
 		Description: `
 The output of this command is supposed to be machine-readable.
-`,
-	}
-	versionCheckCommand = &cli.Command{
-		Action: versionCheck,
-		Flags: []cli.Flag{
-			VersionCheckUrlFlag,
-			VersionCheckVersionFlag,
-		},
-		Name:      "version-check",
-		Usage:     "Checks (online) for known Geth security vulnerabilities",
-		ArgsUsage: "<versionstring (optional)>",
-		Description: `
-The version-check command fetches vulnerability-information from https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/vulnerabilities/vulnerabilities.json, 
-and displays information about any security vulnerabilities that affect the currently executing version.
 `,
 	}
 	licenseCommand = &cli.Command{
diff --git a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/data.json b/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/data.json
deleted file mode 100644
index e52fd84e67..0000000000
--- a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/data.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
-[
-  {
-    "name": "CorruptedDAG",
-    "uid": "GETH-2020-01",
-    "summary": "Mining nodes will generate erroneous PoW on epochs > `385`.",
-    "description": "A mining flaw could cause miners to erroneously calculate PoW, due to an index overflow, if DAG size is exceeding the maximum 32 bit unsigned value.\n\nThis occurred on the ETC chain on 2020-11-06. This is likely to trigger for ETH mainnet around block `11550000`/epoch `385`, slated to occur early January 2021.\n\nThis issue is relevant only for miners, non-mining nodes are unaffected, since non-mining nodes use a smaller verification cache instead of a full DAG.",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/21793",
-      "https://blog.ethereum.org/2020/11/12/geth-security-release",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/commit/567d41d9363706b4b13ce0903804e8acf214af49",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-v592-xf75-856p"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.6.0",
-    "fixed": "v1.9.24",
-    "published": "2020-11-12",
-    "severity": "Medium",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2020-26240",
-    "check": "Geth\\/v1\\.(6|7|8)\\..*|Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.\\d-.*|Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.1.*|Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.2(0|1|2|3)-.*"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "Denial of service due to Go CVE-2020-28362",
-    "uid": "GETH-2020-02",
-    "summary": "A denial-of-service issue can be used to crash Geth nodes during block processing, due to an underlying bug in Go (CVE-2020-28362) versions < `1.15.5`, or `<1.14.12`",
-    "description": "The DoS issue can be used to crash all Geth nodes during block processing, the effects of which would be that a major part of the Ethereum network went offline.\n\nOutside of Go-Ethereum, the issue is most likely relevant for all forks of Geth (such as TurboGeth or ETC’s core-geth) which is built with versions of Go which contains the vulnerability.",
-    "links": [
-      "https://blog.ethereum.org/2020/11/12/geth-security-release",
-      "https://groups.google.com/g/golang-announce/c/NpBGTTmKzpM",
-      "https://github.com/golang/go/issues/42552",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-m6gx-rhvj-fh52"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v0.0.0",
-    "fixed": "v1.9.24",
-    "published": "2020-11-12",
-    "severity": "Critical",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2020-28362",
-    "check": "Geth.*\\/go1\\.(11(.*)|12(.*)|13(.*)|14|14\\.(\\d|10|11|)|15|15\\.[0-4])$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "ShallowCopy",
-    "uid": "GETH-2020-03",
-    "summary": "A consensus flaw in Geth, related to `datacopy` precompile",
-    "description": "Geth erroneously performed a 'shallow' copy when the precompiled `datacopy` (at `0x00...04`) was invoked. An attacker could deploy a contract that uses the shallow copy to corrupt the contents of the `RETURNDATA`, thus causing a consensus failure.",
-    "links": [
-      "https://blog.ethereum.org/2020/11/12/geth-security-release",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-69v6-xc2j-r2jf"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.9.7",
-    "fixed": "v1.9.17",
-    "published": "2020-11-12",
-    "severity": "Critical",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2020-26241",
-    "check": "Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.(7|8|9|10|11|12|13|14|15|16).*$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "Geth DoS via MULMOD",
-    "uid": "GETH-2020-04",
-    "summary": "A denial-of-service issue can be used to crash Geth nodes during block processing",
-    "description": "Affected versions suffer from a vulnerability which can be exploited through the `MULMOD` operation, by specifying a modulo of `0`: `mulmod(a,b,0)`, causing a `panic` in the underlying library. \nThe crash was in the `uint256` library, where a buffer [underflowed](https://github.com/holiman/uint256/blob/4ce82e695c10ddad57215bdbeafb68b8c5df2c30/uint256.go#L442).\n\n\tif `d == 0`, `dLen` remains `0`\n\nand https://github.com/holiman/uint256/blob/4ce82e695c10ddad57215bdbeafb68b8c5df2c30/uint256.go#L451 will try to access index `[-1]`.\n\nThe `uint256` library was first merged in this [commit](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/commit/cf6674539c589f80031f3371a71c6a80addbe454), on 2020-06-08. \nExploiting this vulnerabilty would cause all vulnerable nodes to drop off the network. \n\nThe issue was brought to our attention through a [bug report](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/21367), showing a `panic` occurring on sync from genesis on the Ropsten network.\n \nIt was estimated that the least obvious way to fix this would be to merge the fix into `uint256`, make a new release of that library and then update the geth-dependency.\n",
-    "links": [
-      "https://blog.ethereum.org/2020/11/12/geth-security-release",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-jm5c-rv3w-w83m",
-      "https://github.com/holiman/uint256/releases/tag/v1.1.1",
-      "https://github.com/holiman/uint256/pull/80",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/21368"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.9.16",
-    "fixed": "v1.9.18",
-    "published": "2020-11-12",
-    "severity": "Critical",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2020-26242",
-    "check": "Geth\\/v1\\.9.(16|17).*$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "LES Server DoS via GetProofsV2",
-    "uid": "GETH-2020-05",
-    "summary": "A DoS vulnerability can make a LES server crash.",
-    "description": "A DoS vulnerability can make a LES server crash via malicious GetProofsV2 request from a connected LES client.\n\nThe vulnerability was patched in #21896.\n\nThis vulnerability only concern users explicitly running geth as a light server",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-r33q-22hv-j29q",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/21896"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.8.0",
-    "fixed": "v1.9.25",
-    "published": "2020-12-10",
-    "severity": "Medium",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2020-26264",
-    "check": "(Geth\\/v1\\.8\\.*)|(Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.\\d-.*)|(Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.1\\d-.*)|(Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.(20|21|22|23|24)-.*)$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "SELFDESTRUCT-recreate consensus flaw",
-    "uid": "GETH-2020-06",
-    "introduced": "v1.9.4",
-    "fixed": "v1.9.20",
-    "summary": "A consensus-vulnerability in Geth could cause a chain split, where vulnerable versions refuse to accept the canonical chain.",
-    "description": "A flaw was repoted at 2020-08-11 by John Youngseok Yang (Software Platform Lab), where a particular sequence of transactions could cause a consensus failure.\n\n- Tx 1:\n - `sender` invokes `caller`.\n - `caller` invokes `0xaa`. `0xaa` has 3 wei, does a self-destruct-to-self\n - `caller` does a  `1 wei` -call to `0xaa`, who thereby has 1 wei (the code in `0xaa` still executed, since the tx is still ongoing, but doesn't redo the selfdestruct, it takes a different path if callvalue is non-zero)\n\n-Tx 2:\n - `sender` does a 5-wei call to 0xaa. No exec (since no code). \n\nIn geth, the result would be that `0xaa` had `6 wei`, whereas OE reported (correctly) `5` wei. Furthermore, in geth, if the second tx was not executed, the `0xaa` would be destructed, resulting in `0 wei`. Thus obviously wrong. \n\nIt was determined that the root cause was this [commit](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/commit/223b950944f494a5b4e0957fd9f92c48b09037ad) from [this PR](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/19953). The semantics of `createObject` was subtly changd, into returning a non-nil object (with `deleted=true`) where it previously did not if the account had been destructed. This return value caused the new object to inherit the old `balance`.\n",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-xw37-57qp-9mm4"
-    ],
-    "published": "2020-12-10",
-    "severity": "High",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2020-26265",
-    "check": "(Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.(4|5|6|7|8|9)-.*)|(Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.1\\d-.*)$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "Not ready for London upgrade",
-    "uid": "GETH-2021-01",
-    "summary": "The client is not ready for the 'London' technical upgrade, and will deviate from the canonical chain when the London upgrade occurs (at block '12965000' around August 4, 2021.",
-    "description": "At (or around) August 4, Ethereum will undergo a technical upgrade called 'London'. Clients not upgraded will fail to progress on the canonical chain.",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/eth1.0-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/london.md",
-      "https://notes.ethereum.org/@timbeiko/ropsten-postmortem"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.10.1",
-    "fixed": "v1.10.6",
-    "published": "2021-07-22",
-    "severity": "High",
-    "check": "(Geth\\/v1\\.10\\.(1|2|3|4|5)-.*)$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "RETURNDATA corruption via datacopy",
-    "uid": "GETH-2021-02",
-    "summary": "A consensus-flaw in the Geth EVM could cause a node to deviate from the canonical chain.",
-    "description": "A memory-corruption bug within the EVM can cause a consensus error, where vulnerable nodes obtain a different `stateRoot` when processing a maliciously crafted transaction. This, in turn, would lead to the chain being split: mainnet splitting in two forks.\n\nAll Geth versions supporting the London hard fork are vulnerable (the bug is older than London), so all users should update.\n\nThis bug was exploited on Mainnet at block 13107518.\n\nCredits for the discovery go to @guidovranken (working for Sentnl during an audit of the Telos EVM) and reported via bounty@ethereum.org.",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/master/docs/postmortems/2021-08-22-split-postmortem.md",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-9856-9gg9-qcmq",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.10.8"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.10.0",
-    "fixed": "v1.10.8",
-    "published": "2021-08-24",
-    "severity": "High",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2021-39137",
-    "check": "(Geth\\/v1\\.10\\.(0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7)-.*)$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "DoS via malicious `snap/1` request",
-    "uid": "GETH-2021-03",
-    "summary": "A vulnerable node is susceptible to crash when processing a maliciously crafted message from a peer, via the snap/1 protocol. The crash can be triggered by sending a malicious snap/1 GetTrieNodes package.",
-    "description": "The `snap/1` protocol handler contains two vulnerabilities related to the `GetTrieNodes` packet, which can be exploited to crash the node. Full details are available at the Github security [advisory](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-59hh-656j-3p7v)",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-59hh-656j-3p7v",
-      "https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/vulnerabilities/vulnerabilities",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/23657"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.10.0",
-    "fixed": "v1.10.9",
-    "published": "2021-10-24",
-    "severity": "Medium",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2021-41173",
-    "check": "(Geth\\/v1\\.10\\.(0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8)-.*)$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "DoS via malicious p2p message",
-    "uid": "GETH-2022-01",
-    "summary": "A vulnerable node can crash via p2p messages sent from an attacker node, if running with non-default log options.",
-    "description": "A vulnerable node, if configured to use high verbosity logging, can be made to crash when handling specially crafted p2p messages sent from an attacker node. Full details are available at the Github security [advisory](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-wjxw-gh3m-7pm5)",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-wjxw-gh3m-7pm5",
-      "https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/vulnerabilities/vulnerabilities",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/24507"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.10.0",
-    "fixed": "v1.10.17",
-    "published": "2022-05-11",
-    "severity": "Low",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2022-29177",
-    "check": "(Geth\\/v1\\.10\\.(0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10|11|12|13|14|15|16)-.*)$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "DoS via malicious p2p message",
-    "uid": "GETH-2023-01",
-    "summary": "A vulnerable node can be made to consume unbounded amounts of memory when handling specially crafted p2p messages sent from an attacker node.",
-    "description": "The p2p handler spawned a new goroutine to respond to ping requests. By flooding a node with ping requests, an unbounded number of goroutines can be created, leading to resource exhaustion and potentially crash due to OOM.",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-ppjg-v974-84cm",
-      "https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/vulnerabilities/vulnerabilities"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.10.0",
-    "fixed": "v1.12.1",
-    "published": "2023-09-06",
-    "severity": "High",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2023-40591",
-    "check": "(Geth\\/v1\\.(10|11)\\..*)|(Geth\\/v1\\.12\\.0-.*)$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "DoS via malicious p2p message",
-    "uid": "GETH-2024-01",
-    "summary": "A vulnerable node can be made to consume very large amounts of memory when handling specially crafted p2p messages sent from an attacker node.",
-    "description": "A vulnerable node can be made to consume very large amounts of memory when handling specially crafted p2p messages sent from an attacker node. Full details will be available at the Github security [advisory](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-4xc9-8hmq-j652)",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-4xc9-8hmq-j652",
-      "https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/vulnerabilities/vulnerabilities"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.10.0",
-    "fixed": "v1.13.15",
-    "published": "2024-05-06",
-    "severity": "High",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2024-32972",
-    "check": "(Geth\\/v1\\.(10|11|12)\\..*)|(Geth\\/v1\\.13\\.\\d-.*)|(Geth\\/v1\\.13\\.1(0|1|2|3|4)-.*)$"
-  }
-]
diff --git a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs-new/data.json.minisig b/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs-new/data.json.minisig
deleted file mode 100644
index 987ffe92bb..0000000000
--- a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs-new/data.json.minisig
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-untrusted comment: signature from minisign secret key
-RUQkliYstQBOKHklFEYCUjepz81dyUuDmIAxjAvXa+icjGuKcjtVfV06G7qfOMSpplS5EcntU12n+AnGNyuOM8zIctaIWcfG2w0=
-trusted comment: timestamp:1752094689	file:data.json	hashed
-u2e4wo4HBTU6viQTSY/NVBHoWoPFJnnTvLZS0FYl3JdvSOYi6+qpbEsDhAIFqq/n8VmlS/fPqqf7vKCNiAgjAA==
diff --git a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs/vulnerabilities.json.minisig.1 b/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs/vulnerabilities.json.minisig.1
deleted file mode 100644
index 6b6aa900e3..0000000000
--- a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs/vulnerabilities.json.minisig.1
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-untrusted comment: signature from minisign secret key
-RWQkliYstQBOKNoyq2O98hPmeVJQ6ShQLM58+4n0gkY0y0trFMDAsHuN/l4IyHfh8dDQ1ry0+IuZVrf/i8M/P3YFzFfAymDYCQ0=
-trusted comment: timestamp:1752094703	file:data.json
-cNyq3ZGlqo785HtWODb9ejWqF0HhSeXuLGXzC7z1IhnDrBObWBJngYd3qBG1dQcYlHQ+bgB/On5mSyMFn4UoCQ==
diff --git a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs/vulnerabilities.json.minisig.2 b/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs/vulnerabilities.json.minisig.2
deleted file mode 100644
index 704437de39..0000000000
--- a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs/vulnerabilities.json.minisig.2
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-untrusted comment: Here's a comment
-RWQkliYstQBOKNoyq2O98hPmeVJQ6ShQLM58+4n0gkY0y0trFMDAsHuN/l4IyHfh8dDQ1ry0+IuZVrf/i8M/P3YFzFfAymDYCQ0=
-trusted comment: Here's a trusted comment
-dL7lO8sqFFCOXJO/u8SgoDk2nlXGWPRDbOTJkChMbmtUp9PB7sG831basXkZ/0CQ/l/vG7AbPyMNEVZyJn5NCg==
diff --git a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs/vulnerabilities.json.minisig.3 b/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs/vulnerabilities.json.minisig.3
deleted file mode 100644
index 806cd07316..0000000000
--- a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs/vulnerabilities.json.minisig.3
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-untrusted comment: One more (untrusted™) comment
-RWQkliYstQBOKNoyq2O98hPmeVJQ6ShQLM58+4n0gkY0y0trFMDAsHuN/l4IyHfh8dDQ1ry0+IuZVrf/i8M/P3YFzFfAymDYCQ0=
-trusted comment: Here's a trusted comment
-dL7lO8sqFFCOXJO/u8SgoDk2nlXGWPRDbOTJkChMbmtUp9PB7sG831basXkZ/0CQ/l/vG7AbPyMNEVZyJn5NCg==
diff --git a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisign.pub b/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisign.pub
deleted file mode 100644
index 183dce5f6b..0000000000
--- a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisign.pub
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-untrusted comment: minisign public key 284E00B52C269624
-RWQkliYstQBOKOdtClfgC3IypIPX6TAmoEi7beZ4gyR3wsaezvqOMWsp
diff --git a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisign.sec b/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisign.sec
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c50715b20..0000000000
--- a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/minisign.sec
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-untrusted comment: minisign encrypted secret key
-RWRTY0Iyz8kmPMKrqk6DCtlO9a33akKiaOQG1aLolqDxs52qvPoAAAACAAAAAAAAAEAAAAAArEiggdvyn6+WzTprirLtgiYQoU+ihz/HyGgjhuF+Pz2ddMduyCO+xjCHeq+vgVVW039fbsI8hW6LRGJZLBKV5/jdxCXAVVQE7qTQ6xpEdO0z8Z731/pV1hlspQXG2PNd16NMtwd9dWw=
diff --git a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/signify-sigs/data.json.sig b/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/signify-sigs/data.json.sig
deleted file mode 100644
index d704af7709..0000000000
--- a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/signify-sigs/data.json.sig
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-untrusted comment: verify with signifykey.pub
-RWSKLNhZb0KdARbMcGN40hbHzKQYZDgDOFhEUT1YpzMnqre/mbKJ8td/HVlG03Am1YCszATiI0DbnljjTy4iNHYwqBfzrFUqUg0=
diff --git a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/signifykey.pub b/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/signifykey.pub
deleted file mode 100644
index 328f973ab4..0000000000
--- a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/signifykey.pub
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-untrusted comment: signify public key
-RWSKLNhZb0KdATtRT7mZC/bybI3t3+Hv/O2i3ye04Dq9fnT9slpZ1a2/
diff --git a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/signifykey.sec b/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/signifykey.sec
deleted file mode 100644
index 3279a2e58b..0000000000
--- a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/signifykey.sec
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-untrusted comment: signify secret key
-RWRCSwAAACpLQDLawSQCtI7eAVIvaiHzjTsTyJsfV5aKLNhZb0KdAWeICXJGa93/bHAcsY6jUh9I8RdEcDWEoGxmaXZC+IdVBPxDpkix9fBRGEUdKWHi3dOfqME0YRzErWI5AVg3cRw=
diff --git a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/vulnerabilities.json b/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/vulnerabilities.json
deleted file mode 100644
index e52fd84e67..0000000000
--- a/cmd/geth/testdata/vcheck/vulnerabilities.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
-[
-  {
-    "name": "CorruptedDAG",
-    "uid": "GETH-2020-01",
-    "summary": "Mining nodes will generate erroneous PoW on epochs > `385`.",
-    "description": "A mining flaw could cause miners to erroneously calculate PoW, due to an index overflow, if DAG size is exceeding the maximum 32 bit unsigned value.\n\nThis occurred on the ETC chain on 2020-11-06. This is likely to trigger for ETH mainnet around block `11550000`/epoch `385`, slated to occur early January 2021.\n\nThis issue is relevant only for miners, non-mining nodes are unaffected, since non-mining nodes use a smaller verification cache instead of a full DAG.",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/21793",
-      "https://blog.ethereum.org/2020/11/12/geth-security-release",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/commit/567d41d9363706b4b13ce0903804e8acf214af49",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-v592-xf75-856p"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.6.0",
-    "fixed": "v1.9.24",
-    "published": "2020-11-12",
-    "severity": "Medium",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2020-26240",
-    "check": "Geth\\/v1\\.(6|7|8)\\..*|Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.\\d-.*|Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.1.*|Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.2(0|1|2|3)-.*"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "Denial of service due to Go CVE-2020-28362",
-    "uid": "GETH-2020-02",
-    "summary": "A denial-of-service issue can be used to crash Geth nodes during block processing, due to an underlying bug in Go (CVE-2020-28362) versions < `1.15.5`, or `<1.14.12`",
-    "description": "The DoS issue can be used to crash all Geth nodes during block processing, the effects of which would be that a major part of the Ethereum network went offline.\n\nOutside of Go-Ethereum, the issue is most likely relevant for all forks of Geth (such as TurboGeth or ETC’s core-geth) which is built with versions of Go which contains the vulnerability.",
-    "links": [
-      "https://blog.ethereum.org/2020/11/12/geth-security-release",
-      "https://groups.google.com/g/golang-announce/c/NpBGTTmKzpM",
-      "https://github.com/golang/go/issues/42552",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-m6gx-rhvj-fh52"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v0.0.0",
-    "fixed": "v1.9.24",
-    "published": "2020-11-12",
-    "severity": "Critical",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2020-28362",
-    "check": "Geth.*\\/go1\\.(11(.*)|12(.*)|13(.*)|14|14\\.(\\d|10|11|)|15|15\\.[0-4])$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "ShallowCopy",
-    "uid": "GETH-2020-03",
-    "summary": "A consensus flaw in Geth, related to `datacopy` precompile",
-    "description": "Geth erroneously performed a 'shallow' copy when the precompiled `datacopy` (at `0x00...04`) was invoked. An attacker could deploy a contract that uses the shallow copy to corrupt the contents of the `RETURNDATA`, thus causing a consensus failure.",
-    "links": [
-      "https://blog.ethereum.org/2020/11/12/geth-security-release",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-69v6-xc2j-r2jf"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.9.7",
-    "fixed": "v1.9.17",
-    "published": "2020-11-12",
-    "severity": "Critical",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2020-26241",
-    "check": "Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.(7|8|9|10|11|12|13|14|15|16).*$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "Geth DoS via MULMOD",
-    "uid": "GETH-2020-04",
-    "summary": "A denial-of-service issue can be used to crash Geth nodes during block processing",
-    "description": "Affected versions suffer from a vulnerability which can be exploited through the `MULMOD` operation, by specifying a modulo of `0`: `mulmod(a,b,0)`, causing a `panic` in the underlying library. \nThe crash was in the `uint256` library, where a buffer [underflowed](https://github.com/holiman/uint256/blob/4ce82e695c10ddad57215bdbeafb68b8c5df2c30/uint256.go#L442).\n\n\tif `d == 0`, `dLen` remains `0`\n\nand https://github.com/holiman/uint256/blob/4ce82e695c10ddad57215bdbeafb68b8c5df2c30/uint256.go#L451 will try to access index `[-1]`.\n\nThe `uint256` library was first merged in this [commit](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/commit/cf6674539c589f80031f3371a71c6a80addbe454), on 2020-06-08. \nExploiting this vulnerabilty would cause all vulnerable nodes to drop off the network. \n\nThe issue was brought to our attention through a [bug report](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/21367), showing a `panic` occurring on sync from genesis on the Ropsten network.\n \nIt was estimated that the least obvious way to fix this would be to merge the fix into `uint256`, make a new release of that library and then update the geth-dependency.\n",
-    "links": [
-      "https://blog.ethereum.org/2020/11/12/geth-security-release",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-jm5c-rv3w-w83m",
-      "https://github.com/holiman/uint256/releases/tag/v1.1.1",
-      "https://github.com/holiman/uint256/pull/80",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/21368"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.9.16",
-    "fixed": "v1.9.18",
-    "published": "2020-11-12",
-    "severity": "Critical",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2020-26242",
-    "check": "Geth\\/v1\\.9.(16|17).*$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "LES Server DoS via GetProofsV2",
-    "uid": "GETH-2020-05",
-    "summary": "A DoS vulnerability can make a LES server crash.",
-    "description": "A DoS vulnerability can make a LES server crash via malicious GetProofsV2 request from a connected LES client.\n\nThe vulnerability was patched in #21896.\n\nThis vulnerability only concern users explicitly running geth as a light server",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-r33q-22hv-j29q",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/21896"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.8.0",
-    "fixed": "v1.9.25",
-    "published": "2020-12-10",
-    "severity": "Medium",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2020-26264",
-    "check": "(Geth\\/v1\\.8\\.*)|(Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.\\d-.*)|(Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.1\\d-.*)|(Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.(20|21|22|23|24)-.*)$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "SELFDESTRUCT-recreate consensus flaw",
-    "uid": "GETH-2020-06",
-    "introduced": "v1.9.4",
-    "fixed": "v1.9.20",
-    "summary": "A consensus-vulnerability in Geth could cause a chain split, where vulnerable versions refuse to accept the canonical chain.",
-    "description": "A flaw was repoted at 2020-08-11 by John Youngseok Yang (Software Platform Lab), where a particular sequence of transactions could cause a consensus failure.\n\n- Tx 1:\n - `sender` invokes `caller`.\n - `caller` invokes `0xaa`. `0xaa` has 3 wei, does a self-destruct-to-self\n - `caller` does a  `1 wei` -call to `0xaa`, who thereby has 1 wei (the code in `0xaa` still executed, since the tx is still ongoing, but doesn't redo the selfdestruct, it takes a different path if callvalue is non-zero)\n\n-Tx 2:\n - `sender` does a 5-wei call to 0xaa. No exec (since no code). \n\nIn geth, the result would be that `0xaa` had `6 wei`, whereas OE reported (correctly) `5` wei. Furthermore, in geth, if the second tx was not executed, the `0xaa` would be destructed, resulting in `0 wei`. Thus obviously wrong. \n\nIt was determined that the root cause was this [commit](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/commit/223b950944f494a5b4e0957fd9f92c48b09037ad) from [this PR](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/19953). The semantics of `createObject` was subtly changd, into returning a non-nil object (with `deleted=true`) where it previously did not if the account had been destructed. This return value caused the new object to inherit the old `balance`.\n",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-xw37-57qp-9mm4"
-    ],
-    "published": "2020-12-10",
-    "severity": "High",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2020-26265",
-    "check": "(Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.(4|5|6|7|8|9)-.*)|(Geth\\/v1\\.9\\.1\\d-.*)$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "Not ready for London upgrade",
-    "uid": "GETH-2021-01",
-    "summary": "The client is not ready for the 'London' technical upgrade, and will deviate from the canonical chain when the London upgrade occurs (at block '12965000' around August 4, 2021.",
-    "description": "At (or around) August 4, Ethereum will undergo a technical upgrade called 'London'. Clients not upgraded will fail to progress on the canonical chain.",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/eth1.0-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/london.md",
-      "https://notes.ethereum.org/@timbeiko/ropsten-postmortem"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.10.1",
-    "fixed": "v1.10.6",
-    "published": "2021-07-22",
-    "severity": "High",
-    "check": "(Geth\\/v1\\.10\\.(1|2|3|4|5)-.*)$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "RETURNDATA corruption via datacopy",
-    "uid": "GETH-2021-02",
-    "summary": "A consensus-flaw in the Geth EVM could cause a node to deviate from the canonical chain.",
-    "description": "A memory-corruption bug within the EVM can cause a consensus error, where vulnerable nodes obtain a different `stateRoot` when processing a maliciously crafted transaction. This, in turn, would lead to the chain being split: mainnet splitting in two forks.\n\nAll Geth versions supporting the London hard fork are vulnerable (the bug is older than London), so all users should update.\n\nThis bug was exploited on Mainnet at block 13107518.\n\nCredits for the discovery go to @guidovranken (working for Sentnl during an audit of the Telos EVM) and reported via bounty@ethereum.org.",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/master/docs/postmortems/2021-08-22-split-postmortem.md",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-9856-9gg9-qcmq",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/releases/tag/v1.10.8"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.10.0",
-    "fixed": "v1.10.8",
-    "published": "2021-08-24",
-    "severity": "High",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2021-39137",
-    "check": "(Geth\\/v1\\.10\\.(0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7)-.*)$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "DoS via malicious `snap/1` request",
-    "uid": "GETH-2021-03",
-    "summary": "A vulnerable node is susceptible to crash when processing a maliciously crafted message from a peer, via the snap/1 protocol. The crash can be triggered by sending a malicious snap/1 GetTrieNodes package.",
-    "description": "The `snap/1` protocol handler contains two vulnerabilities related to the `GetTrieNodes` packet, which can be exploited to crash the node. Full details are available at the Github security [advisory](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-59hh-656j-3p7v)",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-59hh-656j-3p7v",
-      "https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/vulnerabilities/vulnerabilities",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/23657"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.10.0",
-    "fixed": "v1.10.9",
-    "published": "2021-10-24",
-    "severity": "Medium",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2021-41173",
-    "check": "(Geth\\/v1\\.10\\.(0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8)-.*)$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "DoS via malicious p2p message",
-    "uid": "GETH-2022-01",
-    "summary": "A vulnerable node can crash via p2p messages sent from an attacker node, if running with non-default log options.",
-    "description": "A vulnerable node, if configured to use high verbosity logging, can be made to crash when handling specially crafted p2p messages sent from an attacker node. Full details are available at the Github security [advisory](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-wjxw-gh3m-7pm5)",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-wjxw-gh3m-7pm5",
-      "https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/vulnerabilities/vulnerabilities",
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/24507"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.10.0",
-    "fixed": "v1.10.17",
-    "published": "2022-05-11",
-    "severity": "Low",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2022-29177",
-    "check": "(Geth\\/v1\\.10\\.(0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10|11|12|13|14|15|16)-.*)$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "DoS via malicious p2p message",
-    "uid": "GETH-2023-01",
-    "summary": "A vulnerable node can be made to consume unbounded amounts of memory when handling specially crafted p2p messages sent from an attacker node.",
-    "description": "The p2p handler spawned a new goroutine to respond to ping requests. By flooding a node with ping requests, an unbounded number of goroutines can be created, leading to resource exhaustion and potentially crash due to OOM.",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-ppjg-v974-84cm",
-      "https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/vulnerabilities/vulnerabilities"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.10.0",
-    "fixed": "v1.12.1",
-    "published": "2023-09-06",
-    "severity": "High",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2023-40591",
-    "check": "(Geth\\/v1\\.(10|11)\\..*)|(Geth\\/v1\\.12\\.0-.*)$"
-  },
-  {
-    "name": "DoS via malicious p2p message",
-    "uid": "GETH-2024-01",
-    "summary": "A vulnerable node can be made to consume very large amounts of memory when handling specially crafted p2p messages sent from an attacker node.",
-    "description": "A vulnerable node can be made to consume very large amounts of memory when handling specially crafted p2p messages sent from an attacker node. Full details will be available at the Github security [advisory](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-4xc9-8hmq-j652)",
-    "links": [
-      "https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/security/advisories/GHSA-4xc9-8hmq-j652",
-      "https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/vulnerabilities/vulnerabilities"
-    ],
-    "introduced": "v1.10.0",
-    "fixed": "v1.13.15",
-    "published": "2024-05-06",
-    "severity": "High",
-    "CVE": "CVE-2024-32972",
-    "check": "(Geth\\/v1\\.(10|11|12)\\..*)|(Geth\\/v1\\.13\\.\\d-.*)|(Geth\\/v1\\.13\\.1(0|1|2|3|4)-.*)$"
-  }
-]
diff --git a/cmd/geth/version_check.go b/cmd/geth/version_check.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 237556788e..0000000000
--- a/cmd/geth/version_check.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of go-ethereum.
-//
-// go-ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// go-ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-// along with go-ethereum. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package main
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"net/http"
-	"os"
-	"regexp"
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
-	"github.com/jedisct1/go-minisign"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
-)
-
-var gethPubKeys []string = []string{
-	//@holiman, minisign public key FB1D084D39BAEC24
-	"RWQk7Lo5TQgd+wxBNZM+Zoy+7UhhMHaWKzqoes9tvSbFLJYZhNTbrIjx",
-	//minisign public key 138B1CA303E51687
-	"RWSHFuUDoxyLEzjszuWZI1xStS66QTyXFFZG18uDfO26CuCsbckX1e9J",
-	//minisign public key FD9813B2D2098484
-	"RWSEhAnSshOY/b+GmaiDkObbCWefsAoavjoLcPjBo1xn71yuOH5I+Lts",
-}
-
-type vulnJson struct {
-	Name        string
-	Uid         string
-	Summary     string
-	Description string
-	Links       []string
-	Introduced  string
-	Fixed       string
-	Published   string
-	Severity    string
-	Check       string
-	CVE         string
-}
-
-func versionCheck(ctx *cli.Context) error {
-	url := ctx.String(VersionCheckUrlFlag.Name)
-	version := ctx.String(VersionCheckVersionFlag.Name)
-	log.Info("Checking vulnerabilities", "version", version, "url", url)
-	return checkCurrent(url, version)
-}
-
-func checkCurrent(url, current string) error {
-	var (
-		data []byte
-		sig  []byte
-		err  error
-	)
-	if data, err = fetch(url); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("could not retrieve data: %w", err)
-	}
-	if sig, err = fetch(fmt.Sprintf("%v.minisig", url)); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("could not retrieve signature: %w", err)
-	}
-	if err = verifySignature(gethPubKeys, data, sig); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	var vulns []vulnJson
-	if err = json.Unmarshal(data, &vulns); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	allOk := true
-	for _, vuln := range vulns {
-		r, err := regexp.Compile(vuln.Check)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if r.MatchString(current) {
-			allOk = false
-			fmt.Printf("## Vulnerable to %v (%v)\n\n", vuln.Uid, vuln.Name)
-			fmt.Printf("Severity: %v\n", vuln.Severity)
-			fmt.Printf("Summary : %v\n", vuln.Summary)
-			fmt.Printf("Fixed in: %v\n", vuln.Fixed)
-			if len(vuln.CVE) > 0 {
-				fmt.Printf("CVE: %v\n", vuln.CVE)
-			}
-			if len(vuln.Links) > 0 {
-				fmt.Printf("References:\n")
-				for _, ref := range vuln.Links {
-					fmt.Printf("\t- %v\n", ref)
-				}
-			}
-			fmt.Println()
-		}
-	}
-	if allOk {
-		fmt.Println("No vulnerabilities found")
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// fetch makes an HTTP request to the given url and returns the response body
-func fetch(url string) ([]byte, error) {
-	if filep := strings.TrimPrefix(url, "file://"); filep != url {
-		return os.ReadFile(filep)
-	}
-	res, err := http.Get(url)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer res.Body.Close()
-	body, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return body, nil
-}
-
-// verifySignature checks that the sigData is a valid signature of the given
-// data, for pubkey GethPubkey
-func verifySignature(pubkeys []string, data, sigdata []byte) error {
-	sig, err := minisign.DecodeSignature(string(sigdata))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	// find the used key
-	var key *minisign.PublicKey
-	for _, pubkey := range pubkeys {
-		pub, err := minisign.NewPublicKey(pubkey)
-		if err != nil {
-			// our pubkeys should be parseable
-			return err
-		}
-		if pub.KeyId != sig.KeyId {
-			continue
-		}
-		key = &pub
-		break
-	}
-	if key == nil {
-		log.Info("Signing key not trusted", "keyid", keyID(sig.KeyId), "error", err)
-		return errors.New("signature could not be verified")
-	}
-	if ok, err := key.Verify(data, sig); !ok || err != nil {
-		log.Info("Verification failed error", "keyid", keyID(key.KeyId), "error", err)
-		return errors.New("signature could not be verified")
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// keyID turns a binary minisign key ID into a hex string.
-// Note: key IDs are printed in reverse byte order.
-func keyID(id [8]byte) string {
-	var rev [8]byte
-	for i := range id {
-		rev[len(rev)-1-i] = id[i]
-	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%X", rev)
-}
diff --git a/cmd/geth/version_check_test.go b/cmd/geth/version_check_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index fb5d1b2d69..0000000000
--- a/cmd/geth/version_check_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,189 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of go-ethereum.
-//
-// go-ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// go-ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-// along with go-ethereum. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package main
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"regexp"
-	"strconv"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/jedisct1/go-minisign"
-)
-
-func TestVerification(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	// Signatures generated with `minisign`. Legacy format, not pre-hashed file.
-	t.Run("minisig-legacy", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// For this test, the pubkey is in testdata/vcheck/minisign.pub
-		// (the privkey is `minisign.sec`, if we want to expand this test. Password 'test' )
-		//	1. `minisign -S -l -s ./minisign.sec -m data.json -x ./minisig-sigs/vulnerabilities.json.minisig.1 -c "signature from minisign secret key"`
-		//	2. `minisign -S -l -s ./minisign.sec -m vulnerabilities.json -x ./minisig-sigs/vulnerabilities.json.minisig.2 -c "Here's a comment" -t "Here's a trusted comment"`
-		//	3.	minisign -S -l -s ./minisign.sec -m vulnerabilities.json -x ./minisig-sigs/vulnerabilities.json.minisig.3 -c "One more (untrusted™) comment" -t "Here's a trusted comment"
-		pub := "RWQkliYstQBOKOdtClfgC3IypIPX6TAmoEi7beZ4gyR3wsaezvqOMWsp"
-		testVerification(t, pub, "./testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs/")
-	})
-	t.Run("minisig-new", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		// For this test, the pubkey is in testdata/vcheck/minisign.pub
-		// (the privkey is `minisign.sec`, if we want to expand this test. Password 'test' )
-		// `minisign -S -s ./minisign.sec  -m data.json -x ./minisig-sigs-new/data.json.minisig`
-		pub := "RWQkliYstQBOKOdtClfgC3IypIPX6TAmoEi7beZ4gyR3wsaezvqOMWsp"
-		testVerification(t, pub, "./testdata/vcheck/minisig-sigs-new/")
-	})
-	// Signatures generated with `signify-openbsd`
-	t.Run("signify-openbsd", func(t *testing.T) {
-		t.Parallel()
-		t.Skip("This currently fails, minisign expects 4 lines of data, signify provides only 2")
-		// For this test, the pubkey is in testdata/vcheck/signifykey.pub
-		// (the privkey is `signifykey.sec`, if we want to expand this test. Password 'test' )
-		// `signify -S -s signifykey.sec -m data.json -x ./signify-sigs/data.json.sig`
-		pub := "RWSKLNhZb0KdATtRT7mZC/bybI3t3+Hv/O2i3ye04Dq9fnT9slpZ1a2/"
-		testVerification(t, pub, "./testdata/vcheck/signify-sigs/")
-	})
-}
-
-func testVerification(t *testing.T, pubkey, sigdir string) {
-	// Data to verify
-	data, err := os.ReadFile("./testdata/vcheck/data.json")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	// Signatures, with and without comments, both trusted and untrusted
-	files, err := os.ReadDir(sigdir)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	if len(files) == 0 {
-		t.Fatal("Missing tests")
-	}
-	for _, f := range files {
-		sig, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(sigdir, f.Name()))
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		err = verifySignature([]string{pubkey}, data, sig)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func versionUint(v string) int {
-	mustInt := func(s string) int {
-		a, err := strconv.Atoi(s)
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(v)
-		}
-		return a
-	}
-	components := strings.Split(strings.TrimPrefix(v, "v"), ".")
-	a := mustInt(components[0])
-	b := mustInt(components[1])
-	c := mustInt(components[2])
-	return a*100*100 + b*100 + c
-}
-
-// TestMatching can be used to check that the regexps are correct
-func TestMatching(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	data, _ := os.ReadFile("./testdata/vcheck/vulnerabilities.json")
-	var vulns []vulnJson
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &vulns); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	check := func(version string) {
-		vFull := fmt.Sprintf("Geth/%v-unstable-15339cf1-20201204/linux-amd64/go1.15.4", version)
-		for _, vuln := range vulns {
-			r, err := regexp.Compile(vuln.Check)
-			vulnIntro := versionUint(vuln.Introduced)
-			vulnFixed := versionUint(vuln.Fixed)
-			current := versionUint(version)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-			if vuln.Name == "Denial of service due to Go CVE-2020-28362" {
-				// this one is not tied to geth-versions
-				continue
-			}
-			if vulnIntro <= current && vulnFixed > current {
-				// Should be vulnerable
-				if !r.MatchString(vFull) {
-					t.Errorf("Should be vulnerable, version %v, intro: %v, fixed: %v %v %v",
-						version, vuln.Introduced, vuln.Fixed, vuln.Name, vuln.Check)
-				}
-			} else {
-				if r.MatchString(vFull) {
-					t.Errorf("Should not be flagged vulnerable, version %v, intro: %v, fixed: %v %v %d %d %d",
-						version, vuln.Introduced, vuln.Fixed, vuln.Name, vulnIntro, current, vulnFixed)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	for major := 1; major < 2; major++ {
-		for minor := 0; minor < 30; minor++ {
-			for patch := 0; patch < 30; patch++ {
-				vShort := fmt.Sprintf("v%d.%d.%d", major, minor, patch)
-				check(vShort)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestGethPubKeysParseable(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	for _, pubkey := range gethPubKeys {
-		_, err := minisign.NewPublicKey(pubkey)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("Should be parseable")
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func TestKeyID(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	type args struct {
-		id [8]byte
-	}
-	tests := []struct {
-		name string
-		args args
-		want string
-	}{
-		{"@holiman key", args{id: extractKeyId(gethPubKeys[0])}, "FB1D084D39BAEC24"},
-		{"second key", args{id: extractKeyId(gethPubKeys[1])}, "138B1CA303E51687"},
-		{"third key", args{id: extractKeyId(gethPubKeys[2])}, "FD9813B2D2098484"},
-	}
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-			if got := keyID(tt.args.id); got != tt.want {
-				t.Errorf("keyID() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func extractKeyId(pubkey string) [8]byte {
-	p, _ := minisign.NewPublicKey(pubkey)
-	return p.KeyId
-}

From 25439aac048e777f3f6e117948160069528d423d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bashmunta <georgebashmunta@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Dec 2025 03:40:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 421/470] core/state/snapshot: fix storageList memory
 accounting (#33505)

---
 core/state/snapshot/difflayer.go      |  2 +-
 core/state/snapshot/difflayer_test.go | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/state/snapshot/difflayer.go b/core/state/snapshot/difflayer.go
index 28957051d4..1286ded7e1 100644
--- a/core/state/snapshot/difflayer.go
+++ b/core/state/snapshot/difflayer.go
@@ -465,6 +465,6 @@ func (dl *diffLayer) StorageList(accountHash common.Hash) []common.Hash {
 
 	storageList := slices.SortedFunc(maps.Keys(dl.storageData[accountHash]), common.Hash.Cmp)
 	dl.storageList[accountHash] = storageList
-	dl.memory += uint64(len(dl.storageList)*common.HashLength + common.HashLength)
+	dl.memory += uint64(len(storageList)*common.HashLength + common.HashLength)
 	return storageList
 }
diff --git a/core/state/snapshot/difflayer_test.go b/core/state/snapshot/difflayer_test.go
index 2c868b3010..90a265645d 100644
--- a/core/state/snapshot/difflayer_test.go
+++ b/core/state/snapshot/difflayer_test.go
@@ -198,6 +198,39 @@ func TestInsertAndMerge(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestStorageListMemoryAccounting ensures that StorageList increases dl.memory
+// proportionally to the number of storage slots in the requested account and
+// does not change memory usage on repeated calls for the same account.
+func TestStorageListMemoryAccounting(t *testing.T) {
+	parent := newDiffLayer(emptyLayer(), common.Hash{}, nil, nil)
+	account := common.HexToHash("0x01")
+
+	slots := make(map[common.Hash][]byte)
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		slots[randomHash()] = []byte{0x01}
+	}
+	storage := map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]byte{
+		account: slots,
+	}
+	dl := newDiffLayer(parent, common.Hash{}, nil, storage)
+
+	before := dl.memory
+	list := dl.StorageList(account)
+	if have, want := len(list), len(slots); have != want {
+		t.Fatalf("StorageList length mismatch: have %d, want %d", have, want)
+	}
+	expectedDelta := uint64(len(list)*common.HashLength + common.HashLength)
+	if have, want := dl.memory-before, expectedDelta; have != want {
+		t.Fatalf("StorageList memory delta mismatch: have %d, want %d", have, want)
+	}
+
+	before = dl.memory
+	_ = dl.StorageList(account)
+	if dl.memory != before {
+		t.Fatalf("StorageList changed memory on cached call: have %d, want %d", dl.memory, before)
+	}
+}
+
 func emptyLayer() *diskLayer {
 	return &diskLayer{
 		diskdb: memorydb.New(),

From b2843a11d680ddef536a19025e6b9b3d556cbd1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marco Munizaga <marco@marcopolo.io>
Date: Tue, 30 Dec 2025 17:48:50 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 422/470] eth/catalyst: implement getBlobsV3 (#33404)

This is used by cell-level dissemination (aka partial messages) to give
the CL all blobs the EL knows about and let CL communicate efficiently
about any other missing blobs. In other words, partial responses from
the EL is useful now.

See the related (closed) PR:
https://github.com/ethereum/execution-apis/pull/674 and the new PR:
https://github.com/ethereum/execution-apis/pull/719
---
 eth/catalyst/api.go      | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 eth/catalyst/api_test.go | 29 +++++++++++++--------
 eth/catalyst/metrics.go  | 12 ++++++---
 3 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index cc9086b091..0ab785bab7 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -553,6 +553,23 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV2(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProo
 	if api.config().LatestFork(head.Time) < forks.Osaka {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
+	return api.getBlobs(hashes, true)
+}
+
+// GetBlobsV3 returns a set of blobs from the transaction pool. Same as
+// GetBlobsV2, except will return partial responses in case there is a missing
+// blob.
+func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV3(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProofV2, error) {
+	head := api.eth.BlockChain().CurrentHeader()
+	if api.config().LatestFork(head.Time) < forks.Osaka {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return api.getBlobs(hashes, false)
+}
+
+// getBlobs returns all available blobs. In v2, partial responses are not allowed,
+// while v3 supports partial responses.
+func (api *ConsensusAPI) getBlobs(hashes []common.Hash, v2 bool) ([]*engine.BlobAndProofV2, error) {
 	if len(hashes) > 128 {
 		return nil, engine.TooLargeRequest.With(fmt.Errorf("requested blob count too large: %v", len(hashes)))
 	}
@@ -560,28 +577,30 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV2(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProo
 	getBlobsRequestedCounter.Inc(int64(len(hashes)))
 	getBlobsAvailableCounter.Inc(int64(available))
 
-	// Optimization: check first if all blobs are available, if not, return empty response
-	if available != len(hashes) {
-		getBlobsV2RequestMiss.Inc(1)
+	// Short circuit if partial response is not allowed
+	if v2 && available != len(hashes) {
+		getBlobsRequestMiss.Inc(1)
 		return nil, nil
 	}
-
+	// Retrieve blobs from the pool. This operation is expensive and may involve
+	// heavy disk I/O.
 	blobs, _, proofs, err := api.eth.BlobTxPool().GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion1)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, engine.InvalidParams.With(err)
 	}
-
-	// To comply with API spec, check again that we really got all data needed
-	for _, blob := range blobs {
-		if blob == nil {
-			getBlobsV2RequestMiss.Inc(1)
-			return nil, nil
-		}
-	}
-	getBlobsV2RequestHit.Inc(1)
-
+	// Validate the blobs from the pool and assemble the response
 	res := make([]*engine.BlobAndProofV2, len(hashes))
-	for i := 0; i < len(blobs); i++ {
+	for i := range blobs {
+		// The blob has been evicted since the last AvailableBlobs call.
+		// Return null if partial response is not allowed.
+		if blobs[i] == nil {
+			if !v2 {
+				continue
+			} else {
+				getBlobsRequestMiss.Inc(1)
+				return nil, nil
+			}
+		}
 		var cellProofs []hexutil.Bytes
 		for _, proof := range proofs[i] {
 			cellProofs = append(cellProofs, proof[:])
@@ -591,6 +610,13 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) GetBlobsV2(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProo
 			CellProofs: cellProofs,
 		}
 	}
+	if len(res) == len(hashes) {
+		getBlobsRequestCompleteHit.Inc(1)
+	} else if len(res) > 0 {
+		getBlobsRequestPartialHit.Inc(1)
+	} else {
+		getBlobsRequestMiss.Inc(1)
+	}
 	return res, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api_test.go b/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
index a023962b81..4d7246d4ed 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api_test.go
@@ -2016,7 +2016,7 @@ func TestGetBlobsV1AfterOsakaFork(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestGetBlobsV2(t *testing.T) {
+func TestGetBlobsV2And3(t *testing.T) {
 	n, api := newGetBlobEnv(t, 1)
 	defer n.Close()
 
@@ -2045,7 +2045,8 @@ func TestGetBlobsV2(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}
 	for i, suite := range suites {
-		runGetBlobsV2(t, api, suite.start, suite.limit, suite.fillRandom, fmt.Sprintf("suite=%d", i))
+		runGetBlobs(t, api.GetBlobsV2, suite.start, suite.limit, suite.fillRandom, false, fmt.Sprintf("GetBlobsV2 suite=%d", i))
+		runGetBlobs(t, api.GetBlobsV3, suite.start, suite.limit, suite.fillRandom, true, fmt.Sprintf("GetBlobsV3 suite=%d %v", i, suite))
 	}
 }
 
@@ -2060,22 +2061,20 @@ func BenchmarkGetBlobsV2(b *testing.B) {
 		name := fmt.Sprintf("blobs=%d", blobs)
 		b.Run(name, func(b *testing.B) {
 			for b.Loop() {
-				runGetBlobsV2(b, api, 0, blobs, false, name)
+				runGetBlobs(b, api.GetBlobsV2, 0, blobs, false, false, name)
 			}
 		})
 	}
 }
 
-func runGetBlobsV2(t testing.TB, api *ConsensusAPI, start, limit int, fillRandom bool, name string) {
+type getBlobsFn func(hashes []common.Hash) ([]*engine.BlobAndProofV2, error)
+
+func runGetBlobs(t testing.TB, getBlobs getBlobsFn, start, limit int, fillRandom bool, expectPartialResponse bool, name string) {
 	// Fill the request for retrieving blobs
 	var (
 		vhashes []common.Hash
 		expect  []*engine.BlobAndProofV2
 	)
-	// fill missing blob
-	if fillRandom {
-		vhashes = append(vhashes, testrand.Hash())
-	}
 	for j := start; j < limit; j++ {
 		vhashes = append(vhashes, testBlobVHashes[j])
 		var cellProofs []hexutil.Bytes
@@ -2087,13 +2086,21 @@ func runGetBlobsV2(t testing.TB, api *ConsensusAPI, start, limit int, fillRandom
 			CellProofs: cellProofs,
 		})
 	}
-	result, err := api.GetBlobsV2(vhashes)
+	// fill missing blob
+	if fillRandom {
+		vhashes = append(vhashes, testrand.Hash())
+	}
+	result, err := getBlobs(vhashes)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("Unexpected error for case %s, %v", name, err)
 	}
-	// null is responded if any blob is missing
 	if fillRandom {
-		expect = nil
+		if expectPartialResponse {
+			expect = append(expect, nil)
+		} else {
+			// Nil is expected if getBlobs can not return a partial response
+			expect = nil
+		}
 	}
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(result, expect) {
 		t.Fatalf("Unexpected result for case %s", name)
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/metrics.go b/eth/catalyst/metrics.go
index d0a733a22b..01a24191b0 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/metrics.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/metrics.go
@@ -25,9 +25,13 @@ var (
 	// Number of blobs requested via getBlobsV2 that are present in the blobpool
 	getBlobsAvailableCounter = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("engine/getblobs/available", nil)
 
-	// Number of times getBlobsV2 responded with “hit”
-	getBlobsV2RequestHit = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("engine/getblobs/hit", nil)
+	// Number of times getBlobsV2/V3 responded with all blobs
+	getBlobsRequestCompleteHit = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("engine/getblobs/hit", nil)
 
-	// Number of times getBlobsV2 responded with “miss”
-	getBlobsV2RequestMiss = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("engine/getblobs/miss", nil)
+	// Number of times getBlobsV2/V3 responded with no blobs. V2 will return no
+	// blobs if it doesn't have all the blobs (all or nothing).
+	getBlobsRequestMiss = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("engine/getblobs/miss", nil)
+
+	// Number of times getBlobsV3 responded with some, but not all, blobs
+	getBlobsRequestPartialHit = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("engine/getblobs/partial", nil)
 )

From 32fea008d876dbd443b8265cb4fe3f3d07d2d620 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: shhhh <g1siddharthr@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Dec 2025 11:32:44 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 423/470] core/blockchain.go: cleanup finalized block on rewind
 in setHeadBeyondRoot (#33486)

Fix #33390

`setHeadBeyondRoot` was failing to invalidate finalized blocks because
it compared against the original head instead of the rewound root. This
fix updates the comparison to use the post-rewind block number,
preventing the node from reporting a finalized block that no longer
exists. Also added relevant test cases for it.
---
 core/blockchain.go      |  5 +++--
 core/blockchain_test.go | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index 858eceb630..c7647ee7b4 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -1105,11 +1105,12 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) setHeadBeyondRoot(head uint64, time uint64, root common.Ha
 	bc.txLookupCache.Purge()
 
 	// Clear safe block, finalized block if needed
-	if safe := bc.CurrentSafeBlock(); safe != nil && head < safe.Number.Uint64() {
+	headBlock := bc.CurrentBlock()
+	if safe := bc.CurrentSafeBlock(); safe != nil && headBlock.Number.Uint64() < safe.Number.Uint64() {
 		log.Warn("SetHead invalidated safe block")
 		bc.SetSafe(nil)
 	}
-	if finalized := bc.CurrentFinalBlock(); finalized != nil && head < finalized.Number.Uint64() {
+	if finalized := bc.CurrentFinalBlock(); finalized != nil && headBlock.Number.Uint64() < finalized.Number.Uint64() {
 		log.Error("SetHead invalidated finalized block")
 		bc.SetFinalized(nil)
 	}
diff --git a/core/blockchain_test.go b/core/blockchain_test.go
index 3e3053d9bf..73ffce93fb 100644
--- a/core/blockchain_test.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_test.go
@@ -4515,3 +4515,45 @@ func TestGetCanonicalReceipt(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+// TestSetHeadBeyondRootFinalizedBug tests the issue where the finalized block
+// is not cleared when rewinding past it using setHeadBeyondRoot.
+func TestSetHeadBeyondRootFinalizedBug(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create a clean blockchain with 100 blocks using PathScheme (PBSS)
+	_, _, blockchain, err := newCanonical(ethash.NewFaker(), 100, true, rawdb.PathScheme)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create pristine chain: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer blockchain.Stop()
+
+	//  Set the "Finalized" marker to the current Head (Block 100)
+	headBlock := blockchain.CurrentBlock()
+	if headBlock.Number.Uint64() != 100 {
+		t.Fatalf("Setup failed: expected head 100, got %d", headBlock.Number.Uint64())
+	}
+	blockchain.SetFinalized(headBlock)
+
+	// Verify setup
+	if blockchain.CurrentFinalBlock().Number.Uint64() != 100 {
+		t.Fatalf("Setup failed: Finalized block should be 100")
+	}
+	targetBlock := blockchain.GetBlockByNumber(50)
+
+	// Call setHeadBeyondRoot with:
+	// head = 100
+	// repair = true
+	if _, err := blockchain.setHeadBeyondRoot(100, 0, targetBlock.Root(), true); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to rewind: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	currentFinal := blockchain.CurrentFinalBlock()
+	currentHead := blockchain.CurrentBlock().Number.Uint64()
+
+	// The previous finalized block (100) is now invalid because we rewound to 50.
+	// The function should have cleared the finalized marker (set to nil).
+	if currentFinal != nil && currentFinal.Number.Uint64() > currentHead {
+		t.Errorf("Chain Head: %d , Finalized Block: %d , Finalized block was >= head block.",
+			currentHead,
+			currentFinal.Number.Uint64())
+	}
+}

From b635e0632ce675be3d7cc0b498e08df8dc6346d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Jan 2026 02:52:25 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 424/470] eth/fetcher: improve the condition to stall peer in
 tx fetcher (#32725)

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go
index f024f3aeba..78e791f32b 100644
--- a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go
+++ b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go
@@ -352,9 +352,9 @@ func (f *TxFetcher) Enqueue(peer string, txs []*types.Transaction, direct bool)
 		otherRejectMeter.Mark(otherreject)
 
 		// If 'other reject' is >25% of the deliveries in any batch, sleep a bit.
-		if otherreject > addTxsBatchSize/4 {
+		if otherreject > int64((len(batch)+3)/4) {
+			log.Debug("Peer delivering stale or invalid transactions", "peer", peer, "rejected", otherreject)
 			time.Sleep(200 * time.Millisecond)
-			log.Debug("Peer delivering stale transactions", "peer", peer, "rejected", otherreject)
 		}
 	}
 	select {

From de5ea2ffd891c603b029d0080ab4626ce81dd91c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mask Weller <Wellermask@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 4 Jan 2026 13:47:28 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 425/470] core/rawdb: add trienode freezer support to
 InspectFreezerTable (#33515)

Adds missing trienode freezer case to InspectFreezerTable, making it
consistent with InspectFreezer which already supports it.

Co-authored-by: m6xwzzz <maskk.weller@gmail.com>
---
 core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go b/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go
index 7af3d2e197..0ed974b745 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/ancient_utils.go
@@ -149,6 +149,8 @@ func InspectFreezerTable(ancient string, freezerName string, tableName string, s
 		path, tables = resolveChainFreezerDir(ancient), chainFreezerTableConfigs
 	case MerkleStateFreezerName, VerkleStateFreezerName:
 		path, tables = filepath.Join(ancient, freezerName), stateFreezerTableConfigs
+	case MerkleTrienodeFreezerName, VerkleTrienodeFreezerName:
+		path, tables = filepath.Join(ancient, freezerName), trienodeFreezerTableConfigs
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf("unknown freezer, supported ones: %v", freezers)
 	}

From a8a4804895229d005c75a77ec902b730588b4014 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Davis <1709934+Savid@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Jan 2026 03:49:30 +1100
Subject: [PATCH 426/470] ethstats: report newPayload processing time to stats
 server (#33395)

Add NewPayloadEvent to track engine API newPayload block processing
times and report them to ethstats. This enables monitoring of block
processing performance.

https://notes.ethereum.org/@savid/block-observability

related: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/33231

---------

Co-authored-by: MariusVanDerWijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
---
 core/blockchain.go        |  1 +
 core/blockchain_reader.go | 10 +++++++
 core/events.go            | 10 +++++++
 eth/api_backend.go        |  5 ++++
 eth/catalyst/api.go       | 10 +++++++
 ethstats/ethstats.go      | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 6 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index c7647ee7b4..39969d96a6 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -311,6 +311,7 @@ type BlockChain struct {
 	chainHeadFeed    event.Feed
 	logsFeed         event.Feed
 	blockProcFeed    event.Feed
+	newPayloadFeed   event.Feed // Feed for engine API newPayload events
 	blockProcCounter int32
 	scope            event.SubscriptionScope
 	genesisBlock     *types.Block
diff --git a/core/blockchain_reader.go b/core/blockchain_reader.go
index 4894523b0e..ee15c152c4 100644
--- a/core/blockchain_reader.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_reader.go
@@ -522,3 +522,13 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) SubscribeLogsEvent(ch chan<- []*types.Log) event.Subscript
 func (bc *BlockChain) SubscribeBlockProcessingEvent(ch chan<- bool) event.Subscription {
 	return bc.scope.Track(bc.blockProcFeed.Subscribe(ch))
 }
+
+// SubscribeNewPayloadEvent registers a subscription for NewPayloadEvent.
+func (bc *BlockChain) SubscribeNewPayloadEvent(ch chan<- NewPayloadEvent) event.Subscription {
+	return bc.scope.Track(bc.newPayloadFeed.Subscribe(ch))
+}
+
+// SendNewPayloadEvent sends a NewPayloadEvent to subscribers.
+func (bc *BlockChain) SendNewPayloadEvent(ev NewPayloadEvent) {
+	bc.newPayloadFeed.Send(ev)
+}
diff --git a/core/events.go b/core/events.go
index ef0de32426..ed853f1790 100644
--- a/core/events.go
+++ b/core/events.go
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@
 package core
 
 import (
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 )
 
@@ -35,3 +38,10 @@ type ChainEvent struct {
 type ChainHeadEvent struct {
 	Header *types.Header
 }
+
+// NewPayloadEvent is posted when engine_newPayloadVX processes a block.
+type NewPayloadEvent struct {
+	Hash           common.Hash
+	Number         uint64
+	ProcessingTime time.Duration
+}
diff --git a/eth/api_backend.go b/eth/api_backend.go
index 766a99fc1e..3f826b7861 100644
--- a/eth/api_backend.go
+++ b/eth/api_backend.go
@@ -315,6 +315,11 @@ func (b *EthAPIBackend) SubscribeChainHeadEvent(ch chan<- core.ChainHeadEvent) e
 	return b.eth.BlockChain().SubscribeChainHeadEvent(ch)
 }
 
+// SubscribeNewPayloadEvent registers a subscription for NewPayloadEvent.
+func (b *EthAPIBackend) SubscribeNewPayloadEvent(ch chan<- core.NewPayloadEvent) event.Subscription {
+	return b.eth.BlockChain().SubscribeNewPayloadEvent(ch)
+}
+
 func (b *EthAPIBackend) SubscribeLogsEvent(ch chan<- []*types.Log) event.Subscription {
 	return b.eth.BlockChain().SubscribeLogsEvent(ch)
 }
diff --git a/eth/catalyst/api.go b/eth/catalyst/api.go
index 0ab785bab7..e6ecf4ff6a 100644
--- a/eth/catalyst/api.go
+++ b/eth/catalyst/api.go
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/beacon/engine"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth"
@@ -787,7 +788,9 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) newPayload(params engine.ExecutableData, versionedHashe
 		return engine.PayloadStatusV1{Status: engine.ACCEPTED}, nil
 	}
 	log.Trace("Inserting block without sethead", "hash", block.Hash(), "number", block.Number())
+	start := time.Now()
 	proofs, err := api.eth.BlockChain().InsertBlockWithoutSetHead(block, witness)
+	processingTime := time.Since(start)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Warn("NewPayload: inserting block failed", "error", err)
 
@@ -800,6 +803,13 @@ func (api *ConsensusAPI) newPayload(params engine.ExecutableData, versionedHashe
 	}
 	hash := block.Hash()
 
+	// Emit NewPayloadEvent for ethstats reporting
+	api.eth.BlockChain().SendNewPayloadEvent(core.NewPayloadEvent{
+		Hash:           hash,
+		Number:         block.NumberU64(),
+		ProcessingTime: processingTime,
+	})
+
 	// If witness collection was requested, inject that into the result too
 	var ow *hexutil.Bytes
 	if proofs != nil {
diff --git a/ethstats/ethstats.go b/ethstats/ethstats.go
index b6191baa12..c17e225165 100644
--- a/ethstats/ethstats.go
+++ b/ethstats/ethstats.go
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ const (
 type backend interface {
 	SubscribeChainHeadEvent(ch chan<- core.ChainHeadEvent) event.Subscription
 	SubscribeNewTxsEvent(ch chan<- core.NewTxsEvent) event.Subscription
+	SubscribeNewPayloadEvent(ch chan<- core.NewPayloadEvent) event.Subscription
 	CurrentHeader() *types.Header
 	HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber) (*types.Header, error)
 	Stats() (pending int, queued int)
@@ -92,8 +93,9 @@ type Service struct {
 	pongCh chan struct{} // Pong notifications are fed into this channel
 	histCh chan []uint64 // History request block numbers are fed into this channel
 
-	headSub event.Subscription
-	txSub   event.Subscription
+	headSub       event.Subscription
+	txSub         event.Subscription
+	newPayloadSub event.Subscription
 }
 
 // connWrapper is a wrapper to prevent concurrent-write or concurrent-read on the
@@ -198,7 +200,9 @@ func (s *Service) Start() error {
 	s.headSub = s.backend.SubscribeChainHeadEvent(chainHeadCh)
 	txEventCh := make(chan core.NewTxsEvent, txChanSize)
 	s.txSub = s.backend.SubscribeNewTxsEvent(txEventCh)
-	go s.loop(chainHeadCh, txEventCh)
+	newPayloadCh := make(chan core.NewPayloadEvent, chainHeadChanSize)
+	s.newPayloadSub = s.backend.SubscribeNewPayloadEvent(newPayloadCh)
+	go s.loop(chainHeadCh, txEventCh, newPayloadCh)
 
 	log.Info("Stats daemon started")
 	return nil
@@ -208,18 +212,20 @@ func (s *Service) Start() error {
 func (s *Service) Stop() error {
 	s.headSub.Unsubscribe()
 	s.txSub.Unsubscribe()
+	s.newPayloadSub.Unsubscribe()
 	log.Info("Stats daemon stopped")
 	return nil
 }
 
 // loop keeps trying to connect to the netstats server, reporting chain events
 // until termination.
-func (s *Service) loop(chainHeadCh chan core.ChainHeadEvent, txEventCh chan core.NewTxsEvent) {
+func (s *Service) loop(chainHeadCh chan core.ChainHeadEvent, txEventCh chan core.NewTxsEvent, newPayloadCh chan core.NewPayloadEvent) {
 	// Start a goroutine that exhausts the subscriptions to avoid events piling up
 	var (
-		quitCh = make(chan struct{})
-		headCh = make(chan *types.Header, 1)
-		txCh   = make(chan struct{}, 1)
+		quitCh         = make(chan struct{})
+		headCh         = make(chan *types.Header, 1)
+		txCh           = make(chan struct{}, 1)
+		newPayloadEvCh = make(chan core.NewPayloadEvent, 1)
 	)
 	go func() {
 		var lastTx mclock.AbsTime
@@ -246,11 +252,20 @@ func (s *Service) loop(chainHeadCh chan core.ChainHeadEvent, txEventCh chan core
 				default:
 				}
 
+			// Notify of new payload events, but drop if too frequent
+			case ev := <-newPayloadCh:
+				select {
+				case newPayloadEvCh <- ev:
+				default:
+				}
+
 			// node stopped
 			case <-s.txSub.Err():
 				break HandleLoop
 			case <-s.headSub.Err():
 				break HandleLoop
+			case <-s.newPayloadSub.Err():
+				break HandleLoop
 			}
 		}
 		close(quitCh)
@@ -336,6 +351,10 @@ func (s *Service) loop(chainHeadCh chan core.ChainHeadEvent, txEventCh chan core
 					if err = s.reportPending(conn); err != nil {
 						log.Warn("Post-block transaction stats report failed", "err", err)
 					}
+				case ev := <-newPayloadEvCh:
+					if err = s.reportNewPayload(conn, ev); err != nil {
+						log.Warn("New payload stats report failed", "err", err)
+					}
 				case <-txCh:
 					if err = s.reportPending(conn); err != nil {
 						log.Warn("Transaction stats report failed", "err", err)
@@ -600,6 +619,33 @@ func (s uncleStats) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	return []byte("[]"), nil
 }
 
+// newPayloadStats is the information to report about new payload events.
+type newPayloadStats struct {
+	Number         uint64      `json:"number"`
+	Hash           common.Hash `json:"hash"`
+	ProcessingTime uint64      `json:"processingTime"` // nanoseconds
+}
+
+// reportNewPayload reports a new payload event to the stats server.
+func (s *Service) reportNewPayload(conn *connWrapper, ev core.NewPayloadEvent) error {
+	details := &newPayloadStats{
+		Number:         ev.Number,
+		Hash:           ev.Hash,
+		ProcessingTime: uint64(ev.ProcessingTime.Nanoseconds()),
+	}
+
+	log.Trace("Sending new payload to ethstats", "number", details.Number, "hash", details.Hash)
+
+	stats := map[string]interface{}{
+		"id":    s.node,
+		"block": details,
+	}
+	report := map[string][]interface{}{
+		"emit": {"block_new_payload", stats},
+	}
+	return conn.WriteJSON(report)
+}
+
 // reportBlock retrieves the current chain head and reports it to the stats server.
 func (s *Service) reportBlock(conn *connWrapper, header *types.Header) error {
 	// Gather the block details from the header or block chain

From eaaa5b716dcf97e94eb17a1469a7385a7101ffab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Jan 2026 15:09:15 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 427/470] core: re-organize the stats category (#33525)

Check out https://hackmd.io/dg7rizTyTXuCf2LSa2LsyQ for more details
---
 core/blockchain_stats.go | 29 +++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/blockchain_stats.go b/core/blockchain_stats.go
index d52426d574..b6e9c614c5 100644
--- a/core/blockchain_stats.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_stats.go
@@ -115,26 +115,31 @@ func (s *ExecuteStats) logSlow(block *types.Block, slowBlockThreshold time.Durat
 Block: %v (%#x) txs: %d, mgasps: %.2f, elapsed: %v
 
 EVM execution: %v
+
 Validation: %v
+    Account hash: %v
+    Storage hash: %v
+
 State read: %v
     Account read: %v(%d)
     Storage read: %v(%d)
     Code read: %v(%d)
 
-State hash: %v
-    Account hash: %v
-    Storage hash: %v
+State write: %v
     Trie commit: %v
-
-DB write: %v
     State write: %v
     Block write: %v
 
 %s
 ##############################
 `, block.Number(), block.Hash(), len(block.Transactions()), s.MgasPerSecond, common.PrettyDuration(s.TotalTime),
+		// EVM execution
 		common.PrettyDuration(s.Execution),
-		common.PrettyDuration(s.Validation+s.CrossValidation),
+
+		// Block validation
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.Validation+s.CrossValidation+s.AccountHashes+s.AccountUpdates+s.StorageUpdates),
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.AccountHashes+s.AccountUpdates),
+		common.PrettyDuration(s.StorageUpdates),
 
 		// State read
 		common.PrettyDuration(s.AccountReads+s.StorageReads+s.CodeReads),
@@ -142,19 +147,15 @@ DB write: %v
 		common.PrettyDuration(s.StorageReads), s.StorageLoaded,
 		common.PrettyDuration(s.CodeReads), s.CodeLoaded,
 
-		// State hash
-		common.PrettyDuration(s.AccountHashes+s.AccountUpdates+s.StorageUpdates+max(s.AccountCommits, s.StorageCommits)),
-		common.PrettyDuration(s.AccountHashes+s.AccountUpdates),
-		common.PrettyDuration(s.StorageUpdates),
+		// State write
+		common.PrettyDuration(max(s.AccountCommits, s.StorageCommits)+s.TrieDBCommit+s.SnapshotCommit+s.BlockWrite),
 		common.PrettyDuration(max(s.AccountCommits, s.StorageCommits)),
-
-		// Database commit
-		common.PrettyDuration(s.TrieDBCommit+s.SnapshotCommit+s.BlockWrite),
 		common.PrettyDuration(s.TrieDBCommit+s.SnapshotCommit),
 		common.PrettyDuration(s.BlockWrite),
 
 		// cache statistics
-		s.StateReadCacheStats)
+		s.StateReadCacheStats,
+	)
 	for _, line := range strings.Split(msg, "\n") {
 		if line == "" {
 			continue

From 710008450f5cbb292ea2ee07b9f82f222e5a24d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Jan 2026 02:52:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 428/470] eth: txs fetch/send log at trace level only (#33541)

This logging was too intensive at debug level, it is better to have it
at trace level only.

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 eth/handler.go            | 2 +-
 eth/protocols/eth/peer.go | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/handler.go b/eth/handler.go
index 0d07e88c7a..46634cae88 100644
--- a/eth/handler.go
+++ b/eth/handler.go
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ func (h *handler) BroadcastTransactions(txs types.Transactions) {
 		annCount += len(hashes)
 		peer.AsyncSendPooledTransactionHashes(hashes)
 	}
-	log.Debug("Distributed transactions", "plaintxs", len(txs)-blobTxs-largeTxs, "blobtxs", blobTxs, "largetxs", largeTxs,
+	log.Trace("Distributed transactions", "plaintxs", len(txs)-blobTxs-largeTxs, "blobtxs", blobTxs, "largetxs", largeTxs,
 		"bcastpeers", len(txset), "bcastcount", directCount, "annpeers", len(annos), "anncount", annCount)
 }
 
diff --git a/eth/protocols/eth/peer.go b/eth/protocols/eth/peer.go
index 40c54a3570..df20c672c0 100644
--- a/eth/protocols/eth/peer.go
+++ b/eth/protocols/eth/peer.go
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ func (p *Peer) RequestReceipts(hashes []common.Hash, sink chan *Response) (*Requ
 
 // RequestTxs fetches a batch of transactions from a remote node.
 func (p *Peer) RequestTxs(hashes []common.Hash) error {
-	p.Log().Debug("Fetching batch of transactions", "count", len(hashes))
+	p.Log().Trace("Fetching batch of transactions", "count", len(hashes))
 	id := rand.Uint64()
 
 	requestTracker.Track(p.id, p.version, GetPooledTransactionsMsg, PooledTransactionsMsg, id)

From 957a3602d98ab84649c67aec38945e136a59b7f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Jan 2026 10:02:27 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 429/470] core/vm: avoid escape to heap (#33537)

---
 core/vm/contracts.go | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/vm/contracts.go b/core/vm/contracts.go
index 00ddbebd6b..867746acc8 100644
--- a/core/vm/contracts.go
+++ b/core/vm/contracts.go
@@ -299,11 +299,11 @@ func (c *ecrecover) Run(input []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	}
 	// We must make sure not to modify the 'input', so placing the 'v' along with
 	// the signature needs to be done on a new allocation
-	sig := make([]byte, 65)
-	copy(sig, input[64:128])
+	var sig [65]byte
+	copy(sig[:], input[64:128])
 	sig[64] = v
 	// v needs to be at the end for libsecp256k1
-	pubKey, err := crypto.Ecrecover(input[:32], sig)
+	pubKey, err := crypto.Ecrecover(input[:32], sig[:])
 	// make sure the public key is a valid one
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil

From 01b39c96bfc38e4bd1e4d04bb0ecda831e847b7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ng Wei Han <47109095+weiihann@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Jan 2026 11:07:19 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 430/470] core/state, core/tracing: new state update hook
 (#33490)

### Description
Add a new `OnStateUpdate` hook which gets invoked after state is
committed.

### Rationale
For our particular use case, we need to obtain the state size metrics at
every single block when fuly syncing from genesis. With the current
state sizer, whenever the node is stopped, the background process must
be freshly initialized. During this re-initialization, it can skip some
blocks while the node continues executing blocks, causing gaps in the
recorded metrics.

Using this state update hook allows us to customize our own data
persistence logic, and we would never skip blocks upon node restart.

---------

Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 cmd/geth/chaincmd.go              |   2 +-
 core/blockchain.go                |  39 +++++--
 core/chain_makers.go              |   2 +-
 core/genesis.go                   |  38 +++++--
 core/genesis_test.go              |  10 +-
 core/headerchain_test.go          |   2 +-
 core/state/state_object.go        |   6 +
 core/state/state_sizer.go         |   2 +-
 core/state/statedb.go             |  20 ++--
 core/state/stateupdate.go         | 181 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 core/tracing/hooks.go             |  57 ++++++++++
 eth/filters/filter_system_test.go |   2 +-
 eth/filters/filter_test.go        |   4 +-
 tests/block_test_util.go          |   2 +-
 14 files changed, 309 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
index e535d7d892..55316c14ab 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ func initGenesis(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	triedb := utils.MakeTrieDatabase(ctx, stack, chaindb, ctx.Bool(utils.CachePreimagesFlag.Name), false, genesis.IsVerkle())
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
-	_, hash, compatErr, err := core.SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(chaindb, triedb, genesis, &overrides)
+	_, hash, compatErr, err := core.SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(chaindb, triedb, genesis, &overrides, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		utils.Fatalf("Failed to write genesis block: %v", err)
 	}
diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index 39969d96a6..ba96dc1760 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ func NewBlockChain(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis, engine consensus.Engine,
 	// yet. The corresponding chain config will be returned, either from the
 	// provided genesis or from the locally stored configuration if the genesis
 	// has already been initialized.
-	chainConfig, genesisHash, compatErr, err := SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db, triedb, genesis, cfg.Overrides)
+	chainConfig, genesisHash, compatErr, err := SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db, triedb, genesis, cfg.Overrides, cfg.VmConfig.Tracer)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -1651,20 +1651,35 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) writeBlockWithState(block *types.Block, receipts []*types.
 	log.Debug("Committed block data", "size", common.StorageSize(batch.ValueSize()), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 
 	var (
-		err      error
-		root     common.Hash
-		isEIP158 = bc.chainConfig.IsEIP158(block.Number())
-		isCancun = bc.chainConfig.IsCancun(block.Number(), block.Time())
+		err           error
+		root          common.Hash
+		isEIP158      = bc.chainConfig.IsEIP158(block.Number())
+		isCancun      = bc.chainConfig.IsCancun(block.Number(), block.Time())
+		hasStateHook  = bc.logger != nil && bc.logger.OnStateUpdate != nil
+		hasStateSizer = bc.stateSizer != nil
 	)
-	if bc.stateSizer == nil {
-		root, err = statedb.Commit(block.NumberU64(), isEIP158, isCancun)
+	if hasStateHook || hasStateSizer {
+		r, update, err := statedb.CommitWithUpdate(block.NumberU64(), isEIP158, isCancun)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if hasStateHook {
+			trUpdate, err := update.ToTracingUpdate()
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			bc.logger.OnStateUpdate(trUpdate)
+		}
+		if hasStateSizer {
+			bc.stateSizer.Notify(update)
+		}
+		root = r
 	} else {
-		root, err = statedb.CommitAndTrack(block.NumberU64(), isEIP158, isCancun, bc.stateSizer)
+		root, err = statedb.Commit(block.NumberU64(), isEIP158, isCancun)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	// If node is running in path mode, skip explicit gc operation
 	// which is unnecessary in this mode.
 	if bc.triedb.Scheme() == rawdb.PathScheme {
diff --git a/core/chain_makers.go b/core/chain_makers.go
index a1e07becba..7ce86b14e9 100644
--- a/core/chain_makers.go
+++ b/core/chain_makers.go
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ func GenerateChainWithGenesis(genesis *Genesis, engine consensus.Engine, n int,
 	}
 	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, triedbConfig)
 	defer triedb.Close()
-	_, err := genesis.Commit(db, triedb)
+	_, err := genesis.Commit(db, triedb, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
diff --git a/core/genesis.go b/core/genesis.go
index 7d640c8cae..983ad4c3cb 100644
--- a/core/genesis.go
+++ b/core/genesis.go
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ func hashAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, isVerkle bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 
 // flushAlloc is very similar with hash, but the main difference is all the
 // generated states will be persisted into the given database.
-func flushAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, triedb *triedb.Database) (common.Hash, error) {
+func flushAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, triedb *triedb.Database, tracer *tracing.Hooks) (common.Hash, error) {
 	emptyRoot := types.EmptyRootHash
 	if triedb.IsVerkle() {
 		emptyRoot = types.EmptyVerkleHash
@@ -185,10 +185,26 @@ func flushAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, triedb *triedb.Database) (common.Hash, e
 			statedb.SetState(addr, key, value)
 		}
 	}
-	root, err := statedb.Commit(0, false, false)
-	if err != nil {
-		return common.Hash{}, err
+
+	var root common.Hash
+	if tracer != nil && tracer.OnStateUpdate != nil {
+		r, update, err := statedb.CommitWithUpdate(0, false, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			return common.Hash{}, err
+		}
+		trUpdate, err := update.ToTracingUpdate()
+		if err != nil {
+			return common.Hash{}, err
+		}
+		tracer.OnStateUpdate(trUpdate)
+		root = r
+	} else {
+		root, err = statedb.Commit(0, false, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			return common.Hash{}, err
+		}
 	}
+
 	// Commit newly generated states into disk if it's not empty.
 	if root != emptyRoot {
 		if err := triedb.Commit(root, true); err != nil {
@@ -296,10 +312,10 @@ func (o *ChainOverrides) apply(cfg *params.ChainConfig) error {
 // specify a fork block below the local head block). In case of a conflict, the
 // error is a *params.ConfigCompatError and the new, unwritten config is returned.
 func SetupGenesisBlock(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database, genesis *Genesis) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, *params.ConfigCompatError, error) {
-	return SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db, triedb, genesis, nil)
+	return SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db, triedb, genesis, nil, nil)
 }
 
-func SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database, genesis *Genesis, overrides *ChainOverrides) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, *params.ConfigCompatError, error) {
+func SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database, genesis *Genesis, overrides *ChainOverrides, tracer *tracing.Hooks) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, *params.ConfigCompatError, error) {
 	// Copy the genesis, so we can operate on a copy.
 	genesis = genesis.copy()
 	// Sanitize the supplied genesis, ensuring it has the associated chain
@@ -320,7 +336,7 @@ func SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database, g
 			return nil, common.Hash{}, nil, err
 		}
 
-		block, err := genesis.Commit(db, triedb)
+		block, err := genesis.Commit(db, triedb, tracer)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, common.Hash{}, nil, err
 		}
@@ -348,7 +364,7 @@ func SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database, g
 		if hash := genesis.ToBlock().Hash(); hash != ghash {
 			return nil, common.Hash{}, nil, &GenesisMismatchError{ghash, hash}
 		}
-		block, err := genesis.Commit(db, triedb)
+		block, err := genesis.Commit(db, triedb, tracer)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, common.Hash{}, nil, err
 		}
@@ -537,7 +553,7 @@ func (g *Genesis) toBlockWithRoot(root common.Hash) *types.Block {
 
 // Commit writes the block and state of a genesis specification to the database.
 // The block is committed as the canonical head block.
-func (g *Genesis) Commit(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database) (*types.Block, error) {
+func (g *Genesis) Commit(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database, tracer *tracing.Hooks) (*types.Block, error) {
 	if g.Number != 0 {
 		return nil, errors.New("can't commit genesis block with number > 0")
 	}
@@ -552,7 +568,7 @@ func (g *Genesis) Commit(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database) (*types.Blo
 		return nil, errors.New("can't start clique chain without signers")
 	}
 	// flush the data to disk and compute the state root
-	root, err := flushAlloc(&g.Alloc, triedb)
+	root, err := flushAlloc(&g.Alloc, triedb, tracer)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -578,7 +594,7 @@ func (g *Genesis) Commit(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database) (*types.Blo
 // MustCommit writes the genesis block and state to db, panicking on error.
 // The block is committed as the canonical head block.
 func (g *Genesis) MustCommit(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database) *types.Block {
-	block, err := g.Commit(db, triedb)
+	block, err := g.Commit(db, triedb, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
diff --git a/core/genesis_test.go b/core/genesis_test.go
index 1ed475695d..821c71feb9 100644
--- a/core/genesis_test.go
+++ b/core/genesis_test.go
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func testSetupGenesis(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			name: "custom block in DB, genesis == nil",
 			fn: func(db ethdb.Database) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, *params.ConfigCompatError, error) {
 				tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme))
-				customg.Commit(db, tdb)
+				customg.Commit(db, tdb, nil)
 				return SetupGenesisBlock(db, tdb, nil)
 			},
 			wantHash:   customghash,
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ func testSetupGenesis(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			name: "custom block in DB, genesis == sepolia",
 			fn: func(db ethdb.Database) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, *params.ConfigCompatError, error) {
 				tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme))
-				customg.Commit(db, tdb)
+				customg.Commit(db, tdb, nil)
 				return SetupGenesisBlock(db, tdb, DefaultSepoliaGenesisBlock())
 			},
 			wantErr: &GenesisMismatchError{Stored: customghash, New: params.SepoliaGenesisHash},
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ func testSetupGenesis(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			name: "custom block in DB, genesis == hoodi",
 			fn: func(db ethdb.Database) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, *params.ConfigCompatError, error) {
 				tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme))
-				customg.Commit(db, tdb)
+				customg.Commit(db, tdb, nil)
 				return SetupGenesisBlock(db, tdb, DefaultHoodiGenesisBlock())
 			},
 			wantErr: &GenesisMismatchError{Stored: customghash, New: params.HoodiGenesisHash},
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ func testSetupGenesis(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			name: "compatible config in DB",
 			fn: func(db ethdb.Database) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, *params.ConfigCompatError, error) {
 				tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme))
-				oldcustomg.Commit(db, tdb)
+				oldcustomg.Commit(db, tdb, nil)
 				return SetupGenesisBlock(db, tdb, &customg)
 			},
 			wantHash:   customghash,
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ func testSetupGenesis(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 				// Commit the 'old' genesis block with Homestead transition at #2.
 				// Advance to block #4, past the homestead transition block of customg.
 				tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme))
-				oldcustomg.Commit(db, tdb)
+				oldcustomg.Commit(db, tdb, nil)
 
 				bc, _ := NewBlockChain(db, &oldcustomg, ethash.NewFullFaker(), DefaultConfig().WithStateScheme(scheme))
 				defer bc.Stop()
diff --git a/core/headerchain_test.go b/core/headerchain_test.go
index b51fb8f226..dba04e2cf2 100644
--- a/core/headerchain_test.go
+++ b/core/headerchain_test.go
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func TestHeaderInsertion(t *testing.T) {
 		db    = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		gspec = &Genesis{BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee), Config: params.AllEthashProtocolChanges}
 	)
-	gspec.Commit(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil))
+	gspec.Commit(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil), nil)
 	hc, err := NewHeaderChain(db, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), func() bool { return false })
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
diff --git a/core/state/state_object.go b/core/state/state_object.go
index 411d5fb5b5..3b11553f04 100644
--- a/core/state/state_object.go
+++ b/core/state/state_object.go
@@ -440,6 +440,12 @@ func (s *stateObject) commit() (*accountUpdate, *trienode.NodeSet, error) {
 			blob: s.code,
 		}
 		s.dirtyCode = false // reset the dirty flag
+
+		if s.origin == nil {
+			op.code.originHash = types.EmptyCodeHash
+		} else {
+			op.code.originHash = common.BytesToHash(s.origin.CodeHash)
+		}
 	}
 	// Commit storage changes and the associated storage trie
 	s.commitStorage(op)
diff --git a/core/state/state_sizer.go b/core/state/state_sizer.go
index 3faa750906..fc6781ad93 100644
--- a/core/state/state_sizer.go
+++ b/core/state/state_sizer.go
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ func calSizeStats(update *stateUpdate) (SizeStats, error) {
 
 	codeExists := make(map[common.Hash]struct{})
 	for _, code := range update.codes {
-		if _, ok := codeExists[code.hash]; ok || code.exists {
+		if _, ok := codeExists[code.hash]; ok || code.duplicate {
 			continue
 		}
 		stats.ContractCodes += 1
diff --git a/core/state/statedb.go b/core/state/statedb.go
index c239d66233..fbfb02e8e4 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@@ -1318,16 +1318,16 @@ func (s *StateDB) commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool, blockNum
 
 // commitAndFlush is a wrapper of commit which also commits the state mutations
 // to the configured data stores.
-func (s *StateDB) commitAndFlush(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool, dedupCode bool) (*stateUpdate, error) {
+func (s *StateDB) commitAndFlush(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool, deriveCodeFields bool) (*stateUpdate, error) {
 	ret, err := s.commit(deleteEmptyObjects, noStorageWiping, block)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
-	if dedupCode {
-		ret.markCodeExistence(s.reader)
+	if deriveCodeFields {
+		if err := ret.deriveCodeFields(s.reader); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
 	}
-
 	// Commit dirty contract code if any exists
 	if db := s.db.TrieDB().Disk(); db != nil && len(ret.codes) > 0 {
 		batch := db.NewBatch()
@@ -1389,14 +1389,14 @@ func (s *StateDB) Commit(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping
 	return ret.root, nil
 }
 
-// CommitAndTrack writes the state mutations and notifies the size tracker of the state changes.
-func (s *StateDB) CommitAndTrack(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool, sizer *SizeTracker) (common.Hash, error) {
+// CommitWithUpdate writes the state mutations and returns the state update for
+// external processing (e.g., live tracing hooks or size tracker).
+func (s *StateDB) CommitWithUpdate(block uint64, deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool) (common.Hash, *stateUpdate, error) {
 	ret, err := s.commitAndFlush(block, deleteEmptyObjects, noStorageWiping, true)
 	if err != nil {
-		return common.Hash{}, err
+		return common.Hash{}, nil, err
 	}
-	sizer.Notify(ret)
-	return ret.root, nil
+	return ret.root, ret, nil
 }
 
 // Prepare handles the preparatory steps for executing a state transition with.
diff --git a/core/state/stateupdate.go b/core/state/stateupdate.go
index c043166cf2..0c1b76b4f8 100644
--- a/core/state/stateupdate.go
+++ b/core/state/stateupdate.go
@@ -17,18 +17,27 @@
 package state
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"maps"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
-// contractCode represents a contract code with associated metadata.
+// contractCode represents contract bytecode along with its associated metadata.
 type contractCode struct {
-	hash   common.Hash // hash is the cryptographic hash of the contract code.
-	blob   []byte      // blob is the binary representation of the contract code.
-	exists bool        // flag whether the code has been existent
+	hash       common.Hash // hash is the cryptographic hash of the current contract code.
+	blob       []byte      // blob is the binary representation of the current contract code.
+	originHash common.Hash // originHash is the cryptographic hash of the code before mutation.
+
+	// Derived fields, populated only when state tracking is enabled.
+	duplicate  bool   // duplicate indicates whether the updated code already exists.
+	originBlob []byte // originBlob is the original binary representation of the contract code.
 }
 
 // accountDelete represents an operation for deleting an Ethereum account.
@@ -192,21 +201,169 @@ func (sc *stateUpdate) stateSet() *triedb.StateSet {
 	}
 }
 
-// markCodeExistence determines whether each piece of contract code referenced
-// in this state update actually exists.
+// deriveCodeFields derives the missing fields of contract code changes
+// such as original code value.
 //
-// Note: This operation is expensive and not needed during normal state transitions.
-// It is only required when SizeTracker is enabled to produce accurate state
-// statistics.
-func (sc *stateUpdate) markCodeExistence(reader ContractCodeReader) {
+// Note: This operation is expensive and not needed during normal state
+// transitions. It is only required when SizeTracker or StateUpdate hook
+// is enabled to produce accurate state statistics.
+func (sc *stateUpdate) deriveCodeFields(reader ContractCodeReader) error {
 	cache := make(map[common.Hash]bool)
 	for addr, code := range sc.codes {
+		if code.originHash != types.EmptyCodeHash {
+			blob, err := reader.Code(addr, code.originHash)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			code.originBlob = blob
+		}
 		if exists, ok := cache[code.hash]; ok {
-			code.exists = exists
+			code.duplicate = exists
 			continue
 		}
 		res := reader.Has(addr, code.hash)
 		cache[code.hash] = res
-		code.exists = res
+		code.duplicate = res
 	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ToTracingUpdate converts the internal stateUpdate to an exported tracing.StateUpdate.
+func (sc *stateUpdate) ToTracingUpdate() (*tracing.StateUpdate, error) {
+	update := &tracing.StateUpdate{
+		OriginRoot:     sc.originRoot,
+		Root:           sc.root,
+		BlockNumber:    sc.blockNumber,
+		AccountChanges: make(map[common.Address]*tracing.AccountChange, len(sc.accountsOrigin)),
+		StorageChanges: make(map[common.Address]map[common.Hash]*tracing.StorageChange),
+		CodeChanges:    make(map[common.Address]*tracing.CodeChange, len(sc.codes)),
+		TrieChanges:    make(map[common.Hash]map[string]*tracing.TrieNodeChange),
+	}
+	// Gather all account changes
+	for addr, oldData := range sc.accountsOrigin {
+		addrHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(addr.Bytes())
+		newData, exists := sc.accounts[addrHash]
+		if !exists {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("account %x not found", addr)
+		}
+		change := &tracing.AccountChange{}
+
+		if len(oldData) > 0 {
+			acct, err := types.FullAccount(oldData)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			change.Prev = &types.StateAccount{
+				Nonce:    acct.Nonce,
+				Balance:  acct.Balance,
+				Root:     acct.Root,
+				CodeHash: acct.CodeHash,
+			}
+		}
+		if len(newData) > 0 {
+			acct, err := types.FullAccount(newData)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			change.New = &types.StateAccount{
+				Nonce:    acct.Nonce,
+				Balance:  acct.Balance,
+				Root:     acct.Root,
+				CodeHash: acct.CodeHash,
+			}
+		}
+		update.AccountChanges[addr] = change
+	}
+
+	// Gather all storage slot changes
+	for addr, slots := range sc.storagesOrigin {
+		addrHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(addr.Bytes())
+		subset, exists := sc.storages[addrHash]
+		if !exists {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("storage %x not found", addr)
+		}
+		storageChanges := make(map[common.Hash]*tracing.StorageChange, len(slots))
+
+		for key, encPrev := range slots {
+			// Get new value - handle both raw and hashed key formats
+			var (
+				exists  bool
+				encNew  []byte
+				decPrev []byte
+				decNew  []byte
+				err     error
+			)
+			if sc.rawStorageKey {
+				encNew, exists = subset[crypto.Keccak256Hash(key.Bytes())]
+			} else {
+				encNew, exists = subset[key]
+			}
+			if !exists {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("storage slot %x-%x not found", addr, key)
+			}
+
+			// Decode the prev and new values
+			if len(encPrev) > 0 {
+				_, decPrev, _, err = rlp.Split(encPrev)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode prevValue: %v", err)
+				}
+			}
+			if len(encNew) > 0 {
+				_, decNew, _, err = rlp.Split(encNew)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode newValue: %v", err)
+				}
+			}
+			storageChanges[key] = &tracing.StorageChange{
+				Prev: common.BytesToHash(decPrev),
+				New:  common.BytesToHash(decNew),
+			}
+		}
+		update.StorageChanges[addr] = storageChanges
+	}
+
+	// Gather all contract code changes
+	for addr, code := range sc.codes {
+		change := &tracing.CodeChange{
+			New: &tracing.ContractCode{
+				Hash:   code.hash,
+				Code:   code.blob,
+				Exists: code.duplicate,
+			},
+		}
+		if code.originHash != types.EmptyCodeHash {
+			change.Prev = &tracing.ContractCode{
+				Hash:   code.originHash,
+				Code:   code.originBlob,
+				Exists: true,
+			}
+		}
+		update.CodeChanges[addr] = change
+	}
+
+	// Gather all trie node changes
+	if sc.nodes != nil {
+		for owner, subset := range sc.nodes.Sets {
+			nodeChanges := make(map[string]*tracing.TrieNodeChange, len(subset.Origins))
+			for path, oldNode := range subset.Origins {
+				newNode, exists := subset.Nodes[path]
+				if !exists {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("node %x-%v not found", owner, path)
+				}
+				nodeChanges[path] = &tracing.TrieNodeChange{
+					Prev: &trienode.Node{
+						Hash: crypto.Keccak256Hash(oldNode),
+						Blob: oldNode,
+					},
+					New: &trienode.Node{
+						Hash: newNode.Hash,
+						Blob: newNode.Blob,
+					},
+				}
+			}
+			update.TrieChanges[owner] = nodeChanges
+		}
+	}
+	return update, nil
 }
diff --git a/core/tracing/hooks.go b/core/tracing/hooks.go
index 8e50dc3d8f..d17b94cf9c 100644
--- a/core/tracing/hooks.go
+++ b/core/tracing/hooks.go
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
@@ -75,6 +76,56 @@ type BlockEvent struct {
 	Safe      *types.Header
 }
 
+// StateUpdate represents the state mutations resulting from block execution.
+// It provides access to account changes, storage changes, and contract code
+// deployments with both previous and new values.
+type StateUpdate struct {
+	OriginRoot  common.Hash // State root before the update
+	Root        common.Hash // State root after the update
+	BlockNumber uint64
+
+	// AccountChanges contains all account state changes keyed by address.
+	AccountChanges map[common.Address]*AccountChange
+
+	// StorageChanges contains all storage slot changes keyed by address and storage slot key.
+	StorageChanges map[common.Address]map[common.Hash]*StorageChange
+
+	// CodeChanges contains all contract code changes keyed by address.
+	CodeChanges map[common.Address]*CodeChange
+
+	// TrieChanges contains trie node mutations keyed by address hash and trie node path.
+	TrieChanges map[common.Hash]map[string]*TrieNodeChange
+}
+
+// AccountChange represents a change to an account's state.
+type AccountChange struct {
+	Prev *types.StateAccount // nil if account was created
+	New  *types.StateAccount // nil if account was deleted
+}
+
+// StorageChange represents a change to a storage slot.
+type StorageChange struct {
+	Prev common.Hash // previous value (zero if slot was created)
+	New  common.Hash // new value (zero if slot was deleted)
+}
+
+type ContractCode struct {
+	Hash   common.Hash
+	Code   []byte
+	Exists bool // true if the code was existent
+}
+
+// CodeChange represents a change in contract code of an account.
+type CodeChange struct {
+	Prev *ContractCode // nil if no code existed before
+	New  *ContractCode
+}
+
+type TrieNodeChange struct {
+	Prev *trienode.Node
+	New  *trienode.Node
+}
+
 type (
 	/*
 		- VM events -
@@ -161,6 +212,11 @@ type (
 	// beacon block root.
 	OnSystemCallEndHook = func()
 
+	// StateUpdateHook is called after state is committed for a block.
+	// It provides access to the complete state mutations including account changes,
+	// storage changes, trie node mutations, and contract code deployments.
+	StateUpdateHook = func(update *StateUpdate)
+
 	/*
 		- State events -
 	*/
@@ -209,6 +265,7 @@ type Hooks struct {
 	OnSystemCallStart   OnSystemCallStartHook
 	OnSystemCallStartV2 OnSystemCallStartHookV2
 	OnSystemCallEnd     OnSystemCallEndHook
+	OnStateUpdate       StateUpdateHook
 	// State events
 	OnBalanceChange BalanceChangeHook
 	OnNonceChange   NonceChangeHook
diff --git a/eth/filters/filter_system_test.go b/eth/filters/filter_system_test.go
index e5a1a2b25f..6f97d5b664 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter_system_test.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter_system_test.go
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ func TestExceedLogQueryLimit(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	)
 
-	_, err := gspec.Commit(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil))
+	_, err := gspec.Commit(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil), nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
diff --git a/eth/filters/filter_test.go b/eth/filters/filter_test.go
index edec3e027f..f44ada20b1 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter_test.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter_test.go
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ func testFilters(t *testing.T, history uint64, noHistory bool) {
 
 	// Hack: GenerateChainWithGenesis creates a new db.
 	// Commit the genesis manually and use GenerateChain.
-	_, err = gspec.Commit(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil))
+	_, err = gspec.Commit(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil), nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ func TestRangeLogs(t *testing.T) {
 			BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
 		}
 	)
-	_, err := gspec.Commit(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil))
+	_, err := gspec.Commit(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil), nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
diff --git a/tests/block_test_util.go b/tests/block_test_util.go
index 72fd955c8f..4f6ab65c1a 100644
--- a/tests/block_test_util.go
+++ b/tests/block_test_util.go
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ func (t *BlockTest) Run(snapshotter bool, scheme string, witness bool, tracer *t
 		gspec.Config.TerminalTotalDifficulty = big.NewInt(stdmath.MaxInt64)
 	}
 	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, tconf)
-	gblock, err := gspec.Commit(db, triedb)
+	gblock, err := gspec.Commit(db, triedb, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

From 9623dcbca2ddca88253eef5695914a61bbaa2e07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Jan 2026 11:48:45 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 431/470] core/state: add cache statistics of contract code
 reader (#33532)

---
 core/state/database.go | 29 ++++++++++-----
 core/state/reader.go   | 84 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 2 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/state/database.go b/core/state/database.go
index 1e8fc9d5c9..4a5547d075 100644
--- a/core/state/database.go
+++ b/core/state/database.go
@@ -177,8 +177,8 @@ func NewDatabaseForTesting() *CachingDB {
 	return NewDatabase(triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil), nil)
 }
 
-// Reader returns a state reader associated with the specified state root.
-func (db *CachingDB) Reader(stateRoot common.Hash) (Reader, error) {
+// StateReader returns a state reader associated with the specified state root.
+func (db *CachingDB) StateReader(stateRoot common.Hash) (StateReader, error) {
 	var readers []StateReader
 
 	// Configure the state reader using the standalone snapshot in hash mode.
@@ -208,23 +208,32 @@ func (db *CachingDB) Reader(stateRoot common.Hash) (Reader, error) {
 	}
 	readers = append(readers, tr)
 
-	combined, err := newMultiStateReader(readers...)
+	return newMultiStateReader(readers...)
+}
+
+// Reader implements Database, returning a reader associated with the specified
+// state root.
+func (db *CachingDB) Reader(stateRoot common.Hash) (Reader, error) {
+	sr, err := db.StateReader(stateRoot)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return newReader(newCachingCodeReader(db.disk, db.codeCache, db.codeSizeCache), combined), nil
+	return newReader(newCachingCodeReader(db.disk, db.codeCache, db.codeSizeCache), sr), nil
 }
 
-// ReadersWithCacheStats creates a pair of state readers sharing the same internal cache and
-// same backing Reader, but exposing separate statistics.
-// and statistics.
+// ReadersWithCacheStats creates a pair of state readers that share the same
+// underlying state reader and internal state cache, while maintaining separate
+// statistics respectively.
 func (db *CachingDB) ReadersWithCacheStats(stateRoot common.Hash) (ReaderWithStats, ReaderWithStats, error) {
-	reader, err := db.Reader(stateRoot)
+	r, err := db.StateReader(stateRoot)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
-	shared := newReaderWithCache(reader)
-	return newReaderWithCacheStats(shared), newReaderWithCacheStats(shared), nil
+	sr := newStateReaderWithCache(r)
+
+	ra := newReaderWithStats(sr, newCachingCodeReader(db.disk, db.codeCache, db.codeSizeCache))
+	rb := newReaderWithStats(sr, newCachingCodeReader(db.disk, db.codeCache, db.codeSizeCache))
+	return ra, rb, nil
 }
 
 // OpenTrie opens the main account trie at a specific root hash.
diff --git a/core/state/reader.go b/core/state/reader.go
index 38228f8453..2db9d1f9b4 100644
--- a/core/state/reader.go
+++ b/core/state/reader.go
@@ -58,6 +58,13 @@ type ContractCodeReader interface {
 	CodeSize(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) (int, error)
 }
 
+// ContractCodeReaderWithStats extends ContractCodeReader by adding GetStats to
+// expose statistics of code reader.
+type ContractCodeReaderWithStats interface {
+	ContractCodeReader
+	GetStats() (int64, int64)
+}
+
 // StateReader defines the interface for accessing accounts and storage slots
 // associated with a specific state.
 //
@@ -97,6 +104,8 @@ type ReaderStats struct {
 	AccountCacheMiss int64
 	StorageCacheHit  int64
 	StorageCacheMiss int64
+	ContractCodeHit  int64
+	ContractCodeMiss int64
 }
 
 // String implements fmt.Stringer, returning string format statistics.
@@ -104,6 +113,7 @@ func (s ReaderStats) String() string {
 	var (
 		accountCacheHitRate float64
 		storageCacheHitRate float64
+		contractCodeHitRate float64
 	)
 	if s.AccountCacheHit > 0 {
 		accountCacheHitRate = float64(s.AccountCacheHit) / float64(s.AccountCacheHit+s.AccountCacheMiss) * 100
@@ -111,9 +121,13 @@ func (s ReaderStats) String() string {
 	if s.StorageCacheHit > 0 {
 		storageCacheHitRate = float64(s.StorageCacheHit) / float64(s.StorageCacheHit+s.StorageCacheMiss) * 100
 	}
+	if s.ContractCodeHit > 0 {
+		contractCodeHitRate = float64(s.ContractCodeHit) / float64(s.ContractCodeHit+s.ContractCodeMiss) * 100
+	}
 	msg := fmt.Sprintf("Reader statistics\n")
 	msg += fmt.Sprintf("account: hit: %d, miss: %d, rate: %.2f\n", s.AccountCacheHit, s.AccountCacheMiss, accountCacheHitRate)
 	msg += fmt.Sprintf("storage: hit: %d, miss: %d, rate: %.2f\n", s.StorageCacheHit, s.StorageCacheMiss, storageCacheHitRate)
+	msg += fmt.Sprintf("code: hit: %d, miss: %d, rate: %.2f\n", s.ContractCodeHit, s.ContractCodeMiss, contractCodeHitRate)
 	return msg
 }
 
@@ -134,6 +148,10 @@ type cachingCodeReader struct {
 	// they are natively thread-safe.
 	codeCache     *lru.SizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte]
 	codeSizeCache *lru.Cache[common.Hash, int]
+
+	// Cache statistics
+	hit  atomic.Int64 // Number of code lookups found in the cache.
+	miss atomic.Int64 // Number of code lookups not found in the cache.
 }
 
 // newCachingCodeReader constructs the code reader.
@@ -150,8 +168,11 @@ func newCachingCodeReader(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, codeCache *lru.SizeConstraine
 func (r *cachingCodeReader) Code(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
 	code, _ := r.codeCache.Get(codeHash)
 	if len(code) > 0 {
+		r.hit.Add(1)
 		return code, nil
 	}
+	r.miss.Add(1)
+
 	code = rawdb.ReadCode(r.db, codeHash)
 	if len(code) > 0 {
 		r.codeCache.Add(codeHash, code)
@@ -164,6 +185,7 @@ func (r *cachingCodeReader) Code(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) ([]b
 // If the contract code doesn't exist, no error will be returned.
 func (r *cachingCodeReader) CodeSize(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) (int, error) {
 	if cached, ok := r.codeSizeCache.Get(codeHash); ok {
+		r.hit.Add(1)
 		return cached, nil
 	}
 	code, err := r.Code(addr, codeHash)
@@ -180,6 +202,11 @@ func (r *cachingCodeReader) Has(addr common.Address, codeHash common.Hash) bool
 	return len(code) > 0
 }
 
+// GetStats returns the cache statistics fo the code reader.
+func (r *cachingCodeReader) GetStats() (int64, int64) {
+	return r.hit.Load(), r.miss.Load()
+}
+
 // flatReader wraps a database state reader and is safe for concurrent access.
 type flatReader struct {
 	reader database.StateReader
@@ -462,10 +489,10 @@ func newReader(codeReader ContractCodeReader, stateReader StateReader) *reader {
 	}
 }
 
-// readerWithCache is a wrapper around Reader that maintains additional state caches
-// to support concurrent state access.
-type readerWithCache struct {
-	Reader // safe for concurrent read
+// stateReaderWithCache is a wrapper around StateReader that maintains additional
+// state caches to support concurrent state access.
+type stateReaderWithCache struct {
+	StateReader
 
 	// Previously resolved state entries.
 	accounts    map[common.Address]*types.StateAccount
@@ -481,11 +508,11 @@ type readerWithCache struct {
 	}
 }
 
-// newReaderWithCache constructs the reader with local cache.
-func newReaderWithCache(reader Reader) *readerWithCache {
-	r := &readerWithCache{
-		Reader:   reader,
-		accounts: make(map[common.Address]*types.StateAccount),
+// newStateReaderWithCache constructs the state reader with local cache.
+func newStateReaderWithCache(sr StateReader) *stateReaderWithCache {
+	r := &stateReaderWithCache{
+		StateReader: sr,
+		accounts:    make(map[common.Address]*types.StateAccount),
 	}
 	for i := range r.storageBuckets {
 		r.storageBuckets[i].storages = make(map[common.Address]map[common.Hash]common.Hash)
@@ -498,7 +525,7 @@ func newReaderWithCache(reader Reader) *readerWithCache {
 // might be nil if it's not existent.
 //
 // An error will be returned if the state is corrupted in the underlying reader.
-func (r *readerWithCache) account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, bool, error) {
+func (r *stateReaderWithCache) account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, bool, error) {
 	// Try to resolve the requested account in the local cache
 	r.accountLock.RLock()
 	acct, ok := r.accounts[addr]
@@ -507,7 +534,7 @@ func (r *readerWithCache) account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, boo
 		return acct, true, nil
 	}
 	// Try to resolve the requested account from the underlying reader
-	acct, err := r.Reader.Account(addr)
+	acct, err := r.StateReader.Account(addr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, false, err
 	}
@@ -521,7 +548,7 @@ func (r *readerWithCache) account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, boo
 // The returned account might be nil if it's not existent.
 //
 // An error will be returned if the state is corrupted in the underlying reader.
-func (r *readerWithCache) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+func (r *stateReaderWithCache) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
 	account, _, err := r.account(addr)
 	return account, err
 }
@@ -529,7 +556,7 @@ func (r *readerWithCache) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, err
 // storage retrieves the storage slot specified by the address and slot key, along
 // with a flag indicating whether it's found in the cache or not. The returned
 // storage slot might be empty if it's not existent.
-func (r *readerWithCache) storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (common.Hash, bool, error) {
+func (r *stateReaderWithCache) storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (common.Hash, bool, error) {
 	var (
 		value  common.Hash
 		ok     bool
@@ -546,7 +573,7 @@ func (r *readerWithCache) storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (common
 		return value, true, nil
 	}
 	// Try to resolve the requested storage slot from the underlying reader
-	value, err := r.Reader.Storage(addr, slot)
+	value, err := r.StateReader.Storage(addr, slot)
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, false, err
 	}
@@ -567,13 +594,14 @@ func (r *readerWithCache) storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (common
 // existent.
 //
 // An error will be returned if the state is corrupted in the underlying reader.
-func (r *readerWithCache) Storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
+func (r *stateReaderWithCache) Storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
 	value, _, err := r.storage(addr, slot)
 	return value, err
 }
 
-type readerWithCacheStats struct {
-	*readerWithCache
+type readerWithStats struct {
+	*stateReaderWithCache
+	ContractCodeReaderWithStats
 
 	accountCacheHit  atomic.Int64
 	accountCacheMiss atomic.Int64
@@ -581,10 +609,11 @@ type readerWithCacheStats struct {
 	storageCacheMiss atomic.Int64
 }
 
-// newReaderWithCacheStats constructs the reader with additional statistics tracked.
-func newReaderWithCacheStats(reader *readerWithCache) *readerWithCacheStats {
-	return &readerWithCacheStats{
-		readerWithCache: reader,
+// newReaderWithStats constructs the reader with additional statistics tracked.
+func newReaderWithStats(sr *stateReaderWithCache, cr ContractCodeReaderWithStats) *readerWithStats {
+	return &readerWithStats{
+		stateReaderWithCache:        sr,
+		ContractCodeReaderWithStats: cr,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -592,8 +621,8 @@ func newReaderWithCacheStats(reader *readerWithCache) *readerWithCacheStats {
 // The returned account might be nil if it's not existent.
 //
 // An error will be returned if the state is corrupted in the underlying reader.
-func (r *readerWithCacheStats) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
-	account, incache, err := r.readerWithCache.account(addr)
+func (r *readerWithStats) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+	account, incache, err := r.stateReaderWithCache.account(addr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -610,8 +639,8 @@ func (r *readerWithCacheStats) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount
 // existent.
 //
 // An error will be returned if the state is corrupted in the underlying reader.
-func (r *readerWithCacheStats) Storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
-	value, incache, err := r.readerWithCache.storage(addr, slot)
+func (r *readerWithStats) Storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
+	value, incache, err := r.stateReaderWithCache.storage(addr, slot)
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
@@ -624,11 +653,14 @@ func (r *readerWithCacheStats) Storage(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (c
 }
 
 // GetStats implements ReaderWithStats, returning the statistics of state reader.
-func (r *readerWithCacheStats) GetStats() ReaderStats {
+func (r *readerWithStats) GetStats() ReaderStats {
+	codeHit, codeMiss := r.ContractCodeReaderWithStats.GetStats()
 	return ReaderStats{
 		AccountCacheHit:  r.accountCacheHit.Load(),
 		AccountCacheMiss: r.accountCacheMiss.Load(),
 		StorageCacheHit:  r.storageCacheHit.Load(),
 		StorageCacheMiss: r.storageCacheMiss.Load(),
+		ContractCodeHit:  codeHit,
+		ContractCodeMiss: codeMiss,
 	}
 }

From 64d22fd7f7b1c12815ca7a8d457ea13483702dd5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: LittleBingoo <zpksdhr@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Jan 2026 11:49:13 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 432/470] internal/flags: update copyright year to 2026
 (#33550)

---
 internal/flags/helpers.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/internal/flags/helpers.go b/internal/flags/helpers.go
index fc84ae85da..e6a6966d9f 100644
--- a/internal/flags/helpers.go
+++ b/internal/flags/helpers.go
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func NewApp(usage string) *cli.App {
 	app.EnableBashCompletion = true
 	app.Version = version.WithCommit(git.Commit, git.Date)
 	app.Usage = usage
-	app.Copyright = "Copyright 2013-2025 The go-ethereum Authors"
+	app.Copyright = "Copyright 2013-2026 The go-ethereum Authors"
 	app.Before = func(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		MigrateGlobalFlags(ctx)
 		return nil

From a32851fac9e97ed2af6eec2238a07f03e1205b16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mask Weller <Wellermask@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Jan 2026 13:23:48 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 433/470] graphql: fix GasPrice for blob and setcode
 transactions (#33542)

Adds BlobTxType and SetCodeTxType to GasPrice switch case, aligning with
`MaxFeePerGas` and `MaxPriorityFeePerGas` handling.

Co-authored-by: m6xwzzz <maskk.weller@gmail.com>
---
 graphql/graphql.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/graphql/graphql.go b/graphql/graphql.go
index 0013abf26f..244d6926a2 100644
--- a/graphql/graphql.go
+++ b/graphql/graphql.go
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ func (t *Transaction) GasPrice(ctx context.Context) hexutil.Big {
 		return hexutil.Big{}
 	}
 	switch tx.Type() {
-	case types.DynamicFeeTxType:
+	case types.DynamicFeeTxType, types.BlobTxType, types.SetCodeTxType:
 		if block != nil {
 			if baseFee, _ := block.BaseFeePerGas(ctx); baseFee != nil {
 				// price = min(gasTipCap + baseFee, gasFeeCap)

From d5efd34010874c47795c90e036c23c46fd3fb2eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Jan 2026 16:57:35 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 434/470] triedb/pathdb: introduce extension to history index
 structure (#33399)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

It's a PR based on #33303 and introduces an approach for trienode
history indexing.

---

In the current archive node design, resolving a historical trie node at
a specific block
involves the following steps:

- Look up the corresponding trie node index and locate the first entry
whose state ID
   is greater than the target state ID.
- Resolve the trie node from the associated trienode history object.

A naive approach would be to store mutation records for every trie node,
similar to
how flat state mutations are recorded. However, the total number of trie
nodes is
extremely large (approximately 2.4 billion), and the vast majority of
them are rarely
modified. Creating an index entry for each individual trie node would be
very wasteful
in both storage and indexing overhead. To address this, we aggregate
multiple trie
nodes into chunks and index mutations at the chunk level instead.

---

For a storage trie, the trie is vertically partitioned into multiple sub
tries, each spanning
three consecutive levels. The top three levels (1 + 16 + 256 nodes) form
the first chunk,
and every subsequent three-level segment forms another chunk.

```
Original trie structure

Level 0               [ ROOT ]                               1 node
Level 1        [0] [1] [2] ... [f]                          16 nodes
Level 2     [00] [01] ... [0f] [10] ... [ff]               256 nodes
Level 3   [000] [001] ... [00f] [010] ... [fff]           4096 nodes
Level 4   [0000] ... [000f] [0010] ... [001f] ... [ffff] 65536 nodes

Vertical split into chunks (3 levels per chunk)

Level0             [ ROOT ]                     1 chunk
Level3        [000]   ...     [fff]          4096 chunks
Level6   [000000]    ...    [fffffff]    16777216 chunks
```

Within each chunk, there are 273 nodes in total, regardless of the
chunk's depth in the trie.

```
Level 0           [ 0 ]                         1 node
Level 1        [ 1 ] … [ 16 ]                  16 nodes
Level 2     [ 17 ] … … [ 272 ]                256 nodes
```

Each chunk is uniquely identified by the path prefix of the root node of
its corresponding
sub-trie. Within a chunk, nodes are identified by a numeric index
ranging from 0 to 272.

For example, suppose that at block 100, the nodes with paths `[]`,
`[0]`, `[f]`, `[00]`, and `[ff]`
are modified. The mutation record for chunk 0 is then appended with the
following entry:

`[100 → [0, 1, 16, 17, 272]]`, `272` is the numeric ID of path `[ff]`.

Furthermore, due to the structural properties of the Merkle Patricia
Trie, if a child node
is modified, all of its ancestors along the same path must also be
updated. As a result,
in the above example, recording mutations for nodes `00` and `ff` alone
is sufficient,
as this implicitly indicates that their ancestor nodes `[]`, `[0]` and
`[f]` were also
modified at block 100.

---

Query processing is slightly more complicated. Since trie nodes are
indexed at the chunk
level, each individual trie node lookup requires an additional filtering
step to ensure that
a given mutation record actually corresponds to the target trie node.

As mentioned earlier, mutation records store only the numeric
identifiers of leaf nodes,
while ancestor nodes are omitted for storage efficiency. Consequently,
when querying
an ancestor node, additional checks are required to determine whether
the mutation
record implicitly represents a modification to that ancestor.

Moreover, since trie nodes are indexed at the chunk level, some trie
nodes may be
updated frequently, causing their mutation records to dominate the
index. Queries
targeting rarely modified trie nodes would then scan a large amount of
irrelevant
index data, significantly degrading performance.

To address this issue, a bitmap is introduced for each index block and
stored in the
chunk's metadata. Before loading a specific index block, the bitmap is
checked to
determine whether the block contains mutation records relevant to the
target trie node.
If the bitmap indicates that the block does not contain such records,
the block is skipped entirely.
---
 triedb/pathdb/history_index.go               | 174 +++++-----
 triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go         | 220 +++++++++----
 triedb/pathdb/history_index_block_test.go    | 238 ++++++++++----
 triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator.go      | 322 +++++++++++++++++--
 triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go | 280 ++++++++--------
 triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go          | 192 +++++------
 triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go             |   9 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go              |   6 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go            |  13 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go       |   8 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils.go      |  83 +++++
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils_test.go |  81 +++++
 12 files changed, 1117 insertions(+), 509 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils.go
 create mode 100644 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils_test.go

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
index cc5cd204b4..0c5eb8db21 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index.go
@@ -25,22 +25,28 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 )
 
-// parseIndex parses the index data with the supplied byte stream. The index data
-// is a list of fixed-sized metadata. Empty metadata is regarded as invalid.
-func parseIndex(blob []byte) ([]*indexBlockDesc, error) {
+// parseIndex parses the index data from the provided byte stream. The index data
+// is a sequence of fixed-size metadata entries, and any empty metadata entry is
+// considered invalid.
+//
+// Each metadata entry consists of two components: the indexBlockDesc and an
+// optional extension bitmap. The bitmap length may vary across different categories,
+// but must remain consistent within the same category.
+func parseIndex(blob []byte, bitmapSize int) ([]*indexBlockDesc, error) {
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		return nil, errors.New("empty state history index")
 	}
-	if len(blob)%indexBlockDescSize != 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("corrupted state index, len: %d", len(blob))
+	size := indexBlockDescSize + bitmapSize
+	if len(blob)%size != 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("corrupted state index, len: %d, bitmap size: %d", len(blob), bitmapSize)
 	}
 	var (
 		lastID   uint32
 		descList []*indexBlockDesc
 	)
-	for i := 0; i < len(blob)/indexBlockDescSize; i++ {
+	for i := 0; i < len(blob)/size; i++ {
 		var desc indexBlockDesc
-		desc.decode(blob[i*indexBlockDescSize : (i+1)*indexBlockDescSize])
+		desc.decode(blob[i*size : (i+1)*size])
 		if desc.empty() {
 			return nil, errors.New("empty state history index block")
 		}
@@ -69,33 +75,35 @@ func parseIndex(blob []byte) ([]*indexBlockDesc, error) {
 // indexReader is the structure to look up the state history index records
 // associated with the specific state element.
 type indexReader struct {
-	db       ethdb.KeyValueReader
-	descList []*indexBlockDesc
-	readers  map[uint32]*blockReader
-	state    stateIdent
+	db         ethdb.KeyValueReader
+	descList   []*indexBlockDesc
+	readers    map[uint32]*blockReader
+	state      stateIdent
+	bitmapSize int
 }
 
 // loadIndexData loads the index data associated with the specified state.
-func loadIndexData(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent) ([]*indexBlockDesc, error) {
+func loadIndexData(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent, bitmapSize int) ([]*indexBlockDesc, error) {
 	blob := readStateIndex(state, db)
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
-	return parseIndex(blob)
+	return parseIndex(blob, bitmapSize)
 }
 
 // newIndexReader constructs a index reader for the specified state. Reader with
 // empty data is allowed.
-func newIndexReader(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent) (*indexReader, error) {
-	descList, err := loadIndexData(db, state)
+func newIndexReader(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent, bitmapSize int) (*indexReader, error) {
+	descList, err := loadIndexData(db, state, bitmapSize)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return &indexReader{
-		descList: descList,
-		readers:  make(map[uint32]*blockReader),
-		db:       db,
-		state:    state,
+		descList:   descList,
+		readers:    make(map[uint32]*blockReader),
+		db:         db,
+		state:      state,
+		bitmapSize: bitmapSize,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -106,11 +114,9 @@ func (r *indexReader) refresh() error {
 	// may have been modified by additional elements written to the disk.
 	if len(r.descList) != 0 {
 		last := r.descList[len(r.descList)-1]
-		if !last.full() {
-			delete(r.readers, last.id)
-		}
+		delete(r.readers, last.id)
 	}
-	descList, err := loadIndexData(r.db, r.state)
+	descList, err := loadIndexData(r.db, r.state, r.bitmapSize)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -118,26 +124,10 @@ func (r *indexReader) refresh() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// newIterator creates an iterator for traversing the index entries.
-func (r *indexReader) newIterator() *indexIterator {
-	return newIndexIterator(r.descList, func(id uint32) (*blockReader, error) {
-		br, ok := r.readers[id]
-		if !ok {
-			var err error
-			br, err = newBlockReader(readStateIndexBlock(r.state, r.db, id))
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-			r.readers[id] = br
-		}
-		return br, nil
-	})
-}
-
 // readGreaterThan locates the first element that is greater than the specified
 // id. If no such element is found, MaxUint64 is returned.
 func (r *indexReader) readGreaterThan(id uint64) (uint64, error) {
-	it := r.newIterator()
+	it := r.newIterator(nil)
 	found := it.SeekGT(id)
 	if err := it.Error(); err != nil {
 		return 0, err
@@ -155,31 +145,33 @@ func (r *indexReader) readGreaterThan(id uint64) (uint64, error) {
 // history ids) is stored in these second-layer index blocks, which are size
 // limited.
 type indexWriter struct {
-	descList []*indexBlockDesc // The list of index block descriptions
-	bw       *blockWriter      // The live index block writer
-	frozen   []*blockWriter    // The finalized index block writers, waiting for flush
-	lastID   uint64            // The ID of the latest tracked history
-	state    stateIdent
-	db       ethdb.KeyValueReader
+	descList   []*indexBlockDesc // The list of index block descriptions
+	bw         *blockWriter      // The live index block writer
+	frozen     []*blockWriter    // The finalized index block writers, waiting for flush
+	lastID     uint64            // The ID of the latest tracked history
+	state      stateIdent        // The identifier of the state being indexed
+	bitmapSize int               // The size of optional extension bitmap
+	db         ethdb.KeyValueReader
 }
 
 // newIndexWriter constructs the index writer for the specified state. Additionally,
 // it takes an integer as the limit and prunes all existing elements above that ID.
 // It's essential as the recovery mechanism after unclean shutdown during the history
 // indexing.
-func newIndexWriter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent, limit uint64) (*indexWriter, error) {
+func newIndexWriter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent, limit uint64, bitmapSize int) (*indexWriter, error) {
 	blob := readStateIndex(state, db)
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
-		desc := newIndexBlockDesc(0)
-		bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, desc, 0 /* useless if the block is empty */)
+		desc := newIndexBlockDesc(0, bitmapSize)
+		bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, desc, 0 /* useless if the block is empty */, bitmapSize != 0)
 		return &indexWriter{
-			descList: []*indexBlockDesc{desc},
-			bw:       bw,
-			state:    state,
-			db:       db,
+			descList:   []*indexBlockDesc{desc},
+			bw:         bw,
+			state:      state,
+			db:         db,
+			bitmapSize: bitmapSize,
 		}, nil
 	}
-	descList, err := parseIndex(blob)
+	descList, err := parseIndex(blob, bitmapSize)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -197,30 +189,31 @@ func newIndexWriter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent, limit uint64) (*i
 
 	// Construct the writer for the last block. All elements in this block
 	// that exceed the limit will be truncated.
-	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc, limit)
+	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc, limit, bitmapSize != 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return &indexWriter{
-		descList: descList,
-		lastID:   bw.last(),
-		bw:       bw,
-		state:    state,
-		db:       db,
+		descList:   descList,
+		lastID:     bw.last(),
+		bw:         bw,
+		state:      state,
+		db:         db,
+		bitmapSize: bitmapSize,
 	}, nil
 }
 
 // append adds the new element into the index writer.
-func (w *indexWriter) append(id uint64) error {
+func (w *indexWriter) append(id uint64, ext []uint16) error {
 	if id <= w.lastID {
 		return fmt.Errorf("append element out of order, last: %d, this: %d", w.lastID, id)
 	}
-	if w.bw.full() {
+	if w.bw.estimateFull(ext) {
 		if err := w.rotate(); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	if err := w.bw.append(id); err != nil {
+	if err := w.bw.append(id, ext); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	w.lastID = id
@@ -233,10 +226,10 @@ func (w *indexWriter) append(id uint64) error {
 func (w *indexWriter) rotate() error {
 	var (
 		err  error
-		desc = newIndexBlockDesc(w.bw.desc.id + 1)
+		desc = newIndexBlockDesc(w.bw.desc.id+1, w.bitmapSize)
 	)
 	w.frozen = append(w.frozen, w.bw)
-	w.bw, err = newBlockWriter(nil, desc, 0 /* useless if the block is empty */)
+	w.bw, err = newBlockWriter(nil, desc, 0 /* useless if the block is empty */, w.bitmapSize != 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -268,7 +261,8 @@ func (w *indexWriter) finish(batch ethdb.Batch) {
 	}
 	w.frozen = nil // release all the frozen writers
 
-	buf := make([]byte, 0, indexBlockDescSize*len(descList))
+	size := indexBlockDescSize + w.bitmapSize
+	buf := make([]byte, 0, size*len(descList))
 	for _, desc := range descList {
 		buf = append(buf, desc.encode()...)
 	}
@@ -277,30 +271,32 @@ func (w *indexWriter) finish(batch ethdb.Batch) {
 
 // indexDeleter is responsible for deleting index data for a specific state.
 type indexDeleter struct {
-	descList []*indexBlockDesc // The list of index block descriptions
-	bw       *blockWriter      // The live index block writer
-	dropped  []uint32          // The list of index block id waiting for deleting
-	lastID   uint64            // The ID of the latest tracked history
-	state    stateIdent
-	db       ethdb.KeyValueReader
+	descList   []*indexBlockDesc // The list of index block descriptions
+	bw         *blockWriter      // The live index block writer
+	dropped    []uint32          // The list of index block id waiting for deleting
+	lastID     uint64            // The ID of the latest tracked history
+	state      stateIdent        // The identifier of the state being indexed
+	bitmapSize int               // The size of optional extension bitmap
+	db         ethdb.KeyValueReader
 }
 
 // newIndexDeleter constructs the index deleter for the specified state.
-func newIndexDeleter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent, limit uint64) (*indexDeleter, error) {
+func newIndexDeleter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent, limit uint64, bitmapSize int) (*indexDeleter, error) {
 	blob := readStateIndex(state, db)
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		// TODO(rjl493456442) we can probably return an error here,
 		// deleter with no data is meaningless.
-		desc := newIndexBlockDesc(0)
-		bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, desc, 0 /* useless if the block is empty */)
+		desc := newIndexBlockDesc(0, bitmapSize)
+		bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, desc, 0 /* useless if the block is empty */, bitmapSize != 0)
 		return &indexDeleter{
-			descList: []*indexBlockDesc{desc},
-			bw:       bw,
-			state:    state,
-			db:       db,
+			descList:   []*indexBlockDesc{desc},
+			bw:         bw,
+			state:      state,
+			bitmapSize: bitmapSize,
+			db:         db,
 		}, nil
 	}
-	descList, err := parseIndex(blob)
+	descList, err := parseIndex(blob, bitmapSize)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -318,16 +314,17 @@ func newIndexDeleter(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent, limit uint64) (*
 
 	// Construct the writer for the last block. All elements in this block
 	// that exceed the limit will be truncated.
-	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc, limit)
+	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc, limit, bitmapSize != 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return &indexDeleter{
-		descList: descList,
-		lastID:   bw.last(),
-		bw:       bw,
-		state:    state,
-		db:       db,
+		descList:   descList,
+		lastID:     bw.last(),
+		bw:         bw,
+		state:      state,
+		bitmapSize: bitmapSize,
+		db:         db,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -364,7 +361,7 @@ func (d *indexDeleter) pop(id uint64) error {
 	// Open the previous block writer for deleting
 	lastDesc := d.descList[len(d.descList)-1]
 	indexBlock := readStateIndexBlock(d.state, d.db, lastDesc.id)
-	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc, lastDesc.max)
+	bw, err := newBlockWriter(indexBlock, lastDesc, lastDesc.max, d.bitmapSize != 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -390,7 +387,8 @@ func (d *indexDeleter) finish(batch ethdb.Batch) {
 	if d.empty() {
 		deleteStateIndex(d.state, batch)
 	} else {
-		buf := make([]byte, 0, indexBlockDescSize*len(d.descList))
+		size := indexBlockDescSize + d.bitmapSize
+		buf := make([]byte, 0, size*len(d.descList))
 		for _, desc := range d.descList {
 			buf = append(buf, desc.encode()...)
 		}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go
index 13f16b4cf3..fd43d81b78 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package pathdb
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -26,23 +27,27 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	indexBlockDescSize   = 14              // The size of index block descriptor
-	indexBlockEntriesCap = 4096            // The maximum number of entries can be grouped in a block
-	indexBlockRestartLen = 256             // The restart interval length of index block
-	historyIndexBatch    = 8 * 1024 * 1024 // The number of state history indexes for constructing or deleting as batch
+	indexBlockDescSize   = 14   // The size of index block descriptor
+	indexBlockMaxSize    = 4096 // The maximum size of a single index block
+	indexBlockRestartLen = 256  // The restart interval length of index block
 )
 
 // indexBlockDesc represents a descriptor for an index block, which contains a
 // list of state mutation records associated with a specific state (either an
 // account or a storage slot).
 type indexBlockDesc struct {
-	max     uint64 // The maximum state ID retained within the block
-	entries uint16 // The number of state mutation records retained within the block
-	id      uint32 // The id of the index block
+	max       uint64 // The maximum state ID retained within the block
+	entries   uint16 // The number of state mutation records retained within the block
+	id        uint32 // The id of the index block
+	extBitmap []byte // Optional fixed-size bitmap for the included extension elements
 }
 
-func newIndexBlockDesc(id uint32) *indexBlockDesc {
-	return &indexBlockDesc{id: id}
+func newIndexBlockDesc(id uint32, bitmapSize int) *indexBlockDesc {
+	var bitmap []byte
+	if bitmapSize > 0 {
+		bitmap = make([]byte, bitmapSize)
+	}
+	return &indexBlockDesc{id: id, extBitmap: bitmap}
 }
 
 // empty indicates whether the block is empty with no element retained.
@@ -50,26 +55,33 @@ func (d *indexBlockDesc) empty() bool {
 	return d.entries == 0
 }
 
-// full indicates whether the number of elements in the block exceeds the
-// preconfigured limit.
-func (d *indexBlockDesc) full() bool {
-	return d.entries >= indexBlockEntriesCap
-}
-
 // encode packs index block descriptor into byte stream.
 func (d *indexBlockDesc) encode() []byte {
-	var buf [indexBlockDescSize]byte
+	buf := make([]byte, indexBlockDescSize+len(d.extBitmap))
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(buf[0:8], d.max)
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(buf[8:10], d.entries)
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(buf[10:14], d.id)
+	copy(buf[indexBlockDescSize:], d.extBitmap)
 	return buf[:]
 }
 
-// decode unpacks index block descriptor from byte stream.
+// decode unpacks index block descriptor from byte stream. It's safe to mutate
+// the provided byte stream after the function call.
 func (d *indexBlockDesc) decode(blob []byte) {
 	d.max = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(blob[:8])
 	d.entries = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(blob[8:10])
 	d.id = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(blob[10:14])
+	d.extBitmap = bytes.Clone(blob[indexBlockDescSize:])
+}
+
+// copy returns a deep-copied object.
+func (d *indexBlockDesc) copy() *indexBlockDesc {
+	return &indexBlockDesc{
+		max:       d.max,
+		entries:   d.entries,
+		id:        d.id,
+		extBitmap: bytes.Clone(d.extBitmap),
+	}
 }
 
 // parseIndexBlock parses the index block with the supplied byte stream.
@@ -97,20 +109,38 @@ func (d *indexBlockDesc) decode(blob []byte) {
 // A uint16 can cover offsets in the range [0, 65536), which is more than enough
 // to store 4096 integers.
 //
-// Each chunk begins with the full value of the first integer, followed by
-// subsequent integers representing the differences between the current value
-// and the preceding one. Integers are encoded with variable-size for best
-// storage efficiency. Each chunk can be illustrated as below.
+// Each chunk begins with a full integer value for the first element, followed
+// by subsequent integers encoded as differences (deltas) from their preceding
+// values. All integers use variable-length encoding for optimal space efficiency.
 //
-//		  Restart ---> +----------------+
-//	                   |  Full integer  |
-//		               +----------------+
-//		               | Diff with prev |
-//		               +----------------+
-//		               |      ...       |
-//		               +----------------+
-//		               | Diff with prev |
-//		               +----------------+
+// In the updated format, each element in the chunk may optionally include an
+// "extension" section. If an extension is present, it starts with a var-size
+// integer indicating the length of the remaining extension payload, followed by
+// that many bytes. If no extension is present, the element format is identical
+// to the original version (i.e., only the integer or delta value is encoded).
+//
+// In the trienode history index, the extension field contains the list of
+// trie node IDs that fall within this range. For the given state transition,
+// these IDs represent the specific nodes in this range that were mutated.
+//
+// Whether an element includes an extension is determined by the block reader
+// based on the specification. Conceptually, a chunk is structured as:
+//
+//	Restart ---> +----------------+
+//	             |  Full integer  |
+//	             +----------------+
+//	             |  (Extension?)  |
+//	             +----------------+
+//	             | Diff with prev |
+//	             +----------------+
+//	             |  (Extension?)  |
+//	             +----------------+
+//	             |       ...      |
+//	             +----------------+
+//	             | Diff with prev |
+//	             +----------------+
+//	             |  (Extension?)  |
+//	             +----------------+
 //
 // Empty index block is regarded as invalid.
 func parseIndexBlock(blob []byte) ([]uint16, []byte, error) {
@@ -148,24 +178,26 @@ func parseIndexBlock(blob []byte) ([]uint16, []byte, error) {
 type blockReader struct {
 	restarts []uint16
 	data     []byte
+	hasExt   bool
 }
 
 // newBlockReader constructs the block reader with the supplied block data.
-func newBlockReader(blob []byte) (*blockReader, error) {
+func newBlockReader(blob []byte, hasExt bool) (*blockReader, error) {
 	restarts, data, err := parseIndexBlock(blob)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return &blockReader{
 		restarts: restarts,
-		data:     data, // safe to own the slice
+		data:     data,   // safe to own the slice
+		hasExt:   hasExt, // flag whether extension should be resolved
 	}, nil
 }
 
 // readGreaterThan locates the first element in the block that is greater than
 // the specified value. If no such element is found, MaxUint64 is returned.
 func (br *blockReader) readGreaterThan(id uint64) (uint64, error) {
-	it := newBlockIterator(br.data, br.restarts)
+	it := br.newIterator(nil)
 	found := it.SeekGT(id)
 	if err := it.Error(); err != nil {
 		return 0, err
@@ -180,17 +212,19 @@ type blockWriter struct {
 	desc     *indexBlockDesc // Descriptor of the block
 	restarts []uint16        // Offsets into the data slice, marking the start of each section
 	data     []byte          // Aggregated encoded data slice
+	hasExt   bool            // Flag whether the extension field for each element exists
 }
 
 // newBlockWriter constructs a block writer. In addition to the existing data
 // and block description, it takes an element ID and prunes all existing elements
 // above that ID. It's essential as the recovery mechanism after unclean shutdown
 // during the history indexing.
-func newBlockWriter(blob []byte, desc *indexBlockDesc, limit uint64) (*blockWriter, error) {
+func newBlockWriter(blob []byte, desc *indexBlockDesc, limit uint64, hasExt bool) (*blockWriter, error) {
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		return &blockWriter{
-			desc: desc,
-			data: make([]byte, 0, 1024),
+			desc:   desc,
+			data:   make([]byte, 0, 1024),
+			hasExt: hasExt,
 		}, nil
 	}
 	restarts, data, err := parseIndexBlock(blob)
@@ -201,6 +235,7 @@ func newBlockWriter(blob []byte, desc *indexBlockDesc, limit uint64) (*blockWrit
 		desc:     desc,
 		restarts: restarts,
 		data:     data, // safe to own the slice
+		hasExt:   hasExt,
 	}
 	var trimmed int
 	for !writer.empty() && writer.last() > limit {
@@ -215,9 +250,26 @@ func newBlockWriter(blob []byte, desc *indexBlockDesc, limit uint64) (*blockWrit
 	return writer, nil
 }
 
+// setBitmap applies the given extension elements into the bitmap.
+func (b *blockWriter) setBitmap(ext []uint16) {
+	for _, n := range ext {
+		// Node ID zero is intentionally filtered out. Any element in this range
+		// can indicate that the sub-tree's root node was mutated, so storing zero
+		// is redundant and saves one byte for bitmap.
+		if n != 0 {
+			setBit(b.desc.extBitmap, int(n-1))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // append adds a new element to the block. The new element must be greater than
 // the previous one. The provided ID is assumed to always be greater than 0.
-func (b *blockWriter) append(id uint64) error {
+//
+// ext refers to the optional extension field attached to the appended element.
+// This extension mechanism is used by trie-node history and represents a list of
+// trie node IDs that fall within the range covered by the index element
+// (typically corresponding to a sub-trie in trie-node history).
+func (b *blockWriter) append(id uint64, ext []uint16) error {
 	if id == 0 {
 		return errors.New("invalid zero id")
 	}
@@ -244,13 +296,29 @@ func (b *blockWriter) append(id uint64) error {
 		// element.
 		b.data = binary.AppendUvarint(b.data, id-b.desc.max)
 	}
+	// Extension validation
+	if (len(ext) == 0) != !b.hasExt {
+		if len(ext) == 0 {
+			return errors.New("missing extension")
+		}
+		return errors.New("unexpected extension")
+	}
+	// Append the extension if it is not nil. The extension is prefixed with a
+	// length indicator, and the block reader MUST understand this scheme and
+	// decode the extension accordingly.
+	if len(ext) > 0 {
+		b.setBitmap(ext)
+		enc := encodeIDs(ext)
+		b.data = binary.AppendUvarint(b.data, uint64(len(enc)))
+		b.data = append(b.data, enc...)
+	}
 	b.desc.entries++
 	b.desc.max = id
 	return nil
 }
 
 // scanSection traverses the specified section and terminates if fn returns true.
-func (b *blockWriter) scanSection(section int, fn func(uint64, int) bool) {
+func (b *blockWriter) scanSection(section int, fn func(uint64, int, []uint16) bool) error {
 	var (
 		value uint64
 		start = int(b.restarts[section])
@@ -269,28 +337,47 @@ func (b *blockWriter) scanSection(section int, fn func(uint64, int) bool) {
 		} else {
 			value += x
 		}
-		if fn(value, pos) {
-			return
+		// Resolve the extension if exists
+		var (
+			err    error
+			ext    []uint16
+			extLen int
+		)
+		if b.hasExt {
+			l, ln := binary.Uvarint(b.data[pos+n:])
+			extLen = ln + int(l)
+			ext, err = decodeIDs(b.data[pos+n+ln : pos+n+extLen])
 		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if fn(value, pos, ext) {
+			return nil
+		}
+		// Shift to next position
 		pos += n
+		pos += extLen
 	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 // sectionLast returns the last element in the specified section.
-func (b *blockWriter) sectionLast(section int) uint64 {
+func (b *blockWriter) sectionLast(section int) (uint64, error) {
 	var n uint64
-	b.scanSection(section, func(v uint64, _ int) bool {
+	if err := b.scanSection(section, func(v uint64, _ int, _ []uint16) bool {
 		n = v
 		return false
-	})
-	return n
+	}); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return n, nil
 }
 
 // sectionSearch looks up the specified value in the given section,
 // the position and the preceding value will be returned if found.
 // It assumes that the preceding element exists in the section.
-func (b *blockWriter) sectionSearch(section int, n uint64) (found bool, prev uint64, pos int) {
-	b.scanSection(section, func(v uint64, p int) bool {
+func (b *blockWriter) sectionSearch(section int, n uint64) (found bool, prev uint64, pos int, err error) {
+	if err := b.scanSection(section, func(v uint64, p int, _ []uint16) bool {
 		if n == v {
 			pos = p
 			found = true
@@ -298,8 +385,24 @@ func (b *blockWriter) sectionSearch(section int, n uint64) (found bool, prev uin
 		}
 		prev = v
 		return false // continue iteration
-	})
-	return found, prev, pos
+	}); err != nil {
+		return false, 0, 0, err
+	}
+	return found, prev, pos, nil
+}
+
+// rebuildBitmap scans the entire block and rebuilds the bitmap.
+func (b *blockWriter) rebuildBitmap() error {
+	clear(b.desc.extBitmap)
+	for i := 0; i < len(b.restarts); i++ {
+		if err := b.scanSection(i, func(v uint64, p int, ext []uint16) bool {
+			b.setBitmap(ext)
+			return false // continue iteration
+		}); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 // pop removes the last element from the block. The assumption is held that block
@@ -315,6 +418,7 @@ func (b *blockWriter) pop(id uint64) error {
 	if b.desc.entries == 1 {
 		b.desc.max = 0
 		b.desc.entries = 0
+		clear(b.desc.extBitmap)
 		b.restarts = nil
 		b.data = b.data[:0]
 		return nil
@@ -324,28 +428,36 @@ func (b *blockWriter) pop(id uint64) error {
 	if b.desc.entries%indexBlockRestartLen == 1 {
 		b.data = b.data[:b.restarts[len(b.restarts)-1]]
 		b.restarts = b.restarts[:len(b.restarts)-1]
-		b.desc.max = b.sectionLast(len(b.restarts) - 1)
+		last, err := b.sectionLast(len(b.restarts) - 1)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		b.desc.max = last
 		b.desc.entries -= 1
-		return nil
+		return b.rebuildBitmap()
 	}
 	// Look up the element preceding the one to be popped, in order to update
 	// the maximum element in the block.
-	found, prev, pos := b.sectionSearch(len(b.restarts)-1, id)
+	found, prev, pos, err := b.sectionSearch(len(b.restarts)-1, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	if !found {
 		return fmt.Errorf("pop element is not found, last: %d, this: %d", b.desc.max, id)
 	}
 	b.desc.max = prev
 	b.data = b.data[:pos]
 	b.desc.entries -= 1
-	return nil
+	return b.rebuildBitmap()
 }
 
 func (b *blockWriter) empty() bool {
 	return b.desc.empty()
 }
 
-func (b *blockWriter) full() bool {
-	return b.desc.full()
+func (b *blockWriter) estimateFull(ext []uint16) bool {
+	size := 8 + 2*len(ext)
+	return len(b.data)+size > indexBlockMaxSize
 }
 
 // last returns the last element in the block. It should only be called when
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block_test.go
index f8c6d3ab87..923ae29348 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_block_test.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package pathdb
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"math"
 	"math/rand"
 	"slices"
@@ -24,16 +25,36 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 )
 
+func randomExt(bitmapSize int, n int) []uint16 {
+	if bitmapSize == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var (
+		limit   = bitmapSize * 8
+		extList []uint16
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		extList = append(extList, uint16(rand.Intn(limit+1)))
+	}
+	return extList
+}
+
 func TestBlockReaderBasic(t *testing.T) {
+	testBlockReaderBasic(t, 0)
+	testBlockReaderBasic(t, 2)
+	testBlockReaderBasic(t, 34)
+}
+
+func testBlockReaderBasic(t *testing.T, bitmapSize int) {
 	elements := []uint64{
 		1, 5, 10, 11, 20,
 	}
-	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0, bitmapSize), 0, bitmapSize != 0)
 	for i := 0; i < len(elements); i++ {
-		bw.append(elements[i])
+		bw.append(elements[i], randomExt(bitmapSize, 5))
 	}
 
-	br, err := newBlockReader(bw.finish())
+	br, err := newBlockReader(bw.finish(), bitmapSize != 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to construct the block reader, %v", err)
 	}
@@ -60,18 +81,24 @@ func TestBlockReaderBasic(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestBlockReaderLarge(t *testing.T) {
+	testBlockReaderLarge(t, 0)
+	testBlockReaderLarge(t, 2)
+	testBlockReaderLarge(t, 34)
+}
+
+func testBlockReaderLarge(t *testing.T, bitmapSize int) {
 	var elements []uint64
 	for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
 		elements = append(elements, rand.Uint64())
 	}
 	slices.Sort(elements)
 
-	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0, bitmapSize), 0, bitmapSize != 0)
 	for i := 0; i < len(elements); i++ {
-		bw.append(elements[i])
+		bw.append(elements[i], randomExt(bitmapSize, 5))
 	}
 
-	br, err := newBlockReader(bw.finish())
+	br, err := newBlockReader(bw.finish(), bitmapSize != 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to construct the block reader, %v", err)
 	}
@@ -95,26 +122,32 @@ func TestBlockReaderLarge(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestBlockWriterBasic(t *testing.T) {
-	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
+	testBlockWriteBasic(t, 0)
+	testBlockWriteBasic(t, 2)
+	testBlockWriteBasic(t, 34)
+}
+
+func testBlockWriteBasic(t *testing.T, bitmapSize int) {
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0, bitmapSize), 0, bitmapSize != 0)
 	if !bw.empty() {
 		t.Fatal("expected empty block")
 	}
-	bw.append(2)
-	if err := bw.append(1); err == nil {
+	bw.append(2, randomExt(bitmapSize, 5))
+	if err := bw.append(1, randomExt(bitmapSize, 5)); err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("out-of-order insertion is not expected")
 	}
 	var maxElem uint64
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		bw.append(uint64(i + 3))
+		bw.append(uint64(i+3), randomExt(bitmapSize, 5))
 		maxElem = uint64(i + 3)
 	}
 
-	bw, err := newBlockWriter(bw.finish(), newIndexBlockDesc(0), maxElem)
+	bw, err := newBlockWriter(bw.finish(), newIndexBlockDesc(0, bitmapSize), maxElem, bitmapSize != 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to construct the block writer, %v", err)
 	}
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		if err := bw.append(uint64(i + 100)); err != nil {
+		if err := bw.append(uint64(i+100), randomExt(bitmapSize, 5)); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Failed to append value %d: %v", i, err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -122,58 +155,38 @@ func TestBlockWriterBasic(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestBlockWriterWithLimit(t *testing.T) {
-	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
+	testBlockWriterWithLimit(t, 0)
+	testBlockWriterWithLimit(t, 2)
+	testBlockWriterWithLimit(t, 34)
+}
 
-	var maxElem uint64
-	for i := 0; i < indexBlockRestartLen*2; i++ {
-		bw.append(uint64(i + 1))
-		maxElem = uint64(i + 1)
-	}
+func testBlockWriterWithLimit(t *testing.T, bitmapSize int) {
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0, bitmapSize), 0, bitmapSize != 0)
 
-	suites := []struct {
-		limit  uint64
-		expMax uint64
-	}{
-		// nothing to truncate
-		{
-			maxElem, maxElem,
-		},
-		// truncate the last element
-		{
-			maxElem - 1, maxElem - 1,
-		},
-		// truncation around the restart boundary
-		{
-			uint64(indexBlockRestartLen + 1),
-			uint64(indexBlockRestartLen + 1),
-		},
-		// truncation around the restart boundary
-		{
-			uint64(indexBlockRestartLen),
-			uint64(indexBlockRestartLen),
-		},
-		{
-			uint64(1), uint64(1),
-		},
-		// truncate the entire block, it's in theory invalid
-		{
-			uint64(0), uint64(0),
-		},
+	var bitmaps [][]byte
+	for i := 0; i < indexBlockRestartLen+2; i++ {
+		bw.append(uint64(i+1), randomExt(bitmapSize, 5))
+		bitmaps = append(bitmaps, bytes.Clone(bw.desc.extBitmap))
 	}
-	for i, suite := range suites {
-		desc := *bw.desc
-		block, err := newBlockWriter(bw.finish(), &desc, suite.limit)
+	for i := 0; i < indexBlockRestartLen+2; i++ {
+		limit := uint64(i + 1)
+
+		desc := bw.desc.copy()
+		block, err := newBlockWriter(bytes.Clone(bw.finish()), desc, limit, bitmapSize != 0)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Failed to construct the block writer, %v", err)
 		}
-		if block.desc.max != suite.expMax {
-			t.Fatalf("Test %d, unexpected max value, got %d, want %d", i, block.desc.max, suite.expMax)
+		if block.desc.max != limit {
+			t.Fatalf("Test %d, unexpected max value, got %d, want %d", i, block.desc.max, limit)
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(desc.extBitmap, bitmaps[i]) {
+			t.Fatalf("Test %d, unexpected bitmap, got: %v, want: %v", i, block.desc.extBitmap, bitmaps[i])
 		}
 
 		// Re-fill the elements
 		var maxElem uint64
-		for elem := suite.limit + 1; elem < indexBlockRestartLen*4; elem++ {
-			if err := block.append(elem); err != nil {
+		for elem := limit + 1; elem < indexBlockRestartLen+4; elem++ {
+			if err := block.append(elem, randomExt(bitmapSize, 5)); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("Failed to append value %d: %v", elem, err)
 			}
 			maxElem = elem
@@ -185,9 +198,15 @@ func TestBlockWriterWithLimit(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestBlockWriterDelete(t *testing.T) {
-	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
+	testBlockWriterDelete(t, 0)
+	testBlockWriterDelete(t, 2)
+	testBlockWriterDelete(t, 34)
+}
+
+func testBlockWriterDelete(t *testing.T, bitmapSize int) {
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0, bitmapSize), 0, bitmapSize != 0)
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		bw.append(uint64(i + 1))
+		bw.append(uint64(i+1), randomExt(bitmapSize, 5))
 	}
 	// Pop unknown id, the request should be rejected
 	if err := bw.pop(100); err == nil {
@@ -209,12 +228,18 @@ func TestBlockWriterDelete(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestBlcokWriterDeleteWithData(t *testing.T) {
+	testBlcokWriterDeleteWithData(t, 0)
+	testBlcokWriterDeleteWithData(t, 2)
+	testBlcokWriterDeleteWithData(t, 34)
+}
+
+func testBlcokWriterDeleteWithData(t *testing.T, bitmapSize int) {
 	elements := []uint64{
 		1, 5, 10, 11, 20,
 	}
-	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0, bitmapSize), 0, bitmapSize != 0)
 	for i := 0; i < len(elements); i++ {
-		bw.append(elements[i])
+		bw.append(elements[i], randomExt(bitmapSize, 5))
 	}
 
 	// Re-construct the block writer with data
@@ -223,7 +248,10 @@ func TestBlcokWriterDeleteWithData(t *testing.T) {
 		max:     20,
 		entries: 5,
 	}
-	bw, err := newBlockWriter(bw.finish(), desc, elements[len(elements)-1])
+	if bitmapSize > 0 {
+		desc.extBitmap = make([]byte, bitmapSize)
+	}
+	bw, err := newBlockWriter(bw.finish(), desc, elements[len(elements)-1], bitmapSize != 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to construct block writer %v", err)
 	}
@@ -234,7 +262,7 @@ func TestBlcokWriterDeleteWithData(t *testing.T) {
 		newTail := elements[i-1]
 
 		// Ensure the element can still be queried with no issue
-		br, err := newBlockReader(bw.finish())
+		br, err := newBlockReader(bw.finish(), bitmapSize != 0)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Failed to construct the block reader, %v", err)
 		}
@@ -266,29 +294,60 @@ func TestBlcokWriterDeleteWithData(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestCorruptedIndexBlock(t *testing.T) {
-	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0, 0), 0, false)
 
 	var maxElem uint64
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		bw.append(uint64(i + 1))
+		bw.append(uint64(i+1), nil)
 		maxElem = uint64(i + 1)
 	}
 	buf := bw.finish()
 
 	// Mutate the buffer manually
 	buf[len(buf)-1]++
-	_, err := newBlockWriter(buf, newIndexBlockDesc(0), maxElem)
+	_, err := newBlockWriter(buf, newIndexBlockDesc(0, 0), maxElem, false)
 	if err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("Corrupted index block data is not detected")
 	}
 }
 
 // BenchmarkParseIndexBlock benchmarks the performance of parseIndexBlock.
+//
+// goos: darwin
+// goarch: arm64
+// pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb
+// cpu: Apple M1 Pro
+// BenchmarkParseIndexBlock
+// BenchmarkParseIndexBlock-8   	35829495	        34.16 ns/op
 func BenchmarkParseIndexBlock(b *testing.B) {
 	// Generate a realistic index block blob
-	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0, 0), 0, false)
 	for i := 0; i < 4096; i++ {
-		bw.append(uint64(i * 2))
+		bw.append(uint64(i*2), nil)
+	}
+	blob := bw.finish()
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		_, _, err := parseIndexBlock(blob)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatalf("parseIndexBlock failed: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// goos: darwin
+// goarch: arm64
+// pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb
+// cpu: Apple M1 Pro
+// BenchmarkParseIndexBlockWithExt
+// BenchmarkParseIndexBlockWithExt-8   	35773242	        33.72 ns/op
+func BenchmarkParseIndexBlockWithExt(b *testing.B) {
+	// Generate a realistic index block blob
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0, 34), 0, true)
+	for i := 0; i < 4096; i++ {
+		id, ext := uint64(i*2), randomExt(34, 3)
+		bw.append(id, ext)
 	}
 	blob := bw.finish()
 
@@ -302,21 +361,58 @@ func BenchmarkParseIndexBlock(b *testing.B) {
 }
 
 // BenchmarkBlockWriterAppend benchmarks the performance of indexblock.writer
+//
+// goos: darwin
+// goarch: arm64
+// pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb
+// cpu: Apple M1 Pro
+// BenchmarkBlockWriterAppend
+// BenchmarkBlockWriterAppend-8   	293611083	         4.113 ns/op	       3 B/op	       0 allocs/op
 func BenchmarkBlockWriterAppend(b *testing.B) {
 	b.ReportAllocs()
 	b.ResetTimer()
 
 	var blockID uint32
-	desc := newIndexBlockDesc(blockID)
-	writer, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, desc, 0)
+	desc := newIndexBlockDesc(blockID, 0)
+	writer, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, desc, 0, false)
 
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		if writer.full() {
+		if writer.estimateFull(nil) {
 			blockID += 1
-			desc = newIndexBlockDesc(blockID)
-			writer, _ = newBlockWriter(nil, desc, 0)
+			desc = newIndexBlockDesc(blockID, 0)
+			writer, _ = newBlockWriter(nil, desc, 0, false)
 		}
-		if err := writer.append(writer.desc.max + 1); err != nil {
+		if err := writer.append(writer.desc.max+1, nil); err != nil {
+			b.Error(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// goos: darwin
+// goarch: arm64
+// pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb
+// cpu: Apple M1 Pro
+// BenchmarkBlockWriterAppendWithExt
+// BenchmarkBlockWriterAppendWithExt-8   	11123844	       103.6 ns/op	      42 B/op	       2 allocs/op
+func BenchmarkBlockWriterAppendWithExt(b *testing.B) {
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	var (
+		bitmapSize = 34
+		blockID    uint32
+	)
+	desc := newIndexBlockDesc(blockID, bitmapSize)
+	writer, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, desc, 0, true)
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		ext := randomExt(bitmapSize, 3)
+		if writer.estimateFull(ext) {
+			blockID += 1
+			desc = newIndexBlockDesc(blockID, bitmapSize)
+			writer, _ = newBlockWriter(nil, desc, 0, true)
+		}
+		if err := writer.append(writer.desc.max+1, ext); err != nil {
 			b.Error(err)
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator.go
index 1ccb39ad09..076baaa9e5 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator.go
@@ -40,31 +40,133 @@ type HistoryIndexIterator interface {
 	Error() error
 }
 
+// extFilter provides utilities for filtering index entries based on their
+// extension field.
+//
+// It supports two primary operations:
+//
+//   - determine whether a given target node ID or any of its descendants
+//     appears explicitly in the extension list.
+//
+//   - determine whether a given target node ID or any of its descendants
+//     is marked in the extension bitmap.
+//
+// Together, these checks allow callers to efficiently filter out the irrelevant
+// index entries during the lookup.
+type extFilter uint16
+
+// exists takes the entire extension field in the index block and determines
+// whether the target ID or its descendants appears. Note, any of descendant
+// can implicitly mean the presence of ancestor.
+func (f extFilter) exists(ext []byte) (bool, error) {
+	fn := uint16(f)
+	list, err := decodeIDs(ext)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	for _, elem := range list {
+		if elem == fn {
+			return true, nil
+		}
+		if isAncestor(fn, elem) {
+			return true, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+const (
+	// bitmapBytesTwoLevels is the size of the bitmap for two levels of the
+	// 16-ary tree (16 nodes total, excluding the root).
+	bitmapBytesTwoLevels = 2
+
+	// bitmapBytesThreeLevels is the size of the bitmap for three levels of
+	// the 16-ary tree (272 nodes total, excluding the root).
+	bitmapBytesThreeLevels = 34
+
+	// bitmapElementThresholdTwoLevels is the total number of elements in the
+	// two levels of a 16-ary tree (16 nodes total, excluding the root).
+	bitmapElementThresholdTwoLevels = 16
+
+	// bitmapElementThresholdThreeLevels is the total number of elements in the
+	// two levels of a 16-ary tree (16 nodes total, excluding the root).
+	bitmapElementThresholdThreeLevels = bitmapElementThresholdTwoLevels + 16*16
+)
+
+// contains takes the bitmap from the block metadata and determines whether the
+// target ID or its descendants is marked in the bitmap. Note, any of descendant
+// can implicitly mean the presence of ancestor.
+func (f extFilter) contains(bitmap []byte) (bool, error) {
+	id := int(f)
+	if id == 0 {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+	n := id - 1 // apply the position shift for excluding root node
+
+	switch len(bitmap) {
+	case 0:
+		// Bitmap is not available, return "false positive"
+		return true, nil
+	case bitmapBytesTwoLevels:
+		// Bitmap for 2-level trie with at most 16 elements inside
+		if n >= bitmapElementThresholdTwoLevels {
+			return false, fmt.Errorf("invalid extension filter %d for 2 bytes bitmap", id)
+		}
+		return isBitSet(bitmap, n), nil
+	case bitmapBytesThreeLevels:
+		// Bitmap for 3-level trie with at most 16+16*16 elements inside
+		if n >= bitmapElementThresholdThreeLevels {
+			return false, fmt.Errorf("invalid extension filter %d for 34 bytes bitmap", id)
+		} else if n >= bitmapElementThresholdTwoLevels {
+			return isBitSet(bitmap, n), nil
+		} else {
+			// Check the element itself first
+			if isBitSet(bitmap, n) {
+				return true, nil
+			}
+			// Check descendants: the presence of any descendant implicitly
+			// represents a mutation of its ancestor.
+			return bitmap[2+2*n] != 0 || bitmap[3+2*n] != 0, nil
+		}
+	default:
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("unsupported bitmap size %d", len(bitmap))
+	}
+}
+
 // blockIterator is the iterator to traverse the indices within a single block.
 type blockIterator struct {
 	// immutable fields
 	data     []byte   // Reference to the data segment within the block reader
 	restarts []uint16 // Offsets pointing to the restart sections within the data
+	hasExt   bool     // Flag whether the extension is included in the data
+
+	// Optional extension filter
+	filter *extFilter // Filters index entries based on the extension field.
 
 	// mutable fields
 	id         uint64 // ID of the element at the iterators current position
+	ext        []byte // Extension field of the element at the iterators current position
 	dataPtr    int    // Current read position within the data slice
 	restartPtr int    // Index of the restart section where the iterator is currently positioned
 	exhausted  bool   // Flag whether the iterator has been exhausted
 	err        error  // Accumulated error during the traversal
 }
 
-func newBlockIterator(data []byte, restarts []uint16) *blockIterator {
+func (br *blockReader) newIterator(filter *extFilter) *blockIterator {
 	it := &blockIterator{
-		data:     data,     // hold the slice directly with no deep copy
-		restarts: restarts, // hold the slice directly with no deep copy
+		data:     br.data,     // hold the slice directly with no deep copy
+		restarts: br.restarts, // hold the slice directly with no deep copy
+		hasExt:   br.hasExt,   // flag whether the extension should be resolved
+		filter:   filter,      // optional extension filter
 	}
 	it.reset()
 	return it
 }
 
-func (it *blockIterator) set(dataPtr int, restartPtr int, id uint64) {
+func (it *blockIterator) set(dataPtr int, restartPtr int, id uint64, ext []byte) {
 	it.id = id
+	it.ext = ext
+
 	it.dataPtr = dataPtr
 	it.restartPtr = restartPtr
 	it.exhausted = dataPtr == len(it.data)
@@ -79,6 +181,8 @@ func (it *blockIterator) setErr(err error) {
 
 func (it *blockIterator) reset() {
 	it.id = 0
+	it.ext = nil
+
 	it.dataPtr = -1
 	it.restartPtr = -1
 	it.exhausted = false
@@ -90,12 +194,26 @@ func (it *blockIterator) reset() {
 	}
 }
 
-// SeekGT moves the iterator to the first element whose id is greater than the
+func (it *blockIterator) resolveExt(pos int) ([]byte, int, error) {
+	if !it.hasExt {
+		return nil, 0, nil
+	}
+	length, n := binary.Uvarint(it.data[pos:])
+	if n <= 0 {
+		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("too short for extension, pos: %d, datalen: %d", pos, len(it.data))
+	}
+	if len(it.data[pos+n:]) < int(length) {
+		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("too short for extension, pos: %d, length: %d, datalen: %d", pos, length, len(it.data))
+	}
+	return it.data[pos+n : pos+n+int(length)], n + int(length), nil
+}
+
+// seekGT moves the iterator to the first element whose id is greater than the
 // given number. It returns whether such element exists.
 //
 // Note, this operation will unset the exhausted status and subsequent traversal
 // is allowed.
-func (it *blockIterator) SeekGT(id uint64) bool {
+func (it *blockIterator) seekGT(id uint64) bool {
 	if it.err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -112,11 +230,20 @@ func (it *blockIterator) SeekGT(id uint64) bool {
 		return false
 	}
 	if index == 0 {
-		item, n := binary.Uvarint(it.data[it.restarts[0]:])
+		pos := int(it.restarts[0])
+		item, n := binary.Uvarint(it.data[pos:])
+		if n <= 0 {
+			it.setErr(fmt.Errorf("failed to decode item at pos %d", it.restarts[0]))
+			return false
+		}
+		pos = pos + n
 
-		// If the restart size is 1, then the restart pointer shouldn't be 0.
-		// It's not practical and should be denied in the first place.
-		it.set(int(it.restarts[0])+n, 0, item)
+		ext, shift, err := it.resolveExt(pos)
+		if err != nil {
+			it.setErr(err)
+			return false
+		}
+		it.set(pos+shift, 0, item, ext)
 		return true
 	}
 	var (
@@ -154,11 +281,18 @@ func (it *blockIterator) SeekGT(id uint64) bool {
 		}
 		pos += n
 
+		ext, shift, err := it.resolveExt(pos)
+		if err != nil {
+			it.setErr(err)
+			return false
+		}
+		pos += shift
+
 		if result > id {
 			if pos == limit {
-				it.set(pos, restartIndex+1, result)
+				it.set(pos, restartIndex+1, result, ext)
 			} else {
-				it.set(pos, restartIndex, result)
+				it.set(pos, restartIndex, result, ext)
 			}
 			return true
 		}
@@ -170,8 +304,45 @@ func (it *blockIterator) SeekGT(id uint64) bool {
 	}
 	// The element which is the first one greater than the specified id
 	// is exactly the one located at the restart point.
-	item, n := binary.Uvarint(it.data[it.restarts[index]:])
-	it.set(int(it.restarts[index])+n, index, item)
+	pos = int(it.restarts[index])
+	item, n := binary.Uvarint(it.data[pos:])
+	if n <= 0 {
+		it.setErr(fmt.Errorf("failed to decode item at pos %d", it.restarts[index]))
+		return false
+	}
+	pos = pos + n
+
+	ext, shift, err := it.resolveExt(pos)
+	if err != nil {
+		it.setErr(err)
+		return false
+	}
+	it.set(pos+shift, index, item, ext)
+	return true
+}
+
+// SeekGT implements HistoryIndexIterator, is the wrapper of the seekGT with
+// optional extension filter logic applied.
+func (it *blockIterator) SeekGT(id uint64) bool {
+	if !it.seekGT(id) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if it.filter == nil {
+		return true
+	}
+	for {
+		found, err := it.filter.exists(it.ext)
+		if err != nil {
+			it.setErr(err)
+			return false
+		}
+		if found {
+			break
+		}
+		if !it.next() {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
 	return true
 }
 
@@ -183,10 +354,9 @@ func (it *blockIterator) init() {
 	it.restartPtr = 0
 }
 
-// Next implements the HistoryIndexIterator, moving the iterator to the next
-// element. If the iterator has been exhausted, and boolean with false should
-// be returned.
-func (it *blockIterator) Next() bool {
+// next moves the iterator to the next element. If the iterator has been exhausted,
+// and boolean with false should be returned.
+func (it *blockIterator) next() bool {
 	if it.exhausted || it.err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -198,7 +368,6 @@ func (it *blockIterator) Next() bool {
 		it.setErr(fmt.Errorf("failed to decode item at pos %d", it.dataPtr))
 		return false
 	}
-
 	var val uint64
 	if it.dataPtr == int(it.restarts[it.restartPtr]) {
 		val = v
@@ -206,16 +375,48 @@ func (it *blockIterator) Next() bool {
 		val = it.id + v
 	}
 
+	// Decode the extension field
+	ext, shift, err := it.resolveExt(it.dataPtr + n)
+	if err != nil {
+		it.setErr(err)
+		return false
+	}
+
 	// Move to the next restart section if the data pointer crosses the boundary
 	nextRestartPtr := it.restartPtr
-	if it.restartPtr < len(it.restarts)-1 && it.dataPtr+n == int(it.restarts[it.restartPtr+1]) {
+	if it.restartPtr < len(it.restarts)-1 && it.dataPtr+n+shift == int(it.restarts[it.restartPtr+1]) {
 		nextRestartPtr = it.restartPtr + 1
 	}
-	it.set(it.dataPtr+n, nextRestartPtr, val)
+	it.set(it.dataPtr+n+shift, nextRestartPtr, val, ext)
 
 	return true
 }
 
+// Next implements the HistoryIndexIterator, moving the iterator to the next
+// element. It's a wrapper of next with optional extension filter logic applied.
+func (it *blockIterator) Next() bool {
+	if !it.next() {
+		return false
+	}
+	if it.filter == nil {
+		return true
+	}
+	for {
+		found, err := it.filter.exists(it.ext)
+		if err != nil {
+			it.setErr(err)
+			return false
+		}
+		if found {
+			break
+		}
+		if !it.next() {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
 // ID implements HistoryIndexIterator, returning the id of the element where the
 // iterator is positioned at.
 func (it *blockIterator) ID() uint64 {
@@ -226,15 +427,15 @@ func (it *blockIterator) ID() uint64 {
 // Exhausting all the elements is not considered to be an error.
 func (it *blockIterator) Error() error { return it.err }
 
-// blockLoader defines the method to retrieve the specific block for reading.
-type blockLoader func(id uint32) (*blockReader, error)
-
 // indexIterator is an iterator to traverse the history indices belonging to the
 // specific state entry.
 type indexIterator struct {
 	// immutable fields
 	descList []*indexBlockDesc
-	loader   blockLoader
+	reader   *indexReader
+
+	// Optional extension filter
+	filter *extFilter
 
 	// mutable fields
 	blockIt   *blockIterator
@@ -243,10 +444,26 @@ type indexIterator struct {
 	err       error
 }
 
-func newIndexIterator(descList []*indexBlockDesc, loader blockLoader) *indexIterator {
+// newBlockIter initializes the block iterator with the specified block ID.
+func (r *indexReader) newBlockIter(id uint32, filter *extFilter) (*blockIterator, error) {
+	br, ok := r.readers[id]
+	if !ok {
+		var err error
+		br, err = newBlockReader(readStateIndexBlock(r.state, r.db, id), r.bitmapSize != 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		r.readers[id] = br
+	}
+	return br.newIterator(filter), nil
+}
+
+// newIterator initializes the index iterator with the specified extension filter.
+func (r *indexReader) newIterator(filter *extFilter) *indexIterator {
 	it := &indexIterator{
-		descList: descList,
-		loader:   loader,
+		descList: r.descList,
+		reader:   r,
+		filter:   filter,
 	}
 	it.reset()
 	return it
@@ -271,16 +488,32 @@ func (it *indexIterator) reset() {
 }
 
 func (it *indexIterator) open(blockPtr int) error {
-	id := it.descList[blockPtr].id
-	br, err := it.loader(id)
+	blockIt, err := it.reader.newBlockIter(it.descList[blockPtr].id, it.filter)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	it.blockIt = newBlockIterator(br.data, br.restarts)
+	it.blockIt = blockIt
 	it.blockPtr = blockPtr
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (it *indexIterator) applyFilter(index int) (int, error) {
+	if it.filter == nil {
+		return index, nil
+	}
+	for index < len(it.descList) {
+		found, err := it.filter.contains(it.descList[index].extBitmap)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		if found {
+			break
+		}
+		index++
+	}
+	return index, nil
+}
+
 // SeekGT moves the iterator to the first element whose id is greater than the
 // given number. It returns whether such element exists.
 //
@@ -293,6 +526,11 @@ func (it *indexIterator) SeekGT(id uint64) bool {
 	index := sort.Search(len(it.descList), func(i int) bool {
 		return id < it.descList[i].max
 	})
+	index, err := it.applyFilter(index)
+	if err != nil {
+		it.setErr(err)
+		return false
+	}
 	if index == len(it.descList) {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -304,7 +542,13 @@ func (it *indexIterator) SeekGT(id uint64) bool {
 			return false
 		}
 	}
-	return it.blockIt.SeekGT(id)
+	// Terminate if the element which is greater than the id can be found in the
+	// last block; otherwise move to the next block. It may happen that all the
+	// target elements in this block are all less than id.
+	if it.blockIt.SeekGT(id) {
+		return true
+	}
+	return it.Next()
 }
 
 func (it *indexIterator) init() error {
@@ -325,15 +569,23 @@ func (it *indexIterator) Next() bool {
 		it.setErr(err)
 		return false
 	}
-
 	if it.blockIt.Next() {
 		return true
 	}
-	if it.blockPtr == len(it.descList)-1 {
+	it.blockPtr++
+
+	index, err := it.applyFilter(it.blockPtr)
+	if err != nil {
+		it.setErr(err)
+		return false
+	}
+	it.blockPtr = index
+
+	if it.blockPtr == len(it.descList) {
 		it.exhausted = true
 		return false
 	}
-	if err := it.open(it.blockPtr + 1); err != nil {
+	if err := it.open(it.blockPtr); err != nil {
 		it.setErr(err)
 		return false
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go
index f0dd3fee4a..8b7591ce26 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ package pathdb
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"maps"
 	"math/rand"
+	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -28,12 +30,30 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 )
 
-func makeTestIndexBlock(count int) ([]byte, []uint64) {
+func checkExt(f *extFilter, ext []uint16) bool {
+	if f == nil {
+		return true
+	}
+	fn := uint16(*f)
+
+	for _, n := range ext {
+		if n == fn {
+			return true
+		}
+		if isAncestor(fn, n) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func makeTestIndexBlock(count int, bitmapSize int) ([]byte, []uint64, [][]uint16) {
 	var (
 		marks    = make(map[uint64]bool)
-		elements []uint64
+		elements = make([]uint64, 0, count)
+		extList  = make([][]uint16, 0, count)
 	)
-	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0), 0)
+	bw, _ := newBlockWriter(nil, newIndexBlockDesc(0, bitmapSize), 0, bitmapSize != 0)
 	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 		n := uint64(rand.Uint32())
 		if marks[n] {
@@ -45,17 +65,20 @@ func makeTestIndexBlock(count int) ([]byte, []uint64) {
 	sort.Slice(elements, func(i, j int) bool { return elements[i] < elements[j] })
 
 	for i := 0; i < len(elements); i++ {
-		bw.append(elements[i])
+		ext := randomExt(bitmapSize, 5)
+		extList = append(extList, ext)
+		bw.append(elements[i], ext)
 	}
 	data := bw.finish()
 
-	return data, elements
+	return data, elements, extList
 }
 
-func makeTestIndexBlocks(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, stateIdent stateIdent, count int) []uint64 {
+func makeTestIndexBlocks(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, stateIdent stateIdent, count int, bitmapSize int) ([]uint64, [][]uint16) {
 	var (
 		marks    = make(map[uint64]bool)
 		elements []uint64
+		extList  [][]uint16
 	)
 	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 		n := uint64(rand.Uint32())
@@ -67,15 +90,17 @@ func makeTestIndexBlocks(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, stateIdent stateIdent, count in
 	}
 	sort.Slice(elements, func(i, j int) bool { return elements[i] < elements[j] })
 
-	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, stateIdent, 0)
+	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, stateIdent, 0, bitmapSize)
 	for i := 0; i < len(elements); i++ {
-		iw.append(elements[i])
+		ext := randomExt(bitmapSize, 5)
+		extList = append(extList, ext)
+		iw.append(elements[i], ext)
 	}
 	batch := db.NewBatch()
 	iw.finish(batch)
 	batch.Write()
 
-	return elements
+	return elements, extList
 }
 
 func checkSeekGT(it HistoryIndexIterator, input uint64, exp bool, expVal uint64) error {
@@ -113,43 +138,40 @@ func checkNext(it HistoryIndexIterator, values []uint64) error {
 	return it.Error()
 }
 
-func TestBlockIteratorSeekGT(t *testing.T) {
-	/* 0-size index block is not allowed
-
-	data, elements := makeTestIndexBlock(0)
-	testBlockIterator(t, data, elements)
-	*/
-
-	data, elements := makeTestIndexBlock(1)
-	testBlockIterator(t, data, elements)
-
-	data, elements = makeTestIndexBlock(indexBlockRestartLen)
-	testBlockIterator(t, data, elements)
-
-	data, elements = makeTestIndexBlock(3 * indexBlockRestartLen)
-	testBlockIterator(t, data, elements)
-
-	data, elements = makeTestIndexBlock(indexBlockEntriesCap)
-	testBlockIterator(t, data, elements)
-}
-
-func testBlockIterator(t *testing.T, data []byte, elements []uint64) {
-	br, err := newBlockReader(data)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to open the block for reading, %v", err)
+func verifySeekGT(t *testing.T, elements []uint64, ext [][]uint16, newIter func(filter *extFilter) HistoryIndexIterator) {
+	set := make(map[extFilter]bool)
+	for _, extList := range ext {
+		for _, f := range extList {
+			set[extFilter(f)] = true
+		}
 	}
-	it := newBlockIterator(br.data, br.restarts)
+	filters := slices.Collect(maps.Keys(set))
 
 	for i := 0; i < 128; i++ {
+		var filter *extFilter
+		if rand.Intn(2) == 0 && len(filters) > 0 {
+			filter = &filters[rand.Intn(len(filters))]
+		} else {
+			filter = nil
+		}
+
 		var input uint64
 		if rand.Intn(2) == 0 {
 			input = elements[rand.Intn(len(elements))]
 		} else {
 			input = uint64(rand.Uint32())
 		}
+
 		index := sort.Search(len(elements), func(i int) bool {
 			return elements[i] > input
 		})
+		for index < len(elements) {
+			if checkExt(filter, ext[index]) {
+				break
+			}
+			index++
+		}
+
 		var (
 			exp     bool
 			expVal  uint64
@@ -160,10 +182,17 @@ func testBlockIterator(t *testing.T, data []byte, elements []uint64) {
 		} else {
 			exp = true
 			expVal = elements[index]
-			if index < len(elements) {
-				remains = elements[index+1:]
+
+			index++
+			for index < len(elements) {
+				if checkExt(filter, ext[index]) {
+					remains = append(remains, elements[index])
+				}
+				index++
 			}
 		}
+
+		it := newIter(filter)
 		if err := checkSeekGT(it, input, exp, expVal); err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
@@ -175,62 +204,71 @@ func testBlockIterator(t *testing.T, data []byte, elements []uint64) {
 	}
 }
 
+func verifyTraversal(t *testing.T, elements []uint64, ext [][]uint16, newIter func(filter *extFilter) HistoryIndexIterator) {
+	set := make(map[extFilter]bool)
+	for _, extList := range ext {
+		for _, f := range extList {
+			set[extFilter(f)] = true
+		}
+	}
+	filters := slices.Collect(maps.Keys(set))
+
+	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+		var filter *extFilter
+		if len(filters) > 0 {
+			filter = &filters[rand.Intn(len(filters))]
+		} else {
+			filter = nil
+		}
+		it := newIter(filter)
+
+		var (
+			pos int
+			exp []uint64
+		)
+		for pos < len(elements) {
+			if checkExt(filter, ext[pos]) {
+				exp = append(exp, elements[pos])
+			}
+			pos++
+		}
+		if err := checkNext(it, exp); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBlockIteratorSeekGT(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, size := range []int{0, 2, 34} {
+		for _, n := range []int{1, indexBlockRestartLen, 3 * indexBlockRestartLen} {
+			data, elements, ext := makeTestIndexBlock(n, size)
+
+			verifySeekGT(t, elements, ext, func(filter *extFilter) HistoryIndexIterator {
+				br, err := newBlockReader(data, size != 0)
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("Failed to open the block for reading, %v", err)
+				}
+				return br.newIterator(filter)
+			})
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestIndexIteratorSeekGT(t *testing.T) {
 	ident := newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0x1})
 
-	dbA := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	testIndexIterator(t, ident, dbA, makeTestIndexBlocks(dbA, ident, 1))
+	for _, size := range []int{0, 2, 34} {
+		for _, n := range []int{1, 4096, 3 * 4096} {
+			db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+			elements, ext := makeTestIndexBlocks(db, ident, n, size)
 
-	dbB := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	testIndexIterator(t, ident, dbB, makeTestIndexBlocks(dbB, ident, 3*indexBlockEntriesCap))
-
-	dbC := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	testIndexIterator(t, ident, dbC, makeTestIndexBlocks(dbC, ident, indexBlockEntriesCap-1))
-
-	dbD := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	testIndexIterator(t, ident, dbD, makeTestIndexBlocks(dbD, ident, indexBlockEntriesCap+1))
-}
-
-func testIndexIterator(t *testing.T, stateIdent stateIdent, db ethdb.Database, elements []uint64) {
-	ir, err := newIndexReader(db, stateIdent)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to open the index reader, %v", err)
-	}
-	it := newIndexIterator(ir.descList, func(id uint32) (*blockReader, error) {
-		return newBlockReader(readStateIndexBlock(stateIdent, db, id))
-	})
-
-	for i := 0; i < 128; i++ {
-		var input uint64
-		if rand.Intn(2) == 0 {
-			input = elements[rand.Intn(len(elements))]
-		} else {
-			input = uint64(rand.Uint32())
-		}
-		index := sort.Search(len(elements), func(i int) bool {
-			return elements[i] > input
-		})
-		var (
-			exp     bool
-			expVal  uint64
-			remains []uint64
-		)
-		if index == len(elements) {
-			exp = false
-		} else {
-			exp = true
-			expVal = elements[index]
-			if index < len(elements) {
-				remains = elements[index+1:]
-			}
-		}
-		if err := checkSeekGT(it, input, exp, expVal); err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		if exp {
-			if err := checkNext(it, remains); err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
+			verifySeekGT(t, elements, ext, func(filter *extFilter) HistoryIndexIterator {
+				ir, err := newIndexReader(db, ident, size)
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("Failed to open the index reader, %v", err)
+				}
+				return ir.newIterator(filter)
+			})
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -242,56 +280,36 @@ func TestBlockIteratorTraversal(t *testing.T) {
 	testBlockIterator(t, data, elements)
 	*/
 
-	data, elements := makeTestIndexBlock(1)
-	testBlockIteratorTraversal(t, data, elements)
+	for _, size := range []int{0, 2, 34} {
+		for _, n := range []int{1, indexBlockRestartLen, 3 * indexBlockRestartLen} {
+			data, elements, ext := makeTestIndexBlock(n, size)
 
-	data, elements = makeTestIndexBlock(indexBlockRestartLen)
-	testBlockIteratorTraversal(t, data, elements)
-
-	data, elements = makeTestIndexBlock(3 * indexBlockRestartLen)
-	testBlockIteratorTraversal(t, data, elements)
-
-	data, elements = makeTestIndexBlock(indexBlockEntriesCap)
-	testBlockIteratorTraversal(t, data, elements)
-}
-
-func testBlockIteratorTraversal(t *testing.T, data []byte, elements []uint64) {
-	br, err := newBlockReader(data)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to open the block for reading, %v", err)
-	}
-	it := newBlockIterator(br.data, br.restarts)
-
-	if err := checkNext(it, elements); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
+			verifyTraversal(t, elements, ext, func(filter *extFilter) HistoryIndexIterator {
+				br, err := newBlockReader(data, size != 0)
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("Failed to open the block for reading, %v", err)
+				}
+				return br.newIterator(filter)
+			})
+		}
 	}
 }
 
 func TestIndexIteratorTraversal(t *testing.T) {
 	ident := newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0x1})
 
-	dbA := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	testIndexIteratorTraversal(t, ident, dbA, makeTestIndexBlocks(dbA, ident, 1))
+	for _, size := range []int{0, 2, 34} {
+		for _, n := range []int{1, 4096, 3 * 4096} {
+			db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+			elements, ext := makeTestIndexBlocks(db, ident, n, size)
 
-	dbB := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	testIndexIteratorTraversal(t, ident, dbB, makeTestIndexBlocks(dbB, ident, 3*indexBlockEntriesCap))
-
-	dbC := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	testIndexIteratorTraversal(t, ident, dbC, makeTestIndexBlocks(dbC, ident, indexBlockEntriesCap-1))
-
-	dbD := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	testIndexIteratorTraversal(t, ident, dbD, makeTestIndexBlocks(dbD, ident, indexBlockEntriesCap+1))
-}
-
-func testIndexIteratorTraversal(t *testing.T, stateIdent stateIdent, db ethdb.KeyValueReader, elements []uint64) {
-	ir, err := newIndexReader(db, stateIdent)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Failed to open the index reader, %v", err)
-	}
-	it := newIndexIterator(ir.descList, func(id uint32) (*blockReader, error) {
-		return newBlockReader(readStateIndexBlock(stateIdent, db, id))
-	})
-	if err := checkNext(it, elements); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
+			verifyTraversal(t, elements, ext, func(filter *extFilter) HistoryIndexIterator {
+				ir, err := newIndexReader(db, ident, size)
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("Failed to open the index reader, %v", err)
+				}
+				return ir.newIterator(filter)
+			})
+		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go
index 42cb04b001..2644db46b5 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_test.go
@@ -29,19 +29,25 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestIndexReaderBasic(t *testing.T) {
+	testIndexReaderBasic(t, 0)
+	testIndexReaderBasic(t, 2)
+	testIndexReaderBasic(t, 34)
+}
+
+func testIndexReaderBasic(t *testing.T, bitmapSize int) {
 	elements := []uint64{
 		1, 5, 10, 11, 20,
 	}
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	bw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0)
+	bw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0, bitmapSize)
 	for i := 0; i < len(elements); i++ {
-		bw.append(elements[i])
+		bw.append(elements[i], randomExt(bitmapSize, 5))
 	}
 	batch := db.NewBatch()
 	bw.finish(batch)
 	batch.Write()
 
-	br, err := newIndexReader(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}))
+	br, err := newIndexReader(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), bitmapSize)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to construct the index reader, %v", err)
 	}
@@ -68,22 +74,28 @@ func TestIndexReaderBasic(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIndexReaderLarge(t *testing.T) {
+	testIndexReaderLarge(t, 0)
+	testIndexReaderLarge(t, 2)
+	testIndexReaderLarge(t, 34)
+}
+
+func testIndexReaderLarge(t *testing.T, bitmapSize int) {
 	var elements []uint64
-	for i := 0; i < 10*indexBlockEntriesCap; i++ {
+	for i := 0; i < 10*4096; i++ {
 		elements = append(elements, rand.Uint64())
 	}
 	slices.Sort(elements)
 
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	bw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0)
+	bw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0, bitmapSize)
 	for i := 0; i < len(elements); i++ {
-		bw.append(elements[i])
+		bw.append(elements[i], randomExt(bitmapSize, 5))
 	}
 	batch := db.NewBatch()
 	bw.finish(batch)
 	batch.Write()
 
-	br, err := newIndexReader(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}))
+	br, err := newIndexReader(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), bitmapSize)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to construct the index reader, %v", err)
 	}
@@ -107,7 +119,7 @@ func TestIndexReaderLarge(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestEmptyIndexReader(t *testing.T) {
-	br, err := newIndexReader(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}))
+	br, err := newIndexReader(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to construct the index reader, %v", err)
 	}
@@ -121,27 +133,33 @@ func TestEmptyIndexReader(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIndexWriterBasic(t *testing.T) {
+	testIndexWriterBasic(t, 0)
+	testIndexWriterBasic(t, 2)
+	testIndexWriterBasic(t, 34)
+}
+
+func testIndexWriterBasic(t *testing.T, bitmapSize int) {
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0)
-	iw.append(2)
-	if err := iw.append(1); err == nil {
+	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0, bitmapSize)
+	iw.append(2, randomExt(bitmapSize, 5))
+	if err := iw.append(1, randomExt(bitmapSize, 5)); err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("out-of-order insertion is not expected")
 	}
 	var maxElem uint64
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		iw.append(uint64(i + 3))
+		iw.append(uint64(i+3), randomExt(bitmapSize, 5))
 		maxElem = uint64(i + 3)
 	}
 	batch := db.NewBatch()
 	iw.finish(batch)
 	batch.Write()
 
-	iw, err := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), maxElem)
+	iw, err := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), maxElem, bitmapSize)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to construct the block writer, %v", err)
 	}
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		if err := iw.append(uint64(i + 100)); err != nil {
+		if err := iw.append(uint64(i+100), randomExt(bitmapSize, 5)); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Failed to append item, %v", err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -149,61 +167,37 @@ func TestIndexWriterBasic(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIndexWriterWithLimit(t *testing.T) {
-	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0)
+	testIndexWriterWithLimit(t, 0)
+	testIndexWriterWithLimit(t, 2)
+	testIndexWriterWithLimit(t, 34)
+}
 
-	var maxElem uint64
-	for i := 0; i < indexBlockEntriesCap*2; i++ {
-		iw.append(uint64(i + 1))
-		maxElem = uint64(i + 1)
+func testIndexWriterWithLimit(t *testing.T, bitmapSize int) {
+	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0, bitmapSize)
+
+	// 200 iterations (with around 50 bytes extension) is enough to cross
+	// the block boundary (4096 bytes)
+	for i := 0; i < 200; i++ {
+		iw.append(uint64(i+1), randomExt(bitmapSize, 50))
 	}
 	batch := db.NewBatch()
 	iw.finish(batch)
 	batch.Write()
 
-	suites := []struct {
-		limit  uint64
-		expMax uint64
-	}{
-		// nothing to truncate
-		{
-			maxElem, maxElem,
-		},
-		// truncate the last element
-		{
-			maxElem - 1, maxElem - 1,
-		},
-		// truncation around the block boundary
-		{
-			uint64(indexBlockEntriesCap + 1),
-			uint64(indexBlockEntriesCap + 1),
-		},
-		// truncation around the block boundary
-		{
-			uint64(indexBlockEntriesCap),
-			uint64(indexBlockEntriesCap),
-		},
-		{
-			uint64(1), uint64(1),
-		},
-		// truncate the entire index, it's in theory invalid
-		{
-			uint64(0), uint64(0),
-		},
-	}
-	for i, suite := range suites {
-		iw, err := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), suite.limit)
+	for i := 0; i < 200; i++ {
+		limit := uint64(i + 1)
+		iw, err := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), limit, bitmapSize)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Failed to construct the index writer, %v", err)
 		}
-		if iw.lastID != suite.expMax {
-			t.Fatalf("Test %d, unexpected max value, got %d, want %d", i, iw.lastID, suite.expMax)
+		if iw.lastID != limit {
+			t.Fatalf("Test %d, unexpected max value, got %d, want %d", i, iw.lastID, limit)
 		}
-
 		// Re-fill the elements
 		var maxElem uint64
-		for elem := suite.limit + 1; elem < indexBlockEntriesCap*4; elem++ {
-			if err := iw.append(elem); err != nil {
+		for elem := limit + 1; elem < 500; elem++ {
+			if err := iw.append(elem, randomExt(bitmapSize, 5)); err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("Failed to append value %d: %v", elem, err)
 			}
 			maxElem = elem
@@ -215,12 +209,20 @@ func TestIndexWriterWithLimit(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIndexDeleterBasic(t *testing.T) {
-	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0)
+	testIndexDeleterBasic(t, 0)
+	testIndexDeleterBasic(t, 2)
+	testIndexDeleterBasic(t, 34)
+}
 
+func testIndexDeleterBasic(t *testing.T, bitmapSize int) {
+	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0, bitmapSize)
+
+	// 200 iterations (with around 50 bytes extension) is enough to cross
+	// the block boundary (4096 bytes)
 	var maxElem uint64
-	for i := 0; i < indexBlockEntriesCap*4; i++ {
-		iw.append(uint64(i + 1))
+	for i := 0; i < 200; i++ {
+		iw.append(uint64(i+1), randomExt(bitmapSize, 50))
 		maxElem = uint64(i + 1)
 	}
 	batch := db.NewBatch()
@@ -228,11 +230,11 @@ func TestIndexDeleterBasic(t *testing.T) {
 	batch.Write()
 
 	// Delete unknown id, the request should be rejected
-	id, _ := newIndexDeleter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), maxElem)
-	if err := id.pop(indexBlockEntriesCap * 5); err == nil {
+	id, _ := newIndexDeleter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), maxElem, bitmapSize)
+	if err := id.pop(500); err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("Expect error to occur for unknown id")
 	}
-	for i := indexBlockEntriesCap * 4; i >= 1; i-- {
+	for i := 200; i >= 1; i-- {
 		if err := id.pop(uint64(i)); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Unexpected error for element popping, %v", err)
 		}
@@ -243,57 +245,33 @@ func TestIndexDeleterBasic(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIndexDeleterWithLimit(t *testing.T) {
-	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0)
+	testIndexDeleterWithLimit(t, 0)
+	testIndexDeleterWithLimit(t, 2)
+	testIndexDeleterWithLimit(t, 34)
+}
 
-	var maxElem uint64
-	for i := 0; i < indexBlockEntriesCap*2; i++ {
-		iw.append(uint64(i + 1))
-		maxElem = uint64(i + 1)
+func testIndexDeleterWithLimit(t *testing.T, bitmapSize int) {
+	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	iw, _ := newIndexWriter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), 0, bitmapSize)
+
+	// 200 iterations (with around 50 bytes extension) is enough to cross
+	// the block boundary (4096 bytes)
+	for i := 0; i < 200; i++ {
+		iw.append(uint64(i+1), randomExt(bitmapSize, 50))
 	}
 	batch := db.NewBatch()
 	iw.finish(batch)
 	batch.Write()
 
-	suites := []struct {
-		limit  uint64
-		expMax uint64
-	}{
-		// nothing to truncate
-		{
-			maxElem, maxElem,
-		},
-		// truncate the last element
-		{
-			maxElem - 1, maxElem - 1,
-		},
-		// truncation around the block boundary
-		{
-			uint64(indexBlockEntriesCap + 1),
-			uint64(indexBlockEntriesCap + 1),
-		},
-		// truncation around the block boundary
-		{
-			uint64(indexBlockEntriesCap),
-			uint64(indexBlockEntriesCap),
-		},
-		{
-			uint64(1), uint64(1),
-		},
-		// truncate the entire index, it's in theory invalid
-		{
-			uint64(0), uint64(0),
-		},
-	}
-	for i, suite := range suites {
-		id, err := newIndexDeleter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), suite.limit)
+	for i := 0; i < 200; i++ {
+		limit := uint64(i + 1)
+		id, err := newIndexDeleter(db, newAccountIdent(common.Hash{0xa}), limit, bitmapSize)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Failed to construct the index writer, %v", err)
 		}
-		if id.lastID != suite.expMax {
-			t.Fatalf("Test %d, unexpected max value, got %d, want %d", i, id.lastID, suite.expMax)
+		if id.lastID != limit {
+			t.Fatalf("Test %d, unexpected max value, got %d, want %d", i, iw.lastID, limit)
 		}
-
 		// Keep removing elements
 		for elem := id.lastID; elem > 0; elem-- {
 			if err := id.pop(elem); err != nil {
@@ -339,7 +317,7 @@ func TestBatchIndexerWrite(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 	for addrHash, indexes := range accounts {
-		ir, _ := newIndexReader(db, newAccountIdent(addrHash))
+		ir, _ := newIndexReader(db, newAccountIdent(addrHash), 0)
 		for i := 0; i < len(indexes)-1; i++ {
 			n, err := ir.readGreaterThan(indexes[i])
 			if err != nil {
@@ -359,7 +337,7 @@ func TestBatchIndexerWrite(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for addrHash, slots := range storages {
 		for slotHash, indexes := range slots {
-			ir, _ := newIndexReader(db, newStorageIdent(addrHash, slotHash))
+			ir, _ := newIndexReader(db, newStorageIdent(addrHash, slotHash), 0)
 			for i := 0; i < len(indexes)-1; i++ {
 				n, err := ir.readGreaterThan(indexes[i])
 				if err != nil {
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
index 9af7a96dc6..ddb4a293cc 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ import (
 
 const (
 	// The batch size for reading state histories
-	historyReadBatch = 1000
+	historyReadBatch  = 1000
+	historyIndexBatch = 8 * 1024 * 1024 // The number of state history indexes for constructing or deleting as batch
 
 	stateHistoryIndexV0         = uint8(0)               // initial version of state index structure
 	stateHistoryIndexVersion    = stateHistoryIndexV0    // the current state index version
@@ -191,12 +192,12 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 	for ident, list := range b.index {
 		eg.Go(func() error {
 			if !b.delete {
-				iw, err := newIndexWriter(b.db, ident, indexed)
+				iw, err := newIndexWriter(b.db, ident, indexed, 0)
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
 				for _, n := range list {
-					if err := iw.append(n); err != nil {
+					if err := iw.append(n, nil); err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
 				}
@@ -204,7 +205,7 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 					iw.finish(batch)
 				})
 			} else {
-				id, err := newIndexDeleter(b.db, ident, indexed)
+				id, err := newIndexDeleter(b.db, ident, indexed, 0)
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
index 1bf4cf648d..69e7d5bd22 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ type indexReaderWithLimitTag struct {
 }
 
 // newIndexReaderWithLimitTag constructs a index reader with indexing position.
-func newIndexReaderWithLimitTag(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent, limit uint64) (*indexReaderWithLimitTag, error) {
-	r, err := newIndexReader(db, state)
+func newIndexReaderWithLimitTag(db ethdb.KeyValueReader, state stateIdent, limit uint64, bitmapSize int) (*indexReaderWithLimitTag, error) {
+	r, err := newIndexReader(db, state, bitmapSize)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ func (r *historyReader) read(state stateIdentQuery, stateID uint64, lastID uint6
 	// state retrieval
 	ir, ok := r.readers[state.String()]
 	if !ok {
-		ir, err = newIndexReaderWithLimitTag(r.disk, state.stateIdent, metadata.Last)
+		ir, err = newIndexReaderWithLimitTag(r.disk, state.stateIdent, metadata.Last, 0)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
index 1004106af9..6c0c0fe8cc 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
@@ -159,17 +159,6 @@ func newTrienodeHistory(root common.Hash, parent common.Hash, block uint64, node
 	}
 }
 
-// sharedLen returns the length of the common prefix shared by a and b.
-func sharedLen(a, b []byte) int {
-	n := min(len(a), len(b))
-	for i := range n {
-		if a[i] != b[i] {
-			return i
-		}
-	}
-	return n
-}
-
 // typ implements the history interface, returning the historical data type held.
 func (h *trienodeHistory) typ() historyType {
 	return typeTrienodeHistory
@@ -219,7 +208,7 @@ func (h *trienodeHistory) encode() ([]byte, []byte, []byte, error) {
 				restarts = append(restarts, internalValOffset)
 				prefixLen = 0
 			} else {
-				prefixLen = sharedLen(prevKey, key)
+				prefixLen = commonPrefixLen(prevKey, key)
 			}
 			value := h.nodes[owner][path]
 
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go
index be4740a904..0c0422f00f 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go
@@ -580,8 +580,8 @@ func TestTrienodeHistoryReaderIterator(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestSharedLen tests the sharedLen helper function
-func TestSharedLen(t *testing.T) {
+// TestCommonPrefixLen tests the commonPrefixLen helper function
+func TestCommonPrefixLen(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		a, b     []byte
 		expected int
@@ -610,13 +610,13 @@ func TestSharedLen(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	for i, test := range tests {
-		result := sharedLen(test.a, test.b)
+		result := commonPrefixLen(test.a, test.b)
 		if result != test.expected {
 			t.Errorf("Test %d: sharedLen(%q, %q) = %d, expected %d",
 				i, test.a, test.b, result, test.expected)
 		}
 		// Test commutativity
-		resultReverse := sharedLen(test.b, test.a)
+		resultReverse := commonPrefixLen(test.b, test.a)
 		if result != resultReverse {
 			t.Errorf("Test %d: sharedLen is not commutative: sharedLen(a,b)=%d, sharedLen(b,a)=%d",
 				i, result, resultReverse)
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0513343404
--- /dev/null
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils.go
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package pathdb
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"slices"
+)
+
+// commonPrefixLen returns the length of the common prefix shared by a and b.
+func commonPrefixLen(a, b []byte) int {
+	n := min(len(a), len(b))
+	for i := range n {
+		if a[i] != b[i] {
+			return i
+		}
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// encodeIDs sorts the given list of uint16 IDs and encodes them into a
+// compact byte slice using variable-length unsigned integer encoding.
+func encodeIDs(ids []uint16) []byte {
+	slices.Sort(ids)
+	buf := make([]byte, 0, len(ids))
+	for _, id := range ids {
+		buf = binary.AppendUvarint(buf, uint64(id))
+	}
+	return buf
+}
+
+// decodeIDs decodes a sequence of variable-length encoded uint16 IDs from the
+// given byte slice and returns them as a set.
+//
+// Returns an error if the input buffer does not contain a complete Uvarint value.
+func decodeIDs(buf []byte) ([]uint16, error) {
+	var res []uint16
+	for len(buf) > 0 {
+		id, n := binary.Uvarint(buf)
+		if n <= 0 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("too short for decoding node id, %v", buf)
+		}
+		buf = buf[n:]
+		res = append(res, uint16(id))
+	}
+	return res, nil
+}
+
+// isAncestor reports whether node x is the ancestor of node y.
+func isAncestor(x, y uint16) bool {
+	for y > x {
+		y = (y - 1) / 16 // parentID(y) = (y - 1) / 16
+		if y == x {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// isBitSet reports whether the bit at `index` in the byte slice `b` is set.
+func isBitSet(b []byte, index int) bool {
+	return b[index/8]&(1<<(7-index%8)) != 0
+}
+
+// setBit sets the bit at `index` in the byte slice `b` to 1.
+func setBit(b []byte, index int) {
+	b[index/8] |= 1 << (7 - index%8)
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..17eabb2a98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package pathdb
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestIsAncestor(t *testing.T) {
+	suites := []struct {
+		x, y uint16
+		want bool
+	}{
+		{0, 1, true},
+		{0, 16, true},
+		{0, 17, true},
+		{0, 272, true},
+
+		{1, 0, false},
+		{1, 2, false},
+		{1, 17, true},
+		{1, 18, true},
+		{17, 273, true},
+		{1, 1, false},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range suites {
+		result := isAncestor(tc.x, tc.y)
+		if result != tc.want {
+			t.Fatalf("isAncestor(%d, %d) = %v, want %v", tc.x, tc.y, result, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBitmapSet(t *testing.T) {
+	suites := []struct {
+		index  int
+		expect []byte
+	}{
+		{
+			0, []byte{0b10000000, 0x0},
+		},
+		{
+			1, []byte{0b01000000, 0x0},
+		},
+		{
+			7, []byte{0b00000001, 0x0},
+		},
+		{
+			8, []byte{0b00000000, 0b10000000},
+		},
+		{
+			15, []byte{0b00000000, 0b00000001},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range suites {
+		var buf [2]byte
+		setBit(buf[:], tc.index)
+
+		if !bytes.Equal(buf[:], tc.expect) {
+			t.Fatalf("bitmap = %v, want %v", buf, tc.expect)
+		}
+		if !isBitSet(buf[:], tc.index) {
+			t.Fatal("bit is not set")
+		}
+	}
+}

From 52f998d5ec9b41115eaffd84fecb0353dc1ebb44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Madison carter <madisoncarter1212@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Jan 2026 05:09:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 435/470] ethclient: omit nil address/topics from filter args
 (#33464)

Fixes #33369

This omits "topics" and "addresses" from the filter when they are unspecified.
It is required for interoperability with some server implementations that cannot
handle `null` for these fields.
---
 ethclient/ethclient.go  |  9 ++++++---
 ethclient/types_test.go | 12 ++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ethclient/ethclient.go b/ethclient/ethclient.go
index 5008378da6..426194b59f 100644
--- a/ethclient/ethclient.go
+++ b/ethclient/ethclient.go
@@ -497,9 +497,12 @@ func (ec *Client) SubscribeFilterLogs(ctx context.Context, q ethereum.FilterQuer
 }
 
 func toFilterArg(q ethereum.FilterQuery) (interface{}, error) {
-	arg := map[string]interface{}{
-		"address": q.Addresses,
-		"topics":  q.Topics,
+	arg := map[string]interface{}{}
+	if q.Addresses != nil {
+		arg["address"] = q.Addresses
+	}
+	if q.Topics != nil {
+		arg["topics"] = q.Topics
 	}
 	if q.BlockHash != nil {
 		arg["blockHash"] = *q.BlockHash
diff --git a/ethclient/types_test.go b/ethclient/types_test.go
index 02f9f21758..dcb9a579b7 100644
--- a/ethclient/types_test.go
+++ b/ethclient/types_test.go
@@ -41,6 +41,18 @@ func TestToFilterArg(t *testing.T) {
 		output interface{}
 		err    error
 	}{
+		{
+			"without addresses",
+			ethereum.FilterQuery{
+				FromBlock: big.NewInt(1),
+				ToBlock:   big.NewInt(2),
+			},
+			map[string]interface{}{
+				"fromBlock": "0x1",
+				"toBlock":   "0x2",
+			},
+			nil,
+		},
 		{
 			"without BlockHash",
 			ethereum.FilterQuery{

From f51870e40e3888d4f0471f90f7bbb493287f3c5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Jan 2026 21:58:02 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 436/470] rlp, trie, triedb/pathdb: compress trienode history
 (#32913)

This pull request introduces a mechanism to compress trienode history by
storing only the node diffs between consecutive versions.

- For full nodes, only the modified children are recorded in the history;
- For short nodes, only the modified value is stored;

If the node type has changed, or if the node is newly created or
deleted, the entire node value is stored instead.

To mitigate the overhead of reassembling nodes from diffs during history
reads, checkpoints are introduced by periodically storing full node values.

The current checkpoint interval is set to every 16 mutations, though
this parameter may be made configurable in the future.
---
 rlp/raw.go                  |  29 ++++
 rlp/raw_test.go             | 266 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 trie/node.go                |  69 +++++++++
 trie/node_test.go           | 283 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 triedb/pathdb/nodes.go      | 272 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 triedb/pathdb/nodes_test.go |  48 ++++++
 6 files changed, 967 insertions(+)

diff --git a/rlp/raw.go b/rlp/raw.go
index cec90346a1..114037df78 100644
--- a/rlp/raw.go
+++ b/rlp/raw.go
@@ -152,6 +152,35 @@ func CountValues(b []byte) (int, error) {
 	return i, nil
 }
 
+// SplitListValues extracts the raw elements from the list RLP-encoding blob.
+func SplitListValues(b []byte) ([][]byte, error) {
+	b, _, err := SplitList(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var elements [][]byte
+	for len(b) > 0 {
+		_, tagsize, size, err := readKind(b)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		elements = append(elements, b[:tagsize+size])
+		b = b[tagsize+size:]
+	}
+	return elements, nil
+}
+
+// MergeListValues takes a list of raw elements and rlp-encodes them as list.
+func MergeListValues(elems [][]byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	w := NewEncoderBuffer(nil)
+	offset := w.List()
+	for _, elem := range elems {
+		w.Write(elem)
+	}
+	w.ListEnd(offset)
+	return w.ToBytes(), nil
+}
+
 func readKind(buf []byte) (k Kind, tagsize, contentsize uint64, err error) {
 	if len(buf) == 0 {
 		return 0, 0, 0, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
diff --git a/rlp/raw_test.go b/rlp/raw_test.go
index 7b3255eca3..2ed77b384c 100644
--- a/rlp/raw_test.go
+++ b/rlp/raw_test.go
@@ -336,3 +336,269 @@ func TestBytesSize(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestSplitListValues(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		input   string   // hex-encoded RLP list
+		want    []string // hex-encoded expected elements
+		wantErr error
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "empty list",
+			input: "C0",
+			want:  []string{},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "single byte element",
+			input: "C101",
+			want:  []string{"01"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "single empty string",
+			input: "C180",
+			want:  []string{"80"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "two byte elements",
+			input: "C20102",
+			want:  []string{"01", "02"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "three elements",
+			input: "C3010203",
+			want:  []string{"01", "02", "03"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "mixed size elements",
+			input: "C80182020283030303",
+			want:  []string{"01", "820202", "83030303"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "string elements",
+			input: "C88363617483646F67",
+			want:  []string{"83636174", "83646F67"}, // cat,dog
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "nested list element",
+			input: "C4C3010203",         // [[1,2,3]]
+			want:  []string{"C3010203"}, // [1,2,3]
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "multiple nested lists",
+			input: "C6C20102C20304",             // [[1,2],[3,4]]
+			want:  []string{"C20102", "C20304"}, // [1,2], [3,4]
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "large list",
+			input: "C6010203040506",
+			want:  []string{"01", "02", "03", "04", "05", "06"},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "list with empty strings",
+			input: "C3808080",
+			want:  []string{"80", "80", "80"},
+		},
+		// Error cases
+		{
+			name:    "single byte",
+			input:   "01",
+			wantErr: ErrExpectedList,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "string",
+			input:   "83636174",
+			wantErr: ErrExpectedList,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "empty input",
+			input:   "",
+			wantErr: io.ErrUnexpectedEOF,
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "invalid list - value too large",
+			input:   "C60102030405",
+			wantErr: ErrValueTooLarge,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got, err := SplitListValues(unhex(tt.input))
+			if !errors.Is(err, tt.wantErr) {
+				t.Errorf("SplitListValues() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+				return
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			if len(got) != len(tt.want) {
+				t.Errorf("SplitListValues() got %d elements, want %d", len(got), len(tt.want))
+				return
+			}
+			for i, elem := range got {
+				want := unhex(tt.want[i])
+				if !bytes.Equal(elem, want) {
+					t.Errorf("SplitListValues() element[%d] = %x, want %x", i, elem, want)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMergeListValues(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		elems   []string // hex-encoded RLP elements
+		want    string   // hex-encoded expected result
+		wantErr error
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "empty list",
+			elems: []string{},
+			want:  "C0",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "single byte element",
+			elems: []string{"01"},
+			want:  "C101",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "single empty string",
+			elems: []string{"80"},
+			want:  "C180",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "two byte elements",
+			elems: []string{"01", "02"},
+			want:  "C20102",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "three elements",
+			elems: []string{"01", "02", "03"},
+			want:  "C3010203",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "mixed size elements",
+			elems: []string{"01", "820202", "83030303"},
+			want:  "C80182020283030303",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "string elements",
+			elems: []string{"83636174", "83646F67"}, // cat, dog
+			want:  "C88363617483646F67",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "nested list element",
+			elems: []string{"C20102", "03"}, // [[1, 2], 3]
+			want:  "C4C2010203",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "multiple nested lists",
+			elems: []string{"C20102", "C3030405"}, // [[1,2],[3,4,5]],
+			want:  "C7C20102C3030405",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "large list",
+			elems: []string{"01", "02", "03", "04", "05", "06"},
+			want:  "C6010203040506",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "list with empty strings",
+			elems: []string{"80", "80", "80"},
+			want:  "C3808080",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			elems := make([][]byte, len(tt.elems))
+			for i, s := range tt.elems {
+				elems[i] = unhex(s)
+			}
+			got, err := MergeListValues(elems)
+			if !errors.Is(err, tt.wantErr) {
+				t.Errorf("MergeListValues() error = %v, wantErr %v", err, tt.wantErr)
+				return
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			want := unhex(tt.want)
+			if !bytes.Equal(got, want) {
+				t.Errorf("MergeListValues() = %x, want %x", got, want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSplitMergeList(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		input string // hex-encoded RLP list
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "empty list",
+			input: "C0",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "single byte element",
+			input: "C101",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "two byte elements",
+			input: "C20102",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "three elements",
+			input: "C3010203",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "mixed size elements",
+			input: "C80182020283030303",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "string elements",
+			input: "C88363617483646F67", // [cat, dog]
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "nested list element",
+			input: "C4C2010203", // [[1,2],3]
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "multiple nested lists",
+			input: "C6C20102C20304", // [[1,2],[3,4]]
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "large list",
+			input: "C6010203040506", // [1,2,3,4,5,6]
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "list with empty strings",
+			input: "C3808080", // ["", "", ""]
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			original := unhex(tt.input)
+
+			// Split the list
+			elements, err := SplitListValues(original)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("SplitListValues() error = %v", err)
+			}
+
+			// Merge back
+			merged, err := MergeListValues(elements)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("MergeListValues() error = %v", err)
+			}
+
+			// The merged result should match the original
+			if !bytes.Equal(merged, original) {
+				t.Errorf("Round trip failed: original = %x, merged = %x", original, merged)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/trie/node.go b/trie/node.go
index 74fac4fd4e..3f14f07d63 100644
--- a/trie/node.go
+++ b/trie/node.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package trie
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"strings"
@@ -242,6 +243,74 @@ func decodeRef(buf []byte) (node, []byte, error) {
 	}
 }
 
+// decodeNodeElements parses the RLP encoding of a trie node and returns all the
+// elements in raw byte format.
+//
+// For full node, it returns a slice of 17 elements;
+// For short node, it returns a slice of 2 elements;
+func decodeNodeElements(buf []byte) ([][]byte, error) {
+	if len(buf) == 0 {
+		return nil, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+	}
+	return rlp.SplitListValues(buf)
+}
+
+// encodeNodeElements encodes the provided node elements into a rlp list.
+func encodeNodeElements(elements [][]byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(elements) != 2 && len(elements) != 17 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid number of elements: %d", len(elements))
+	}
+	return rlp.MergeListValues(elements)
+}
+
+// NodeDifference accepts two RLP-encoding nodes and figures out the difference
+// between them.
+//
+// An error is returned if any of the provided blob is nil, or the type of nodes
+// are different.
+func NodeDifference(oldvalue []byte, newvalue []byte) (int, []int, [][]byte, error) {
+	oldElems, err := decodeNodeElements(oldvalue)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	newElems, err := decodeNodeElements(newvalue)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil, nil, err
+	}
+	if len(oldElems) != len(newElems) {
+		return 0, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("different node type, old elements: %d, new elements: %d", len(oldElems), len(newElems))
+	}
+	var (
+		indices = make([]int, 0, len(oldElems))
+		diff    = make([][]byte, 0, len(oldElems))
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < len(oldElems); i++ {
+		if !bytes.Equal(oldElems[i], newElems[i]) {
+			indices = append(indices, i)
+			diff = append(diff, oldElems[i])
+		}
+	}
+	return len(oldElems), indices, diff, nil
+}
+
+// ReassembleNode accepts a RLP-encoding node along with a set of mutations,
+// applying the modification diffs according to the indices and re-assemble.
+func ReassembleNode(blob []byte, mutations [][][]byte, indices [][]int) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(mutations) == 0 && len(indices) == 0 {
+		return blob, nil
+	}
+	elements, err := decodeNodeElements(blob)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(mutations); i++ {
+		for j, pos := range indices[i] {
+			elements[pos] = mutations[i][j]
+		}
+	}
+	return encodeNodeElements(elements)
+}
+
 // wraps a decoding error with information about the path to the
 // invalid child node (for debugging encoding issues).
 type decodeError struct {
diff --git a/trie/node_test.go b/trie/node_test.go
index 9b8b33748f..875f6e38dc 100644
--- a/trie/node_test.go
+++ b/trie/node_test.go
@@ -18,9 +18,12 @@ package trie
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"math/rand"
+	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/testrand"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 )
 
@@ -94,6 +97,286 @@ func TestDecodeFullNode(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func makeTestLeafNode(small bool) []byte {
+	l := leafNodeEncoder{}
+	l.Key = hexToCompact(keybytesToHex(testrand.Bytes(10)))
+	if small {
+		l.Val = testrand.Bytes(10)
+	} else {
+		l.Val = testrand.Bytes(32)
+	}
+	buf := rlp.NewEncoderBuffer(nil)
+	l.encode(buf)
+	return buf.ToBytes()
+}
+
+func makeTestFullNode(small bool) []byte {
+	n := fullnodeEncoder{}
+	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+		switch rand.Intn(3) {
+		case 0:
+			// write nil
+		case 1:
+			// write hash
+			n.Children[i] = testrand.Bytes(32)
+		case 2:
+			// write embedded node
+			n.Children[i] = makeTestLeafNode(small)
+		}
+	}
+	n.Children[16] = testrand.Bytes(32) // value
+	buf := rlp.NewEncoderBuffer(nil)
+	n.encode(buf)
+	return buf.ToBytes()
+}
+
+func TestEncodeDecodeNodeElements(t *testing.T) {
+	var nodes [][]byte
+	nodes = append(nodes, makeTestFullNode(true))
+	nodes = append(nodes, makeTestFullNode(false))
+	nodes = append(nodes, makeTestLeafNode(true))
+	nodes = append(nodes, makeTestLeafNode(false))
+
+	for _, blob := range nodes {
+		elements, err := decodeNodeElements(blob)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to decode node elements: %v", err)
+		}
+		enc, err := encodeNodeElements(elements)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to encode node elements: %v", err)
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(enc, blob) {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected encoded node element, want: %v, got: %v", blob, enc)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func makeTestLeafNodePair() ([]byte, []byte, [][]byte, []int) {
+	var (
+		na = leafNodeEncoder{}
+		nb = leafNodeEncoder{}
+	)
+	key := keybytesToHex(testrand.Bytes(10))
+	na.Key = hexToCompact(key)
+	nb.Key = hexToCompact(key)
+
+	valA := testrand.Bytes(32)
+	valB := testrand.Bytes(32)
+	na.Val = valA
+	nb.Val = valB
+
+	bufa, bufb := rlp.NewEncoderBuffer(nil), rlp.NewEncoderBuffer(nil)
+	na.encode(bufa)
+	nb.encode(bufb)
+	diff, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(valA)
+	return bufa.ToBytes(), bufb.ToBytes(), [][]byte{diff}, []int{1}
+}
+
+func makeTestFullNodePair() ([]byte, []byte, [][]byte, []int) {
+	var (
+		na      = fullnodeEncoder{}
+		nb      = fullnodeEncoder{}
+		indices []int
+		values  [][]byte
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+		switch rand.Intn(3) {
+		case 0:
+			// write nil
+		case 1:
+			// write same
+			var child []byte
+			if rand.Intn(2) == 0 {
+				child = testrand.Bytes(32) // hashnode
+			} else {
+				child = makeTestLeafNode(true) // embedded node
+			}
+			na.Children[i] = child
+			nb.Children[i] = child
+		case 2:
+			// write different
+			var (
+				va   []byte
+				diff []byte
+			)
+			rnd := rand.Intn(3)
+			if rnd == 0 {
+				va = testrand.Bytes(32) // hashnode
+				diff, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(va)
+			} else if rnd == 1 {
+				va = makeTestLeafNode(true) // embedded node
+				diff = va
+			} else {
+				va = nil
+				diff = rlp.EmptyString
+			}
+			vb := testrand.Bytes(32) // hashnode
+			na.Children[i] = va
+			nb.Children[i] = vb
+
+			indices = append(indices, i)
+			values = append(values, diff)
+		}
+	}
+	na.Children[16] = nil
+	nb.Children[16] = nil
+
+	bufa, bufb := rlp.NewEncoderBuffer(nil), rlp.NewEncoderBuffer(nil)
+	na.encode(bufa)
+	nb.encode(bufb)
+	return bufa.ToBytes(), bufb.ToBytes(), values, indices
+}
+
+func TestNodeDifference(t *testing.T) {
+	type testsuite struct {
+		old        []byte
+		new        []byte
+		expErr     bool
+		expIndices []int
+		expValues  [][]byte
+	}
+	var tests = []testsuite{
+		// Invalid node data
+		{
+			old: nil, new: nil, expErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			old: testrand.Bytes(32), new: nil, expErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			old: nil, new: testrand.Bytes(32), expErr: true,
+		},
+		{
+			old: testrand.Bytes(32), new: testrand.Bytes(32), expErr: true,
+		},
+		// Different node type
+		{
+			old: makeTestLeafNode(true), new: makeTestFullNode(true), expErr: true,
+		},
+	}
+	for range 10 {
+		va, vb, elements, indices := makeTestLeafNodePair()
+		tests = append(tests, testsuite{
+			old:        va,
+			new:        vb,
+			expErr:     false,
+			expIndices: indices,
+			expValues:  elements,
+		})
+	}
+	for range 10 {
+		va, vb, elements, indices := makeTestFullNodePair()
+		tests = append(tests, testsuite{
+			old:        va,
+			new:        vb,
+			expErr:     false,
+			expIndices: indices,
+			expValues:  elements,
+		})
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		_, indices, values, err := NodeDifference(test.old, test.new)
+		if test.expErr && err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("Expect error, got nil")
+		}
+		if !test.expErr && err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpect error, %v", err)
+		}
+		if err == nil {
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(indices, test.expIndices) {
+				t.Fatalf("Unexpected indices, want: %v, got: %v", test.expIndices, indices)
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(values, test.expValues) {
+				t.Fatalf("Unexpected values, want: %v, got: %v", test.expValues, values)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReassembleFullNode(t *testing.T) {
+	var fn fullnodeEncoder
+	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+		if rand.Intn(2) == 0 {
+			fn.Children[i] = testrand.Bytes(32)
+		}
+	}
+	buf := rlp.NewEncoderBuffer(nil)
+	fn.encode(buf)
+	enc := buf.ToBytes()
+
+	// Generate a list of diffs
+	var (
+		values  [][][]byte
+		indices [][]int
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		var (
+			pos       = make(map[int]struct{})
+			poslist   []int
+			valuelist [][]byte
+		)
+		for j := 0; j < 3; j++ {
+			p := rand.Intn(16)
+			if _, ok := pos[p]; ok {
+				continue
+			}
+			pos[p] = struct{}{}
+
+			nh := testrand.Bytes(32)
+			diff, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(nh)
+			poslist = append(poslist, p)
+			valuelist = append(valuelist, diff)
+			fn.Children[p] = nh
+		}
+		values = append(values, valuelist)
+		indices = append(indices, poslist)
+	}
+	reassembled, err := ReassembleNode(enc, values, indices)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to re-assemble full node %v", err)
+	}
+	buf2 := rlp.NewEncoderBuffer(nil)
+	fn.encode(buf2)
+	enc2 := buf2.ToBytes()
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(enc2, reassembled) {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpeted reassembled node")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReassembleShortNode(t *testing.T) {
+	var ln leafNodeEncoder
+	ln.Key = hexToCompact(keybytesToHex(testrand.Bytes(10)))
+	ln.Val = testrand.Bytes(10)
+	buf := rlp.NewEncoderBuffer(nil)
+	ln.encode(buf)
+	enc := buf.ToBytes()
+
+	// Generate a list of diffs
+	var (
+		values  [][][]byte
+		indices [][]int
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		val := testrand.Bytes(10)
+		ln.Val = val
+		diff, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(val)
+		values = append(values, [][]byte{diff})
+		indices = append(indices, []int{1})
+	}
+	reassembled, err := ReassembleNode(enc, values, indices)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to re-assemble full node %v", err)
+	}
+	buf2 := rlp.NewEncoderBuffer(nil)
+	ln.encode(buf2)
+	enc2 := buf2.ToBytes()
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(enc2, reassembled) {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpeted reassembled node")
+	}
+}
+
 // goos: darwin
 // goarch: arm64
 // pkg: github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go b/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go
index c6f9e7aece..4eede439e4 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go
@@ -14,12 +14,14 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
+// nolint:unused
 package pathdb
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"hash/fnv"
 	"io"
 	"maps"
 
@@ -30,6 +32,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 )
 
@@ -424,3 +427,272 @@ func (s *nodeSetWithOrigin) decode(r *rlp.Stream) error {
 	s.computeSize()
 	return nil
 }
+
+// encodeNodeCompressed encodes the trie node differences between two consecutive
+// versions into byte stream. The format is as below:
+//
+// - metadata byte layout (1 byte):
+//
+//	┌──── Bits (from MSB to LSB) ───┐
+//	│ 7 │ 6 │ 5 │ 4 │ 3 │ 2 │ 1 │ 0 │
+//	└───────────────────────────────┘
+//	  │   │   │   │   │   │   │   └─ FlagA: set if value is encoded in compressed format
+//	  │   │   │   │   │   │   └───── FlagB: set if no extended bitmap is present after the metadata byte
+//	  │   │   │   │   │   └───────── FlagC: bitmap for node (only used when flagB == 1)
+//	  │   │   │   │   └───────────── FlagD: bitmap for node (only used when flagB == 1)
+//	  │   │   │   └───────────────── FlagE: reserved (marks the presence of the 16th child in a full node)
+//	  │   │   └───────────────────── FlagF: reserved
+//	  │   └───────────────────────── FlagG: reserved
+//	  └───────────────────────────── FlagH: reserved
+//
+// Note:
+// - If flagB is 1, the node refers to a shortNode;
+//   - flagC indicates whether the key of the shortNode is recorded.
+//   - flagD indicates whether the value of the shortNode is recorded.
+//
+// - If flagB is 0, the node refers to a fullNode;
+//   - each bit in extended bitmap indicates whether the corresponding
+//     child have been modified.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+// 0b_0000_1011
+//
+// Bit0=1, Bit1=1 -> node in compressed format, no extended bitmap
+// Bit2=0, Bit3=1 -> the key of a short node is not stored; its value is stored.
+//
+// - 2 bytes extended bitmap (only if the flagB in metadata is 0), each bit
+// represents a corresponding child;
+//
+// - concatenation of original value of modified children along with its size;
+func encodeNodeCompressed(addExtension bool, elements [][]byte, indices []int) []byte {
+	var (
+		enc  []byte
+		flag = byte(1) // The compression format indicator
+	)
+	// Pre-allocate the byte slice for the node encoder
+	size := 1
+	if addExtension {
+		size += 2
+	}
+	for _, element := range elements {
+		size += len(element) + 1
+	}
+	enc = make([]byte, 0, size)
+
+	if !addExtension {
+		flag |= 2 // The embedded bitmap indicator
+
+		// Embedded bitmap
+		for _, pos := range indices {
+			flag |= 1 << (pos + 2)
+		}
+		enc = append(enc, flag)
+	} else {
+		// Extended bitmap
+		bitmap := make([]byte, 2) // bitmaps for at most 16 children
+		for _, pos := range indices {
+			// Children[16] is only theoretically possible in the Merkle-Patricia-trie,
+			// in practice this field is never used in the Ethereum case. If it occurs,
+			// use the FlagE for marking the presence.
+			if pos >= 16 {
+				log.Warn("Unexpected 16th child encountered in a full node")
+				flag |= 1 << 4 // Use the reserved flagE
+				continue
+			}
+			bitIndex := uint(pos % 8)
+			bitmap[pos/8] |= 1 << bitIndex
+		}
+		enc = append(enc, flag)
+		enc = append(enc, bitmap...)
+	}
+	for _, element := range elements {
+		enc = append(enc, byte(len(element))) // 1 byte is sufficient for element size
+		enc = append(enc, element...)
+	}
+	return enc
+}
+
+// encodeNodeFull encodes the full trie node value into byte stream. The format is
+// as below:
+//
+// - metadata byte layout (1 byte): 0b0
+// - node value
+func encodeNodeFull(value []byte) []byte {
+	enc := make([]byte, len(value)+1)
+	copy(enc[1:], value)
+	return enc
+}
+
+// decodeNodeCompressed decodes the byte stream of compressed trie node
+// back to the original elements and their indices.
+//
+// It assumes the byte stream contains a compressed format node.
+func decodeNodeCompressed(data []byte) ([][]byte, []int, error) {
+	if len(data) < 1 {
+		return nil, nil, errors.New("invalid data: too short")
+	}
+	flag := data[0]
+	if flag&byte(1) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil, errors.New("invalid data: full node value")
+	}
+	noExtend := flag&byte(2) != 0
+
+	// Reconstruct indices from bitmap
+	var indices []int
+	if noExtend {
+		if flag&byte(4) != 0 { // flagC
+			indices = append(indices, 0)
+		}
+		if flag&byte(8) != 0 { // flagD
+			indices = append(indices, 1)
+		}
+		data = data[1:]
+	} else {
+		if len(data) < 3 {
+			return nil, nil, errors.New("invalid data: too short")
+		}
+		bitmap := data[1:3]
+		for index, b := range bitmap {
+			for bitIdx := 0; bitIdx < 8; bitIdx++ {
+				if b&(1<<uint(bitIdx)) != 0 {
+					pos := index*8 + bitIdx
+					indices = append(indices, pos)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if flag&byte(16) != 0 { // flagE
+			indices = append(indices, 16)
+			log.Info("Unexpected 16th child encountered in a full node")
+		}
+		data = data[3:]
+	}
+	// Reconstruct elements
+	elements := make([][]byte, 0, len(indices))
+	for i := 0; i < len(indices); i++ {
+		if len(data) == 0 {
+			return nil, nil, errors.New("invalid data: missing size byte")
+		}
+		// Read element size
+		size := int(data[0])
+		data = data[1:]
+
+		// Check if we have enough data for the element
+		if len(data) < size {
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid data: expected %d bytes, got %d", size, len(data))
+		}
+		// Extract element
+		if size == 0 {
+			elements = append(elements, nil)
+
+			// The zero-size element is practically unexpected, for node deletion
+			// the rlp.EmptyString is still expected. Log loudly for the potential
+			// programming error.
+			log.Error("Empty element from compressed node, please open an issue", "raw", data)
+		} else {
+			element := make([]byte, size)
+			copy(element, data[:size])
+			data = data[size:]
+			elements = append(elements, element)
+		}
+	}
+	// Check if all data is consumed
+	if len(data) != 0 {
+		return nil, nil, errors.New("invalid data: trailing bytes")
+	}
+	return elements, indices, nil
+}
+
+// decodeNodeFull decodes the byte stream of full value trie node.
+func decodeNodeFull(data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(data) < 1 {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid data: too short")
+	}
+	flag := data[0]
+	if flag != byte(0) {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid data: compressed node value")
+	}
+	return data[1:], nil
+}
+
+// encodeFullFrequency specifies the frequency (1/16) for encoding node in
+// full format. TODO(rjl493456442) making it configurable.
+const encodeFullFrequency = 16
+
+// encodeNodeHistory encodes the history of a node. Typically, the original values
+// of dirty nodes serve as the history, but this can lead to significant storage
+// overhead.
+//
+// For full nodes, which often see only a few modified children during state
+// transitions, recording the entire child set (up to 16 children at 32 bytes
+// each) is inefficient. For short nodes, which often see only the value is
+// modified during the state transition, recording the key part is also unnecessary.
+// To compress size, we instead record the diff of the node, rather than the
+// full value. It's vital to compress the overall trienode history.
+//
+// However, recovering a node from a series of diffs requires applying multiple
+// history records, which is computationally and IO intensive. To mitigate this, we
+// periodically record the full value of a node as a checkpoint. The frequency of
+// these checkpoints is a tradeoff between the compression rate and read overhead.
+func (s *nodeSetWithOrigin) encodeNodeHistory(root common.Hash) (map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte, error) {
+	var (
+		// the set of all encoded node history elements
+		nodes = make(map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte)
+
+		// encodeFullValue determines whether a node should be encoded
+		// in full format with a pseudo-random probabilistic algorithm.
+		encodeFullValue = func(owner common.Hash, path string) bool {
+			// For trie nodes at the first two levels of the account trie, it is very
+			// likely that all children are modified within a single state transition.
+			// In such cases, do not use diff mode.
+			if owner == (common.Hash{}) && len(path) < 2 {
+				return true
+			}
+			h := fnv.New32a()
+			h.Write(root.Bytes())
+			h.Write(owner.Bytes())
+			h.Write([]byte(path))
+			return h.Sum32()%uint32(encodeFullFrequency) == 0
+		}
+	)
+	for owner, origins := range s.nodeOrigin {
+		var posts map[string]*trienode.Node
+		if owner == (common.Hash{}) {
+			posts = s.nodeSet.accountNodes
+		} else {
+			posts = s.nodeSet.storageNodes[owner]
+		}
+		nodes[owner] = make(map[string][]byte)
+
+		for path, oldvalue := range origins {
+			n, exists := posts[path]
+			if !exists {
+				// something not expected
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("node with origin is not found, %x-%v", owner, []byte(path))
+			}
+			encodeFull := encodeFullValue(owner, path)
+			if !encodeFull {
+				// Partial encoding is required, try to find the node diffs and
+				// fallback to the full-value encoding if fails.
+				//
+				// The partial encoding will be failed in these certain cases:
+				// - the node is deleted or was not-existent;
+				// - the node type has been changed (e.g, from short to full)
+				nElem, indices, diffs, err := trie.NodeDifference(oldvalue, n.Blob)
+				if err != nil {
+					encodeFull = true // fallback to the full node encoding
+				} else {
+					// Encode the node difference as the history element
+					addExt := nElem != 2 // fullNode
+					blob := encodeNodeCompressed(addExt, diffs, indices)
+					nodes[owner][path] = blob
+				}
+			}
+			if encodeFull {
+				// Encode the entire original value as the history element
+				nodes[owner][path] = encodeNodeFull(oldvalue)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nodes, nil
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/nodes_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/nodes_test.go
index 483dc4b1a6..131d0ab012 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/nodes_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/nodes_test.go
@@ -18,11 +18,13 @@ package pathdb
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"math/rand"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/testrand"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 )
@@ -126,3 +128,49 @@ func TestNodeSetWithOriginEncode(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("Unexpected data size, got: %d, want: %d", dec2.size, s.size)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestEncodeFullNodeCompressed(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		elements [][]byte
+		indices  []int
+	)
+	for i := 0; i <= 16; i++ {
+		if rand.Intn(2) == 0 {
+			elements = append(elements, testrand.Bytes(20))
+			indices = append(indices, i)
+		}
+	}
+	enc := encodeNodeCompressed(true, elements, indices)
+	decElements, decIndices, err := decodeNodeCompressed(enc)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to decode node compressed, %v", err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(elements, decElements) {
+		t.Fatalf("Elements are not matched")
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(indices, decIndices) {
+		t.Fatalf("Indices are not matched")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEncodeShortNodeCompressed(t *testing.T) {
+	var (
+		elements [][]byte
+		indices  []int
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		elements = append(elements, testrand.Bytes(20))
+		indices = append(indices, i)
+	}
+	enc := encodeNodeCompressed(false, elements, indices)
+	decElements, decIndices, err := decodeNodeCompressed(enc)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to decode node compressed, %v", err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(elements, decElements) {
+		t.Fatalf("Elements are not matched")
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(indices, decIndices) {
+		t.Fatalf("Indices are not matched")
+	}
+}

From b993cb6f381bb8a97b44b3f07e64735d5dede043 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Jan 2026 10:43:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 437/470] core/txpool/blobpool: allow gaps in blobpool (#32717)

Allow the blobpool to accept blobs out of nonce order

Previously, we were dropping blobs that arrived out-of-order. However,
since fetch decisions are done on receiver side,
out-of-order delivery can happen, leading to inefficiencies.

This PR:
- adds an in-memory blob tx storage, similar to the queue in the
legacypool
- a limited number of received txs can be added to this per account
- txs waiting in the gapped queue are not processed further and not
propagated further until they are unblocked by adding the previos nonce
to the blobpool

The size of the in-memory storage is currently limited per account,
following a slow-start logic.
An overall size limit, and a TTL is also enforced for DoS protection.

---------

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: MariusVanDerWijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
---
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go      | 156 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go |  41 +++++--
 2 files changed, 181 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
index 28326ae605..27441ac2e2 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
@@ -94,6 +94,16 @@ const (
 	// storeVersion is the current slotter layout used for the billy.Database
 	// store.
 	storeVersion = 1
+
+	// gappedLifetime is the approximate duration for which nonce-gapped transactions
+	// are kept before being dropped. Since gapped is only a reorder buffer and it
+	// is expected that the original transactions were inserted in the mempool in
+	// nonce order, the duration is kept short to avoid DoS vectors.
+	gappedLifetime = 1 * time.Minute
+
+	// maxGappedTxs is the maximum number of gapped transactions kept overall.
+	// This is a safety limit to avoid DoS vectors.
+	maxGapped = 128
 )
 
 // blobTxMeta is the minimal subset of types.BlobTx necessary to validate and
@@ -330,6 +340,9 @@ type BlobPool struct {
 	stored uint64         // Useful data size of all transactions on disk
 	limbo  *limbo         // Persistent data store for the non-finalized blobs
 
+	gapped       map[common.Address][]*types.Transaction // Transactions that are currently gapped (nonce too high)
+	gappedSource map[common.Hash]common.Address          // Source of gapped transactions to allow rechecking on inclusion
+
 	signer types.Signer // Transaction signer to use for sender recovery
 	chain  BlockChain   // Chain object to access the state through
 
@@ -363,6 +376,8 @@ func New(config Config, chain BlockChain, hasPendingAuth func(common.Address) bo
 		lookup:         newLookup(),
 		index:          make(map[common.Address][]*blobTxMeta),
 		spent:          make(map[common.Address]*uint256.Int),
+		gapped:         make(map[common.Address][]*types.Transaction),
+		gappedSource:   make(map[common.Hash]common.Address),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -834,6 +849,9 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Reset(oldHead, newHead *types.Header) {
 		resettimeHist.Update(time.Since(start).Nanoseconds())
 	}(time.Now())
 
+	// Handle reorg buffer timeouts evicting old gapped transactions
+	p.evictGapped()
+
 	statedb, err := p.chain.StateAt(newHead.Root)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error("Failed to reset blobpool state", "err", err)
@@ -1196,7 +1214,9 @@ func (p *BlobPool) validateTx(tx *types.Transaction) error {
 		State: p.state,
 
 		FirstNonceGap: func(addr common.Address) uint64 {
-			// Nonce gaps are not permitted in the blob pool, the first gap will
+			// Nonce gaps are permitted in the blob pool, but only as part of the
+			// in-memory 'gapped' buffer. We expose the gap here to validateTx,
+			// then handle the error by adding to the buffer. The first gap will
 			// be the next nonce shifted by however many transactions we already
 			// have pooled.
 			return p.state.GetNonce(addr) + uint64(len(p.index[addr]))
@@ -1275,7 +1295,9 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Has(hash common.Hash) bool {
 	p.lock.RLock()
 	defer p.lock.RUnlock()
 
-	return p.lookup.exists(hash)
+	poolHas := p.lookup.exists(hash)
+	_, gapped := p.gappedSource[hash]
+	return poolHas || gapped
 }
 
 func (p *BlobPool) getRLP(hash common.Hash) []byte {
@@ -1466,10 +1488,6 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Add(txs []*types.Transaction, sync bool) []error {
 			adds = append(adds, tx.WithoutBlobTxSidecar())
 		}
 	}
-	if len(adds) > 0 {
-		p.discoverFeed.Send(core.NewTxsEvent{Txs: adds})
-		p.insertFeed.Send(core.NewTxsEvent{Txs: adds})
-	}
 	return errs
 }
 
@@ -1488,6 +1506,13 @@ func (p *BlobPool) add(tx *types.Transaction) (err error) {
 		addtimeHist.Update(time.Since(start).Nanoseconds())
 	}(time.Now())
 
+	return p.addLocked(tx, true)
+}
+
+// addLocked inserts a new blob transaction into the pool if it passes validation (both
+// consensus validity and pool restrictions). It must be called with the pool lock held.
+// Only for internal use.
+func (p *BlobPool) addLocked(tx *types.Transaction, checkGapped bool) (err error) {
 	// Ensure the transaction is valid from all perspectives
 	if err := p.validateTx(tx); err != nil {
 		log.Trace("Transaction validation failed", "hash", tx.Hash(), "err", err)
@@ -1500,6 +1525,21 @@ func (p *BlobPool) add(tx *types.Transaction) (err error) {
 			addStaleMeter.Mark(1)
 		case errors.Is(err, core.ErrNonceTooHigh):
 			addGappedMeter.Mark(1)
+			// Store the tx in memory, and revalidate later
+			from, _ := types.Sender(p.signer, tx)
+			allowance := p.gappedAllowance(from)
+			if allowance >= 1 && len(p.gapped) < maxGapped {
+				p.gapped[from] = append(p.gapped[from], tx)
+				p.gappedSource[tx.Hash()] = from
+				log.Trace("added tx to gapped blob queue", "allowance", allowance, "hash", tx.Hash(), "from", from, "nonce", tx.Nonce(), "qlen", len(p.gapped[from]))
+				return nil
+			} else {
+				// if maxGapped is reached, it is better to give time to gapped
+				// transactions by keeping the old and dropping this one.
+				// Thus replacing a gapped transaction with another gapped transaction
+				// is discouraged.
+				log.Trace("no gapped blob queue allowance", "allowance", allowance, "hash", tx.Hash(), "from", from, "nonce", tx.Nonce(), "qlen", len(p.gapped[from]))
+			}
 		case errors.Is(err, core.ErrInsufficientFunds):
 			addOverdraftedMeter.Mark(1)
 		case errors.Is(err, txpool.ErrAccountLimitExceeded):
@@ -1637,6 +1677,58 @@ func (p *BlobPool) add(tx *types.Transaction) (err error) {
 	p.updateStorageMetrics()
 
 	addValidMeter.Mark(1)
+
+	// Notify all listeners of the new arrival
+	p.discoverFeed.Send(core.NewTxsEvent{Txs: []*types.Transaction{tx.WithoutBlobTxSidecar()}})
+	p.insertFeed.Send(core.NewTxsEvent{Txs: []*types.Transaction{tx.WithoutBlobTxSidecar()}})
+
+	//check the gapped queue for this account and try to promote
+	if gtxs, ok := p.gapped[from]; checkGapped && ok && len(gtxs) > 0 {
+		// We have to add in nonce order, but we want to stable sort to cater for situations
+		// where transactions are replaced, keeping the original receive order for same nonce
+		sort.SliceStable(gtxs, func(i, j int) bool {
+			return gtxs[i].Nonce() < gtxs[j].Nonce()
+		})
+		for len(gtxs) > 0 {
+			stateNonce := p.state.GetNonce(from)
+			firstgap := stateNonce + uint64(len(p.index[from]))
+
+			if gtxs[0].Nonce() > firstgap {
+				// Anything beyond the first gap is not addable yet
+				break
+			}
+
+			// Drop any buffered transactions that became stale in the meantime (included in chain or replaced)
+			// If we arrive to the transaction in the pending range (between the state Nonce and first gap, we
+			// try to add them now while removing from here.
+			tx := gtxs[0]
+			gtxs[0] = nil
+			gtxs = gtxs[1:]
+			delete(p.gappedSource, tx.Hash())
+
+			if tx.Nonce() < stateNonce {
+				// Stale, drop it. Eventually we could add to limbo here if hash matches.
+				log.Trace("Gapped blob transaction became stale", "hash", tx.Hash(), "from", from, "nonce", tx.Nonce(), "state", stateNonce, "qlen", len(p.gapped[from]))
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if tx.Nonce() <= firstgap {
+				// If we hit the pending range, including the first gap, add it and continue to try to add more.
+				// We do not recurse here, but continue to loop instead.
+				// We are under lock, so we can add the transaction directly.
+				if err := p.addLocked(tx, false); err == nil {
+					log.Trace("Gapped blob transaction added to pool", "hash", tx.Hash(), "from", from, "nonce", tx.Nonce(), "qlen", len(p.gapped[from]))
+				} else {
+					log.Trace("Gapped blob transaction not accepted", "hash", tx.Hash(), "from", from, "nonce", tx.Nonce(), "err", err)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if len(gtxs) == 0 {
+			delete(p.gapped, from)
+		} else {
+			p.gapped[from] = gtxs
+		}
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -1868,6 +1960,50 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Nonce(addr common.Address) uint64 {
 	return p.state.GetNonce(addr)
 }
 
+// gappedAllowance returns the number of gapped transactions still
+// allowed for the given account. Allowance is based on a slow-start
+// logic, allowing more gaps (resource usage) to accounts with a
+// higher nonce. Can also return negative values.
+func (p *BlobPool) gappedAllowance(addr common.Address) int {
+	// Gaps happen, but we don't want to allow too many.
+	// Use log10(nonce+1) as the allowance, with a minimum of 0.
+	nonce := p.state.GetNonce(addr)
+	allowance := int(math.Log10(float64(nonce + 1)))
+	// Cap the allowance to the remaining pool space
+	return min(allowance, maxTxsPerAccount-len(p.index[addr])) - len(p.gapped[addr])
+}
+
+// evictGapped removes the old transactions from the gapped reorder buffer.
+// Concurrency: The caller must hold the pool lock before calling this function.
+func (p *BlobPool) evictGapped() {
+	cutoff := time.Now().Add(-gappedLifetime)
+	for from, txs := range p.gapped {
+		nonce := p.state.GetNonce(from)
+		// Reuse the original slice to avoid extra allocations.
+		// This is safe because we only keep references to the original gappedTx objects,
+		// and we overwrite the slice for this account after filtering.
+		keep := txs[:0]
+		for i, gtx := range txs {
+			if gtx.Time().Before(cutoff) || gtx.Nonce() < nonce {
+				// Evict old or stale transactions
+				// Should we add stale to limbo here if it would belong?
+				delete(p.gappedSource, gtx.Hash())
+				txs[i] = nil // Explicitly nil out evicted element
+			} else {
+				keep = append(keep, gtx)
+			}
+		}
+		if len(keep) < len(txs) {
+			log.Trace("Evicting old gapped blob transactions", "count", len(txs)-len(keep), "from", from)
+		}
+		if len(keep) == 0 {
+			delete(p.gapped, from)
+		} else {
+			p.gapped[from] = keep
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // Stats retrieves the current pool stats, namely the number of pending and the
 // number of queued (non-executable) transactions.
 func (p *BlobPool) Stats() (int, int) {
@@ -1902,9 +2038,15 @@ func (p *BlobPool) ContentFrom(addr common.Address) ([]*types.Transaction, []*ty
 // Status returns the known status (unknown/pending/queued) of a transaction
 // identified by their hashes.
 func (p *BlobPool) Status(hash common.Hash) txpool.TxStatus {
-	if p.Has(hash) {
+	p.lock.RLock()
+	defer p.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	if p.lookup.exists(hash) {
 		return txpool.TxStatusPending
 	}
+	if _, gapped := p.gappedSource[hash]; gapped {
+		return txpool.TxStatusQueued
+	}
 	return txpool.TxStatusUnknown
 }
 
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
index eda87008c3..4bb3567b69 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go
@@ -1352,9 +1352,10 @@ func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	// addtx is a helper sender/tx tuple to represent a new tx addition
 	type addtx struct {
-		from string
-		tx   *types.BlobTx
-		err  error
+		from  string
+		tx    *types.BlobTx
+		err   error
+		check func(*BlobPool, *types.Transaction) bool
 	}
 
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -1371,6 +1372,7 @@ func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
 				"bob":    {balance: 21100 + blobSize, nonce: 1},
 				"claire": {balance: 21100 + blobSize},
 				"dave":   {balance: 21100 + blobSize, nonce: 1},
+				"eve":    {balance: 21100 + blobSize, nonce: 10}, // High nonce to test gapped acceptance
 			},
 			adds: []addtx{
 				{ // New account, no previous txs: accept nonce 0
@@ -1398,6 +1400,14 @@ func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
 					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(2, 1, 1, 1),
 					err:  core.ErrNonceTooHigh,
 				},
+				{ // Old account, 10 txs in chain: 0 pending: accept nonce 11 as gapped
+					from: "eve",
+					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(11, 1, 1, 1),
+					err:  nil,
+					check: func(pool *BlobPool, tx *types.Transaction) bool {
+						return pool.Status(tx.Hash()) == txpool.TxStatusQueued
+					},
+				},
 			},
 		},
 		// Transactions from already pooled accounts should only be accepted if
@@ -1758,15 +1768,28 @@ func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("test %d, tx %d: adding transaction error mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, j, errs[0], add.err)
 			}
 			if add.err == nil {
-				size, exist := pool.lookup.sizeOfTx(signed.Hash())
-				if !exist {
-					t.Errorf("test %d, tx %d: failed to lookup transaction's size", i, j)
+				// first check if tx is in the pool (reorder queue or pending)
+				if !pool.Has(signed.Hash()) {
+					t.Errorf("test %d, tx %d: added transaction not found in pool", i, j)
 				}
-				if size != signed.Size() {
-					t.Errorf("test %d, tx %d: transaction's size mismatches: have %v, want %v",
-						i, j, size, signed.Size())
+				// if it is pending, check if size matches
+				if pool.Status(signed.Hash()) == txpool.TxStatusPending {
+					size, exist := pool.lookup.sizeOfTx(signed.Hash())
+					if !exist {
+						t.Errorf("test %d, tx %d: failed to lookup transaction's size", i, j)
+					}
+					if size != signed.Size() {
+						t.Errorf("test %d, tx %d: transaction's size mismatches: have %v, want %v",
+							i, j, size, signed.Size())
+					}
 				}
 			}
+			if add.check != nil {
+				if !add.check(pool, signed) {
+					t.Errorf("test %d, tx %d: custom check failed", i, j)
+				}
+			}
+			// Verify the pool internals after each addition
 			verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)
 		}
 		verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)

From 4eb5b66d9ec0c4c56c223535e3df24e3a76b63b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: maradini77 <140460067+maradini77@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Jan 2026 11:25:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 438/470] ethclient: restore BlockReceipts support for
 `BlockNumberOrHash` objects (#33242)

- pass `rpc.BlockNumberOrHash` directly to `eth_getBlockReceipts` so
`requireCanonical` and other fields survive
- aligns `BlockReceipts` with other `ethclient` methods and re-enables
canonical-only receipt queries
---
 ethclient/ethclient.go      |  2 +-
 ethclient/ethclient_test.go | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/ethclient/ethclient.go b/ethclient/ethclient.go
index 426194b59f..6f2fb5ebc8 100644
--- a/ethclient/ethclient.go
+++ b/ethclient/ethclient.go
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ func (ec *Client) PeerCount(ctx context.Context) (uint64, error) {
 // BlockReceipts returns the receipts of a given block number or hash.
 func (ec *Client) BlockReceipts(ctx context.Context, blockNrOrHash rpc.BlockNumberOrHash) ([]*types.Receipt, error) {
 	var r []*types.Receipt
-	err := ec.c.CallContext(ctx, &r, "eth_getBlockReceipts", blockNrOrHash.String())
+	err := ec.c.CallContext(ctx, &r, "eth_getBlockReceipts", blockNrOrHash)
 	if err == nil && r == nil {
 		return nil, ethereum.NotFound
 	}
diff --git a/ethclient/ethclient_test.go b/ethclient/ethclient_test.go
index 302ccf2e16..f9e761e412 100644
--- a/ethclient/ethclient_test.go
+++ b/ethclient/ethclient_test.go
@@ -687,6 +687,49 @@ func testTransactionSender(t *testing.T, client *rpc.Client) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestBlockReceiptsPreservesCanonicalFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	srv := rpc.NewServer()
+	service := &blockReceiptsTestService{calls: make(chan rpc.BlockNumberOrHash, 1)}
+	if err := srv.RegisterName("eth", service); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to register service: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer srv.Stop()
+
+	client := rpc.DialInProc(srv)
+	defer client.Close()
+
+	ec := ethclient.NewClient(client)
+	defer ec.Close()
+
+	hash := common.HexToHash("0x01")
+	ref := rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithHash(hash, true)
+
+	if _, err := ec.BlockReceipts(context.Background(), ref); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("BlockReceipts returned error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case call := <-service.calls:
+		if call.BlockHash == nil || *call.BlockHash != hash {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected block hash: got %v, want %v", call.BlockHash, hash)
+		}
+		if !call.RequireCanonical {
+			t.Fatalf("requireCanonical flag was lost: %+v", call)
+		}
+	default:
+		t.Fatal("service was not called")
+	}
+}
+
+type blockReceiptsTestService struct {
+	calls chan rpc.BlockNumberOrHash
+}
+
+func (s *blockReceiptsTestService) GetBlockReceipts(ctx context.Context, block rpc.BlockNumberOrHash) ([]*types.Receipt, error) {
+	s.calls <- block
+	return []*types.Receipt{}, nil
+}
+
 func newCanceledContext() context.Context {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	cancel()

From 7cd400612f2462e0827e7d7cea914c6ff8c9f63e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Xuanyu Hu <helium729@outlook.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Jan 2026 19:53:55 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 439/470] tests: check correct revert on invalid tests (#33543)

This PR fixes an issue where `evm statetest` would not verify the
post-state root hash if the test case expected an exception (e.g.
invalid transaction).

The fix involves:
1.  Modifying `tests/state_test_util.go` in the `Run` method.
2. When an expected error occurs (`err != nil`), we now check if
`post.Root` is defined.
3. If defined, we recalculate the intermediate root from the current
state (which is reverted to the pre-transaction snapshot upon error).
4. We use `GetChainConfig` and `IsEIP158` to ensure the correct state
clearing rules are applied when calculating the root, avoiding
regressions on forks that require EIP-158 state clearing.
5. If the calculated root mismatches the expected root, the test now
fails.

This ensures that state tests are strictly verified against their
expected post-state, even for failure scenarios.

Fixes issue #33527

---------

Co-authored-by: MariusVanDerWijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
---
 tests/state_test_util.go | 14 ++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/state_test_util.go b/tests/state_test_util.go
index 1d6cc8db70..3c1df35157 100644
--- a/tests/state_test_util.go
+++ b/tests/state_test_util.go
@@ -234,6 +234,20 @@ func (t *StateTest) Run(subtest StateSubtest, vmconfig vm.Config, snapshotter bo
 	if err != nil {
 		// Here, an error exists but it was expected.
 		// We do not check the post state or logs.
+		// However, if the test defines a post state root, we should check it.
+		// In case of an error, the state is reverted to the snapshot, so we need to
+		// recalculate the root.
+		post := t.json.Post[subtest.Fork][subtest.Index]
+		if post.Root != (common.UnprefixedHash{}) {
+			config, _, err := GetChainConfig(subtest.Fork)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to get chain config: %w", err)
+			}
+			root = st.StateDB.IntermediateRoot(config.IsEIP158(new(big.Int).SetUint64(t.json.Env.Number)))
+			if root != common.Hash(post.Root) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("post-state root does not match the pre-state root, indicates an error in the test: got %x, want %x", root, post.Root)
+			}
+		}
 		return nil
 	}
 	post := t.json.Post[subtest.Fork][subtest.Index]

From 127d1f42bb22df090644df774f479afe7a08bafd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Jan 2026 14:40:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 440/470] core: remove duplicate chainHeadFeed.Send code
 (#33563)

The code was simply duplicate, so we can remove some code lines here.

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 core/blockchain.go | 23 +++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index ba96dc1760..e71f97b7b9 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -746,21 +746,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) SetHead(head uint64) error {
 	if _, err := bc.setHeadBeyondRoot(head, 0, common.Hash{}, false); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	// Send chain head event to update the transaction pool
-	header := bc.CurrentBlock()
-	if block := bc.GetBlock(header.Hash(), header.Number.Uint64()); block == nil {
-		// In a pruned node the genesis block will not exist in the freezer.
-		// It should not happen that we set head to any other pruned block.
-		if header.Number.Uint64() > 0 {
-			// This should never happen. In practice, previously currentBlock
-			// contained the entire block whereas now only a "marker", so there
-			// is an ever so slight chance for a race we should handle.
-			log.Error("Current block not found in database", "block", header.Number, "hash", header.Hash())
-			return fmt.Errorf("current block missing: #%d [%x..]", header.Number, header.Hash().Bytes()[:4])
-		}
-	}
-	bc.chainHeadFeed.Send(ChainHeadEvent{Header: header})
-	return nil
+	return bc.sendChainHeadEvent()
 }
 
 // SetHeadWithTimestamp rewinds the local chain to a new head that has at max
@@ -771,7 +757,12 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) SetHeadWithTimestamp(timestamp uint64) error {
 	if _, err := bc.setHeadBeyondRoot(0, timestamp, common.Hash{}, false); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	// Send chain head event to update the transaction pool
+	return bc.sendChainHeadEvent()
+}
+
+// sendChainHeadEvent notifies all subscribers about the new chain head,
+// checking first that the current block is actually available.
+func (bc *BlockChain) sendChainHeadEvent() error {
 	header := bc.CurrentBlock()
 	if block := bc.GetBlock(header.Hash(), header.Number.Uint64()); block == nil {
 		// In a pruned node the genesis block will not exist in the freezer.

From c890637af9d90d3559be37fa5f3d4cd28d55cb4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jonny Rhea <5555162+jrhea@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Jan 2026 00:25:22 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 441/470] core/rawdb: skip missing block bodies during tx
 unindexing (#33573)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

This PR fixes an issue where the tx indexer would repeatedly try to
“unindex” a block with a missing body, causing a spike in CPU usage.
This change skips these blocks and advances the index tail. The fix was
verified both manually on a local development chain and with a new test.

resolves #33371
---
 core/rawdb/chain_iterator.go      | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 core/rawdb/chain_iterator_test.go | 30 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/rawdb/chain_iterator.go b/core/rawdb/chain_iterator.go
index e7c89ca8d9..713c3d8ae2 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/chain_iterator.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/chain_iterator.go
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ func InitDatabaseFromFreezer(db ethdb.Database) {
 type blockTxHashes struct {
 	number uint64
 	hashes []common.Hash
+	err    error
 }
 
 // iterateTransactions iterates over all transactions in the (canon) block
@@ -144,17 +145,22 @@ func iterateTransactions(db ethdb.Database, from uint64, to uint64, reverse bool
 		}()
 		for data := range rlpCh {
 			var body types.Body
+			var result *blockTxHashes
 			if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(data.rlp, &body); err != nil {
 				log.Warn("Failed to decode block body", "block", data.number, "error", err)
-				return
-			}
-			var hashes []common.Hash
-			for _, tx := range body.Transactions {
-				hashes = append(hashes, tx.Hash())
-			}
-			result := &blockTxHashes{
-				hashes: hashes,
-				number: data.number,
+				result = &blockTxHashes{
+					number: data.number,
+					err:    err,
+				}
+			} else {
+				var hashes []common.Hash
+				for _, tx := range body.Transactions {
+					hashes = append(hashes, tx.Hash())
+				}
+				result = &blockTxHashes{
+					hashes: hashes,
+					number: data.number,
+				}
 			}
 			// Feed the block to the aggregator, or abort on interrupt
 			select {
@@ -214,6 +220,10 @@ func indexTransactions(db ethdb.Database, from uint64, to uint64, interrupt chan
 			// Next block available, pop it off and index it
 			delivery := queue.PopItem()
 			lastNum = delivery.number
+			if delivery.err != nil {
+				log.Warn("Skipping tx indexing for block with missing/corrupt body", "block", delivery.number, "error", delivery.err)
+				continue
+			}
 			WriteTxLookupEntries(batch, delivery.number, delivery.hashes)
 			blocks++
 			txs += len(delivery.hashes)
@@ -307,6 +317,10 @@ func unindexTransactions(db ethdb.Database, from uint64, to uint64, interrupt ch
 			}
 			delivery := queue.PopItem()
 			nextNum = delivery.number + 1
+			if delivery.err != nil {
+				log.Warn("Skipping tx unindexing for block with missing/corrupt body", "block", delivery.number, "error", delivery.err)
+				continue
+			}
 			DeleteTxLookupEntries(batch, delivery.hashes)
 			txs += len(delivery.hashes)
 			blocks++
diff --git a/core/rawdb/chain_iterator_test.go b/core/rawdb/chain_iterator_test.go
index 75bd5a9a94..089ebfe828 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/chain_iterator_test.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/chain_iterator_test.go
@@ -218,6 +218,36 @@ func TestIndexTransactions(t *testing.T) {
 	verify(0, 8, false, 8)
 }
 
+func TestUnindexTransactionsMissingBody(t *testing.T) {
+	// Construct test chain db
+	chainDB := NewMemoryDatabase()
+	blocks, _ := initDatabaseWithTransactions(chainDB)
+
+	// Index the entire chain.
+	lastBlock := blocks[len(blocks)-1].NumberU64()
+	IndexTransactions(chainDB, 0, lastBlock+1, nil, false)
+
+	// Prove that block 2 body exists in the database.
+	if raw := ReadCanonicalBodyRLP(chainDB, 2, nil); len(raw) == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Block 2 body does not exist in the database.")
+	}
+
+	// Delete body for block 2. This simulates a corrupted database.
+	key := blockBodyKey(2, blocks[2].Hash())
+	if err := chainDB.Delete(key); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to delete block body %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Unindex blocks [0, 3)
+	UnindexTransactions(chainDB, 0, 3, nil, false)
+
+	// Verify that tx index tail is updated to 3.
+	tail := ReadTxIndexTail(chainDB)
+	if tail == nil || *tail != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("The tx index tail is wrong: got %v want %d", *tail, 3)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestPruneTransactionIndex(t *testing.T) {
 	chainDB := NewMemoryDatabase()
 	blocks, _ := initDatabaseWithTransactions(chainDB)

From 31d5d82ce595f8bdb519d0062c92ddc361a471ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: 0xcharry <idea.sermons.5p@icloud.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Jan 2026 07:31:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 442/470] internal/ethapi: refactor RPC tx formatter (#33582)

---
 internal/ethapi/api.go | 33 +++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index eb437201d5..d48bffd818 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -186,6 +186,15 @@ func NewTxPoolAPI(b Backend) *TxPoolAPI {
 	return &TxPoolAPI{b}
 }
 
+// flattenTxs builds the RPC transaction map keyed by nonce for a set of pool txs.
+func flattenTxs(txs types.Transactions, header *types.Header, cfg *params.ChainConfig) map[string]*RPCTransaction {
+	dump := make(map[string]*RPCTransaction, len(txs))
+	for _, tx := range txs {
+		dump[fmt.Sprintf("%d", tx.Nonce())] = NewRPCPendingTransaction(tx, header, cfg)
+	}
+	return dump
+}
+
 // Content returns the transactions contained within the transaction pool.
 func (api *TxPoolAPI) Content() map[string]map[string]map[string]*RPCTransaction {
 	pending, queue := api.b.TxPoolContent()
@@ -196,19 +205,11 @@ func (api *TxPoolAPI) Content() map[string]map[string]map[string]*RPCTransaction
 	curHeader := api.b.CurrentHeader()
 	// Flatten the pending transactions
 	for account, txs := range pending {
-		dump := make(map[string]*RPCTransaction, len(txs))
-		for _, tx := range txs {
-			dump[fmt.Sprintf("%d", tx.Nonce())] = NewRPCPendingTransaction(tx, curHeader, api.b.ChainConfig())
-		}
-		content["pending"][account.Hex()] = dump
+		content["pending"][account.Hex()] = flattenTxs(txs, curHeader, api.b.ChainConfig())
 	}
 	// Flatten the queued transactions
 	for account, txs := range queue {
-		dump := make(map[string]*RPCTransaction, len(txs))
-		for _, tx := range txs {
-			dump[fmt.Sprintf("%d", tx.Nonce())] = NewRPCPendingTransaction(tx, curHeader, api.b.ChainConfig())
-		}
-		content["queued"][account.Hex()] = dump
+		content["queued"][account.Hex()] = flattenTxs(txs, curHeader, api.b.ChainConfig())
 	}
 	return content
 }
@@ -220,18 +221,10 @@ func (api *TxPoolAPI) ContentFrom(addr common.Address) map[string]map[string]*RP
 	curHeader := api.b.CurrentHeader()
 
 	// Build the pending transactions
-	dump := make(map[string]*RPCTransaction, len(pending))
-	for _, tx := range pending {
-		dump[fmt.Sprintf("%d", tx.Nonce())] = NewRPCPendingTransaction(tx, curHeader, api.b.ChainConfig())
-	}
-	content["pending"] = dump
+	content["pending"] = flattenTxs(pending, curHeader, api.b.ChainConfig())
 
 	// Build the queued transactions
-	dump = make(map[string]*RPCTransaction, len(queue))
-	for _, tx := range queue {
-		dump[fmt.Sprintf("%d", tx.Nonce())] = NewRPCPendingTransaction(tx, curHeader, api.b.ChainConfig())
-	}
-	content["queued"] = dump
+	content["queued"] = flattenTxs(queue, curHeader, api.b.ChainConfig())
 
 	return content
 }

From 1278b4891d084c587ceb209a0b1a140984b55437 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: bigbear <155267841+aso20455@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 10:24:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 443/470] tests: repair oss-fuzz coverage command (#33304)

The coverage build path was generating go test commands with a bogus
-tags flag that held the coverpkg value, so the run kept failing. I
switched coverbuild to treat the optional argument as an override for
-coverpkg and stopped passing coverpkg from the caller. Now the script
emits a clean go test invocation that should actually succeed.
---
 oss-fuzz.sh | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/oss-fuzz.sh b/oss-fuzz.sh
index 020b6fee27..bd87665125 100644
--- a/oss-fuzz.sh
+++ b/oss-fuzz.sh
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ function compile_fuzzer() {
   go get github.com/holiman/gofuzz-shim/testing
 
 	if [[ $SANITIZER == *coverage* ]]; then
-		coverbuild $path $function $fuzzer $coverpkg
+		coverbuild $path $function $fuzzer
 	else
 	  gofuzz-shim --func $function --package $package -f $file -o $fuzzer.a
 		$CXX $CXXFLAGS $LIB_FUZZING_ENGINE $fuzzer.a -o $OUT/$fuzzer

From 5a1990d1d8b30168c427fc76468dd482a90957eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxim Evtush <154841002+maximevtush@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 14:25:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 444/470] rpc: fix limitedBuffer.Write to properly enforce size
 limit (#33545)

Updated the `avail` calculation to correctly compute remaining capacity:
`buf.limit - len(buf.output)`, ensuring the buffer never exceeds its
configured limit regardless of how many times `Write()` is called.
---
 rpc/handler.go | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/rpc/handler.go b/rpc/handler.go
index 45558d5821..462519d872 100644
--- a/rpc/handler.go
+++ b/rpc/handler.go
@@ -612,8 +612,11 @@ type limitedBuffer struct {
 }
 
 func (buf *limitedBuffer) Write(data []byte) (int, error) {
-	avail := max(buf.limit, len(buf.output))
-	if len(data) < avail {
+	avail := buf.limit - len(buf.output)
+	if avail <= 0 {
+		return 0, errTruncatedOutput
+	}
+	if len(data) <= avail {
 		buf.output = append(buf.output, data...)
 		return len(data), nil
 	}

From ea4935430b3a8fffa39742a0c53e23a4620bde1e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Jan 2026 17:07:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 445/470] version: begin v1.17.0 release cycle

---
 version/version.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/version/version.go b/version/version.go
index a3aad5d398..bcb61f27b1 100644
--- a/version/version.go
+++ b/version/version.go
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ package version
 
 const (
 	Major = 1          // Major version component of the current release
-	Minor = 16         // Minor version component of the current release
-	Patch = 8          // Patch version component of the current release
+	Minor = 17         // Minor version component of the current release
+	Patch = 0          // Patch version component of the current release
 	Meta  = "unstable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
 )

From 5b99d2bba47702f7435b07561926c71a5f29a117 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: MariusVanDerWijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Date: Fri, 19 Dec 2025 13:09:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 446/470] core/txpool: drop peers on invalid KZG proofs

Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: MariusVanDerWijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>:
---
 core/txpool/errors.go          |   3 +
 core/txpool/validation.go      |   7 ++-
 eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go      |  32 ++++++++--
 eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go | 112 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 147 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/txpool/errors.go b/core/txpool/errors.go
index 9bc435d67e..8285cbf10e 100644
--- a/core/txpool/errors.go
+++ b/core/txpool/errors.go
@@ -71,4 +71,7 @@ var (
 	// ErrInflightTxLimitReached is returned when the maximum number of in-flight
 	// transactions is reached for specific accounts.
 	ErrInflightTxLimitReached = errors.New("in-flight transaction limit reached for delegated accounts")
+
+	// ErrKZGVerificationError is returned when a KZG proof was not verified correctly.
+	ErrKZGVerificationError = errors.New("KZG verification error")
 )
diff --git a/core/txpool/validation.go b/core/txpool/validation.go
index 4f985a8bd0..e0a333dfa5 100644
--- a/core/txpool/validation.go
+++ b/core/txpool/validation.go
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ func validateBlobSidecarLegacy(sidecar *types.BlobTxSidecar, hashes []common.Has
 	}
 	for i := range sidecar.Blobs {
 		if err := kzg4844.VerifyBlobProof(&sidecar.Blobs[i], sidecar.Commitments[i], sidecar.Proofs[i]); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("invalid blob %d: %v", i, err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: invalid blob proof: %v", ErrKZGVerificationError, err)
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -212,7 +212,10 @@ func validateBlobSidecarOsaka(sidecar *types.BlobTxSidecar, hashes []common.Hash
 	if len(sidecar.Proofs) != len(hashes)*kzg4844.CellProofsPerBlob {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid number of %d blob proofs expected %d", len(sidecar.Proofs), len(hashes)*kzg4844.CellProofsPerBlob)
 	}
-	return kzg4844.VerifyCellProofs(sidecar.Blobs, sidecar.Commitments, sidecar.Proofs)
+	if err := kzg4844.VerifyCellProofs(sidecar.Blobs, sidecar.Commitments, sidecar.Proofs); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %v", ErrKZGVerificationError, err)
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 // ValidationOptionsWithState define certain differences between stateful transaction
diff --git a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go
index 78e791f32b..50d6f2f7ad 100644
--- a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go
+++ b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher.go
@@ -114,10 +114,11 @@ type txRequest struct {
 // txDelivery is the notification that a batch of transactions have been added
 // to the pool and should be untracked.
 type txDelivery struct {
-	origin string        // Identifier of the peer originating the notification
-	hashes []common.Hash // Batch of transaction hashes having been delivered
-	metas  []txMetadata  // Batch of metadata associated with the delivered hashes
-	direct bool          // Whether this is a direct reply or a broadcast
+	origin    string        // Identifier of the peer originating the notification
+	hashes    []common.Hash // Batch of transaction hashes having been delivered
+	metas     []txMetadata  // Batch of metadata associated with the delivered hashes
+	direct    bool          // Whether this is a direct reply or a broadcast
+	violation error         // Whether we encountered a protocol violation
 }
 
 // txDrop is the notification that a peer has disconnected.
@@ -292,6 +293,7 @@ func (f *TxFetcher) Enqueue(peer string, txs []*types.Transaction, direct bool)
 		knownMeter       = txReplyKnownMeter
 		underpricedMeter = txReplyUnderpricedMeter
 		otherRejectMeter = txReplyOtherRejectMeter
+		violation        error
 	)
 	if !direct {
 		inMeter = txBroadcastInMeter
@@ -338,6 +340,12 @@ func (f *TxFetcher) Enqueue(peer string, txs []*types.Transaction, direct bool)
 			case errors.Is(err, txpool.ErrUnderpriced) || errors.Is(err, txpool.ErrReplaceUnderpriced) || errors.Is(err, txpool.ErrTxGasPriceTooLow):
 				underpriced++
 
+			case errors.Is(err, txpool.ErrKZGVerificationError):
+				// KZG verification failed, terminate transaction processing immediately.
+				// Since KZG verification is computationally expensive, this acts as a
+				// defensive measure against potential DoS attacks.
+				violation = err
+
 			default:
 				otherreject++
 			}
@@ -346,6 +354,11 @@ func (f *TxFetcher) Enqueue(peer string, txs []*types.Transaction, direct bool)
 				kind: batch[j].Type(),
 				size: uint32(batch[j].Size()),
 			})
+			// Terminate the transaction processing if violation is encountered. All
+			// the remaining transactions in response will be silently discarded.
+			if violation != nil {
+				break
+			}
 		}
 		knownMeter.Mark(duplicate)
 		underpricedMeter.Mark(underpriced)
@@ -356,9 +369,13 @@ func (f *TxFetcher) Enqueue(peer string, txs []*types.Transaction, direct bool)
 			log.Debug("Peer delivering stale or invalid transactions", "peer", peer, "rejected", otherreject)
 			time.Sleep(200 * time.Millisecond)
 		}
+		// If we encountered a protocol violation, disconnect this peer.
+		if violation != nil {
+			break
+		}
 	}
 	select {
-	case f.cleanup <- &txDelivery{origin: peer, hashes: added, metas: metas, direct: direct}:
+	case f.cleanup <- &txDelivery{origin: peer, hashes: added, metas: metas, direct: direct, violation: violation}:
 		return nil
 	case <-f.quit:
 		return errTerminated
@@ -753,6 +770,11 @@ func (f *TxFetcher) loop() {
 				// Something was delivered, try to reschedule requests
 				f.scheduleFetches(timeoutTimer, timeoutTrigger, nil) // Partial delivery may enable others to deliver too
 			}
+			// If we encountered a protocol violation, disconnect the peer
+			if delivery.violation != nil {
+				log.Warn("Disconnect peer for protocol violation", "peer", delivery.origin, "error", delivery.violation)
+				f.dropPeer(delivery.origin)
+			}
 
 		case drop := <-f.drop:
 			// A peer was dropped, remove all traces of it
diff --git a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go
index d6d5a8692e..58f5fd3e3d 100644
--- a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go
+++ b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package fetcher
 
 import (
+	"crypto/sha256"
 	"errors"
 	"math/big"
 	"math/rand"
@@ -28,7 +29,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/mclock"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/txpool"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/kzg4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -1937,6 +1941,114 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherWrongMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func makeInvalidBlobTx() *types.Transaction {
+	key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
+	blob := &kzg4844.Blob{byte(0xa)}
+	commitment, _ := kzg4844.BlobToCommitment(blob)
+	blobHash := kzg4844.CalcBlobHashV1(sha256.New(), &commitment)
+	cellProof, _ := kzg4844.ComputeCellProofs(blob)
+
+	// Mutate the cell proof
+	cellProof[0][0] = 0x0
+
+	blobtx := &types.BlobTx{
+		ChainID:    uint256.MustFromBig(params.MainnetChainConfig.ChainID),
+		Nonce:      0,
+		GasTipCap:  uint256.NewInt(100),
+		GasFeeCap:  uint256.NewInt(200),
+		Gas:        21000,
+		BlobFeeCap: uint256.NewInt(200),
+		BlobHashes: []common.Hash{blobHash},
+		Value:      uint256.NewInt(100),
+		Sidecar:    types.NewBlobTxSidecar(types.BlobSidecarVersion1, []kzg4844.Blob{*blob}, []kzg4844.Commitment{commitment}, cellProof),
+	}
+	return types.MustSignNewTx(key, types.LatestSigner(params.MainnetChainConfig), blobtx)
+}
+
+// This test ensures that the peer will be disconnected for protocol violation
+// and all its internal traces should be removed properly.
+func TestTransactionProtocolViolation(t *testing.T) {
+	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelDebug, true)))
+
+	var (
+		badTx = makeInvalidBlobTx()
+		drop  = make(chan struct{}, 1)
+	)
+	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
+		init: func() *TxFetcher {
+			return NewTxFetcher(
+				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
+				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
+					var errs []error
+					for range txs {
+						errs = append(errs, txpool.ErrKZGVerificationError)
+					}
+					return errs
+				},
+				func(a string, b []common.Hash) error {
+					return nil
+				},
+				func(peer string) { drop <- struct{}{} },
+			)
+		},
+		steps: []interface{}{
+			// Initial announcement to get something into the waitlist
+			doTxNotify{
+				peer:   "A",
+				hashes: []common.Hash{testTxs[0].Hash(), badTx.Hash(), testTxs[1].Hash()},
+				types:  []byte{types.LegacyTxType, types.BlobTxType, types.LegacyTxType},
+				sizes:  []uint32{uint32(testTxs[0].Size()), uint32(badTx.Size()), uint32(testTxs[1].Size())},
+			},
+			isWaiting(map[string][]announce{
+				"A": {
+					{testTxs[0].Hash(), types.LegacyTxType, uint32(testTxs[0].Size())},
+					{badTx.Hash(), types.BlobTxType, uint32(badTx.Size())},
+					{testTxs[1].Hash(), types.LegacyTxType, uint32(testTxs[1].Size())},
+				},
+			}),
+			doWait{time: 0, step: true}, // zero time, but the blob fetching should be scheduled
+
+			isWaiting(map[string][]announce{
+				"A": {
+					{testTxs[0].Hash(), types.LegacyTxType, uint32(testTxs[0].Size())},
+					{testTxs[1].Hash(), types.LegacyTxType, uint32(testTxs[1].Size())},
+				},
+			}),
+			isScheduled{
+				tracking: map[string][]announce{
+					"A": {
+						{badTx.Hash(), types.BlobTxType, uint32(badTx.Size())},
+					},
+				},
+				fetching: map[string][]common.Hash{
+					"A": {badTx.Hash()},
+				},
+			},
+
+			doTxEnqueue{
+				peer:   "A",
+				txs:    []*types.Transaction{badTx},
+				direct: true,
+			},
+			// Some internal traces are left and will be cleaned by a following drop
+			// operation.
+			isWaiting(map[string][]announce{
+				"A": {
+					{testTxs[0].Hash(), types.LegacyTxType, uint32(testTxs[0].Size())},
+					{testTxs[1].Hash(), types.LegacyTxType, uint32(testTxs[1].Size())},
+				},
+			}),
+			isScheduled{},
+			doFunc(func() { <-drop }),
+
+			// Simulate the drop operation emitted by the server
+			doDrop("A"),
+			isWaiting(nil),
+			isScheduled{nil, nil, nil},
+		},
+	})
+}
+
 func testTransactionFetcherParallel(t *testing.T, tt txFetcherTest) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	testTransactionFetcher(t, tt)

From 3b17e782747fcd2cf06622324f3d48ad91f64ab3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
Date: Fri, 9 Jan 2026 10:38:18 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 447/470] crypto/ecies: use aes blocksize

Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 crypto/ecies/ecies.go | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/crypto/ecies/ecies.go b/crypto/ecies/ecies.go
index 76f934c72d..9a892781f4 100644
--- a/crypto/ecies/ecies.go
+++ b/crypto/ecies/ecies.go
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ func (prv *PrivateKey) Decrypt(c, s1, s2 []byte) (m []byte, err error) {
 	switch c[0] {
 	case 2, 3, 4:
 		rLen = (prv.PublicKey.Curve.Params().BitSize + 7) / 4
-		if len(c) < (rLen + hLen + 1) {
+		if len(c) < (rLen + hLen + params.BlockSize) {
 			return nil, ErrInvalidMessage
 		}
 	default:

From 94710f79a21fb64299555a545113545677e5dfbe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: DeFi Junkie <deffie.jnkiee@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Jan 2026 13:51:48 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 448/470] accounts/keystore: fix panic in decryptPreSaleKey
 (#33602)

Validate ciphertext length in decryptPreSaleKey, preventing runtime
panics on invalid input.
---
 accounts/keystore/presale.go | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/accounts/keystore/presale.go b/accounts/keystore/presale.go
index 0664dc2cdd..6311e8d90a 100644
--- a/accounts/keystore/presale.go
+++ b/accounts/keystore/presale.go
@@ -81,6 +81,9 @@ func decryptPreSaleKey(fileContent []byte, password string) (key *Key, err error
 	*/
 	passBytes := []byte(password)
 	derivedKey := pbkdf2.Key(passBytes, passBytes, 2000, 16, sha256.New)
+	if len(cipherText)%aes.BlockSize != 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("ciphertext must be a multiple of block size")
+	}
 	plainText, err := aesCBCDecrypt(derivedKey, cipherText, iv)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err

From a9acb3ff93bb1319aa1a822f1c1f3b54c8c27b77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jonny Rhea <5555162+jrhea@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Jan 2026 11:58:30 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 449/470] rpc, internal/telemetry: add OpenTelemetry tracing
 for JSON-RPC calls (#33452)

Add Open Telemetry tracing inside the RPC server to help attribute runtime costs within `handler.handleCall()`. In particular, it allows us to distinguish time spent decoding arguments, invoking methods via reflection, and actually executing the method and constructing/encoding JSON responses.

---------

Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 cmd/keeper/go.mod               |   2 +-
 cmd/keeper/go.sum               |  12 +-
 go.mod                          |  18 ++-
 go.sum                          |  37 ++++--
 internal/telemetry/telemetry.go | 104 +++++++++++++++++
 rpc/client.go                   |   2 +-
 rpc/handler.go                  |  94 ++++++++++++----
 rpc/server.go                   |  22 +++-
 rpc/service.go                  |   6 +-
 rpc/tracing_test.go             | 192 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 10 files changed, 436 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 internal/telemetry/telemetry.go
 create mode 100644 rpc/tracing_test.go

diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.mod b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
index a42be042aa..cee1ce05a7 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.mod
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.6.1 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.12.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.39.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
 )
 
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.sum b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
index 133a3b10b1..b93969cc60 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.sum
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
@@ -96,12 +96,12 @@ github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.9.0 h1:wzCHvIvM5SxWqYvwgVL7yJY8Lz3PKn49KQtpgMYJf
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.9.0/go.mod h1:+pB4zwohETzFnmlpe6yd2lSc+0/46IYZRB/chUwxUZY=
 github.com/prysmaticlabs/gohashtree v0.0.4-beta h1:H/EbCuXPeTV3lpKeXGPpEV9gsUpkqOOVnWapUyeWro4=
 github.com/prysmaticlabs/gohashtree v0.0.4-beta/go.mod h1:BFdtALS+Ffhg3lGQIHv9HDWuHS8cTvHZzrHWxwOtGOs=
-github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.12.0 h1:exVL4IDcn6na9z1rAb56Vxr+CgyK3nn3O+epU5NdKM8=
-github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.12.0/go.mod h1:E+RYuTGaKKdloAfM02xzb0FW3Paa99yedzYV+kq4uf4=
+github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.14.1 h1:UQB4HGPB6osV0SQTLymcB4TgvyWu6ZyliaW0tI/otEQ=
+github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.14.1/go.mod h1:MaRKkUm5W0goXpeCfT7UZI6fk/L7L7so1lCWt35ZSgc=
 github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.4-0.20210419000835-c7a38de76ee5+incompatible h1:Bn1aCHHRnjv4Bl16T8rcaFjYSrGrIZvpiGO6P3Q4GpU=
 github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.4-0.20210419000835-c7a38de76ee5+incompatible/go.mod h1:5b4v6he4MtMOwMlS0TUMTu2PcXUg8+E1lC7eC3UO/RA=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1 h1:7s2iGBzp5EwR7/aIZr8ao5+dra3wiQyKjjFuvgVKu7U=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1/go.mod h1:wZwfW3scLgRK+23gO65QZefKpKQRnfz6sD981Nm4B6U=
 github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.16-0.20250831170142-f48500c1fdbe h1:nbdqkIGOGfUAD54q1s2YBcBz/WcsxCO9HUQ4aGV5hUw=
 github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.16-0.20250831170142-f48500c1fdbe/go.mod h1:jZJtfjgudtNl4en1tzwPIV3KjUnQUvG3/j+w+fVonLw=
 github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.12 h1:0QaGUFOdQaIVdPgfITYzaTegZvdCjmYO52cSFAEVmqU=
@@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190916202348-b4ddaad3f8a3/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
 golang.org/x/sys v0.1.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.11.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0 h1:KVRy2GtZBrk1cBYA7MKu5bEZFxQk4NIDV6RLVcC8o0k=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.39.0 h1:CvCKL8MeisomCi6qNZ+wbb0DN9E5AATixKsvNtMoMFk=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.39.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
 golang.org/x/text v0.23.0 h1:D71I7dUrlY+VX0gQShAThNGHFxZ13dGLBHQLVl1mJlY=
 golang.org/x/text v0.23.0/go.mod h1:/BLNzu4aZCJ1+kcD0DNRotWKage4q2rGVAg4o22unh4=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2 h1:6xV6lTsCfpGD21XK49h7MhtcApnLqkfYgPcdHftf6hg=
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 66f3a3ffa5..7bfb6d25d7 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4 v4.5.2
 	github.com/golang/snappy v1.0.0
 	github.com/google/gofuzz v1.2.0
-	github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
 	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.4.2
 	github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go v1.3.0
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-bexpr v0.1.10
@@ -56,16 +56,19 @@ require (
 	github.com/rs/cors v1.7.0
 	github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.4-0.20210419000835-c7a38de76ee5+incompatible
 	github.com/status-im/keycard-go v0.2.0
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
 	github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.16-0.20250831170142-f48500c1fdbe
 	github.com/syndtr/goleveldb v1.0.1-0.20210819022825-2ae1ddf74ef7
 	github.com/urfave/cli/v2 v2.27.5
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.39.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.39.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.39.0
 	go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.5.2
 	go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230626212559-97b1e661b5df
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.12.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.39.0
 	golang.org/x/text v0.23.0
 	golang.org/x/time v0.9.0
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.29.0
@@ -74,6 +77,13 @@ require (
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
 )
 
+require (
+	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.2.1 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.39.0 // indirect
+)
+
 require (
 	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v1.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal v1.3.0 // indirect
@@ -136,7 +146,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/prometheus/common v0.42.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.9.0 // indirect
 	github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.12.0 // indirect
+	github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.14.1 // indirect
 	github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.12 // indirect
 	github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.6.1 // indirect
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index ad066abc03..c9978a3d9e 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -136,6 +136,11 @@ github.com/ghodss/yaml v1.0.0/go.mod h1:4dBDuWmgqj2HViK6kFavaiC9ZROes6MMH2rRYeME
 github.com/go-chi/chi/v5 v5.0.0/go.mod h1:BBug9lr0cqtdAhsu6R4AAdvufI0/XBzAQSsUqJpoZOs=
 github.com/go-errors/errors v1.4.2 h1:J6MZopCL4uSllY1OfXM374weqZFFItUbrImctkmUxIA=
 github.com/go-errors/errors v1.4.2/go.mod h1:sIVyrIiJhuEF+Pj9Ebtd6P/rEYROXFi3BopGUQ5a5Og=
+github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.2/go.mod h1:jdQByPbusPIv2/zmleS9BjJVeZ6kBagPoEUsqbVz/1A=
+github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 h1:CjnDlHq8ikf6E492q6eKboGOC0T8CDaOvkHCIg8idEI=
+github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3/go.mod h1:9T104GzyrTigFIr8wt5mBrctHMim0Nb2HLGrmQ40KvY=
+github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 h1:hSWxHoqTgW2S2qGc0LTAI563KZ5YKYRhT3MFKZMbjag=
+github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2/go.mod h1:mMo/vtBO5dYbehREoey6XUKy/eSumjCCveDpRre4VKE=
 github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.2.5/go.mod h1:pprOEPIfldk/42T2oK7lQ4v4JSDwmV0As9GaiUsvbm0=
 github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.3.0 h1:Dt6ye7+vXGIKZ7Xtk4s6/xVdGDQynvom7xCFEdWr6uE=
 github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.3.0/go.mod h1:5LS6F96DhAwUc7C+1HLexzMXY1xGRSryjyPPKW6zv78=
@@ -170,16 +175,16 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.1/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMyw
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.4.0/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.2/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.8/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 h1:ofyhxvXcZhMsU5ulbFiLKl/XBFqE1GSq7atu8tAmTRI=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0 h1:wk8382ETsv4JYUZwIsn6YpYiWiBsYLSJiTsyBybVuN8=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0/go.mod h1:pXiqmnSA92OHEEa9HXL2W4E7lf9JzCmGVUdgjX3N/iU=
 github.com/google/go-querystring v1.1.0 h1:AnCroh3fv4ZBgVIf1Iwtovgjaw/GiKJo8M8yD/fhyJ8=
 github.com/google/go-querystring v1.1.0/go.mod h1:Kcdr2DB4koayq7X8pmAG4sNG59So17icRSOU623lUBU=
 github.com/google/gofuzz v1.2.0 h1:xRy4A+RhZaiKjJ1bPfwQ8sedCA+YS2YcCHW6ec7JMi0=
 github.com/google/gofuzz v1.2.0/go.mod h1:dBl0BpW6vV/+mYPU4Po3pmUjxk6FQPldtuIdl/M65Eg=
 github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20230207041349-798e818bf904 h1:4/hN5RUoecvl+RmJRE2YxKWtnnQls6rQjjW5oV7qg2U=
 github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20230207041349-798e818bf904/go.mod h1:uglQLonpP8qtYCYyzA+8c/9qtqgA3qsXGYqCPKARAFg=
-github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0 h1:t6JiXgmwXMjEs8VusXIJk2BXHsn+wx8BZdTaoZ5fu7I=
-github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
+github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 h1:NIvaJDMOsjHA8n1jAhLSgzrAzy1Hgr+hNrb57e+94F0=
+github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
 github.com/gorilla/mux v1.8.0/go.mod h1:DVbg23sWSpFRCP0SfiEN6jmj59UnW/n46BH5rLB71So=
 github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.4.2 h1:+/TMaTYc4QFitKJxsQ7Yye35DkWvkdLcvGKqM+x0Ufc=
 github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.4.2/go.mod h1:YR8l580nyteQvAITg2hZ9XVh4b55+EU/adAjf1fMHhE=
@@ -322,8 +327,8 @@ github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0 h1:S1pD9weZBuJdFmowNwbpi7BJ8TNftyUImj/0WQi72jY=
 github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0/go.mod h1:J6wj4VEh+S6ZtnVlnTBMWIodfgj8LQOQFoIToxlJtxc=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.6.1/go.mod h1:xXDCJY+GAPziupqXw64V24skbSoqbTEfhy4qGm1nDQc=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.9.0/go.mod h1:WtVeX8xhTBvf0smdhujwtBcq4Qrzq/fJaraNFVN+nFs=
-github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.12.0 h1:exVL4IDcn6na9z1rAb56Vxr+CgyK3nn3O+epU5NdKM8=
-github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.12.0/go.mod h1:E+RYuTGaKKdloAfM02xzb0FW3Paa99yedzYV+kq4uf4=
+github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.14.1 h1:UQB4HGPB6osV0SQTLymcB4TgvyWu6ZyliaW0tI/otEQ=
+github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.14.1/go.mod h1:MaRKkUm5W0goXpeCfT7UZI6fk/L7L7so1lCWt35ZSgc=
 github.com/rs/cors v1.7.0 h1:+88SsELBHx5r+hZ8TCkggzSstaWNbDvThkVK8H6f9ik=
 github.com/rs/cors v1.7.0/go.mod h1:gFx+x8UowdsKA9AchylcLynDq+nNFfI8FkUZdN/jGCU=
 github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0 h1:JIOH55/0cWyOuilr9/qlrm0BSXldqnqwMsf35Ld67mk=
@@ -343,8 +348,8 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0/go.mod h1:yNjHg4UonilssWZ8iaSj1OCr/vHnekPRkoO+kdMU+MU=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.3/go.mod h1:sz/lmYIOXD/1dqDmKjjqLyZ2RngseejIcXlSw2iwfAo=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4/go.mod h1:sz/lmYIOXD/1dqDmKjjqLyZ2RngseejIcXlSw2iwfAo=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1 h1:7s2iGBzp5EwR7/aIZr8ao5+dra3wiQyKjjFuvgVKu7U=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1/go.mod h1:wZwfW3scLgRK+23gO65QZefKpKQRnfz6sD981Nm4B6U=
 github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.16-0.20250831170142-f48500c1fdbe h1:nbdqkIGOGfUAD54q1s2YBcBz/WcsxCO9HUQ4aGV5hUw=
 github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.16-0.20250831170142-f48500c1fdbe/go.mod h1:jZJtfjgudtNl4en1tzwPIV3KjUnQUvG3/j+w+fVonLw=
 github.com/syndtr/goleveldb v1.0.1-0.20210819022825-2ae1ddf74ef7 h1:epCh84lMvA70Z7CTTCmYQn2CKbY8j86K7/FAIr141uY=
@@ -363,6 +368,18 @@ github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20240521201337-686a1a2994c1/go.mod h1:Ohn+xnUBi
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.1.27/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.2.1/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.4.13/go.mod h1:6yULJ656Px+3vBD8DxQVa3kxgyrAnzto9xy5taEt/CY=
+go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.2.1 h1:jXsnJ4Lmnqd11kwkBV2LgLoFMZKizbCi5fNZ/ipaZ64=
+go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.2.1/go.mod h1:KRTj+aOaElaLi+wW1kO/DZRXwkF4C5xPbEe3ZiIhN7Y=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.39.0 h1:8yPrr/S0ND9QEfTfdP9V+SiwT4E0G7Y5MO7p85nis48=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.39.0/go.mod h1:kLlFTywNWrFyEdH0oj2xK0bFYZtHRYUdv1NklR/tgc8=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.39.0 h1:d1UzonvEZriVfpNKEVmHXbdf909uGTOQjA0HF0Ls5Q0=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.39.0/go.mod h1:jrZSWL33sD7bBxg1xjrqyDjnuzTUB0x1nBERXd7Ftcs=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.39.0 h1:nMLYcjVsvdui1B/4FRkwjzoRVsMK8uL/cj0OyhKzt18=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.39.0/go.mod h1:vDojkC4/jsTJsE+kh+LXYQlbL8CgrEcwmt1ENZszdJE=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.39.0 h1:cXMVVFVgsIf2YL6QkRF4Urbr/aMInf+2WKg+sEJTtB8=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.39.0/go.mod h1:xq9HEVH7qeX69/JnwEfp6fVq5wosJsY1mt4lLfYdVew=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.39.0 h1:2d2vfpEDmCJ5zVYz7ijaJdOF59xLomrvj7bjt6/qCJI=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.39.0/go.mod h1:88w4/PnZSazkGzz/w84VHpQafiU4EtqqlVdxWy+rNOA=
 go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.5.2 h1:2LxUOGiR3O6tw8ui5sZa2LAaHnsviZdVOUZw4fvbnME=
 go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.5.2/go.mod h1:eRbA25aqJrxAbsLO0xy5jVwPt7FQnRgjW+efnwa1WM0=
 go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0 h1:2K3zAYmnTNqV73imy9J1T3WC+gmCePx2hEGkimedGto=
@@ -444,8 +461,8 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.7.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.11.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0 h1:KVRy2GtZBrk1cBYA7MKu5bEZFxQk4NIDV6RLVcC8o0k=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.36.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.39.0 h1:CvCKL8MeisomCi6qNZ+wbb0DN9E5AATixKsvNtMoMFk=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.39.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201117132131-f5c789dd3221/go.mod h1:Nr5EML6q2oocZ2LXRh80K7BxOlk5/8JxuGnuhpl+muw=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuXm/mYQcufACuNUgVhRMnK/tPxf8=
diff --git a/internal/telemetry/telemetry.go b/internal/telemetry/telemetry.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6bd16da66c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/telemetry/telemetry.go
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package telemetry
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/codes"
+	semconv "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/semconv/v1.38.0"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
+)
+
+// Attribute is an alias for attribute.KeyValue.
+type Attribute = attribute.KeyValue
+
+// StringAttribute creates an attribute with a string value.
+func StringAttribute(key, val string) Attribute {
+	return attribute.String(key, val)
+}
+
+// Int64Attribute creates an attribute with an int64 value.
+func Int64Attribute(key string, val int64) Attribute {
+	return attribute.Int64(key, val)
+}
+
+// BoolAttribute creates an attribute with a bool value.
+func BoolAttribute(key string, val bool) Attribute {
+	return attribute.Bool(key, val)
+}
+
+// StartSpan creates a SpanKind=INTERNAL span.
+func StartSpan(ctx context.Context, spanName string, attributes ...Attribute) (context.Context, trace.Span, func(error)) {
+	return StartSpanWithTracer(ctx, otel.Tracer(""), spanName, attributes...)
+}
+
+// StartSpanWithTracer requires a tracer to be passed in and creates a SpanKind=INTERNAL span.
+func StartSpanWithTracer(ctx context.Context, tracer trace.Tracer, name string, attributes ...Attribute) (context.Context, trace.Span, func(error)) {
+	return startSpan(ctx, tracer, trace.SpanKindInternal, name, attributes...)
+}
+
+// RPCInfo contains information about the RPC request.
+type RPCInfo struct {
+	System    string
+	Service   string
+	Method    string
+	RequestID string
+}
+
+// StartServerSpan creates a SpanKind=SERVER span at the JSON-RPC boundary.
+// The span name is formatted as $rpcSystem.$rpcService/$rpcMethod
+// (e.g. "jsonrpc.engine/newPayloadV4") which follows the Open Telemetry
+// semantic convensions: https://opentelemetry.io/docs/specs/semconv/rpc/rpc-spans/#span-name.
+func StartServerSpan(ctx context.Context, tracer trace.Tracer, rpc RPCInfo, others ...Attribute) (context.Context, func(error)) {
+	var (
+		name       = fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s/%s", rpc.System, rpc.Service, rpc.Method)
+		attributes = append([]Attribute{
+			semconv.RPCSystemKey.String(rpc.System),
+			semconv.RPCServiceKey.String(rpc.Service),
+			semconv.RPCMethodKey.String(rpc.Method),
+			semconv.RPCJSONRPCRequestID(rpc.RequestID),
+		},
+			others...,
+		)
+	)
+	ctx, _, end := startSpan(ctx, tracer, trace.SpanKindServer, name, attributes...)
+	return ctx, end
+}
+
+// startSpan creates a span with the given kind.
+func startSpan(ctx context.Context, tracer trace.Tracer, kind trace.SpanKind, spanName string, attributes ...Attribute) (context.Context, trace.Span, func(error)) {
+	ctx, span := tracer.Start(ctx, spanName, trace.WithSpanKind(kind))
+	if len(attributes) > 0 {
+		span.SetAttributes(attributes...)
+	}
+	return ctx, span, endSpan(span)
+}
+
+// endSpan ends the span and handles error recording.
+func endSpan(span trace.Span) func(error) {
+	return func(err error) {
+		if err != nil {
+			span.RecordError(err)
+			span.SetStatus(codes.Error, err.Error())
+		}
+		span.End()
+	}
+}
diff --git a/rpc/client.go b/rpc/client.go
index 9dc36a6105..8d81503d59 100644
--- a/rpc/client.go
+++ b/rpc/client.go
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ func (c *Client) newClientConn(conn ServerCodec) *clientConn {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, clientContextKey{}, c)
 	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, peerInfoContextKey{}, conn.peerInfo())
-	handler := newHandler(ctx, conn, c.idgen, c.services, c.batchItemLimit, c.batchResponseMaxSize)
+	handler := newHandler(ctx, conn, c.idgen, c.services, c.batchItemLimit, c.batchResponseMaxSize, nil)
 	return &clientConn{conn, handler}
 }
 
diff --git a/rpc/handler.go b/rpc/handler.go
index 462519d872..4ac3a26df1 100644
--- a/rpc/handler.go
+++ b/rpc/handler.go
@@ -28,7 +28,10 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/telemetry"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 )
 
 // handler handles JSON-RPC messages. There is one handler per connection. Note that
@@ -65,6 +68,7 @@ type handler struct {
 	allowSubscribe       bool
 	batchRequestLimit    int
 	batchResponseMaxSize int
+	tracerProvider       trace.TracerProvider
 
 	subLock    sync.Mutex
 	serverSubs map[ID]*Subscription
@@ -73,9 +77,10 @@ type handler struct {
 type callProc struct {
 	ctx       context.Context
 	notifiers []*Notifier
+	isBatch   bool
 }
 
-func newHandler(connCtx context.Context, conn jsonWriter, idgen func() ID, reg *serviceRegistry, batchRequestLimit, batchResponseMaxSize int) *handler {
+func newHandler(connCtx context.Context, conn jsonWriter, idgen func() ID, reg *serviceRegistry, batchRequestLimit, batchResponseMaxSize int, tracerProvider trace.TracerProvider) *handler {
 	rootCtx, cancelRoot := context.WithCancel(connCtx)
 	h := &handler{
 		reg:                  reg,
@@ -90,6 +95,7 @@ func newHandler(connCtx context.Context, conn jsonWriter, idgen func() ID, reg *
 		log:                  log.Root(),
 		batchRequestLimit:    batchRequestLimit,
 		batchResponseMaxSize: batchResponseMaxSize,
+		tracerProvider:       tracerProvider,
 	}
 	if conn.remoteAddr() != "" {
 		h.log = h.log.New("conn", conn.remoteAddr())
@@ -197,6 +203,7 @@ func (h *handler) handleBatch(msgs []*jsonrpcMessage) {
 
 	// Process calls on a goroutine because they may block indefinitely:
 	h.startCallProc(func(cp *callProc) {
+		cp.isBatch = true
 		var (
 			timer      *time.Timer
 			cancel     context.CancelFunc
@@ -497,40 +504,65 @@ func (h *handler) handleCall(cp *callProc, msg *jsonrpcMessage) *jsonrpcMessage
 	if msg.isSubscribe() {
 		return h.handleSubscribe(cp, msg)
 	}
-	var callb *callback
 	if msg.isUnsubscribe() {
-		callb = h.unsubscribeCb
-	} else {
-		// Check method name length
-		if len(msg.Method) > maxMethodNameLength {
-			return msg.errorResponse(&invalidRequestError{fmt.Sprintf("method name too long: %d > %d", len(msg.Method), maxMethodNameLength)})
+		args, err := parsePositionalArguments(msg.Params, h.unsubscribeCb.argTypes)
+		if err != nil {
+			return msg.errorResponse(&invalidParamsError{err.Error()})
 		}
-		callb = h.reg.callback(msg.Method)
+		return h.runMethod(cp.ctx, msg, h.unsubscribeCb, args)
 	}
+
+	// Check method name length
+	if len(msg.Method) > maxMethodNameLength {
+		return msg.errorResponse(&invalidRequestError{fmt.Sprintf("method name too long: %d > %d", len(msg.Method), maxMethodNameLength)})
+	}
+	callb, service, method := h.reg.callback(msg.Method)
+
+	// If the method is not found, return an error.
 	if callb == nil {
 		return msg.errorResponse(&methodNotFoundError{method: msg.Method})
 	}
 
+	// Start root span for the request.
+	var err error
+	rpcInfo := telemetry.RPCInfo{
+		System:    "jsonrpc",
+		Service:   service,
+		Method:    method,
+		RequestID: string(msg.ID),
+	}
+	attrib := []telemetry.Attribute{
+		telemetry.BoolAttribute("rpc.batch", cp.isBatch),
+	}
+	ctx, spanEnd := telemetry.StartServerSpan(cp.ctx, h.tracer(), rpcInfo, attrib...)
+	defer spanEnd(err)
+
+	// Start tracing span before parsing arguments.
+	_, _, pSpanEnd := telemetry.StartSpanWithTracer(ctx, h.tracer(), "rpc.parsePositionalArguments")
 	args, err := parsePositionalArguments(msg.Params, callb.argTypes)
+	pSpanEnd(err)
 	if err != nil {
 		return msg.errorResponse(&invalidParamsError{err.Error()})
 	}
 	start := time.Now()
-	answer := h.runMethod(cp.ctx, msg, callb, args)
+
+	// Start tracing span before running the method.
+	rctx, _, rSpanEnd := telemetry.StartSpanWithTracer(ctx, h.tracer(), "rpc.runMethod")
+	answer := h.runMethod(rctx, msg, callb, args)
+	if answer.Error != nil {
+		err = errors.New(answer.Error.Message)
+	}
+	rSpanEnd(err)
 
 	// Collect the statistics for RPC calls if metrics is enabled.
-	// We only care about pure rpc call. Filter out subscription.
-	if callb != h.unsubscribeCb {
-		rpcRequestGauge.Inc(1)
-		if answer.Error != nil {
-			failedRequestGauge.Inc(1)
-		} else {
-			successfulRequestGauge.Inc(1)
-		}
-		rpcServingTimer.UpdateSince(start)
-		updateServeTimeHistogram(msg.Method, answer.Error == nil, time.Since(start))
+	rpcRequestGauge.Inc(1)
+	if answer.Error != nil {
+		failedRequestGauge.Inc(1)
+	} else {
+		successfulRequestGauge.Inc(1)
 	}
-
+	rpcServingTimer.UpdateSince(start)
+	updateServeTimeHistogram(msg.Method, answer.Error == nil, time.Since(start))
 	return answer
 }
 
@@ -568,17 +600,33 @@ func (h *handler) handleSubscribe(cp *callProc, msg *jsonrpcMessage) *jsonrpcMes
 	n := &Notifier{h: h, namespace: namespace}
 	cp.notifiers = append(cp.notifiers, n)
 	ctx := context.WithValue(cp.ctx, notifierKey{}, n)
-
 	return h.runMethod(ctx, msg, callb, args)
 }
 
+// tracer returns the OpenTelemetry Tracer for RPC call tracing.
+func (h *handler) tracer() trace.Tracer {
+	if h.tracerProvider == nil {
+		// Default to global TracerProvider if none is set.
+		// Note: If no TracerProvider is set, the default is a no-op TracerProvider.
+		// See https://pkg.go.dev/go.opentelemetry.io/otel#GetTracerProvider
+		return otel.Tracer("")
+	}
+	return h.tracerProvider.Tracer("")
+}
+
 // runMethod runs the Go callback for an RPC method.
-func (h *handler) runMethod(ctx context.Context, msg *jsonrpcMessage, callb *callback, args []reflect.Value) *jsonrpcMessage {
+func (h *handler) runMethod(ctx context.Context, msg *jsonrpcMessage, callb *callback, args []reflect.Value, attributes ...telemetry.Attribute) *jsonrpcMessage {
 	result, err := callb.call(ctx, msg.Method, args)
 	if err != nil {
 		return msg.errorResponse(err)
 	}
-	return msg.response(result)
+	_, _, spanEnd := telemetry.StartSpanWithTracer(ctx, h.tracer(), "rpc.encodeJSONResponse", attributes...)
+	response := msg.response(result)
+	if response.Error != nil {
+		err = errors.New(response.Error.Message)
+	}
+	spanEnd(err)
+	return response
 }
 
 // unsubscribe is the callback function for all *_unsubscribe calls.
diff --git a/rpc/server.go b/rpc/server.go
index 599e31fb41..94d4a3e13e 100644
--- a/rpc/server.go
+++ b/rpc/server.go
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"sync/atomic"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 )
 
 const MetadataApi = "rpc"
@@ -55,15 +56,17 @@ type Server struct {
 	batchResponseLimit int
 	httpBodyLimit      int
 	wsReadLimit        int64
+	tracerProvider     trace.TracerProvider
 }
 
 // NewServer creates a new server instance with no registered handlers.
 func NewServer() *Server {
 	server := &Server{
-		idgen:         randomIDGenerator(),
-		codecs:        make(map[ServerCodec]struct{}),
-		httpBodyLimit: defaultBodyLimit,
-		wsReadLimit:   wsDefaultReadLimit,
+		idgen:          randomIDGenerator(),
+		codecs:         make(map[ServerCodec]struct{}),
+		httpBodyLimit:  defaultBodyLimit,
+		wsReadLimit:    wsDefaultReadLimit,
+		tracerProvider: nil,
 	}
 	server.run.Store(true)
 	// Register the default service providing meta information about the RPC service such
@@ -129,6 +132,15 @@ func (s *Server) ServeCodec(codec ServerCodec, options CodecOption) {
 	c.Close()
 }
 
+// setTracerProvider configures the OpenTelemetry TracerProvider for RPC call tracing.
+// Note: This method (and the TracerProvider field in the Server/Handler struct) is
+// primarily intended for testing. In particular, it allows tests to configure an
+// isolated TracerProvider without changing the global provider, avoiding
+// interference between tests running in parallel.
+func (s *Server) setTracerProvider(tp trace.TracerProvider) {
+	s.tracerProvider = tp
+}
+
 func (s *Server) trackCodec(codec ServerCodec) bool {
 	s.mutex.Lock()
 	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
@@ -156,7 +168,7 @@ func (s *Server) serveSingleRequest(ctx context.Context, codec ServerCodec) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	h := newHandler(ctx, codec, s.idgen, &s.services, s.batchItemLimit, s.batchResponseLimit)
+	h := newHandler(ctx, codec, s.idgen, &s.services, s.batchItemLimit, s.batchResponseLimit, s.tracerProvider)
 	h.allowSubscribe = false
 	defer h.close(io.EOF, nil)
 
diff --git a/rpc/service.go b/rpc/service.go
index 0f62d7eb7c..8462a5a59a 100644
--- a/rpc/service.go
+++ b/rpc/service.go
@@ -92,14 +92,14 @@ func (r *serviceRegistry) registerName(name string, rcvr interface{}) error {
 }
 
 // callback returns the callback corresponding to the given RPC method name.
-func (r *serviceRegistry) callback(method string) *callback {
+func (r *serviceRegistry) callback(method string) (cb *callback, service, methodName string) {
 	before, after, found := strings.Cut(method, serviceMethodSeparator)
 	if !found {
-		return nil
+		return nil, "", ""
 	}
 	r.mu.Lock()
 	defer r.mu.Unlock()
-	return r.services[before].callbacks[after]
+	return r.services[before].callbacks[after], before, after
 }
 
 // subscription returns a subscription callback in the given service.
diff --git a/rpc/tracing_test.go b/rpc/tracing_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..89cd31a075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rpc/tracing_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package rpc
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
+	sdktrace "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace/tracetest"
+)
+
+// attributeMap converts a slice of attributes to a map.
+func attributeMap(attrs []attribute.KeyValue) map[string]string {
+	m := make(map[string]string)
+	for _, a := range attrs {
+		switch a.Value.Type() {
+		case attribute.STRING:
+			m[string(a.Key)] = a.Value.AsString()
+		case attribute.BOOL:
+			if a.Value.AsBool() {
+				m[string(a.Key)] = "true"
+			} else {
+				m[string(a.Key)] = "false"
+			}
+		default:
+			m[string(a.Key)] = a.Value.Emit()
+		}
+	}
+	return m
+}
+
+// newTracingServer creates a new server with tracing enabled.
+func newTracingServer(t *testing.T) (*Server, *sdktrace.TracerProvider, *tracetest.InMemoryExporter) {
+	t.Helper()
+	exporter := tracetest.NewInMemoryExporter()
+	tp := sdktrace.NewTracerProvider(sdktrace.WithSyncer(exporter))
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = tp.Shutdown(context.Background()) })
+	server := newTestServer()
+	server.setTracerProvider(tp)
+	t.Cleanup(server.Stop)
+	return server, tp, exporter
+}
+
+// TestTracingHTTP verifies that RPC spans are emitted when processing HTTP requests.
+func TestTracingHTTP(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	server, tracer, exporter := newTracingServer(t)
+	httpsrv := httptest.NewServer(server)
+	t.Cleanup(httpsrv.Close)
+	client, err := DialHTTP(httpsrv.URL)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to dial: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(client.Close)
+
+	// Make a successful RPC call.
+	var result echoResult
+	if err := client.Call(&result, "test_echo", "hello", 42, &echoArgs{S: "world"}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("RPC call failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Flush and verify that we emitted the expected span.
+	if err := tracer.ForceFlush(context.Background()); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to flush: %v", err)
+	}
+	spans := exporter.GetSpans()
+	if len(spans) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("no spans were emitted")
+	}
+	var rpcSpan *tracetest.SpanStub
+	for i := range spans {
+		if spans[i].Name == "jsonrpc.test/echo" {
+			rpcSpan = &spans[i]
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if rpcSpan == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("jsonrpc.test/echo span not found.")
+	}
+	attrs := attributeMap(rpcSpan.Attributes)
+	if attrs["rpc.system"] != "jsonrpc" {
+		t.Errorf("expected rpc.system=jsonrpc, got %v", attrs["rpc.system"])
+	}
+	if attrs["rpc.service"] != "test" {
+		t.Errorf("expected rpc.service=test, got %v", attrs["rpc.service"])
+	}
+	if attrs["rpc.method"] != "echo" {
+		t.Errorf("expected rpc.method=echo, got %v", attrs["rpc.method"])
+	}
+	if _, ok := attrs["rpc.jsonrpc.request_id"]; !ok {
+		t.Errorf("expected rpc.jsonrpc.request_id attribute to be set")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTracingBatchHTTP verifies that RPC spans are emitted for batched JSON-RPC calls over HTTP.
+func TestTracingBatchHTTP(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	server, tracer, exporter := newTracingServer(t)
+	httpsrv := httptest.NewServer(server)
+	t.Cleanup(httpsrv.Close)
+	client, err := DialHTTP(httpsrv.URL)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to dial: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(client.Close)
+
+	// Make a successful batch RPC call.
+	batch := []BatchElem{
+		{
+			Method: "test_echo",
+			Args:   []any{"hello", 42, &echoArgs{S: "world"}},
+			Result: new(echoResult),
+		},
+		{
+			Method: "test_echo",
+			Args:   []any{"your", 7, &echoArgs{S: "mom"}},
+			Result: new(echoResult),
+		},
+	}
+	if err := client.BatchCall(batch); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("batch RPC call failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Flush and verify we emitted spans for each batch element.
+	if err := tracer.ForceFlush(context.Background()); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to flush: %v", err)
+	}
+	spans := exporter.GetSpans()
+	if len(spans) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("no spans were emitted")
+	}
+	var found int
+	for i := range spans {
+		if spans[i].Name == "jsonrpc.test/echo" {
+			attrs := attributeMap(spans[i].Attributes)
+			if attrs["rpc.system"] == "jsonrpc" &&
+				attrs["rpc.service"] == "test" &&
+				attrs["rpc.method"] == "echo" &&
+				attrs["rpc.batch"] == "true" {
+				found++
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if found != len(batch) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %d matching batch spans, got %d", len(batch), found)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTracingSubscribeUnsubscribe verifies that subscribe and unsubscribe calls
+// do not emit any spans.
+// Note: This works because client.newClientConn() passes nil as the tracer provider.
+func TestTracingSubscribeUnsubscribe(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	server, tracer, exporter := newTracingServer(t)
+	client := DialInProc(server)
+	t.Cleanup(client.Close)
+
+	// Subscribe to notifications.
+	sub, err := client.Subscribe(context.Background(), "nftest", make(chan int), "someSubscription", 1, 1)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("subscribe failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Unsubscribe.
+	sub.Unsubscribe()
+
+	// Flush and check that no spans were emitted.
+	if err := tracer.ForceFlush(context.Background()); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to flush: %v", err)
+	}
+	spans := exporter.GetSpans()
+	if len(spans) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected no spans for subscribe/unsubscribe, got %d", len(spans))
+	}
+}

From e3e556b266ce0c645002f80195ac786dd5d9f2f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jonny Rhea <5555162+jrhea@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Jan 2026 15:03:48 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 450/470] rpc: extract OpenTelemetry trace context from request
 headers (#33599)

This PR adds support for the extraction of OpenTelemetry trace context
from incoming JSON-RPC request headers, allowing geth spans to be linked
to upstream traces when present.

---------

Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 rpc/http.go         |  6 ++++++
 rpc/tracing_test.go | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/rpc/http.go b/rpc/http.go
index a74f36a1b0..55f0abfa72 100644
--- a/rpc/http.go
+++ b/rpc/http.go
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
+
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/propagation"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -334,6 +337,9 @@ func (s *Server) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	ctx := r.Context()
 	ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, peerInfoContextKey{}, connInfo)
 
+	// Extract trace context from incoming headers.
+	ctx = otel.GetTextMapPropagator().Extract(ctx, propagation.HeaderCarrier(r.Header))
+
 	// All checks passed, create a codec that reads directly from the request body
 	// until EOF, writes the response to w, and orders the server to process a
 	// single request.
diff --git a/rpc/tracing_test.go b/rpc/tracing_test.go
index 89cd31a075..f32a647e6f 100644
--- a/rpc/tracing_test.go
+++ b/rpc/tracing_test.go
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ import (
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"testing"
 
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/propagation"
 	sdktrace "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace/tracetest"
 )
@@ -60,16 +62,33 @@ func newTracingServer(t *testing.T) (*Server, *sdktrace.TracerProvider, *tracete
 
 // TestTracingHTTP verifies that RPC spans are emitted when processing HTTP requests.
 func TestTracingHTTP(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
+	// Not parallel: this test modifies the global otel TextMapPropagator.
+
+	// Set up a propagator to extract W3C Trace Context headers.
+	originalPropagator := otel.GetTextMapPropagator()
+	otel.SetTextMapPropagator(propagation.TraceContext{})
+	t.Cleanup(func() { otel.SetTextMapPropagator(originalPropagator) })
+
 	server, tracer, exporter := newTracingServer(t)
 	httpsrv := httptest.NewServer(server)
 	t.Cleanup(httpsrv.Close)
+
+	// Define the expected trace and span IDs for context propagation.
+	const (
+		traceID      = "4bf92f3577b34da6a3ce929d0e0e4736"
+		parentSpanID = "00f067aa0ba902b7"
+		traceparent  = "00-" + traceID + "-" + parentSpanID + "-01"
+	)
+
 	client, err := DialHTTP(httpsrv.URL)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to dial: %v", err)
 	}
 	t.Cleanup(client.Close)
 
+	// Set trace context headers.
+	client.SetHeader("traceparent", traceparent)
+
 	// Make a successful RPC call.
 	var result echoResult
 	if err := client.Call(&result, "test_echo", "hello", 42, &echoArgs{S: "world"}); err != nil {
@@ -92,8 +111,10 @@ func TestTracingHTTP(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 	if rpcSpan == nil {
-		t.Fatalf("jsonrpc.test/echo span not found.")
+		t.Fatalf("jsonrpc.test/echo span not found")
 	}
+
+	// Verify span attributes.
 	attrs := attributeMap(rpcSpan.Attributes)
 	if attrs["rpc.system"] != "jsonrpc" {
 		t.Errorf("expected rpc.system=jsonrpc, got %v", attrs["rpc.system"])
@@ -107,6 +128,17 @@ func TestTracingHTTP(t *testing.T) {
 	if _, ok := attrs["rpc.jsonrpc.request_id"]; !ok {
 		t.Errorf("expected rpc.jsonrpc.request_id attribute to be set")
 	}
+
+	// Verify the span's parent matches the traceparent header values.
+	if got := rpcSpan.Parent.TraceID().String(); got != traceID {
+		t.Errorf("parent trace ID mismatch: got %s, want %s", got, traceID)
+	}
+	if got := rpcSpan.Parent.SpanID().String(); got != parentSpanID {
+		t.Errorf("parent span ID mismatch: got %s, want %s", got, parentSpanID)
+	}
+	if !rpcSpan.Parent.IsRemote() {
+		t.Error("expected parent span context to be marked as remote")
+	}
 }
 
 // TestTracingBatchHTTP verifies that RPC spans are emitted for batched JSON-RPC calls over HTTP.

From 494908a8523af0e67d22d7930df15787ca5776b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Jan 2026 17:28:57 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 451/470] triedb/pathdb: change the bitmap to big endian
 (#33584)

The bitmap is used in compact-encoded trie nodes to indicate which elements
have been modified. The bitmap format has been updated to use big-endian
encoding.

Bit positions are numbered from 0 to 15, where position 0 corresponds to
the most significant bit of b[0], and position 15 corresponds to the least
significant bit of b[1].
---
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils.go      | 23 ++++++++++
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils_test.go | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++
 triedb/pathdb/nodes.go                       | 12 +-----
 3 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils.go
index 0513343404..241b8a7d3c 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package pathdb
 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
+	"math/bits"
 	"slices"
 )
 
@@ -81,3 +82,25 @@ func isBitSet(b []byte, index int) bool {
 func setBit(b []byte, index int) {
 	b[index/8] |= 1 << (7 - index%8)
 }
+
+// bitPosTwoBytes returns the positions of set bits in a 2-byte bitmap.
+//
+// The bitmap is interpreted as a big-endian uint16. Bit positions are
+// numbered from 0 to 15, where position 0 corresponds to the most
+// significant bit of b[0], and position 15 corresponds to the least
+// significant bit of b[1].
+func bitPosTwoBytes(b []byte) []int {
+	if len(b) != 2 {
+		panic("expect 2 bytes")
+	}
+	var (
+		pos  []int
+		mask = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(b)
+	)
+	for mask != 0 {
+		p := bits.LeadingZeros16(mask)
+		pos = append(pos, p)
+		mask &^= 1 << (15 - p)
+	}
+	return pos
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils_test.go
index 17eabb2a98..c3bd0d5b1f 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils_test.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ package pathdb
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 )
 
@@ -79,3 +80,47 @@ func TestBitmapSet(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestBitPositions(t *testing.T) {
+	suites := []struct {
+		input  []byte
+		expect []int
+	}{
+		{
+			[]byte{0b10000000, 0x0}, []int{0},
+		},
+		{
+			[]byte{0b01000000, 0x0}, []int{1},
+		},
+		{
+			[]byte{0b00000001, 0x0}, []int{7},
+		},
+		{
+			[]byte{0b00000000, 0b10000000}, []int{8},
+		},
+		{
+			[]byte{0b00000000, 0b00000001}, []int{15},
+		},
+		{
+			[]byte{0b10000000, 0b00000001}, []int{0, 15},
+		},
+		{
+			[]byte{0b10000001, 0b00000001}, []int{0, 7, 15},
+		},
+		{
+			[]byte{0b10000001, 0b10000001}, []int{0, 7, 8, 15},
+		},
+		{
+			[]byte{0b11111111, 0b11111111}, []int{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15},
+		},
+		{
+			[]byte{0x0, 0x0}, nil,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range suites {
+		got := bitPosTwoBytes(tc.input)
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tc.expect) {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected position set, want: %v, got: %v", tc.expect, got)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go b/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go
index 4eede439e4..b7290ed235 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go
@@ -500,8 +500,7 @@ func encodeNodeCompressed(addExtension bool, elements [][]byte, indices []int) [
 				flag |= 1 << 4 // Use the reserved flagE
 				continue
 			}
-			bitIndex := uint(pos % 8)
-			bitmap[pos/8] |= 1 << bitIndex
+			setBit(bitmap, pos)
 		}
 		enc = append(enc, flag)
 		enc = append(enc, bitmap...)
@@ -553,14 +552,7 @@ func decodeNodeCompressed(data []byte) ([][]byte, []int, error) {
 			return nil, nil, errors.New("invalid data: too short")
 		}
 		bitmap := data[1:3]
-		for index, b := range bitmap {
-			for bitIdx := 0; bitIdx < 8; bitIdx++ {
-				if b&(1<<uint(bitIdx)) != 0 {
-					pos := index*8 + bitIdx
-					indices = append(indices, pos)
-				}
-			}
-		}
+		indices = bitPosTwoBytes(bitmap)
 		if flag&byte(16) != 0 { // flagE
 			indices = append(indices, 16)
 			log.Info("Unexpected 16th child encountered in a full node")

From 9ba13b6097b83989bb34851c0f49ac50429d13c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Jan 2026 19:37:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 452/470] eth/fetcher: refactor test code (#33610)

Remove a large amount of duplicate code from the tx_fetcher tests.

---------

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go | 379 ++++++++-------------------------
 1 file changed, 92 insertions(+), 287 deletions(-)

diff --git a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go
index 58f5fd3e3d..87fbe9f38c 100644
--- a/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go
+++ b/eth/fetcher/tx_fetcher_test.go
@@ -87,6 +87,19 @@ type txFetcherTest struct {
 	steps []interface{}
 }
 
+// newTestTxFetcher creates a tx fetcher with noop callbacks, simulated clock,
+// and deterministic randomness.
+func newTestTxFetcher() *TxFetcher {
+	return NewTxFetcher(
+		func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
+		func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
+			return make([]error, len(txs))
+		},
+		func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
+		nil,
+	)
+}
+
 // Tests that transaction announcements with associated metadata are added to a
 // waitlist, and none of them are scheduled for retrieval until the wait expires.
 //
@@ -95,14 +108,7 @@ type txFetcherTest struct {
 // with all the useless extra fields.
 func TestTransactionFetcherWaiting(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Initial announcement to get something into the waitlist
 			doTxNotify{peer: "A", hashes: []common.Hash{{0x01}, {0x02}}, types: []byte{types.LegacyTxType, types.LegacyTxType}, sizes: []uint32{111, 222}},
@@ -297,14 +303,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherWaiting(t *testing.T) {
 // already scheduled.
 func TestTransactionFetcherSkipWaiting(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Push an initial announcement through to the scheduled stage
 			doTxNotify{
@@ -387,14 +386,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherSkipWaiting(t *testing.T) {
 // and subsequent announces block or get allotted to someone else.
 func TestTransactionFetcherSingletonRequesting(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Push an initial announcement through to the scheduled stage
 			doTxNotify{peer: "A", hashes: []common.Hash{{0x01}, {0x02}}, types: []byte{types.LegacyTxType, types.LegacyTxType}, sizes: []uint32{111, 222}},
@@ -493,15 +485,12 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherFailedRescheduling(t *testing.T) {
 	proceed := make(chan struct{})
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-				func(origin string, hashes []common.Hash) error {
-					<-proceed
-					return errors.New("peer disconnected")
-				},
-				nil,
-			)
+			f := newTestTxFetcher()
+			f.fetchTxs = func(origin string, hashes []common.Hash) error {
+				<-proceed
+				return errors.New("peer disconnected")
+			}
+			return f
 		},
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Push an initial announcement through to the scheduled stage
@@ -576,16 +565,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherFailedRescheduling(t *testing.T) {
 // are cleaned up.
 func TestTransactionFetcherCleanup(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					return make([]error, len(txs))
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Push an initial announcement through to the scheduled stage
 			doTxNotify{peer: "A", hashes: []common.Hash{testTxsHashes[0]}, types: []byte{testTxs[0].Type()}, sizes: []uint32{uint32(testTxs[0].Size())}},
@@ -620,16 +600,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherCleanup(t *testing.T) {
 // this was a bug)).
 func TestTransactionFetcherCleanupEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					return make([]error, len(txs))
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Push an initial announcement through to the scheduled stage
 			doTxNotify{peer: "A", hashes: []common.Hash{testTxsHashes[0]}, types: []byte{testTxs[0].Type()}, sizes: []uint32{uint32(testTxs[0].Size())}},
@@ -663,16 +634,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherCleanupEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 // different peer, or self if they are after the cutoff point.
 func TestTransactionFetcherMissingRescheduling(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					return make([]error, len(txs))
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Push an initial announcement through to the scheduled stage
 			doTxNotify{peer: "A",
@@ -724,16 +686,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherMissingRescheduling(t *testing.T) {
 // delivered, the peer gets properly cleaned out from the internal state.
 func TestTransactionFetcherMissingCleanup(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					return make([]error, len(txs))
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Push an initial announcement through to the scheduled stage
 			doTxNotify{peer: "A",
@@ -773,16 +726,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherMissingCleanup(t *testing.T) {
 // Tests that transaction broadcasts properly clean up announcements.
 func TestTransactionFetcherBroadcasts(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					return make([]error, len(txs))
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Set up three transactions to be in different stats, waiting, queued and fetching
 			doTxNotify{peer: "A", hashes: []common.Hash{testTxsHashes[0]}, types: []byte{testTxs[0].Type()}, sizes: []uint32{uint32(testTxs[0].Size())}},
@@ -829,14 +773,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherBroadcasts(t *testing.T) {
 // Tests that the waiting list timers properly reset and reschedule.
 func TestTransactionFetcherWaitTimerResets(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			doTxNotify{peer: "A", hashes: []common.Hash{{0x01}}, types: []byte{types.LegacyTxType}, sizes: []uint32{111}},
 			isWaiting(map[string][]announce{
@@ -899,16 +836,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherWaitTimerResets(t *testing.T) {
 // out and be re-scheduled for someone else.
 func TestTransactionFetcherTimeoutRescheduling(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					return make([]error, len(txs))
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Push an initial announcement through to the scheduled stage
 			doTxNotify{
@@ -977,14 +905,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherTimeoutRescheduling(t *testing.T) {
 // Tests that the fetching timeout timers properly reset and reschedule.
 func TestTransactionFetcherTimeoutTimerResets(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			doTxNotify{peer: "A", hashes: []common.Hash{{0x01}}, types: []byte{types.LegacyTxType}, sizes: []uint32{111}},
 			doWait{time: txArriveTimeout, step: true},
@@ -1055,14 +976,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherRateLimiting(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Announce all the transactions, wait a bit and ensure only a small
 			// percentage gets requested
@@ -1085,14 +999,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherRateLimiting(t *testing.T) {
 // be requested at a time, to keep the responses below a reasonable level.
 func TestTransactionFetcherBandwidthLimiting(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Announce mid size transactions from A to verify that multiple
 			// ones can be piled into a single request.
@@ -1202,14 +1109,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherDoSProtection(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Announce half of the transaction and wait for them to be scheduled
 			doTxNotify{peer: "A", hashes: hashesA[:maxTxAnnounces/2], types: typesA[:maxTxAnnounces/2], sizes: sizesA[:maxTxAnnounces/2]},
@@ -1270,24 +1170,21 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherDoSProtection(t *testing.T) {
 func TestTransactionFetcherUnderpricedDedup(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					errs := make([]error, len(txs))
-					for i := 0; i < len(errs); i++ {
-						if i%3 == 0 {
-							errs[i] = txpool.ErrUnderpriced
-						} else if i%3 == 1 {
-							errs[i] = txpool.ErrReplaceUnderpriced
-						} else {
-							errs[i] = txpool.ErrTxGasPriceTooLow
-						}
+			f := newTestTxFetcher()
+			f.addTxs = func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
+				errs := make([]error, len(txs))
+				for i := 0; i < len(errs); i++ {
+					if i%3 == 0 {
+						errs[i] = txpool.ErrUnderpriced
+					} else if i%3 == 1 {
+						errs[i] = txpool.ErrReplaceUnderpriced
+					} else {
+						errs[i] = txpool.ErrTxGasPriceTooLow
 					}
-					return errs
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
+				}
+				return errs
+			}
+			return f
 		},
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Deliver a transaction through the fetcher, but reject as underpriced
@@ -1371,18 +1268,15 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherUnderpricedDoSProtection(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	testTransactionFetcher(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					errs := make([]error, len(txs))
-					for i := 0; i < len(errs); i++ {
-						errs[i] = txpool.ErrUnderpriced
-					}
-					return errs
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
+			f := newTestTxFetcher()
+			f.addTxs = func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
+				errs := make([]error, len(txs))
+				for i := 0; i < len(errs); i++ {
+					errs[i] = txpool.ErrUnderpriced
+				}
+				return errs
+			}
+			return f
 		},
 		steps: append(steps, []interface{}{
 			// The preparation of the test has already been done in `steps`, add the last check
@@ -1402,16 +1296,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherUnderpricedDoSProtection(t *testing.T) {
 // Tests that unexpected deliveries don't corrupt the internal state.
 func TestTransactionFetcherOutOfBoundDeliveries(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					return make([]error, len(txs))
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Deliver something out of the blue
 			isWaiting(nil),
@@ -1461,16 +1346,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherOutOfBoundDeliveries(t *testing.T) {
 // live or dangling stages.
 func TestTransactionFetcherDrop(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					return make([]error, len(txs))
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Set up a few hashes into various stages
 			doTxNotify{peer: "A", hashes: []common.Hash{{0x01}}, types: []byte{types.LegacyTxType}, sizes: []uint32{111}},
@@ -1535,16 +1411,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherDrop(t *testing.T) {
 // available peer.
 func TestTransactionFetcherDropRescheduling(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					return make([]error, len(txs))
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Set up a few hashes into various stages
 			doTxNotify{peer: "A", hashes: []common.Hash{{0x01}}, types: []byte{types.LegacyTxType}, sizes: []uint32{111}},
@@ -1582,14 +1449,9 @@ func TestInvalidAnnounceMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	drop := make(chan string, 2)
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					return make([]error, len(txs))
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				func(peer string) { drop <- peer },
-			)
+			f := newTestTxFetcher()
+			f.dropPeer = func(peer string) { drop <- peer }
+			return f
 		},
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Initial announcement to get something into the waitlist
@@ -1664,16 +1526,7 @@ func TestInvalidAnnounceMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 // announced one.
 func TestTransactionFetcherFuzzCrash01(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					return make([]error, len(txs))
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Get a transaction into fetching mode and make it dangling with a broadcast
 			doTxNotify{peer: "A", hashes: []common.Hash{testTxsHashes[0]}, types: []byte{testTxs[0].Type()}, sizes: []uint32{uint32(testTxs[0].Size())}},
@@ -1692,16 +1545,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherFuzzCrash01(t *testing.T) {
 // concurrently announced one.
 func TestTransactionFetcherFuzzCrash02(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					return make([]error, len(txs))
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Get a transaction into fetching mode and make it dangling with a broadcast
 			doTxNotify{peer: "A", hashes: []common.Hash{testTxsHashes[0]}, types: []byte{testTxs[0].Type()}, sizes: []uint32{uint32(testTxs[0].Size())}},
@@ -1722,16 +1566,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherFuzzCrash02(t *testing.T) {
 // with a concurrent notify.
 func TestTransactionFetcherFuzzCrash03(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					return make([]error, len(txs))
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Get a transaction into fetching mode and make it dangling with a broadcast
 			doTxNotify{
@@ -1762,17 +1597,12 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherFuzzCrash04(t *testing.T) {
 
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					return make([]error, len(txs))
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error {
-					<-proceed
-					return errors.New("peer disconnected")
-				},
-				nil,
-			)
+			f := newTestTxFetcher()
+			f.fetchTxs = func(string, []common.Hash) error {
+				<-proceed
+				return errors.New("peer disconnected")
+			}
+			return f
 		},
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Get a transaction into fetching mode and make it dangling with a broadcast
@@ -1796,14 +1626,7 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherFuzzCrash04(t *testing.T) {
 // once they are announced in the network.
 func TestBlobTransactionAnnounce(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Initial announcement to get something into the waitlist
 			doTxNotify{peer: "A", hashes: []common.Hash{{0x01}, {0x02}}, types: []byte{types.LegacyTxType, types.LegacyTxType}, sizes: []uint32{111, 222}},
@@ -1864,16 +1687,7 @@ func TestBlobTransactionAnnounce(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestTransactionFetcherDropAlternates(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
-		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					return make([]error, len(txs))
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
-		},
+		init: newTestTxFetcher,
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			doTxNotify{peer: "A", hashes: []common.Hash{testTxsHashes[0]}, types: []byte{testTxs[0].Type()}, sizes: []uint32{uint32(testTxs[0].Size())}},
 			doWait{time: txArriveTimeout, step: true},
@@ -1915,20 +1729,15 @@ func TestTransactionFetcherDropAlternates(t *testing.T) {
 func TestTransactionFetcherWrongMetadata(t *testing.T) {
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(_ common.Hash, kind byte) error {
-					switch kind {
-					case types.LegacyTxType, types.AccessListTxType, types.DynamicFeeTxType, types.BlobTxType, types.SetCodeTxType:
-						return nil
-					}
-					return types.ErrTxTypeNotSupported
-				},
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					return make([]error, len(txs))
-				},
-				func(string, []common.Hash) error { return nil },
-				nil,
-			)
+			f := newTestTxFetcher()
+			f.validateMeta = func(name common.Hash, kind byte) error {
+				switch kind {
+				case types.LegacyTxType, types.AccessListTxType, types.DynamicFeeTxType, types.BlobTxType, types.SetCodeTxType:
+					return nil
+				}
+				return types.ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+			}
+			return f
 		},
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			doTxNotify{peer: "A", hashes: []common.Hash{{0x01}, {0x02}}, types: []byte{0xff, types.LegacyTxType}, sizes: []uint32{111, 222}},
@@ -1976,20 +1785,16 @@ func TestTransactionProtocolViolation(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 	testTransactionFetcherParallel(t, txFetcherTest{
 		init: func() *TxFetcher {
-			return NewTxFetcher(
-				func(common.Hash, byte) error { return nil },
-				func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
-					var errs []error
-					for range txs {
-						errs = append(errs, txpool.ErrKZGVerificationError)
-					}
-					return errs
-				},
-				func(a string, b []common.Hash) error {
-					return nil
-				},
-				func(peer string) { drop <- struct{}{} },
-			)
+			f := newTestTxFetcher()
+			f.addTxs = func(txs []*types.Transaction) []error {
+				var errs []error
+				for range txs {
+					errs = append(errs, txpool.ErrKZGVerificationError)
+				}
+				return errs
+			}
+			f.dropPeer = func(string) { drop <- struct{}{} }
+			return f
 		},
 		steps: []interface{}{
 			// Initial announcement to get something into the waitlist

From 23c3498836f66f2ec4f33efa3917be1968d6518a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jwasinger <j-wasinger@hotmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Jan 2026 07:55:43 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 453/470] core/vm: check if read-only in gas handlers (#33281)

This PR causes execution to terminate at the gas handler in the case of
sstore/call if they are invoked in a static execution context.

This aligns the behavior with EIP 7928 by ensuring that we don't record
any state reads in the access list from an SSTORE/CALL in this
circumstance.

---------

Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 core/vm/gas_table.go      | 14 ++++++++++++++
 core/vm/instructions.go   | 12 ------------
 core/vm/operations_acl.go | 20 +++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/vm/gas_table.go b/core/vm/gas_table.go
index c7c1274bf2..23a2cbbf4d 100644
--- a/core/vm/gas_table.go
+++ b/core/vm/gas_table.go
@@ -97,6 +97,9 @@ var (
 )
 
 func gasSStore(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	if evm.readOnly {
+		return 0, ErrWriteProtection
+	}
 	var (
 		y, x              = stack.Back(1), stack.Back(0)
 		current, original = evm.StateDB.GetStateAndCommittedState(contract.Address(), x.Bytes32())
@@ -181,6 +184,9 @@ func gasSStore(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySi
 //				(2.2.2.1.) If original value is 0, add SSTORE_SET_GAS - SLOAD_GAS to refund counter.
 //				(2.2.2.2.) Otherwise, add SSTORE_RESET_GAS - SLOAD_GAS gas to refund counter.
 func gasSStoreEIP2200(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	if evm.readOnly {
+		return 0, ErrWriteProtection
+	}
 	// If we fail the minimum gas availability invariant, fail (0)
 	if contract.Gas <= params.SstoreSentryGasEIP2200 {
 		return 0, errors.New("not enough gas for reentrancy sentry")
@@ -374,6 +380,10 @@ func gasCall(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize
 		transfersValue = !stack.Back(2).IsZero()
 		address        = common.Address(stack.Back(1).Bytes20())
 	)
+	if evm.readOnly && transfersValue {
+		return 0, ErrWriteProtection
+	}
+
 	if evm.chainRules.IsEIP158 {
 		if transfersValue && evm.StateDB.Empty(address) {
 			gas += params.CallNewAccountGas
@@ -462,6 +472,10 @@ func gasStaticCall(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memo
 }
 
 func gasSelfdestruct(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	if evm.readOnly {
+		return 0, ErrWriteProtection
+	}
+
 	var gas uint64
 	// EIP150 homestead gas reprice fork:
 	if evm.chainRules.IsEIP150 {
diff --git a/core/vm/instructions.go b/core/vm/instructions.go
index 6b04a2daff..91886d939d 100644
--- a/core/vm/instructions.go
+++ b/core/vm/instructions.go
@@ -518,9 +518,6 @@ func opSload(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 }
 
 func opSstore(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
-	if evm.readOnly {
-		return nil, ErrWriteProtection
-	}
 	loc := scope.Stack.pop()
 	val := scope.Stack.pop()
 	evm.StateDB.SetState(scope.Contract.Address(), loc.Bytes32(), val.Bytes32())
@@ -743,9 +740,6 @@ func opCall(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 	// Get the arguments from the memory.
 	args := scope.Memory.GetPtr(inOffset.Uint64(), inSize.Uint64())
 
-	if evm.readOnly && !value.IsZero() {
-		return nil, ErrWriteProtection
-	}
 	if !value.IsZero() {
 		gas += params.CallStipend
 	}
@@ -882,9 +876,6 @@ func opStop(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 }
 
 func opSelfdestruct(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
-	if evm.readOnly {
-		return nil, ErrWriteProtection
-	}
 	beneficiary := scope.Stack.pop()
 	balance := evm.StateDB.GetBalance(scope.Contract.Address())
 	evm.StateDB.AddBalance(beneficiary.Bytes20(), balance, tracing.BalanceIncreaseSelfdestruct)
@@ -901,9 +892,6 @@ func opSelfdestruct(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 }
 
 func opSelfdestruct6780(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
-	if evm.readOnly {
-		return nil, ErrWriteProtection
-	}
 	beneficiary := scope.Stack.pop()
 	balance := evm.StateDB.GetBalance(scope.Contract.Address())
 	evm.StateDB.SubBalance(scope.Contract.Address(), balance, tracing.BalanceDecreaseSelfdestruct)
diff --git a/core/vm/operations_acl.go b/core/vm/operations_acl.go
index 085b018e4c..26ff411bd2 100644
--- a/core/vm/operations_acl.go
+++ b/core/vm/operations_acl.go
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ import (
 
 func makeGasSStoreFunc(clearingRefund uint64) gasFunc {
 	return func(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+		if evm.readOnly {
+			return 0, ErrWriteProtection
+		}
 		// If we fail the minimum gas availability invariant, fail (0)
 		if contract.Gas <= params.SstoreSentryGasEIP2200 {
 			return 0, errors.New("not enough gas for reentrancy sentry")
@@ -226,6 +229,9 @@ func makeSelfdestructGasFn(refundsEnabled bool) gasFunc {
 			gas     uint64
 			address = common.Address(stack.peek().Bytes20())
 		)
+		if evm.readOnly {
+			return 0, ErrWriteProtection
+		}
 		if !evm.StateDB.AddressInAccessList(address) {
 			// If the caller cannot afford the cost, this change will be rolled back
 			evm.StateDB.AddAddressToAccessList(address)
@@ -244,12 +250,24 @@ func makeSelfdestructGasFn(refundsEnabled bool) gasFunc {
 }
 
 var (
-	gasCallEIP7702         = makeCallVariantGasCallEIP7702(gasCall)
+	innerGasCallEIP7702    = makeCallVariantGasCallEIP7702(gasCall)
 	gasDelegateCallEIP7702 = makeCallVariantGasCallEIP7702(gasDelegateCall)
 	gasStaticCallEIP7702   = makeCallVariantGasCallEIP7702(gasStaticCall)
 	gasCallCodeEIP7702     = makeCallVariantGasCallEIP7702(gasCallCode)
 )
 
+func gasCallEIP7702(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	// Return early if this call attempts to transfer value in a static context.
+	// Although it's checked in `gasCall`, EIP-7702 loads the target's code before
+	// to determine if it is resolving a delegation. This could incorrectly record
+	// the target in the block access list (BAL) if the call later fails.
+	transfersValue := !stack.Back(2).IsZero()
+	if evm.readOnly && transfersValue {
+		return 0, ErrWriteProtection
+	}
+	return innerGasCallEIP7702(evm, contract, stack, mem, memorySize)
+}
+
 func makeCallVariantGasCallEIP7702(oldCalculator gasFunc) gasFunc {
 	return func(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
 		var (

From b6fb79cdf977e0652c531c0019b0dac1ae01a375 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jwasinger <j-wasinger@hotmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Jan 2026 23:37:12 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 454/470] core/vm: in selfdestruct gas calculation, return
 early if there isn't enough gas to cover cold account access costs (#33450)

There's no need to perform the subsequent state access on the target if
we already know that we are out of gas.

This aligns the state access behavior of selfdestruct with EIP-7928
---
 core/vm/operations_acl.go | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/vm/operations_acl.go b/core/vm/operations_acl.go
index 26ff411bd2..4b7b87503d 100644
--- a/core/vm/operations_acl.go
+++ b/core/vm/operations_acl.go
@@ -236,6 +236,10 @@ func makeSelfdestructGasFn(refundsEnabled bool) gasFunc {
 			// If the caller cannot afford the cost, this change will be rolled back
 			evm.StateDB.AddAddressToAccessList(address)
 			gas = params.ColdAccountAccessCostEIP2929
+
+			if contract.Gas < gas {
+				return gas, nil
+			}
 		}
 		// if empty and transfers value
 		if evm.StateDB.Empty(address) && evm.StateDB.GetBalance(contract.Address()).Sign() != 0 {

From 715bf8e81e143255686a9e488a0fb87193cb2d17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jwasinger <j-wasinger@hotmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Jan 2026 07:10:08 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 455/470] core: invoke selfdestruct tracer hooks during
 finalisation (#32919)

The core part of this PR that we need to adopt is to move the code and
nonce change hook invocations to occur at tx finalization, instead of
when the selfdestruct opcode is called.

Additionally:
* remove `SelfDestruct6780` now that it is essentially the same as
`SelfDestruct` just gated by `is new contract`
* don't duplicate `BalanceIncreaseSelfdestruct` (transfer to recipient
of selfdestruct) in the hooked statedb and in the opcode handler for the
selfdestruct opcode.
* balance is burned immediately when the beneficiary of the selfdestruct
is the sender, and the contract was created in the same transaction.
Previously we emit two balance increases to the recipient (see above
point), and a balance decrease from the sender.

---------

Co-authored-by: Sina Mahmoodi <itz.s1na@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: lightclient <lightclient@protonmail.com>
---
 core/state/statedb.go                         |  34 +-
 core/state/statedb_hooked.go                  |  94 ++-
 core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go             |   7 +-
 .../gen_nonce_change_reason_stringer.go       |   5 +-
 core/tracing/hooks.go                         |   3 +
 core/vm/instructions.go                       |  53 +-
 core/vm/interface.go                          |  14 +-
 .../tracetest/selfdestruct_state_test.go      | 653 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../selfdestruct_test_contracts/contractA.yul |  18 +
 .../selfdestruct_test_contracts/contractB.yul |  14 +
 .../contractSelfDestruct.yul                  |  12 +
 .../coordinator.yul                           |  20 +
 .../coordinatorSendAfter.yul                  |  27 +
 .../factoryRefund.yul                         |  28 +
 .../factorySelfDestructBalanceCheck.yul       |  35 +
 15 files changed, 918 insertions(+), 99 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_state_test.go
 create mode 100644 eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/contractA.yul
 create mode 100644 eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/contractB.yul
 create mode 100644 eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/contractSelfDestruct.yul
 create mode 100644 eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/coordinator.yul
 create mode 100644 eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/coordinatorSendAfter.yul
 create mode 100644 eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/factoryRefund.yul
 create mode 100644 eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/factorySelfDestructBalanceCheck.yul

diff --git a/core/state/statedb.go b/core/state/statedb.go
index fbfb02e8e4..39160aa1c7 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb.go
@@ -509,21 +509,13 @@ func (s *StateDB) SetStorage(addr common.Address, storage map[common.Hash]common
 }
 
 // SelfDestruct marks the given account as selfdestructed.
-// This clears the account balance.
 //
 // The account's state object is still available until the state is committed,
 // getStateObject will return a non-nil account after SelfDestruct.
-func (s *StateDB) SelfDestruct(addr common.Address) uint256.Int {
+func (s *StateDB) SelfDestruct(addr common.Address) {
 	stateObject := s.getStateObject(addr)
-	var prevBalance uint256.Int
 	if stateObject == nil {
-		return prevBalance
-	}
-	prevBalance = *(stateObject.Balance())
-	// Regardless of whether it is already destructed or not, we do have to
-	// journal the balance-change, if we set it to zero here.
-	if !stateObject.Balance().IsZero() {
-		stateObject.SetBalance(new(uint256.Int))
+		return
 	}
 	// If it is already marked as self-destructed, we do not need to add it
 	// for journalling a second time.
@@ -531,18 +523,6 @@ func (s *StateDB) SelfDestruct(addr common.Address) uint256.Int {
 		s.journal.destruct(addr)
 		stateObject.markSelfdestructed()
 	}
-	return prevBalance
-}
-
-func (s *StateDB) SelfDestruct6780(addr common.Address) (uint256.Int, bool) {
-	stateObject := s.getStateObject(addr)
-	if stateObject == nil {
-		return uint256.Int{}, false
-	}
-	if stateObject.newContract {
-		return s.SelfDestruct(addr), true
-	}
-	return *(stateObject.Balance()), false
 }
 
 // SetTransientState sets transient storage for a given account. It
@@ -670,6 +650,16 @@ func (s *StateDB) CreateContract(addr common.Address) {
 	}
 }
 
+// IsNewContract reports whether the contract at the given address was deployed
+// during the current transaction.
+func (s *StateDB) IsNewContract(addr common.Address) bool {
+	obj := s.getStateObject(addr)
+	if obj == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return obj.newContract
+}
+
 // Copy creates a deep, independent copy of the state.
 // Snapshots of the copied state cannot be applied to the copy.
 func (s *StateDB) Copy() *StateDB {
diff --git a/core/state/statedb_hooked.go b/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
index 33a2016784..4ffa69b419 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
@@ -52,6 +52,10 @@ func (s *hookedStateDB) CreateContract(addr common.Address) {
 	s.inner.CreateContract(addr)
 }
 
+func (s *hookedStateDB) IsNewContract(addr common.Address) bool {
+	return s.inner.IsNewContract(addr)
+}
+
 func (s *hookedStateDB) GetBalance(addr common.Address) *uint256.Int {
 	return s.inner.GetBalance(addr)
 }
@@ -211,56 +215,8 @@ func (s *hookedStateDB) SetState(address common.Address, key common.Hash, value
 	return prev
 }
 
-func (s *hookedStateDB) SelfDestruct(address common.Address) uint256.Int {
-	var prevCode []byte
-	var prevCodeHash common.Hash
-
-	if s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil || s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil {
-		prevCode = s.inner.GetCode(address)
-		prevCodeHash = s.inner.GetCodeHash(address)
-	}
-
-	prev := s.inner.SelfDestruct(address)
-
-	if s.hooks.OnBalanceChange != nil && !prev.IsZero() {
-		s.hooks.OnBalanceChange(address, prev.ToBig(), new(big.Int), tracing.BalanceDecreaseSelfdestruct)
-	}
-
-	if len(prevCode) > 0 {
-		if s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil {
-			s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2(address, prevCodeHash, prevCode, types.EmptyCodeHash, nil, tracing.CodeChangeSelfDestruct)
-		} else if s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil {
-			s.hooks.OnCodeChange(address, prevCodeHash, prevCode, types.EmptyCodeHash, nil)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return prev
-}
-
-func (s *hookedStateDB) SelfDestruct6780(address common.Address) (uint256.Int, bool) {
-	var prevCode []byte
-	var prevCodeHash common.Hash
-
-	if s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil || s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil {
-		prevCodeHash = s.inner.GetCodeHash(address)
-		prevCode = s.inner.GetCode(address)
-	}
-
-	prev, changed := s.inner.SelfDestruct6780(address)
-
-	if s.hooks.OnBalanceChange != nil && !prev.IsZero() {
-		s.hooks.OnBalanceChange(address, prev.ToBig(), new(big.Int), tracing.BalanceDecreaseSelfdestruct)
-	}
-
-	if changed && len(prevCode) > 0 {
-		if s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil {
-			s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2(address, prevCodeHash, prevCode, types.EmptyCodeHash, nil, tracing.CodeChangeSelfDestruct)
-		} else if s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil {
-			s.hooks.OnCodeChange(address, prevCodeHash, prevCode, types.EmptyCodeHash, nil)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return prev, changed
+func (s *hookedStateDB) SelfDestruct(address common.Address) {
+	s.inner.SelfDestruct(address)
 }
 
 func (s *hookedStateDB) AddLog(log *types.Log) {
@@ -272,17 +228,47 @@ func (s *hookedStateDB) AddLog(log *types.Log) {
 }
 
 func (s *hookedStateDB) Finalise(deleteEmptyObjects bool) {
-	defer s.inner.Finalise(deleteEmptyObjects)
-	if s.hooks.OnBalanceChange == nil {
+	if s.hooks.OnBalanceChange == nil && s.hooks.OnNonceChangeV2 == nil && s.hooks.OnNonceChange == nil && s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 == nil && s.hooks.OnCodeChange == nil {
+		// Short circuit if no relevant hooks are set.
+		s.inner.Finalise(deleteEmptyObjects)
 		return
 	}
+
+	// Iterate all dirty addresses and record self-destructs.
 	for addr := range s.inner.journal.dirties {
 		obj := s.inner.stateObjects[addr]
-		if obj != nil && obj.selfDestructed {
-			// If ether was sent to account post-selfdestruct it is burnt.
+		if obj == nil || !obj.selfDestructed {
+			// Not self-destructed, keep searching.
+			continue
+		}
+		// Bingo: state object was self-destructed, call relevant hooks.
+
+		// If ether was sent to account post-selfdestruct, record as burnt.
+		if s.hooks.OnBalanceChange != nil {
 			if bal := obj.Balance(); bal.Sign() != 0 {
 				s.hooks.OnBalanceChange(addr, bal.ToBig(), new(big.Int), tracing.BalanceDecreaseSelfdestructBurn)
 			}
 		}
+
+		// Nonce is set to reset on self-destruct.
+		if s.hooks.OnNonceChangeV2 != nil {
+			s.hooks.OnNonceChangeV2(addr, obj.Nonce(), 0, tracing.NonceChangeSelfdestruct)
+		} else if s.hooks.OnNonceChange != nil {
+			s.hooks.OnNonceChange(addr, obj.Nonce(), 0)
+		}
+
+		// If an initcode invokes selfdestruct, do not emit a code change.
+		prevCodeHash := s.inner.GetCodeHash(addr)
+		if prevCodeHash == types.EmptyCodeHash {
+			continue
+		}
+		// Otherwise, trace the change.
+		if s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2 != nil {
+			s.hooks.OnCodeChangeV2(addr, prevCodeHash, s.inner.GetCode(addr), types.EmptyCodeHash, nil, tracing.CodeChangeSelfDestruct)
+		} else if s.hooks.OnCodeChange != nil {
+			s.hooks.OnCodeChange(addr, prevCodeHash, s.inner.GetCode(addr), types.EmptyCodeHash, nil)
+		}
 	}
+
+	s.inner.Finalise(deleteEmptyObjects)
 }
diff --git a/core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go b/core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go
index 4d85e61679..6fe17ec1b4 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_hooked_test.go
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ func TestBurn(t *testing.T) {
 	createAndDestroy := func(addr common.Address) {
 		hooked.AddBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(100), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
 		hooked.CreateContract(addr)
+		// Simulate what the opcode handler does: clear balance before selfdestruct
+		hooked.SubBalance(addr, hooked.GetBalance(addr), tracing.BalanceDecreaseSelfdestruct)
 		hooked.SelfDestruct(addr)
 		// sanity-check that balance is now 0
 		if have, want := hooked.GetBalance(addr), new(uint256.Int); !have.Eq(want) {
@@ -140,8 +142,8 @@ func TestHooks_OnCodeChangeV2(t *testing.T) {
 	var result []string
 	var wants = []string{
 		"0xaa00000000000000000000000000000000000000.code:  (0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470) ->0x1325 (0xa12ae05590de0c93a00bc7ac773c2fdb621e44f814985e72194f921c0050f728) ContractCreation",
-		"0xaa00000000000000000000000000000000000000.code: 0x1325 (0xa12ae05590de0c93a00bc7ac773c2fdb621e44f814985e72194f921c0050f728) -> (0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470) SelfDestruct",
 		"0xbb00000000000000000000000000000000000000.code:  (0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470) ->0x1326 (0x3c54516221d604e623f358bc95996ca3242aaa109bddabcebda13db9b3f90dcb) ContractCreation",
+		"0xaa00000000000000000000000000000000000000.code: 0x1325 (0xa12ae05590de0c93a00bc7ac773c2fdb621e44f814985e72194f921c0050f728) -> (0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470) SelfDestruct",
 		"0xbb00000000000000000000000000000000000000.code: 0x1326 (0x3c54516221d604e623f358bc95996ca3242aaa109bddabcebda13db9b3f90dcb) -> (0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470) SelfDestruct",
 	}
 	emitF := func(format string, a ...any) {
@@ -157,7 +159,8 @@ func TestHooks_OnCodeChangeV2(t *testing.T) {
 
 	sdb.SetCode(common.Address{0xbb}, []byte{0x13, 38}, tracing.CodeChangeContractCreation)
 	sdb.CreateContract(common.Address{0xbb})
-	sdb.SelfDestruct6780(common.Address{0xbb})
+	sdb.SelfDestruct(common.Address{0xbb})
+	sdb.Finalise(true)
 
 	if len(result) != len(wants) {
 		t.Fatalf("number of tracing events wrong, have %d want %d", len(result), len(wants))
diff --git a/core/tracing/gen_nonce_change_reason_stringer.go b/core/tracing/gen_nonce_change_reason_stringer.go
index f775c1f3a6..cd19200db8 100644
--- a/core/tracing/gen_nonce_change_reason_stringer.go
+++ b/core/tracing/gen_nonce_change_reason_stringer.go
@@ -15,11 +15,12 @@ func _() {
 	_ = x[NonceChangeNewContract-4]
 	_ = x[NonceChangeAuthorization-5]
 	_ = x[NonceChangeRevert-6]
+	_ = x[NonceChangeSelfdestruct-7]
 }
 
-const _NonceChangeReason_name = "UnspecifiedGenesisEoACallContractCreatorNewContractAuthorizationRevert"
+const _NonceChangeReason_name = "UnspecifiedGenesisEoACallContractCreatorNewContractAuthorizationRevertSelfdestruct"
 
-var _NonceChangeReason_index = [...]uint8{0, 11, 18, 25, 40, 51, 64, 70}
+var _NonceChangeReason_index = [...]uint8{0, 11, 18, 25, 40, 51, 64, 70, 82}
 
 func (i NonceChangeReason) String() string {
 	if i >= NonceChangeReason(len(_NonceChangeReason_index)-1) {
diff --git a/core/tracing/hooks.go b/core/tracing/hooks.go
index d17b94cf9c..c85abe6482 100644
--- a/core/tracing/hooks.go
+++ b/core/tracing/hooks.go
@@ -432,6 +432,9 @@ const (
 	// NonceChangeRevert is emitted when the nonce is reverted back to a previous value due to call failure.
 	// It is only emitted when the tracer has opted in to use the journaling wrapper (WrapWithJournal).
 	NonceChangeRevert NonceChangeReason = 6
+
+	// NonceChangeSelfdestruct is emitted when the nonce is reset to zero due to a self-destruct
+	NonceChangeSelfdestruct NonceChangeReason = 7
 )
 
 // CodeChangeReason is used to indicate the reason for a code change.
diff --git a/core/vm/instructions.go b/core/vm/instructions.go
index 91886d939d..958cf9dedc 100644
--- a/core/vm/instructions.go
+++ b/core/vm/instructions.go
@@ -876,13 +876,25 @@ func opStop(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 }
 
 func opSelfdestruct(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
-	beneficiary := scope.Stack.pop()
-	balance := evm.StateDB.GetBalance(scope.Contract.Address())
-	evm.StateDB.AddBalance(beneficiary.Bytes20(), balance, tracing.BalanceIncreaseSelfdestruct)
-	evm.StateDB.SelfDestruct(scope.Contract.Address())
+	var (
+		this        = scope.Contract.Address()
+		balance     = evm.StateDB.GetBalance(this)
+		top         = scope.Stack.pop()
+		beneficiary = common.Address(top.Bytes20())
+	)
+
+	// The funds are burned immediately if the beneficiary is the caller itself,
+	// in this case, the beneficiary's balance is not increased.
+	if this != beneficiary {
+		evm.StateDB.AddBalance(beneficiary, balance, tracing.BalanceIncreaseSelfdestruct)
+	}
+	// Clear any leftover funds for the account being destructed.
+	evm.StateDB.SubBalance(this, balance, tracing.BalanceDecreaseSelfdestruct)
+	evm.StateDB.SelfDestruct(this)
+
 	if tracer := evm.Config.Tracer; tracer != nil {
 		if tracer.OnEnter != nil {
-			tracer.OnEnter(evm.depth, byte(SELFDESTRUCT), scope.Contract.Address(), beneficiary.Bytes20(), []byte{}, 0, balance.ToBig())
+			tracer.OnEnter(evm.depth, byte(SELFDESTRUCT), this, beneficiary, []byte{}, 0, balance.ToBig())
 		}
 		if tracer.OnExit != nil {
 			tracer.OnExit(evm.depth, []byte{}, 0, nil, false)
@@ -892,14 +904,33 @@ func opSelfdestruct(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 }
 
 func opSelfdestruct6780(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
-	beneficiary := scope.Stack.pop()
-	balance := evm.StateDB.GetBalance(scope.Contract.Address())
-	evm.StateDB.SubBalance(scope.Contract.Address(), balance, tracing.BalanceDecreaseSelfdestruct)
-	evm.StateDB.AddBalance(beneficiary.Bytes20(), balance, tracing.BalanceIncreaseSelfdestruct)
-	evm.StateDB.SelfDestruct6780(scope.Contract.Address())
+	var (
+		this        = scope.Contract.Address()
+		balance     = evm.StateDB.GetBalance(this)
+		top         = scope.Stack.pop()
+		beneficiary = common.Address(top.Bytes20())
+
+		newContract = evm.StateDB.IsNewContract(this)
+	)
+
+	// Contract is new and will actually be deleted.
+	if newContract {
+		if this != beneficiary { // Skip no-op transfer when self-destructing to self.
+			evm.StateDB.AddBalance(beneficiary, balance, tracing.BalanceIncreaseSelfdestruct)
+		}
+		evm.StateDB.SubBalance(this, balance, tracing.BalanceDecreaseSelfdestruct)
+		evm.StateDB.SelfDestruct(this)
+	}
+
+	// Contract already exists, only do transfer if beneficiary is not self.
+	if !newContract && this != beneficiary {
+		evm.StateDB.SubBalance(this, balance, tracing.BalanceDecreaseSelfdestruct)
+		evm.StateDB.AddBalance(beneficiary, balance, tracing.BalanceIncreaseSelfdestruct)
+	}
+
 	if tracer := evm.Config.Tracer; tracer != nil {
 		if tracer.OnEnter != nil {
-			tracer.OnEnter(evm.depth, byte(SELFDESTRUCT), scope.Contract.Address(), beneficiary.Bytes20(), []byte{}, 0, balance.ToBig())
+			tracer.OnEnter(evm.depth, byte(SELFDESTRUCT), this, beneficiary, []byte{}, 0, balance.ToBig())
 		}
 		if tracer.OnExit != nil {
 			tracer.OnExit(evm.depth, []byte{}, 0, nil, false)
diff --git a/core/vm/interface.go b/core/vm/interface.go
index e2f6a65189..e285b18b0f 100644
--- a/core/vm/interface.go
+++ b/core/vm/interface.go
@@ -57,19 +57,17 @@ type StateDB interface {
 	GetTransientState(addr common.Address, key common.Hash) common.Hash
 	SetTransientState(addr common.Address, key, value common.Hash)
 
-	SelfDestruct(common.Address) uint256.Int
+	SelfDestruct(common.Address)
 	HasSelfDestructed(common.Address) bool
 
-	// SelfDestruct6780 is post-EIP6780 selfdestruct, which means that it's a
-	// send-all-to-beneficiary, unless the contract was created in this same
-	// transaction, in which case it will be destructed.
-	// This method returns the prior balance, along with a boolean which is
-	// true iff the object was indeed destructed.
-	SelfDestruct6780(common.Address) (uint256.Int, bool)
-
 	// Exist reports whether the given account exists in state.
 	// Notably this also returns true for self-destructed accounts within the current transaction.
 	Exist(common.Address) bool
+
+	// IsNewContract reports whether the contract at the given address was deployed
+	// during the current transaction.
+	IsNewContract(addr common.Address) bool
+
 	// Empty returns whether the given account is empty. Empty
 	// is defined according to EIP161 (balance = nonce = code = 0).
 	Empty(common.Address) bool
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_state_test.go b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_state_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c714b6dce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_state_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,653 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package tracetest
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/beacon"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/ethash"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+)
+
+// accountState represents the expected final state of an account
+type accountState struct {
+	Balance *big.Int
+	Nonce   uint64
+	Code    []byte
+	Exists  bool
+}
+
+// selfdestructStateTracer tracks state changes during selfdestruct operations
+type selfdestructStateTracer struct {
+	env      *tracing.VMContext
+	accounts map[common.Address]*accountState
+}
+
+func newSelfdestructStateTracer() *selfdestructStateTracer {
+	return &selfdestructStateTracer{
+		accounts: make(map[common.Address]*accountState),
+	}
+}
+
+func (t *selfdestructStateTracer) OnTxStart(env *tracing.VMContext, tx *types.Transaction, from common.Address) {
+	t.env = env
+}
+
+func (t *selfdestructStateTracer) OnTxEnd(receipt *types.Receipt, err error) {
+	// Nothing to do
+}
+
+func (t *selfdestructStateTracer) getOrCreateAccount(addr common.Address) *accountState {
+	if acc, ok := t.accounts[addr]; ok {
+		return acc
+	}
+
+	// Initialize with current state from statedb
+	acc := &accountState{
+		Balance: t.env.StateDB.GetBalance(addr).ToBig(),
+		Nonce:   t.env.StateDB.GetNonce(addr),
+		Code:    t.env.StateDB.GetCode(addr),
+		Exists:  t.env.StateDB.Exist(addr),
+	}
+	t.accounts[addr] = acc
+	return acc
+}
+
+func (t *selfdestructStateTracer) OnBalanceChange(addr common.Address, prev, new *big.Int, reason tracing.BalanceChangeReason) {
+	acc := t.getOrCreateAccount(addr)
+	acc.Balance = new
+}
+
+func (t *selfdestructStateTracer) OnNonceChangeV2(addr common.Address, prev, new uint64, reason tracing.NonceChangeReason) {
+	acc := t.getOrCreateAccount(addr)
+	acc.Nonce = new
+
+	// If this is a selfdestruct nonce change, mark account as not existing
+	if reason == tracing.NonceChangeSelfdestruct {
+		acc.Exists = false
+	}
+}
+
+func (t *selfdestructStateTracer) OnCodeChangeV2(addr common.Address, prevCodeHash common.Hash, prevCode []byte, codeHash common.Hash, code []byte, reason tracing.CodeChangeReason) {
+	acc := t.getOrCreateAccount(addr)
+	acc.Code = code
+
+	// If this is a selfdestruct code change, mark account as not existing
+	if reason == tracing.CodeChangeSelfDestruct {
+		acc.Exists = false
+	}
+}
+
+func (t *selfdestructStateTracer) Hooks() *tracing.Hooks {
+	return &tracing.Hooks{
+		OnTxStart:       t.OnTxStart,
+		OnTxEnd:         t.OnTxEnd,
+		OnBalanceChange: t.OnBalanceChange,
+		OnNonceChangeV2: t.OnNonceChangeV2,
+		OnCodeChangeV2:  t.OnCodeChangeV2,
+	}
+}
+
+func (t *selfdestructStateTracer) Accounts() map[common.Address]*accountState {
+	return t.accounts
+}
+
+// verifyAccountState compares actual and expected account state and reports any mismatches
+func verifyAccountState(t *testing.T, addr common.Address, actual, expected *accountState) {
+	if actual.Balance.Cmp(expected.Balance) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("address %s: balance mismatch: have %s, want %s",
+			addr.Hex(), actual.Balance, expected.Balance)
+	}
+	if actual.Nonce != expected.Nonce {
+		t.Errorf("address %s: nonce mismatch: have %d, want %d",
+			addr.Hex(), actual.Nonce, expected.Nonce)
+	}
+	if len(actual.Code) != len(expected.Code) {
+		t.Errorf("address %s: code length mismatch: have %d, want %d",
+			addr.Hex(), len(actual.Code), len(expected.Code))
+	}
+	if actual.Exists != expected.Exists {
+		t.Errorf("address %s: exists mismatch: have %v, want %v",
+			addr.Hex(), actual.Exists, expected.Exists)
+	}
+}
+
+// setupTestBlockchain creates a blockchain with the given genesis and transaction,
+// returns the blockchain, the first block, and a statedb at genesis for testing
+func setupTestBlockchain(t *testing.T, genesis *core.Genesis, tx *types.Transaction, useBeacon bool) (*core.BlockChain, *types.Block, *state.StateDB) {
+	var engine consensus.Engine
+	if useBeacon {
+		engine = beacon.New(ethash.NewFaker())
+	} else {
+		engine = ethash.NewFaker()
+	}
+
+	_, blocks, _ := core.GenerateChainWithGenesis(genesis, engine, 1, func(i int, b *core.BlockGen) {
+		b.AddTx(tx)
+	})
+	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	blockchain, err := core.NewBlockChain(db, genesis, engine, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create blockchain: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := blockchain.InsertChain(blocks); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to insert chain: %v", err)
+	}
+	genesisBlock := blockchain.GetBlockByNumber(0)
+	if genesisBlock == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get genesis block")
+	}
+	statedb, err := blockchain.StateAt(genesisBlock.Root())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get state: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return blockchain, blocks[0], statedb
+}
+
+func TestSelfdestructStateTracer(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	const (
+		// Gas limit high enough for all test scenarios (factory creation + multiple calls)
+		testGasLimit = 500000
+
+		// Common balance amounts used across tests
+		testBalanceInitial = 100 // Initial balance for contracts being tested
+		testBalanceSent    = 50  // Amount sent back in sendback tests
+		testBalanceFactory = 200 // Factory needs extra balance for contract creation
+	)
+
+	// Helper to create *big.Int for wei amounts
+	wei := func(amount int64) *big.Int {
+		return big.NewInt(amount)
+	}
+
+	// Test account (transaction sender)
+	var (
+		key, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
+		caller = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
+	)
+
+	// Simple selfdestruct test contracts
+	var (
+		contract  = common.HexToAddress("0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000bb")
+		recipient = common.HexToAddress("0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000cc")
+	)
+	// Build selfdestruct code: PUSH20 <recipient> SELFDESTRUCT
+	selfdestructCode := []byte{byte(vm.PUSH20)}
+	selfdestructCode = append(selfdestructCode, recipient.Bytes()...)
+	selfdestructCode = append(selfdestructCode, byte(vm.SELFDESTRUCT))
+
+	// Factory test contracts (create-and-destroy pattern)
+	var (
+		factory = common.HexToAddress("0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000ff")
+	)
+	// Factory code: creates a contract with 100 wei and calls it to trigger selfdestruct back to factory
+	// See selfdestruct_test_contracts/factory.yul for source
+	// Runtime bytecode compiled with: solc --strict-assembly --evm-version paris factory.yul --bin
+	// (Using paris to avoid PUSH0 opcode which is not available pre-Shanghai)
+	var (
+		factoryCode         = common.Hex2Bytes("6a6133ff6000526002601ef360a81b600052600080808080600b816064f05af100")
+		createdContractAddr = crypto.CreateAddress(factory, 0) // Address where factory creates the contract
+	)
+
+	// Sendback test contracts (A→B→A pattern)
+	// For the refund test: Coordinator calls A, then B
+	// A selfdestructs to B, B sends funds back to A
+	var (
+		contractA   = common.HexToAddress("0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000aa")
+		contractB   = common.HexToAddress("0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000bb")
+		coordinator = common.HexToAddress("0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000cc")
+	)
+	// Contract A: if msg.value > 0, accept funds; else selfdestruct to B
+	// See selfdestruct_test_contracts/contractA.yul for source
+	// Runtime bytecode compiled with: solc --strict-assembly --evm-version paris contractA.yul --bin
+	contractACode := common.Hex2Bytes("60003411600a5760bbff5b00")
+
+	// Contract B: sends 50 wei back to contract A
+	// See selfdestruct_test_contracts/contractB.yul for source
+	// Runtime bytecode compiled with: solc --strict-assembly --evm-version paris contractB.yul --bin
+	contractBCode := common.Hex2Bytes("6000808080603260aa5af100")
+
+	// Coordinator: calls A (A selfdestructs to B), then calls B (B sends funds to A)
+	// See selfdestruct_test_contracts/coordinator.yul for source
+	// Runtime bytecode compiled with: solc --strict-assembly --evm-version paris coordinator.yul --bin
+	coordinatorCode := common.Hex2Bytes("60008080808060aa818080808060bb955af1505af100")
+
+	// Factory for create-and-refund test: creates A with 100 wei, calls A, calls B
+	// See selfdestruct_test_contracts/factoryRefund.yul for source
+	// Runtime bytecode compiled with: solc --strict-assembly --evm-version paris factoryRefund.yul --bin
+	var (
+		factoryRefund        = common.HexToAddress("0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000dd")
+		factoryRefundCode    = common.Hex2Bytes("60008080808060bb78600c600d600039600c6000f3fe60003411600a5760bbff5b0082528180808080601960076064f05af1505af100")
+		createdContractAddrA = crypto.CreateAddress(factoryRefund, 0) // Address where factory creates contract A
+	)
+
+	// Self-destruct-to-self test contracts
+	var (
+		contractSelfDestruct = common.HexToAddress("0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000aa")
+		coordinatorSendAfter = common.HexToAddress("0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000ee")
+	)
+	// Contract that selfdestructs to self
+	// See selfdestruct_test_contracts/contractSelfDestruct.yul
+	contractSelfDestructCode := common.Hex2Bytes("30ff")
+
+	// Coordinator: calls contract (triggers selfdestruct to self), stores balance, sends 50 wei, stores balance again
+	// See selfdestruct_test_contracts/coordinatorSendAfter.yul
+	coordinatorSendAfterCode := common.Hex2Bytes("60aa600080808080855af150803160005560008080806032855af1503160015500")
+
+	// Factory with balance checking: creates contract, calls it, checks balances
+	// See selfdestruct_test_contracts/factorySelfDestructBalanceCheck.yul
+	var (
+		factorySelfDestructBalanceCheck     = common.HexToAddress("0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000fd")
+		factorySelfDestructBalanceCheckCode = common.Hex2Bytes("6e6002600d60003960026000f3fe30ff600052600f60116064f0600080808080855af150803160005560008080806032855af1503160015500")
+		createdContractAddrSelfBalanceCheck = crypto.CreateAddress(factorySelfDestructBalanceCheck, 0)
+	)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name            string
+		description     string
+		targetContract  common.Address
+		genesis         *core.Genesis
+		useBeacon       bool
+		expectedResults map[common.Address]accountState
+		expectedStorage map[common.Address]map[uint64]*big.Int
+	}{
+		{
+			name:           "pre_6780_existing",
+			description:    "Pre-EIP-6780: Existing contract selfdestructs to recipient. Contract should be destroyed and balance transferred.",
+			targetContract: contract,
+			genesis: &core.Genesis{
+				Config: params.AllEthashProtocolChanges,
+				Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
+					caller: {Balance: big.NewInt(params.Ether)},
+					contract: {
+						Balance: wei(testBalanceInitial),
+						Code:    selfdestructCode,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			useBeacon: false,
+			expectedResults: map[common.Address]accountState{
+				contract: {
+					Balance: wei(0),
+					Nonce:   0,
+					Code:    []byte{},
+					Exists:  false,
+				},
+				recipient: {
+					Balance: wei(testBalanceInitial), // Received contract's balance
+					Nonce:   0,
+					Code:    []byte{},
+					Exists:  true,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "post_6780_existing",
+			description:    "Post-EIP-6780: Existing contract selfdestructs to recipient. Balance transferred but contract NOT destroyed (code/storage remain).",
+			targetContract: contract,
+			genesis: &core.Genesis{
+				Config: params.AllDevChainProtocolChanges,
+				Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
+					caller: {Balance: big.NewInt(params.Ether)},
+					contract: {
+						Balance: wei(testBalanceInitial),
+						Code:    selfdestructCode,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			useBeacon: true,
+			expectedResults: map[common.Address]accountState{
+				contract: {
+					Balance: wei(0),
+					Nonce:   0,
+					Code:    selfdestructCode,
+					Exists:  true,
+				},
+				recipient: {
+					Balance: wei(testBalanceInitial),
+					Nonce:   0,
+					Code:    []byte{},
+					Exists:  true,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "pre_6780_create_destroy",
+			description:    "Pre-EIP-6780: Factory creates contract with 100 wei, contract selfdestructs back to factory. Contract destroyed, factory gets refund.",
+			targetContract: factory,
+			genesis: &core.Genesis{
+				Config: params.AllEthashProtocolChanges,
+				Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
+					caller: {Balance: big.NewInt(params.Ether)},
+					factory: {
+						Balance: wei(testBalanceFactory),
+						Code:    factoryCode,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			useBeacon: false,
+			expectedResults: map[common.Address]accountState{
+				factory: {
+					Balance: wei(testBalanceFactory),
+					Nonce:   1,
+					Code:    factoryCode,
+					Exists:  true,
+				},
+				createdContractAddr: {
+					Balance: wei(0),
+					Nonce:   0,
+					Code:    []byte{},
+					Exists:  false,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "post_6780_create_destroy",
+			description:    "Post-EIP-6780: Factory creates contract with 100 wei, contract selfdestructs back to factory. Contract destroyed (EIP-6780 exception for same-tx creation).",
+			targetContract: factory,
+			genesis: &core.Genesis{
+				Config: params.AllDevChainProtocolChanges,
+				Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
+					caller: {Balance: big.NewInt(params.Ether)},
+					factory: {
+						Balance: wei(testBalanceFactory),
+						Code:    factoryCode,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			useBeacon: true,
+			expectedResults: map[common.Address]accountState{
+				factory: {
+					Balance: wei(testBalanceFactory),
+					Nonce:   1,
+					Code:    factoryCode,
+					Exists:  true,
+				},
+				createdContractAddr: {
+					Balance: wei(0),
+					Nonce:   0,
+					Code:    []byte{},
+					Exists:  false,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "pre_6780_sendback",
+			description:    "Pre-EIP-6780: Contract A selfdestructs sending funds to B, then B sends funds back to A's address. Funds sent to destroyed address are burnt.",
+			targetContract: coordinator,
+			genesis: &core.Genesis{
+				Config: params.AllEthashProtocolChanges,
+				Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
+					caller: {Balance: big.NewInt(params.Ether)},
+					contractA: {
+						Balance: wei(testBalanceInitial),
+						Code:    contractACode,
+					},
+					contractB: {
+						Balance: wei(0),
+						Code:    contractBCode,
+					},
+					coordinator: {
+						Code: coordinatorCode,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			useBeacon: false,
+			expectedResults: map[common.Address]accountState{
+				contractA: {
+					Balance: wei(0),
+					Nonce:   0,
+					Code:    []byte{},
+					Exists:  false,
+				},
+				contractB: {
+					// 100 received - 50 sent back
+					Balance: wei(testBalanceSent),
+					Nonce:   0,
+					Code:    contractBCode,
+					Exists:  true,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "post_6780_existing_sendback",
+			description:    "Post-EIP-6780: Existing contract A selfdestructs to B, then B sends funds back to A. Funds are NOT burnt (A still exists post-6780).",
+			targetContract: coordinator,
+			genesis: &core.Genesis{
+				Config: params.AllDevChainProtocolChanges,
+				Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
+					caller: {Balance: big.NewInt(params.Ether)},
+					contractA: {
+						Balance: wei(testBalanceInitial),
+						Code:    contractACode,
+					},
+					contractB: {
+						Balance: wei(0),
+						Code:    contractBCode,
+					},
+					coordinator: {
+						Code: coordinatorCode,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			useBeacon: true,
+			expectedResults: map[common.Address]accountState{
+				contractA: {
+					Balance: wei(testBalanceSent),
+					Nonce:   0,
+					Code:    contractACode,
+					Exists:  true,
+				},
+				contractB: {
+					Balance: wei(testBalanceSent),
+					Nonce:   0,
+					Code:    contractBCode,
+					Exists:  true,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "post_6780_create_destroy_sendback",
+			description:    "Post-EIP-6780: Factory creates A, A selfdestructs to B, B sends funds back to A. Funds are burnt (A was destroyed via EIP-6780 exception).",
+			targetContract: factoryRefund,
+			genesis: &core.Genesis{
+				Config: params.AllDevChainProtocolChanges,
+				Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
+					caller: {Balance: big.NewInt(params.Ether)},
+					contractB: {
+						Balance: wei(0),
+						Code:    contractBCode,
+					},
+					factoryRefund: {
+						Balance: wei(testBalanceFactory),
+						Code:    factoryRefundCode,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			useBeacon: true,
+			expectedResults: map[common.Address]accountState{
+				createdContractAddrA: {
+					// Funds sent back are burnt!
+					Balance: wei(0),
+					Nonce:   0,
+					Code:    []byte{},
+					Exists:  false,
+				},
+				contractB: {
+					Balance: wei(testBalanceSent),
+					Nonce:   0,
+					Code:    contractBCode,
+					Exists:  true,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "post_6780_existing_to_self",
+			description:    "Post-EIP-6780: Pre-existing contract selfdestructs to itself. Balance NOT burnt (selfdestruct-to-self is no-op for existing contracts).",
+			targetContract: coordinatorSendAfter,
+			genesis: &core.Genesis{
+				Config: params.AllDevChainProtocolChanges,
+				Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
+					caller: {Balance: big.NewInt(params.Ether)},
+					contractSelfDestruct: {
+						Balance: wei(testBalanceInitial),
+						Code:    contractSelfDestructCode,
+					},
+					coordinatorSendAfter: {
+						Balance: wei(testBalanceInitial),
+						Code:    coordinatorSendAfterCode,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			useBeacon: true,
+			expectedResults: map[common.Address]accountState{
+				contractSelfDestruct: {
+					Balance: wei(150),
+					Nonce:   0,
+					Code:    contractSelfDestructCode,
+					Exists:  true,
+				},
+				coordinatorSendAfter: {
+					Balance: wei(testBalanceSent),
+					Nonce:   0,
+					Code:    coordinatorSendAfterCode,
+					Exists:  true,
+				},
+			},
+			expectedStorage: map[common.Address]map[uint64]*big.Int{
+				coordinatorSendAfter: {
+					0: wei(testBalanceInitial),
+					1: wei(150),
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "post_6780_create_destroy_to_self",
+			description:    "Post-EIP-6780: Factory creates contract, contract selfdestructs to itself. Balance IS burnt and contract destroyed (EIP-6780 exception for same-tx creation).",
+			targetContract: factorySelfDestructBalanceCheck,
+			genesis: &core.Genesis{
+				Config: params.AllDevChainProtocolChanges,
+				Alloc: types.GenesisAlloc{
+					caller: {Balance: big.NewInt(params.Ether)},
+					factorySelfDestructBalanceCheck: {
+						Balance: wei(testBalanceFactory),
+						Code:    factorySelfDestructBalanceCheckCode,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			useBeacon: true,
+			expectedResults: map[common.Address]accountState{
+				createdContractAddrSelfBalanceCheck: {
+					Balance: wei(0),
+					Nonce:   0,
+					Code:    []byte{},
+					Exists:  false,
+				},
+				factorySelfDestructBalanceCheck: {
+					Balance: wei(testBalanceSent),
+					Nonce:   1,
+					Code:    factorySelfDestructBalanceCheckCode,
+					Exists:  true,
+				},
+			},
+			expectedStorage: map[common.Address]map[uint64]*big.Int{
+				factorySelfDestructBalanceCheck: {
+					0: wei(0),
+					1: wei(0),
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			var (
+				signer = types.HomesteadSigner{}
+				tx     *types.Transaction
+				err    error
+			)
+
+			tx, err = types.SignTx(types.NewTx(&types.LegacyTx{
+				Nonce:    0,
+				To:       &tt.targetContract,
+				Value:    big.NewInt(0),
+				Gas:      testGasLimit,
+				GasPrice: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee * 2),
+				Data:     nil,
+			}), signer, key)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("failed to sign transaction: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			blockchain, block, statedb := setupTestBlockchain(t, tt.genesis, tx, tt.useBeacon)
+			defer blockchain.Stop()
+
+			tracer := newSelfdestructStateTracer()
+			hookedState := state.NewHookedState(statedb, tracer.Hooks())
+			msg, err := core.TransactionToMessage(tx, signer, nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("failed to prepare transaction for tracing: %v", err)
+			}
+			context := core.NewEVMBlockContext(block.Header(), blockchain, nil)
+			evm := vm.NewEVM(context, hookedState, tt.genesis.Config, vm.Config{Tracer: tracer.Hooks()})
+			usedGas := uint64(0)
+			_, err = core.ApplyTransactionWithEVM(msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(tx.Gas()), statedb, block.Number(), block.Hash(), block.Time(), tx, &usedGas, evm)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("failed to execute transaction: %v", err)
+			}
+
+			results := tracer.Accounts()
+
+			// Verify storage
+			for addr, expectedSlots := range tt.expectedStorage {
+				for slot, expectedValue := range expectedSlots {
+					actualValue := statedb.GetState(addr, common.BigToHash(big.NewInt(int64(slot))))
+					if actualValue.Big().Cmp(expectedValue) != 0 {
+						t.Errorf("address %s slot %d: storage mismatch: have %s, want %s",
+							addr.Hex(), slot, actualValue.Big(), expectedValue)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Verify results
+			for addr, expected := range tt.expectedResults {
+				actual, ok := results[addr]
+				if !ok {
+					t.Errorf("address %s missing from results", addr.Hex())
+					continue
+				}
+				verifyAccountState(t, addr, actual, &expected)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/contractA.yul b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/contractA.yul
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..109551f26e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/contractA.yul
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+object "ContractA" {
+    code {
+        datacopy(0, dataoffset("Runtime"), datasize("Runtime"))
+        return(0, datasize("Runtime"))
+    }
+    object "Runtime" {
+        code {
+            // If receiving funds (msg.value > 0), just accept them and return
+            if gt(callvalue(), 0) {
+                stop()
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise, selfdestruct to B (transfers balance immediately, then stops execution)
+            let contractB := 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000bb
+            selfdestruct(contractB)
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/contractB.yul b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/contractB.yul
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c737355fb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/contractB.yul
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+object "ContractB" {
+    code {
+        datacopy(0, dataoffset("Runtime"), datasize("Runtime"))
+        return(0, datasize("Runtime"))
+    }
+    object "Runtime" {
+        code {
+            // Send 50 wei back to contract A
+            let contractA := 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000aa
+            let success := call(gas(), contractA, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+            stop()
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/contractSelfDestruct.yul b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/contractSelfDestruct.yul
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..73884c5dd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/contractSelfDestruct.yul
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+object "ContractSelfDestruct" {
+    code {
+        datacopy(0, dataoffset("Runtime"), datasize("Runtime"))
+        return(0, datasize("Runtime"))
+    }
+    object "Runtime" {
+        code {
+            // Simply selfdestruct to self
+            selfdestruct(address())
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/coordinator.yul b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/coordinator.yul
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..54bd5c08f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/coordinator.yul
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+object "Coordinator" {
+    code {
+        datacopy(0, dataoffset("Runtime"), datasize("Runtime"))
+        return(0, datasize("Runtime"))
+    }
+    object "Runtime" {
+        code {
+            let contractA := 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000aa
+            let contractB := 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000bb
+
+            // First, call A (A will selfdestruct to B)
+            pop(call(gas(), contractA, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+
+            // Then, call B (B will send funds back to A)
+            pop(call(gas(), contractB, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+
+            stop()
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/coordinatorSendAfter.yul b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/coordinatorSendAfter.yul
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9473d1f3ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/coordinatorSendAfter.yul
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+object "CoordinatorSendAfter" {
+    code {
+        datacopy(0, dataoffset("Runtime"), datasize("Runtime"))
+        return(0, datasize("Runtime"))
+    }
+    object "Runtime" {
+        code {
+            let contractAddr := 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000aa
+
+            // Call contract (triggers selfdestruct to self, burning its balance)
+            pop(call(gas(), contractAddr, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+
+            // Check contract's balance immediately after selfdestruct
+            // Store in slot 0 to verify it's 0 (proving immediate burn)
+            sstore(0, balance(contractAddr))
+
+            // Send 50 wei to the contract (after it selfdestructed)
+            pop(call(gas(), contractAddr, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+
+            // Check balance again after sending funds
+            // Store in slot 1 to verify it's 50 (new funds not burnt)
+            sstore(1, balance(contractAddr))
+
+            stop()
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/factoryRefund.yul b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/factoryRefund.yul
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f52a46fcc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/factoryRefund.yul
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+object "FactoryRefund" {
+    code {
+        datacopy(0, dataoffset("Runtime"), datasize("Runtime"))
+        return(0, datasize("Runtime"))
+    }
+    object "Runtime" {
+        code {
+            let contractB := 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000bb
+
+            // Store the deploy bytecode for contract A in memory
+            // Full deploy bytecode from: solc --strict-assembly --evm-version paris contractA.yul --bin
+            // Including the 0xfe separator: 600c600d600039600c6000f3fe60003411600a5760bbff5b00
+            // That's 25 bytes, padded to 32 bytes with 7 zero bytes at the front
+            mstore(0, 0x0000000000000000000000000000600c600d600039600c6000f3fe60003411600a5760bbff5b00)
+
+            // CREATE contract A with 100 wei, using 25 bytes starting at position 7
+            let contractA := create(100, 7, 25)
+
+            // Call contract A (triggers selfdestruct to B)
+            pop(call(gas(), contractA, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+
+            // Call contract B (B sends 50 wei back to A)
+            pop(call(gas(), contractB, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+
+            stop()
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/factorySelfDestructBalanceCheck.yul b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/factorySelfDestructBalanceCheck.yul
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..46f4628419
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eth/tracers/internal/tracetest/selfdestruct_test_contracts/factorySelfDestructBalanceCheck.yul
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+object "FactorySelfDestructBalanceCheck" {
+    code {
+        datacopy(0, dataoffset("Runtime"), datasize("Runtime"))
+        return(0, datasize("Runtime"))
+    }
+    object "Runtime" {
+        code {
+            // Get the full deploy bytecode for ContractSelfDestruct
+            // Compiled with: solc --strict-assembly --evm-version paris contractSelfDestruct.yul --bin
+            // Full bytecode: 6002600d60003960026000f3fe30ff
+            // That's 15 bytes total, padded to 32 bytes with 17 zero bytes at front
+            mstore(0, 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000006002600d60003960026000f3fe30ff)
+
+            // CREATE contract with 100 wei, using deploy bytecode
+            // The bytecode is 15 bytes, starts at position 17 in the 32-byte word
+            let contractAddr := create(100, 17, 15)
+
+            // Call the created contract (triggers selfdestruct to self)
+            pop(call(gas(), contractAddr, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+
+            // Check contract's balance immediately after selfdestruct
+            // Store in slot 0 to verify it's 0 (proving immediate burn)
+            sstore(0, balance(contractAddr))
+
+            // Send 50 wei to the contract (after it selfdestructed)
+            pop(call(gas(), contractAddr, 50, 0, 0, 0, 0))
+
+            // Check balance again after sending funds
+            // Store in slot 1 to verify it's 0 (funds sent to destroyed contract are burnt)
+            sstore(1, balance(contractAddr))
+
+            stop()
+        }
+    }
+}

From 588dd94aadca36d8a55a44457ff31dd480073a97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Jan 2026 20:28:37 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 456/470] triedb/pathdb: implement trienode history indexing
 scheme (#33551)

This PR implements the indexing scheme for trie node history. Check
https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/33399 for more details
---
 cmd/keeper/go.mod                            |   1 +
 triedb/pathdb/database_test.go               |   4 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history.go                     |  79 +++-
 triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go             |  34 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go              |  75 +--
 triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go         |   4 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_state.go               |   8 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go            |  32 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go       |  46 --
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils.go      | 238 ++++++++++
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils_test.go | 458 +++++++++++++++++++
 triedb/pathdb/reader.go                      |   4 +-
 12 files changed, 870 insertions(+), 113 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.mod b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
index cee1ce05a7..21cdfe8c33 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.mod
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.12 // indirect
 	github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.6.1 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230626212559-97b1e661b5df // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.12.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.39.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go
index 8cca7b1b3c..2d1819d08f 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go
@@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ func TestDatabaseIndexRecovery(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		dIndex int
 		roots  = env.roots
-		hr     = newHistoryReader(env.db.diskdb, env.db.stateFreezer)
+		hr     = newStateHistoryReader(env.db.diskdb, env.db.stateFreezer)
 	)
 	for i, root := range roots {
 		if root == dRoot {
@@ -1011,7 +1011,7 @@ func TestDatabaseIndexRecovery(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Ensure the truncated state histories become accessible
 	bRoot = env.db.tree.bottom().rootHash()
-	hr = newHistoryReader(env.db.diskdb, env.db.stateFreezer)
+	hr = newStateHistoryReader(env.db.diskdb, env.db.stateFreezer)
 	for i, root := range roots {
 		if root == bRoot {
 			break
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history.go b/triedb/pathdb/history.go
index d78999f218..86224ea5b2 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history.go
@@ -121,6 +121,20 @@ func (ident stateIdent) String() string {
 	return ident.addressHash.Hex() + ident.path
 }
 
+func (ident stateIdent) bloomSize() int {
+	if ident.typ == typeAccount {
+		return 0
+	}
+	if ident.typ == typeStorage {
+		return 0
+	}
+	scheme := accountIndexScheme
+	if ident.addressHash != (common.Hash{}) {
+		scheme = storageIndexScheme
+	}
+	return scheme.getBitmapSize(len(ident.path))
+}
+
 // newAccountIdent constructs a state identifier for an account.
 func newAccountIdent(addressHash common.Hash) stateIdent {
 	return stateIdent{
@@ -143,6 +157,8 @@ func newStorageIdent(addressHash common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash) stateIden
 // newTrienodeIdent constructs a state identifier for a trie node.
 // The address denotes the address hash of the associated account;
 // the path denotes the path of the node within the trie;
+//
+// nolint:unused
 func newTrienodeIdent(addressHash common.Hash, path string) stateIdent {
 	return stateIdent{
 		typ:         typeTrienode,
@@ -180,17 +196,62 @@ func newStorageIdentQuery(address common.Address, addressHash common.Hash, stora
 	}
 }
 
-// newTrienodeIdentQuery constructs a state identifier for a trie node.
-// the addressHash denotes the address hash of the associated account;
-// the path denotes the path of the node within the trie;
-//
-// nolint:unused
-func newTrienodeIdentQuery(addrHash common.Hash, path []byte) stateIdentQuery {
-	return stateIdentQuery{
-		stateIdent: newTrienodeIdent(addrHash, string(path)),
+// indexElem defines the element for indexing.
+type indexElem interface {
+	key() stateIdent
+	ext() []uint16
+}
+
+type accountIndexElem struct {
+	addressHash common.Hash
+}
+
+func (a accountIndexElem) key() stateIdent {
+	return stateIdent{
+		typ:         typeAccount,
+		addressHash: a.addressHash,
 	}
 }
 
+func (a accountIndexElem) ext() []uint16 {
+	return nil
+}
+
+type storageIndexElem struct {
+	addressHash common.Hash
+	storageHash common.Hash
+}
+
+func (a storageIndexElem) key() stateIdent {
+	return stateIdent{
+		typ:         typeStorage,
+		addressHash: a.addressHash,
+		storageHash: a.storageHash,
+	}
+}
+
+func (a storageIndexElem) ext() []uint16 {
+	return nil
+}
+
+type trienodeIndexElem struct {
+	owner common.Hash
+	path  string
+	data  []uint16
+}
+
+func (a trienodeIndexElem) key() stateIdent {
+	return stateIdent{
+		typ:         typeTrienode,
+		addressHash: a.owner,
+		path:        a.path,
+	}
+}
+
+func (a trienodeIndexElem) ext() []uint16 {
+	return a.data
+}
+
 // history defines the interface of historical data, shared by stateHistory
 // and trienodeHistory.
 type history interface {
@@ -198,7 +259,7 @@ type history interface {
 	typ() historyType
 
 	// forEach returns an iterator to traverse the state entries in the history.
-	forEach() iter.Seq[stateIdent]
+	forEach() iter.Seq[indexElem]
 }
 
 var (
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
index ddb4a293cc..18d71f6dae 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
@@ -121,18 +122,20 @@ func deleteIndexMetadata(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, typ historyType) {
 // batchIndexer is responsible for performing batch indexing or unindexing
 // of historical data (e.g., state or trie node changes) atomically.
 type batchIndexer struct {
-	index   map[stateIdent][]uint64 // List of history IDs for tracked state entry
-	pending int                     // Number of entries processed in the current batch.
-	delete  bool                    // Operation mode: true for unindex, false for index.
-	lastID  uint64                  // ID of the most recently processed history.
-	typ     historyType             // Type of history being processed (e.g., state or trienode).
-	db      ethdb.KeyValueStore     // Key-value database used to store or delete index data.
+	index   map[stateIdent][]uint64   // List of history IDs for tracked state entry
+	ext     map[stateIdent][][]uint16 // List of extension for each state element
+	pending int                       // Number of entries processed in the current batch.
+	delete  bool                      // Operation mode: true for unindex, false for index.
+	lastID  uint64                    // ID of the most recently processed history.
+	typ     historyType               // Type of history being processed (e.g., state or trienode).
+	db      ethdb.KeyValueStore       // Key-value database used to store or delete index data.
 }
 
 // newBatchIndexer constructs the batch indexer with the supplied mode.
 func newBatchIndexer(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, delete bool, typ historyType) *batchIndexer {
 	return &batchIndexer{
 		index:  make(map[stateIdent][]uint64),
+		ext:    make(map[stateIdent][][]uint16),
 		delete: delete,
 		typ:    typ,
 		db:     db,
@@ -142,8 +145,10 @@ func newBatchIndexer(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, delete bool, typ historyType) *batc
 // process traverses the state entries within the provided history and tracks the mutation
 // records for them.
 func (b *batchIndexer) process(h history, id uint64) error {
-	for ident := range h.forEach() {
-		b.index[ident] = append(b.index[ident], id)
+	for elem := range h.forEach() {
+		key := elem.key()
+		b.index[key] = append(b.index[key], id)
+		b.ext[key] = append(b.ext[key], elem.ext())
 		b.pending++
 	}
 	b.lastID = id
@@ -190,14 +195,15 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 		indexed = metadata.Last
 	}
 	for ident, list := range b.index {
+		ext := b.ext[ident]
 		eg.Go(func() error {
 			if !b.delete {
-				iw, err := newIndexWriter(b.db, ident, indexed, 0)
+				iw, err := newIndexWriter(b.db, ident, indexed, ident.bloomSize())
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
-				for _, n := range list {
-					if err := iw.append(n, nil); err != nil {
+				for i, n := range list {
+					if err := iw.append(n, ext[i]); err != nil {
 						return err
 					}
 				}
@@ -205,7 +211,7 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 					iw.finish(batch)
 				})
 			} else {
-				id, err := newIndexDeleter(b.db, ident, indexed, 0)
+				id, err := newIndexDeleter(b.db, ident, indexed, ident.bloomSize())
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
@@ -239,8 +245,10 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	log.Debug("Committed batch indexer", "type", b.typ, "entries", len(b.index), "records", b.pending, "size", common.StorageSize(batchSize), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+
 	b.pending = 0
-	b.index = make(map[stateIdent][]uint64)
+	maps.Clear(b.index)
+	maps.Clear(b.ext)
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
index 69e7d5bd22..04cd869d2b 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
@@ -99,16 +99,17 @@ func (r *indexReaderWithLimitTag) readGreaterThan(id uint64, lastID uint64) (uin
 	return r.reader.readGreaterThan(id)
 }
 
-// historyReader is the structure to access historic state data.
-type historyReader struct {
+// stateHistoryReader is the structure to access historic state data.
+type stateHistoryReader struct {
 	disk    ethdb.KeyValueReader
 	freezer ethdb.AncientReader
 	readers map[string]*indexReaderWithLimitTag
 }
 
-// newHistoryReader constructs the history reader with the supplied db.
-func newHistoryReader(disk ethdb.KeyValueReader, freezer ethdb.AncientReader) *historyReader {
-	return &historyReader{
+// newStateHistoryReader constructs the history reader with the supplied db
+// for accessing historical states.
+func newStateHistoryReader(disk ethdb.KeyValueReader, freezer ethdb.AncientReader) *stateHistoryReader {
+	return &stateHistoryReader{
 		disk:    disk,
 		freezer: freezer,
 		readers: make(map[string]*indexReaderWithLimitTag),
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ func newHistoryReader(disk ethdb.KeyValueReader, freezer ethdb.AncientReader) *h
 
 // readAccountMetadata resolves the account metadata within the specified
 // state history.
-func (r *historyReader) readAccountMetadata(address common.Address, historyID uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+func (r *stateHistoryReader) readAccountMetadata(address common.Address, historyID uint64) ([]byte, error) {
 	blob := rawdb.ReadStateAccountIndex(r.freezer, historyID)
 	if len(blob) == 0 {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("account index is truncated, historyID: %d", historyID)
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ func (r *historyReader) readAccountMetadata(address common.Address, historyID ui
 
 // readStorageMetadata resolves the storage slot metadata within the specified
 // state history.
-func (r *historyReader) readStorageMetadata(storageKey common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash, historyID uint64, slotOffset, slotNumber int) ([]byte, error) {
+func (r *stateHistoryReader) readStorageMetadata(storageKey common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash, historyID uint64, slotOffset, slotNumber int) ([]byte, error) {
 	data, err := rawdb.ReadStateStorageIndex(r.freezer, historyID, slotIndexSize*slotOffset, slotIndexSize*slotNumber)
 	if err != nil {
 		msg := fmt.Sprintf("id: %d, slot-offset: %d, slot-length: %d", historyID, slotOffset, slotNumber)
@@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ func (r *historyReader) readStorageMetadata(storageKey common.Hash, storageHash
 }
 
 // readAccount retrieves the account data from the specified state history.
-func (r *historyReader) readAccount(address common.Address, historyID uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+func (r *stateHistoryReader) readAccount(address common.Address, historyID uint64) ([]byte, error) {
 	metadata, err := r.readAccountMetadata(address, historyID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -194,7 +195,7 @@ func (r *historyReader) readAccount(address common.Address, historyID uint64) ([
 }
 
 // readStorage retrieves the storage slot data from the specified state history.
-func (r *historyReader) readStorage(address common.Address, storageKey common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash, historyID uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+func (r *stateHistoryReader) readStorage(address common.Address, storageKey common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash, historyID uint64) ([]byte, error) {
 	metadata, err := r.readAccountMetadata(address, historyID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -224,35 +225,16 @@ func (r *historyReader) readStorage(address common.Address, storageKey common.Ha
 // stateID: represents the ID of the state of the specified version;
 // lastID: represents the ID of the latest/newest state history;
 // latestValue: represents the state value at the current disk layer with ID == lastID;
-func (r *historyReader) read(state stateIdentQuery, stateID uint64, lastID uint64, latestValue []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	tail, err := r.freezer.Tail()
+func (r *stateHistoryReader) read(state stateIdentQuery, stateID uint64, lastID uint64, latestValue []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	lastIndexed, err := checkStateAvail(state.stateIdent, typeStateHistory, r.freezer, stateID, lastID, r.disk)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
-	} // firstID = tail+1
-
-	// stateID+1 == firstID is allowed, as all the subsequent state histories
-	// are present with no gap inside.
-	if stateID < tail {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("historical state has been pruned, first: %d, state: %d", tail+1, stateID)
 	}
-
-	// To serve the request, all state histories from stateID+1 to lastID
-	// must be indexed. It's not supposed to happen unless system is very
-	// wrong.
-	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(r.disk, toHistoryType(state.typ))
-	if metadata == nil || metadata.Last < lastID {
-		indexed := "null"
-		if metadata != nil {
-			indexed = fmt.Sprintf("%d", metadata.Last)
-		}
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("state history is not fully indexed, requested: %d, indexed: %s", stateID, indexed)
-	}
-
 	// Construct the index reader to locate the corresponding history for
 	// state retrieval
 	ir, ok := r.readers[state.String()]
 	if !ok {
-		ir, err = newIndexReaderWithLimitTag(r.disk, state.stateIdent, metadata.Last, 0)
+		ir, err = newIndexReaderWithLimitTag(r.disk, state.stateIdent, lastIndexed, 0)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -277,3 +259,34 @@ func (r *historyReader) read(state stateIdentQuery, stateID uint64, lastID uint6
 	}
 	return r.readStorage(state.address, state.storageKey, state.storageHash, historyID)
 }
+
+// checkStateAvail determines whether the requested historical state is available
+// for accessing. What's more, it also returns the ID of the latest indexed history
+// entry for subsequent usage.
+func checkStateAvail(state stateIdent, exptyp historyType, freezer ethdb.AncientReader, stateID uint64, lastID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueReader) (uint64, error) {
+	if toHistoryType(state.typ) != exptyp {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unsupported history type: %d, want: %v", toHistoryType(state.typ), exptyp)
+	}
+	// firstID = tail+1
+	tail, err := freezer.Tail()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	// stateID+1 == firstID is allowed, as all the subsequent history entries
+	// are present with no gap inside.
+	if stateID < tail {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("historical state has been pruned, first: %d, state: %d", tail+1, stateID)
+	}
+	// To serve the request, all history entries from stateID+1 to lastID
+	// must be indexed. It's not supposed to happen unless system is very
+	// wrong.
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db, exptyp)
+	if metadata == nil || metadata.Last < lastID {
+		indexed := "null"
+		if metadata != nil {
+			indexed = fmt.Sprintf("%d", metadata.Last)
+		}
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("history is not fully indexed, requested: %d, indexed: %s", stateID, indexed)
+	}
+	return metadata.Last, nil
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
index 3e1a545ff3..b69fba68cb 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader_test.go
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func stateAvail(id uint64, env *tester) bool {
 	return id+1 >= firstID
 }
 
-func checkHistoricalState(env *tester, root common.Hash, id uint64, hr *historyReader) error {
+func checkHistoricalState(env *tester, root common.Hash, id uint64, hr *stateHistoryReader) error {
 	if !stateAvail(id, env) {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ func testHistoryReader(t *testing.T, historyLimit uint64) {
 	var (
 		roots = env.roots
 		dl    = env.db.tree.bottom()
-		hr    = newHistoryReader(env.db.diskdb, env.db.stateFreezer)
+		hr    = newStateHistoryReader(env.db.diskdb, env.db.stateFreezer)
 	)
 	for i, root := range roots {
 		if root == dl.rootHash() {
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
index bc21915dba..23428b1a54 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_state.go
@@ -283,11 +283,11 @@ func (h *stateHistory) typ() historyType {
 
 // forEach implements the history interface, returning an iterator to traverse the
 // state entries in the history.
-func (h *stateHistory) forEach() iter.Seq[stateIdent] {
-	return func(yield func(stateIdent) bool) {
+func (h *stateHistory) forEach() iter.Seq[indexElem] {
+	return func(yield func(indexElem) bool) {
 		for _, addr := range h.accountList {
 			addrHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(addr.Bytes())
-			if !yield(newAccountIdent(addrHash)) {
+			if !yield(accountIndexElem{addrHash}) {
 				return
 			}
 			for _, slotKey := range h.storageList[addr] {
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ func (h *stateHistory) forEach() iter.Seq[stateIdent] {
 				if h.meta.version != stateHistoryV0 {
 					slotHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(slotKey.Bytes())
 				}
-				if !yield(newStorageIdent(addrHash, slotHash)) {
+				if !yield(storageIndexElem{addrHash, slotHash}) {
 					return
 				}
 			}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
index 6c0c0fe8cc..67be9de491 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
@@ -166,11 +166,35 @@ func (h *trienodeHistory) typ() historyType {
 
 // forEach implements the history interface, returning an iterator to traverse the
 // state entries in the history.
-func (h *trienodeHistory) forEach() iter.Seq[stateIdent] {
-	return func(yield func(stateIdent) bool) {
+func (h *trienodeHistory) forEach() iter.Seq[indexElem] {
+	return func(yield func(indexElem) bool) {
 		for _, owner := range h.owners {
-			for _, path := range h.nodeList[owner] {
-				if !yield(newTrienodeIdent(owner, path)) {
+			var (
+				scheme  *indexScheme
+				paths   = h.nodeList[owner]
+				indexes = make(map[string]map[uint16]struct{})
+			)
+			if owner == (common.Hash{}) {
+				scheme = accountIndexScheme
+			} else {
+				scheme = storageIndexScheme
+			}
+			for _, leaf := range findLeafPaths(paths) {
+				chunks, ids := scheme.splitPath(leaf)
+				for i := 0; i < len(chunks); i++ {
+					if _, exists := indexes[chunks[i]]; !exists {
+						indexes[chunks[i]] = make(map[uint16]struct{})
+					}
+					indexes[chunks[i]][ids[i]] = struct{}{}
+				}
+			}
+			for chunk, ids := range indexes {
+				elem := trienodeIndexElem{
+					owner: owner,
+					path:  chunk,
+					data:  slices.Collect(maps.Keys(ids)),
+				}
+				if !yield(elem) {
 					return
 				}
 			}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go
index 0c0422f00f..8f9b9c2600 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_test.go
@@ -534,52 +534,6 @@ func TestTrienodeHistoryReaderNilKey(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestTrienodeHistoryReaderIterator tests the iterator functionality
-func TestTrienodeHistoryReaderIterator(t *testing.T) {
-	h := makeTrienodeHistory()
-
-	// Count expected entries
-	expectedCount := 0
-	expectedNodes := make(map[stateIdent]bool)
-	for owner, nodeList := range h.nodeList {
-		expectedCount += len(nodeList)
-		for _, node := range nodeList {
-			expectedNodes[stateIdent{
-				typ:         typeTrienode,
-				addressHash: owner,
-				path:        node,
-			}] = true
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Test the iterator
-	actualCount := 0
-	for x := range h.forEach() {
-		_ = x
-		actualCount++
-	}
-	if actualCount != expectedCount {
-		t.Fatalf("Iterator count mismatch: expected %d, got %d", expectedCount, actualCount)
-	}
-
-	// Test that iterator yields expected state identifiers
-	seen := make(map[stateIdent]bool)
-	for ident := range h.forEach() {
-		if ident.typ != typeTrienode {
-			t.Fatal("Iterator should only yield trienode history identifiers")
-		}
-		key := stateIdent{typ: ident.typ, addressHash: ident.addressHash, path: ident.path}
-		if seen[key] {
-			t.Fatal("Iterator yielded duplicate identifier")
-		}
-		seen[key] = true
-
-		if !expectedNodes[key] {
-			t.Fatalf("Unexpected yielded identifier %v", key)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 // TestCommonPrefixLen tests the commonPrefixLen helper function
 func TestCommonPrefixLen(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils.go
index 241b8a7d3c..11107494bb 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"math/bits"
 	"slices"
+	"strings"
 )
 
 // commonPrefixLen returns the length of the common prefix shared by a and b.
@@ -34,6 +35,243 @@ func commonPrefixLen(a, b []byte) int {
 	return n
 }
 
+// findLeafPaths scans a lexicographically sorted list of paths and returns
+// the subset of paths that represent leaves.
+//
+// A path is considered a leaf if:
+//   - it is the last element in the list, or
+//   - the next path does not have the current path as its prefix.
+//
+// In other words, a leaf is a path that has no children extending it.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//	Input:  ["a", "ab", "abc", "b", "ba"]
+//	Output: ["abc", "ba"]
+//
+// The input must be sorted; otherwise the result is undefined.
+func findLeafPaths(paths []string) []string {
+	var leaves []string
+	for i := 0; i < len(paths); i++ {
+		if i == len(paths)-1 || !strings.HasPrefix(paths[i+1], paths[i]) {
+			leaves = append(leaves, paths[i])
+		}
+	}
+	return leaves
+}
+
+// hexPathNodeID computes a numeric node ID from the given path. The path is
+// interpreted as a sequence of base-16 digits, where each byte of the input
+// is treated as one hexadecimal digit in a big-endian number.
+//
+// The resulting node ID is constructed as:
+//
+//	ID = 1 + 16 + 16^2 + ... + 16^(n-1) + value
+//
+// where n is the number of bytes in the path, and `value` is the base-16
+// interpretation of the byte sequence.
+//
+// The offset (1 + 16 + 16^2 + ... + 16^(n-1)) ensures that all IDs of shorter
+// paths occupy a lower numeric range, preserving lexicographic ordering between
+// differently-length paths.
+//
+// The numeric node ID is represented by the uint16 with the assumption the length
+// of path won't be greater than 3.
+func hexPathNodeID(path string) uint16 {
+	var (
+		offset = uint16(0)
+		pow    = uint16(1)
+		value  = uint16(0)
+		bytes  = []byte(path)
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < len(bytes); i++ {
+		offset += pow
+		pow *= 16
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(bytes); i++ {
+		value = value*16 + uint16(bytes[i])
+	}
+	return offset + value
+}
+
+// bitmapSize computes the number of bytes required for the marker bitmap
+// corresponding to the remaining portion of a path after a cut point.
+// The marker is a bitmap where each bit represents the presence of a
+// possible element in the remaining path segment.
+func bitmapSize(levels int) int {
+	// Compute: total = 1 + 16 + 16^2 + ... + 16^(segLen-1)
+	var (
+		bits = 0
+		pow  = 1
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < levels; i++ {
+		bits += pow
+		pow *= 16
+	}
+	// A small adjustment is applied to exclude the root element of this path
+	// segment, since any existing element would already imply the mutation of
+	// the root element. This trick can save us 1 byte for each bitmap which is
+	// non-trivial.
+	bits -= 1
+	return bits / 8
+}
+
+// indexScheme defines how trie nodes are split into chunks and index them
+// at chunk level.
+//
+// skipRoot indicates whether the root node should be excluded from indexing.
+// cutPoints specifies the key length of chunks (in nibbles) extracted from
+// each path.
+type indexScheme struct {
+	// skipRoot indicates whether the root node should be excluded from indexing.
+	// In the account trie, the root is mutated on every state transition, so
+	// indexing it provides no value.
+	skipRoot bool
+
+	// cutPoints defines the key lengths of chunks at different positions.
+	// A single trie node path may span multiple chunks vertically.
+	cutPoints []int
+
+	// bitmaps specifies the required bitmap size for each chunk. The key is the
+	// chunk key length, and the value is the corresponding bitmap size.
+	bitmaps map[int]int
+}
+
+var (
+	// Account trie is split into chunks like this:
+	//
+	// - root node is excluded from indexing
+	// - nodes at level1 to level2 are grouped as 16 chunks
+	// - all other nodes are grouped 3 levels per chunk
+	//
+	// Level1             [0]  ...  [f]               16 chunks
+	// Level3        [000]     ...     [fff]          4096 chunks
+	// Level6   [000000]       ...       [fffffff]    16777216 chunks
+	//
+	// For the chunks at level1,  there are 17 nodes per chunk.
+	//
+	// chunk-level 0            [ 0 ]                        1 node
+	// chunk-level 1        [ 1 ] … [ 16 ]                  16 nodes
+	//
+	// For the non-level1 chunks, there are 273 nodes per chunk,
+	// regardless of the chunk's depth in the trie.
+	//
+	// chunk-level 0            [ 0 ]                        1 node
+	// chunk-level 1        [ 1 ] … [ 16 ]                  16 nodes
+	// chunk-level 2     [ 17 ] … … [ 272 ]                256 nodes
+	accountIndexScheme = newIndexScheme(true)
+
+	// Storage trie is split into chunks like this: (3 levels per chunk)
+	//
+	// Level0              [ ROOT ]                      1 chunk
+	// Level3        [000]   ...   [fff]              4096 chunks
+	// Level6   [000000]    ...      [fffffff]    16777216 chunks
+	//
+	// Within each chunk, there are 273 nodes in total, regardless of
+	// the chunk's depth in the trie.
+	//
+	// chunk-level 0            [ 0 ]                        1 node
+	// chunk-level 1        [ 1 ] … [ 16 ]                  16 nodes
+	// chunk-level 2     [ 17 ] … … [ 272 ]                256 nodes
+	storageIndexScheme = newIndexScheme(false)
+)
+
+// newIndexScheme initializes the index scheme.
+func newIndexScheme(skipRoot bool) *indexScheme {
+	var (
+		cuts    []int
+		bitmaps = make(map[int]int)
+	)
+	for v := 0; v <= 64; v += 3 {
+		var (
+			levels int
+			length int
+		)
+		if v == 0 && skipRoot {
+			length = 1
+			levels = 2
+		} else {
+			length = v
+			levels = 3
+		}
+		cuts = append(cuts, length)
+		bitmaps[length] = bitmapSize(levels)
+	}
+	return &indexScheme{
+		skipRoot:  skipRoot,
+		cutPoints: cuts,
+		bitmaps:   bitmaps,
+	}
+}
+
+// getBitmapSize returns the required bytes for bitmap with chunk's position.
+func (s *indexScheme) getBitmapSize(pathLen int) int {
+	return s.bitmaps[pathLen]
+}
+
+// chunkSpan returns how many chunks should be spanned with the given path.
+func (s *indexScheme) chunkSpan(length int) int {
+	var n int
+	for _, cut := range s.cutPoints {
+		if length >= cut {
+			n++
+			continue
+		}
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// splitPath applies the indexScheme to the given path and returns two lists:
+//
+// - chunkIDs: the progressive chunk IDs cuts defined by the scheme
+// - innerIDs: the computed node ID for the path segment following each cut
+//
+// The scheme defines a set of cut points that partition the path. For each cut:
+//
+// - chunkIDs[i] is path[:cutPoints[i]]
+// - innerIDs[i] is the node ID of the segment path[cutPoints[i] : nextCut-1]
+func (s *indexScheme) splitPath(path string) ([]string, []uint16) {
+	// Special case: the root node of the account trie is mutated in every
+	// state transition, so its mutation records can be ignored.
+	n := len(path)
+	if n == 0 && s.skipRoot {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	var (
+		// Determine how many chunks are spanned by the path
+		chunks   = s.chunkSpan(n)
+		chunkIDs = make([]string, 0, chunks)
+		nodeIDs  = make([]uint16, 0, chunks)
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < chunks; i++ {
+		position := s.cutPoints[i]
+		chunkIDs = append(chunkIDs, path[:position])
+
+		var limit int
+		if i != chunks-1 {
+			limit = s.cutPoints[i+1] - 1
+		} else {
+			limit = len(path)
+		}
+		nodeIDs = append(nodeIDs, hexPathNodeID(path[position:limit]))
+	}
+	return chunkIDs, nodeIDs
+}
+
+// splitPathLast returns the path prefix of the deepest chunk spanned by the
+// given path, along with its corresponding internal node ID. If the path
+// spans no chunks, it returns an empty prefix and 0.
+//
+// nolint:unused
+func (s *indexScheme) splitPathLast(path string) (string, uint16) {
+	chunkIDs, nodeIDs := s.splitPath(path)
+	if len(chunkIDs) == 0 {
+		return "", 0
+	}
+	n := len(chunkIDs)
+	return chunkIDs[n-1], nodeIDs[n-1]
+}
+
 // encodeIDs sorts the given list of uint16 IDs and encodes them into a
 // compact byte slice using variable-length unsigned integer encoding.
 func encodeIDs(ids []uint16) []byte {
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils_test.go
index c3bd0d5b1f..32bd91166d 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode_utils_test.go
@@ -22,6 +22,464 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 )
 
+func TestHexPathNodeID(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	var suites = []struct {
+		input string
+		exp   uint16
+	}{
+		{
+			input: "",
+			exp:   0,
+		},
+		{
+			input: string([]byte{0x0}),
+			exp:   1,
+		},
+		{
+			input: string([]byte{0xf}),
+			exp:   16,
+		},
+		{
+			input: string([]byte{0x0, 0x0}),
+			exp:   17,
+		},
+		{
+			input: string([]byte{0x0, 0xf}),
+			exp:   32,
+		},
+		{
+			input: string([]byte{0x1, 0x0}),
+			exp:   33,
+		},
+		{
+			input: string([]byte{0x1, 0xf}),
+			exp:   48,
+		},
+		{
+			input: string([]byte{0xf, 0xf}),
+			exp:   272,
+		},
+		{
+			input: string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+			exp:   4368,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, suite := range suites {
+		got := hexPathNodeID(suite.input)
+		if got != suite.exp {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected node ID for %v: got %d, want %d", suite.input, got, suite.exp)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFindLeafPaths(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		input  []string
+		expect []string
+	}{
+		{
+			input:  nil,
+			expect: nil,
+		},
+		{
+			input:  []string{"a"},
+			expect: []string{"a"},
+		},
+		{
+			input: []string{"", "0", "00", "01", "1"},
+			expect: []string{
+				"00",
+				"01",
+				"1",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			input: []string{"10", "100", "11", "2"},
+			expect: []string{
+				"100",
+				"11",
+				"2",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			input: []string{"10", "100000000", "11", "111111111", "2"},
+			expect: []string{
+				"100000000",
+				"111111111",
+				"2",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		res := findLeafPaths(test.input)
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(res, test.expect) {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected result: %v, expected %v", res, test.expect)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSplitAccountPath(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	var suites = []struct {
+		input     string
+		expPrefix []string
+		expID     []uint16
+	}{
+		// Length = 0
+		{
+			"", nil, nil,
+		},
+		// Length = 1
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x0}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{0x0}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				0,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x1}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{0x1}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				0,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			string([]byte{0xf}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{0xf}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				0,
+			},
+		},
+		// Length = 2
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x0, 0x0}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{0x0}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				1,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x0, 0x1}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{0x0}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				2,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x0, 0xf}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{0x0}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				16,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			string([]byte{0xf, 0xf}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{0xf}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				16,
+			},
+		},
+		// Length = 3
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{0x0}),
+				string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				1, 0,
+			},
+		},
+		// Length = 3
+		{
+			string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{0xf}),
+				string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				16, 0,
+			},
+		},
+		// Length = 4
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{0x0}),
+				string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				1, 1,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{0xf}),
+				string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				16, 16,
+			},
+		},
+		// Length = 5
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{0x0}),
+				string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				1, 17,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{0xf}),
+				string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				16, 272,
+			},
+		},
+		// Length = 6
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{0x0}),
+				string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+				string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				1, 17, 0,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{0xf}),
+				string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+				string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				16, 272, 0,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, suite := range suites {
+		prefix, id := accountIndexScheme.splitPath(suite.input)
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(prefix, suite.expPrefix) {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected prefix for %v: got %v, want %v", suite.input, prefix, suite.expPrefix)
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(id, suite.expID) {
+			t.Fatalf("Unexpected ID for %v: got %v, want %v", suite.input, id, suite.expID)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSplitStoragePath(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	var suites = []struct {
+		input     string
+		expPrefix []string
+		expID     []uint16
+	}{
+		// Length = 0
+		{
+			"",
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				0,
+			},
+		},
+		// Length = 1
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x0}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				1,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x1}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				2,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			string([]byte{0xf}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				16,
+			},
+		},
+		// Length = 2
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x0, 0x0}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				17,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x0, 0x1}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				18,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x0, 0xf}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				32,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			string([]byte{0xf, 0xf}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				272,
+			},
+		},
+		// Length = 3
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{}),
+				string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				17, 0,
+			},
+		},
+		// Length = 3
+		{
+			string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{}),
+				string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				272, 0,
+			},
+		},
+		// Length = 4
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{}),
+				string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				17, 1,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{}),
+				string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				272, 16,
+			},
+		},
+		// Length = 5
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{}),
+				string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				17, 17,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{}),
+				string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				272, 272,
+			},
+		},
+		// Length = 6
+		{
+			string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{}),
+				string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+				string([]byte{0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				17, 17, 0,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+			[]string{
+				string([]byte{}),
+				string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+				string([]byte{0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf, 0xf}),
+			},
+			[]uint16{
+				272, 272, 0,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for i, suite := range suites {
+		prefix, id := storageIndexScheme.splitPath(suite.input)
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(prefix, suite.expPrefix) {
+			t.Fatalf("Test %d, unexpected prefix for %v: got %v, want %v", i, suite.input, prefix, suite.expPrefix)
+		}
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(id, suite.expID) {
+			t.Fatalf("Test %d, unexpected ID for %v: got %v, want %v", i, suite.input, id, suite.expID)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestIsAncestor(t *testing.T) {
 	suites := []struct {
 		x, y uint16
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/reader.go b/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
index 842ac0972e..c76d88b594 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ func (db *Database) StateReader(root common.Hash) (database.StateReader, error)
 // historical state.
 type HistoricalStateReader struct {
 	db     *Database
-	reader *historyReader
+	reader *stateHistoryReader
 	id     uint64
 }
 
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ func (db *Database) HistoricReader(root common.Hash) (*HistoricalStateReader, er
 	return &HistoricalStateReader{
 		id:     *id,
 		db:     db,
-		reader: newHistoryReader(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer),
+		reader: newStateHistoryReader(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer),
 	}, nil
 }
 

From add1890a572a01ab7c9424082d794f1ba9475a44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Jan 2026 21:23:48 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 457/470] triedb/pathdb: enable trienode history (#32621)

It's the part-4 for trienode history. The trienode history persistence
has been enabled with this PR by flag `history.trienode <non-negative-number>`
---
 cmd/geth/chaincmd.go              |   1 +
 cmd/geth/main.go                  |   1 +
 cmd/utils/flags.go                |  28 ++++--
 core/blockchain.go                |   6 ++
 eth/backend.go                    |   1 +
 eth/ethconfig/config.go           |   2 +
 eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go       |   6 ++
 triedb/pathdb/buffer.go           |  10 +--
 triedb/pathdb/config.go           |  16 +++-
 triedb/pathdb/database.go         | 143 +++++++++++++-----------------
 triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go        |  74 ++++++++++++----
 triedb/pathdb/history.go          | 131 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go |   1 -
 triedb/pathdb/journal.go          |   6 +-
 triedb/pathdb/metrics.go          |   7 +-
 15 files changed, 308 insertions(+), 125 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
index 55316c14ab..0af0a61602 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ if one is set.  Otherwise it prints the genesis from the datadir.`,
 			utils.LogNoHistoryFlag,
 			utils.LogExportCheckpointsFlag,
 			utils.StateHistoryFlag,
+			utils.TrienodeHistoryFlag,
 		}, utils.DatabaseFlags, debug.Flags),
 		Before: func(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			flags.MigrateGlobalFlags(ctx)
diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index db4b569c89..9440759289 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ var (
 		utils.LogNoHistoryFlag,
 		utils.LogExportCheckpointsFlag,
 		utils.StateHistoryFlag,
+		utils.TrienodeHistoryFlag,
 		utils.LightKDFFlag,
 		utils.EthRequiredBlocksFlag,
 		utils.LegacyWhitelistFlag, // deprecated
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 2b64761e00..660c986ac9 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -295,6 +295,12 @@ var (
 		Value:    ethconfig.Defaults.StateHistory,
 		Category: flags.StateCategory,
 	}
+	TrienodeHistoryFlag = &cli.Int64Flag{
+		Name:     "history.trienode",
+		Usage:    "Number of recent blocks to retain trienode history for, only relevant in state.scheme=path (default/negative = disabled, 0 = entire chain)",
+		Value:    ethconfig.Defaults.TrienodeHistory,
+		Category: flags.StateCategory,
+	}
 	TransactionHistoryFlag = &cli.Uint64Flag{
 		Name:     "history.transactions",
 		Usage:    "Number of recent blocks to maintain transactions index for (default = about one year, 0 = entire chain)",
@@ -1699,6 +1705,9 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	if ctx.IsSet(StateHistoryFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.StateHistory = ctx.Uint64(StateHistoryFlag.Name)
 	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(TrienodeHistoryFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.TrienodeHistory = ctx.Int64(TrienodeHistoryFlag.Name)
+	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(StateSchemeFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.StateScheme = ctx.String(StateSchemeFlag.Name)
 	}
@@ -2299,15 +2308,16 @@ func MakeChain(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, readonly bool) (*core.BlockCh
 		Fatalf("%v", err)
 	}
 	options := &core.BlockChainConfig{
-		TrieCleanLimit: ethconfig.Defaults.TrieCleanCache,
-		NoPrefetch:     ctx.Bool(CacheNoPrefetchFlag.Name),
-		TrieDirtyLimit: ethconfig.Defaults.TrieDirtyCache,
-		ArchiveMode:    ctx.String(GCModeFlag.Name) == "archive",
-		TrieTimeLimit:  ethconfig.Defaults.TrieTimeout,
-		SnapshotLimit:  ethconfig.Defaults.SnapshotCache,
-		Preimages:      ctx.Bool(CachePreimagesFlag.Name),
-		StateScheme:    scheme,
-		StateHistory:   ctx.Uint64(StateHistoryFlag.Name),
+		TrieCleanLimit:  ethconfig.Defaults.TrieCleanCache,
+		NoPrefetch:      ctx.Bool(CacheNoPrefetchFlag.Name),
+		TrieDirtyLimit:  ethconfig.Defaults.TrieDirtyCache,
+		ArchiveMode:     ctx.String(GCModeFlag.Name) == "archive",
+		TrieTimeLimit:   ethconfig.Defaults.TrieTimeout,
+		SnapshotLimit:   ethconfig.Defaults.SnapshotCache,
+		Preimages:       ctx.Bool(CachePreimagesFlag.Name),
+		StateScheme:     scheme,
+		StateHistory:    ctx.Uint64(StateHistoryFlag.Name),
+		TrienodeHistory: ctx.Int64(TrienodeHistoryFlag.Name),
 
 		// Disable transaction indexing/unindexing.
 		TxLookupLimit: -1,
diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index e71f97b7b9..fc0e70c271 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -177,6 +177,11 @@ type BlockChainConfig struct {
 	// If set to 0, all state histories across the entire chain will be retained;
 	StateHistory uint64
 
+	// Number of blocks from the chain head for which trienode histories are retained.
+	// If set to 0, all trienode histories across the entire chain will be retained;
+	// If set to -1, no trienode history will be retained;
+	TrienodeHistory int64
+
 	// State snapshot related options
 	SnapshotLimit   int  // Memory allowance (MB) to use for caching snapshot entries in memory
 	SnapshotNoBuild bool // Whether the background generation is allowed
@@ -255,6 +260,7 @@ func (cfg *BlockChainConfig) triedbConfig(isVerkle bool) *triedb.Config {
 	if cfg.StateScheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
 		config.PathDB = &pathdb.Config{
 			StateHistory:        cfg.StateHistory,
+			TrienodeHistory:     cfg.TrienodeHistory,
 			EnableStateIndexing: cfg.ArchiveMode,
 			TrieCleanSize:       cfg.TrieCleanLimit * 1024 * 1024,
 			StateCleanSize:      cfg.SnapshotLimit * 1024 * 1024,
diff --git a/eth/backend.go b/eth/backend.go
index cae2aabe30..932d1a2515 100644
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@@ -230,6 +230,7 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 			SnapshotLimit:    config.SnapshotCache,
 			Preimages:        config.Preimages,
 			StateHistory:     config.StateHistory,
+			TrienodeHistory:  config.TrienodeHistory,
 			StateScheme:      scheme,
 			ChainHistoryMode: config.HistoryMode,
 			TxLookupLimit:    int64(min(config.TransactionHistory, math.MaxInt64)),
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/config.go b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
index d6ed2c2576..72123c41b3 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ var Defaults = Config{
 	TransactionHistory:   2350000,
 	LogHistory:           2350000,
 	StateHistory:         params.FullImmutabilityThreshold,
+	TrienodeHistory:      -1,
 	DatabaseCache:        512,
 	TrieCleanCache:       154,
 	TrieDirtyCache:       256,
@@ -108,6 +109,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	LogNoHistory         bool   `toml:",omitempty"` // No log search index is maintained.
 	LogExportCheckpoints string // export log index checkpoints to file
 	StateHistory         uint64 `toml:",omitempty"` // The maximum number of blocks from head whose state histories are reserved.
+	TrienodeHistory      int64  `toml:",omitempty"` // Number of blocks from the chain head for which trienode histories are retained
 
 	// State scheme represents the scheme used to store ethereum states and trie
 	// nodes on top. It can be 'hash', 'path', or none which means use the scheme
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
index 97c5db3ecd..ed6c9b0197 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 		LogNoHistory            bool   `toml:",omitempty"`
 		LogExportCheckpoints    string
 		StateHistory            uint64                 `toml:",omitempty"`
+		TrienodeHistory         int64                  `toml:",omitempty"`
 		StateScheme             string                 `toml:",omitempty"`
 		RequiredBlocks          map[uint64]common.Hash `toml:"-"`
 		SlowBlockThreshold      time.Duration          `toml:",omitempty"`
@@ -81,6 +82,7 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 	enc.LogNoHistory = c.LogNoHistory
 	enc.LogExportCheckpoints = c.LogExportCheckpoints
 	enc.StateHistory = c.StateHistory
+	enc.TrienodeHistory = c.TrienodeHistory
 	enc.StateScheme = c.StateScheme
 	enc.RequiredBlocks = c.RequiredBlocks
 	enc.SlowBlockThreshold = c.SlowBlockThreshold
@@ -135,6 +137,7 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 		LogNoHistory            *bool   `toml:",omitempty"`
 		LogExportCheckpoints    *string
 		StateHistory            *uint64                `toml:",omitempty"`
+		TrienodeHistory         *int64                 `toml:",omitempty"`
 		StateScheme             *string                `toml:",omitempty"`
 		RequiredBlocks          map[uint64]common.Hash `toml:"-"`
 		SlowBlockThreshold      *time.Duration         `toml:",omitempty"`
@@ -216,6 +219,9 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 	if dec.StateHistory != nil {
 		c.StateHistory = *dec.StateHistory
 	}
+	if dec.TrienodeHistory != nil {
+		c.TrienodeHistory = *dec.TrienodeHistory
+	}
 	if dec.StateScheme != nil {
 		c.StateScheme = *dec.StateScheme
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/buffer.go b/triedb/pathdb/buffer.go
index 138962110f..853e1090b3 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/buffer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/buffer.go
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ func (b *buffer) size() uint64 {
 
 // flush persists the in-memory dirty trie node into the disk if the configured
 // memory threshold is reached. Note, all data must be written atomically.
-func (b *buffer) flush(root common.Hash, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientWriter, progress []byte, nodesCache, statesCache *fastcache.Cache, id uint64, postFlush func()) {
+func (b *buffer) flush(root common.Hash, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezers []ethdb.AncientWriter, progress []byte, nodesCache, statesCache *fastcache.Cache, id uint64, postFlush func()) {
 	if b.done != nil {
 		panic("duplicated flush operation")
 	}
@@ -165,11 +165,9 @@ func (b *buffer) flush(root common.Hash, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.A
 		//
 		// This step is crucial to guarantee that the corresponding state history remains
 		// available for state rollback.
-		if freezer != nil {
-			if err := freezer.SyncAncient(); err != nil {
-				b.flushErr = err
-				return
-			}
+		if err := syncHistory(freezers...); err != nil {
+			b.flushErr = err
+			return
 		}
 		nodes := b.nodes.write(batch, nodesCache)
 		accounts, slots := b.states.write(batch, progress, statesCache)
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/config.go b/triedb/pathdb/config.go
index 3745a63edd..0da8604b6c 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/config.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/config.go
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ var (
 // Defaults contains default settings for Ethereum mainnet.
 var Defaults = &Config{
 	StateHistory:        params.FullImmutabilityThreshold,
+	TrienodeHistory:     -1,
 	EnableStateIndexing: false,
 	TrieCleanSize:       defaultTrieCleanSize,
 	StateCleanSize:      defaultStateCleanSize,
@@ -61,14 +62,16 @@ var Defaults = &Config{
 
 // ReadOnly is the config in order to open database in read only mode.
 var ReadOnly = &Config{
-	ReadOnly:       true,
-	TrieCleanSize:  defaultTrieCleanSize,
-	StateCleanSize: defaultStateCleanSize,
+	ReadOnly:        true,
+	TrienodeHistory: -1,
+	TrieCleanSize:   defaultTrieCleanSize,
+	StateCleanSize:  defaultStateCleanSize,
 }
 
 // Config contains the settings for database.
 type Config struct {
 	StateHistory        uint64 // Number of recent blocks to maintain state history for, 0: full chain
+	TrienodeHistory     int64  // Number of recent blocks to maintain trienode history for, 0: full chain, negative: disable
 	EnableStateIndexing bool   // Whether to enable state history indexing for external state access
 	TrieCleanSize       int    // Maximum memory allowance (in bytes) for caching clean trie data
 	StateCleanSize      int    // Maximum memory allowance (in bytes) for caching clean state data
@@ -108,6 +111,13 @@ func (c *Config) fields() []interface{} {
 	} else {
 		list = append(list, "state-history", fmt.Sprintf("last %d blocks", c.StateHistory))
 	}
+	if c.TrienodeHistory >= 0 {
+		if c.TrienodeHistory == 0 {
+			list = append(list, "trie-history", "entire chain")
+		} else {
+			list = append(list, "trie-history", fmt.Sprintf("last %d blocks", c.TrienodeHistory))
+		}
+	}
 	if c.EnableStateIndexing {
 		list = append(list, "index-history", true)
 	}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/database.go b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
index 131747978c..f7c0ba1398 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
@@ -137,6 +137,9 @@ type Database struct {
 	stateFreezer ethdb.ResettableAncientStore // Freezer for storing state histories, nil possible in tests
 	stateIndexer *historyIndexer              // History indexer historical state data, nil possible
 
+	trienodeFreezer ethdb.ResettableAncientStore // Freezer for storing trienode histories, nil possible in tests
+	trienodeIndexer *historyIndexer              // History indexer for historical trienode data
+
 	lock sync.RWMutex // Lock to prevent mutations from happening at the same time
 }
 
@@ -169,11 +172,14 @@ func New(diskdb ethdb.Database, config *Config, isVerkle bool) *Database {
 	// and in-memory layer journal.
 	db.tree = newLayerTree(db.loadLayers())
 
-	// Repair the state history, which might not be aligned with the state
-	// in the key-value store due to an unclean shutdown.
-	if err := db.repairHistory(); err != nil {
-		log.Crit("Failed to repair state history", "err", err)
+	// Repair the history, which might not be aligned with the persistent
+	// state in the key-value store due to an unclean shutdown.
+	states, trienodes, err := repairHistory(db.diskdb, isVerkle, db.config.ReadOnly, db.tree.bottom().stateID(), db.config.TrienodeHistory >= 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to repair history", "err", err)
 	}
+	db.stateFreezer, db.trienodeFreezer = states, trienodes
+
 	// Disable database in case node is still in the initial state sync stage.
 	if rawdb.ReadSnapSyncStatusFlag(diskdb) == rawdb.StateSyncRunning && !db.readOnly {
 		if err := db.Disable(); err != nil {
@@ -187,11 +193,8 @@ func New(diskdb ethdb.Database, config *Config, isVerkle bool) *Database {
 	if err := db.setStateGenerator(); err != nil {
 		log.Crit("Failed to setup the generator", "err", err)
 	}
-	// TODO (rjl493456442) disable the background indexing in read-only mode
-	if db.stateFreezer != nil && db.config.EnableStateIndexing {
-		db.stateIndexer = newHistoryIndexer(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer, db.tree.bottom().stateID(), typeStateHistory)
-		log.Info("Enabled state history indexing")
-	}
+	db.setHistoryIndexer()
+
 	fields := config.fields()
 	if db.isVerkle {
 		fields = append(fields, "verkle", true)
@@ -200,59 +203,28 @@ func New(diskdb ethdb.Database, config *Config, isVerkle bool) *Database {
 	return db
 }
 
-// repairHistory truncates leftover state history objects, which may occur due
-// to an unclean shutdown or other unexpected reasons.
-func (db *Database) repairHistory() error {
-	// Open the freezer for state history. This mechanism ensures that
-	// only one database instance can be opened at a time to prevent
-	// accidental mutation.
-	ancient, err := db.diskdb.AncientDatadir()
-	if err != nil {
-		// TODO error out if ancient store is disabled. A tons of unit tests
-		// disable the ancient store thus the error here will immediately fail
-		// all of them. Fix the tests first.
-		return nil
+// setHistoryIndexer initializes the indexers for both state history and
+// trienode history if available. Note that this function may be called while
+// existing indexers are still running, so they must be closed beforehand.
+func (db *Database) setHistoryIndexer() {
+	// TODO (rjl493456442) disable the background indexing in read-only mode
+	if !db.config.EnableStateIndexing {
+		return
 	}
-	freezer, err := rawdb.NewStateFreezer(ancient, db.isVerkle, db.readOnly)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Crit("Failed to open state history freezer", "err", err)
-	}
-	db.stateFreezer = freezer
-
-	// Reset the entire state histories if the trie database is not initialized
-	// yet. This action is necessary because these state histories are not
-	// expected to exist without an initialized trie database.
-	id := db.tree.bottom().stateID()
-	if id == 0 {
-		frozen, err := db.stateFreezer.Ancients()
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Crit("Failed to retrieve head of state history", "err", err)
+	if db.stateFreezer != nil {
+		if db.stateIndexer != nil {
+			db.stateIndexer.close()
 		}
-		if frozen != 0 {
-			// Purge all state history indexing data first
-			batch := db.diskdb.NewBatch()
-			rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(batch)
-			rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexes(batch)
-			if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
-				log.Crit("Failed to purge state history index", "err", err)
-			}
-			if err := db.stateFreezer.Reset(); err != nil {
-				log.Crit("Failed to reset state histories", "err", err)
-			}
-			log.Info("Truncated extraneous state history")
+		db.stateIndexer = newHistoryIndexer(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer, db.tree.bottom().stateID(), typeStateHistory)
+		log.Info("Enabled state history indexing")
+	}
+	if db.trienodeFreezer != nil {
+		if db.trienodeIndexer != nil {
+			db.trienodeIndexer.close()
 		}
-		return nil
+		db.trienodeIndexer = newHistoryIndexer(db.diskdb, db.trienodeFreezer, db.tree.bottom().stateID(), typeTrienodeHistory)
+		log.Info("Enabled trienode history indexing")
 	}
-	// Truncate the extra state histories above in freezer in case it's not
-	// aligned with the disk layer. It might happen after a unclean shutdown.
-	pruned, err := truncateFromHead(db.stateFreezer, typeStateHistory, id)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Crit("Failed to truncate extra state histories", "err", err)
-	}
-	if pruned != 0 {
-		log.Warn("Truncated extra state histories", "number", pruned)
-	}
-	return nil
 }
 
 // setStateGenerator loads the state generation progress marker and potentially
@@ -333,8 +305,13 @@ func (db *Database) Update(root common.Hash, parentRoot common.Hash, block uint6
 	if err := db.modifyAllowed(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	// TODO(rjl493456442) tracking the origins in the following PRs.
-	if err := db.tree.add(root, parentRoot, block, NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nodes.Nodes(), nil), states); err != nil {
+	var nodesWithOrigins *nodeSetWithOrigin
+	if db.config.TrienodeHistory >= 0 {
+		nodesWithOrigins = NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nodes.NodeAndOrigins())
+	} else {
+		nodesWithOrigins = NewNodeSetWithOrigin(nodes.Nodes(), nil)
+	}
+	if err := db.tree.add(root, parentRoot, block, nodesWithOrigins, states); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Keep 128 diff layers in the memory, persistent layer is 129th.
@@ -422,18 +399,9 @@ func (db *Database) Enable(root common.Hash) error {
 	// all root->id mappings should be removed as well. Since
 	// mappings can be huge and might take a while to clear
 	// them, just leave them in disk and wait for overwriting.
-	if db.stateFreezer != nil {
-		// Purge all state history indexing data first
-		batch.Reset()
-		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(batch)
-		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexes(batch)
-		if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if err := db.stateFreezer.Reset(); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
+	purgeHistory(db.stateFreezer, db.diskdb, typeStateHistory)
+	purgeHistory(db.trienodeFreezer, db.diskdb, typeTrienodeHistory)
+
 	// Re-enable the database as the final step.
 	db.waitSync = false
 	rawdb.WriteSnapSyncStatusFlag(db.diskdb, rawdb.StateSyncFinished)
@@ -446,11 +414,8 @@ func (db *Database) Enable(root common.Hash) error {
 	// To ensure the history indexer always matches the current state, we must:
 	//   1. Close any existing indexer
 	//   2. Re-initialize the indexer so it starts indexing from the new state root.
-	if db.stateIndexer != nil && db.stateFreezer != nil && db.config.EnableStateIndexing {
-		db.stateIndexer.close()
-		db.stateIndexer = newHistoryIndexer(db.diskdb, db.stateFreezer, db.tree.bottom().stateID(), typeStateHistory)
-		log.Info("Re-enabled state history indexing")
-	}
+	db.setHistoryIndexer()
+
 	log.Info("Rebuilt trie database", "root", root)
 	return nil
 }
@@ -506,6 +471,12 @@ func (db *Database) Recover(root common.Hash) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	if db.trienodeFreezer != nil {
+		_, err = truncateFromHead(db.trienodeFreezer, typeTrienodeHistory, dl.stateID())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
 	log.Debug("Recovered state", "root", root, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 	return nil
 }
@@ -566,11 +537,21 @@ func (db *Database) Close() error {
 	if db.stateIndexer != nil {
 		db.stateIndexer.close()
 	}
-	// Close the attached state history freezer.
-	if db.stateFreezer == nil {
-		return nil
+	if db.trienodeIndexer != nil {
+		db.trienodeIndexer.close()
 	}
-	return db.stateFreezer.Close()
+	// Close the attached state history freezer.
+	if db.stateFreezer != nil {
+		if err := db.stateFreezer.Close(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if db.trienodeFreezer != nil {
+		if err := db.trienodeFreezer.Close(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 // Size returns the current storage size of the memory cache in front of the
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
index b9c308c5b6..d6e997e044 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 )
 
@@ -323,36 +324,60 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) update(root common.Hash, id uint64, block uint64, nodes *no
 	return newDiffLayer(dl, root, id, block, nodes, states)
 }
 
-// writeStateHistory stores the state history and indexes if indexing is
+// writeHistory stores the specified history and indexes if indexing is
 // permitted.
 //
 // What's more, this function also returns a flag indicating whether the
 // buffer flushing is required, ensuring the persistent state ID is always
 // greater than or equal to the first history ID.
-func (dl *diskLayer) writeStateHistory(diff *diffLayer) (bool, error) {
-	// Short circuit if state history is not permitted
-	if dl.db.stateFreezer == nil {
+func (dl *diskLayer) writeHistory(typ historyType, diff *diffLayer) (bool, error) {
+	var (
+		limit     uint64
+		freezer   ethdb.AncientStore
+		indexer   *historyIndexer
+		writeFunc func(writer ethdb.AncientWriter, dl *diffLayer) error
+	)
+	switch typ {
+	case typeStateHistory:
+		freezer = dl.db.stateFreezer
+		indexer = dl.db.stateIndexer
+		writeFunc = writeStateHistory
+		limit = dl.db.config.StateHistory
+	case typeTrienodeHistory:
+		freezer = dl.db.trienodeFreezer
+		indexer = dl.db.trienodeIndexer
+		writeFunc = writeTrienodeHistory
+
+		// Skip the history commit if the trienode history is not permitted
+		if dl.db.config.TrienodeHistory < 0 {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		limit = uint64(dl.db.config.TrienodeHistory)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown history type: %v", typ))
+	}
+	// Short circuit if the history freezer is nil
+	if freezer == nil {
 		return false, nil
 	}
 	// Bail out with an error if writing the state history fails.
 	// This can happen, for example, if the device is full.
-	err := writeStateHistory(dl.db.stateFreezer, diff)
+	err := writeFunc(freezer, diff)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
-	// Notify the state history indexer for newly created history
-	if dl.db.stateIndexer != nil {
-		if err := dl.db.stateIndexer.extend(diff.stateID()); err != nil {
+	// Notify the history indexer for newly created history
+	if indexer != nil {
+		if err := indexer.extend(diff.stateID()); err != nil {
 			return false, err
 		}
 	}
 	// Determine if the persisted history object has exceeded the
 	// configured limitation.
-	limit := dl.db.config.StateHistory
 	if limit == 0 {
 		return false, nil
 	}
-	tail, err := dl.db.stateFreezer.Tail()
+	tail, err := freezer.Tail()
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	} // firstID = tail+1
@@ -375,14 +400,14 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) writeStateHistory(diff *diffLayer) (bool, error) {
 	// These measures ensure the persisted state ID always remains greater
 	// than or equal to the first history ID.
 	if persistentID := rawdb.ReadPersistentStateID(dl.db.diskdb); persistentID < newFirst {
-		log.Debug("Skip tail truncation", "persistentID", persistentID, "tailID", tail+1, "headID", diff.stateID(), "limit", limit)
+		log.Debug("Skip tail truncation", "type", typ, "persistentID", persistentID, "tailID", tail+1, "headID", diff.stateID(), "limit", limit)
 		return true, nil
 	}
-	pruned, err := truncateFromTail(dl.db.stateFreezer, typeStateHistory, newFirst-1)
+	pruned, err := truncateFromTail(freezer, typ, newFirst-1)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
-	log.Debug("Pruned state history", "items", pruned, "tailid", newFirst)
+	log.Debug("Pruned history", "type", typ, "items", pruned, "tailid", newFirst)
 	return false, nil
 }
 
@@ -396,10 +421,22 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) commit(bottom *diffLayer, force bool) (*diskLayer, error) {
 	// Construct and store the state history first. If crash happens after storing
 	// the state history but without flushing the corresponding states(journal),
 	// the stored state history will be truncated from head in the next restart.
-	flush, err := dl.writeStateHistory(bottom)
+	flushA, err := dl.writeHistory(typeStateHistory, bottom)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	// Construct and store the trienode history first. If crash happens after
+	// storing the trienode history but without flushing the corresponding
+	// states(journal), the stored trienode history will be truncated from head
+	// in the next restart.
+	flushB, err := dl.writeHistory(typeTrienodeHistory, bottom)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Since the state history and trienode history may be configured with different
+	// lengths, the buffer will be flushed once either of them meets its threshold.
+	flush := flushA || flushB
+
 	// Mark the diskLayer as stale before applying any mutations on top.
 	dl.stale = true
 
@@ -448,7 +485,7 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) commit(bottom *diffLayer, force bool) (*diskLayer, error) {
 
 		// Freeze the live buffer and schedule background flushing
 		dl.frozen = combined
-		dl.frozen.flush(bottom.root, dl.db.diskdb, dl.db.stateFreezer, progress, dl.nodes, dl.states, bottom.stateID(), func() {
+		dl.frozen.flush(bottom.root, dl.db.diskdb, []ethdb.AncientWriter{dl.db.stateFreezer, dl.db.trienodeFreezer}, progress, dl.nodes, dl.states, bottom.stateID(), func() {
 			// Resume the background generation if it's not completed yet.
 			// The generator is assumed to be available if the progress is
 			// not nil.
@@ -504,12 +541,17 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) revert(h *stateHistory) (*diskLayer, error) {
 
 	dl.stale = true
 
-	// Unindex the corresponding state history
+	// Unindex the corresponding history
 	if dl.db.stateIndexer != nil {
 		if err := dl.db.stateIndexer.shorten(dl.id); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
+	if dl.db.trienodeIndexer != nil {
+		if err := dl.db.trienodeIndexer.shorten(dl.id); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
 	// State change may be applied to node buffer, or the persistent
 	// state, depends on if node buffer is empty or not. If the node
 	// buffer is not empty, it means that the state transition that
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history.go b/triedb/pathdb/history.go
index 86224ea5b2..9efaa3ab24 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history.go
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"iter"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 )
@@ -323,3 +324,133 @@ func truncateFromTail(store ethdb.AncientStore, typ historyType, ntail uint64) (
 	// Associated root->id mappings are left in the database.
 	return int(ntail - otail), nil
 }
+
+// purgeHistory resets the history and also purges the associated index data.
+func purgeHistory(store ethdb.ResettableAncientStore, disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, typ historyType) {
+	if store == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	frozen, err := store.Ancients()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to retrieve head of history", "type", typ, "err", err)
+	}
+	if frozen == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	// Purge all state history indexing data first
+	batch := disk.NewBatch()
+	if typ == typeStateHistory {
+		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexMetadata(batch)
+		rawdb.DeleteStateHistoryIndexes(batch)
+	} else {
+		rawdb.DeleteTrienodeHistoryIndexMetadata(batch)
+		rawdb.DeleteTrienodeHistoryIndexes(batch)
+	}
+	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to purge history index", "type", typ, "err", err)
+	}
+	if err := store.Reset(); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to reset history", "type", typ, "err", err)
+	}
+	log.Info("Truncated extraneous history", "type", typ)
+}
+
+// syncHistory explicitly sync the provided history stores.
+func syncHistory(stores ...ethdb.AncientWriter) error {
+	for _, store := range stores {
+		if store == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := store.SyncAncient(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// repairHistory truncates any leftover history objects in either the state
+// history or the trienode history, which may occur due to an unclean shutdown
+// or other unexpected events.
+//
+// Additionally, this mechanism ensures that the state history and trienode
+// history remain aligned. Since the trienode history is optional and not
+// required by regular users, a gap between the trienode history and the
+// persistent state may appear if the trienode history was disabled during the
+// previous run. This process detects and resolves such gaps, preventing
+// unexpected panics.
+func repairHistory(db ethdb.Database, isVerkle bool, readOnly bool, stateID uint64, enableTrienode bool) (ethdb.ResettableAncientStore, ethdb.ResettableAncientStore, error) {
+	ancient, err := db.AncientDatadir()
+	if err != nil {
+		// TODO error out if ancient store is disabled. A tons of unit tests
+		// disable the ancient store thus the error here will immediately fail
+		// all of them. Fix the tests first.
+		return nil, nil, nil
+	}
+	// State history is mandatory as it is the key component that ensures
+	// resilience to deep reorgs.
+	states, err := rawdb.NewStateFreezer(ancient, isVerkle, readOnly)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to open state history freezer", "err", err)
+	}
+
+	// Trienode history is optional and only required for building archive
+	// node with state proofs.
+	var trienodes ethdb.ResettableAncientStore
+	if enableTrienode {
+		trienodes, err = rawdb.NewTrienodeFreezer(ancient, isVerkle, readOnly)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Crit("Failed to open trienode history freezer", "err", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Reset the both histories if the trie database is not initialized yet.
+	// This action is necessary because these histories are not expected
+	// to exist without an initialized trie database.
+	if stateID == 0 {
+		purgeHistory(states, db, typeStateHistory)
+		purgeHistory(trienodes, db, typeTrienodeHistory)
+		return states, trienodes, nil
+	}
+	// Truncate excessive history entries in either the state history or
+	// the trienode history, ensuring both histories remain aligned with
+	// the state.
+	head, err := states.Ancients()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	if stateID > head {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("gap between state [#%d] and state history [#%d]", stateID, head)
+	}
+	if trienodes != nil {
+		th, err := trienodes.Ancients()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		if stateID > th {
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("gap between state [#%d] and trienode history [#%d]", stateID, th)
+		}
+		if th != head {
+			log.Info("Histories are not aligned with each other", "state", head, "trienode", th)
+			head = min(head, th)
+		}
+	}
+	head = min(head, stateID)
+
+	// Truncate the extra history elements above in freezer in case it's not
+	// aligned with the state. It might happen after an unclean shutdown.
+	truncate := func(store ethdb.AncientStore, typ historyType, nhead uint64) {
+		if store == nil {
+			return
+		}
+		pruned, err := truncateFromHead(store, typ, nhead)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Crit("Failed to truncate extra histories", "typ", typ, "err", err)
+		}
+		if pruned != 0 {
+			log.Warn("Truncated extra histories", "typ", typ, "number", pruned)
+		}
+	}
+	truncate(states, typeStateHistory, head)
+	truncate(trienodes, typeTrienodeHistory, head)
+	return states, trienodes, nil
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
index 67be9de491..c584ac696c 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
@@ -672,7 +672,6 @@ func (r *trienodeHistoryReader) read(owner common.Hash, path string) ([]byte, er
 }
 
 // writeTrienodeHistory persists the trienode history associated with the given diff layer.
-// nolint:unused
 func writeTrienodeHistory(writer ethdb.AncientWriter, dl *diffLayer) error {
 	start := time.Now()
 	h := newTrienodeHistory(dl.rootHash(), dl.parent.rootHash(), dl.block, dl.nodes.nodeOrigin)
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/journal.go b/triedb/pathdb/journal.go
index 02bdef5d34..efcc3f2549 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/journal.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/journal.go
@@ -338,10 +338,8 @@ func (db *Database) Journal(root common.Hash) error {
 	// but the ancient store is not properly closed, resulting in recent writes
 	// being lost. After a restart, the ancient store would then be misaligned
 	// with the disk layer, causing data corruption.
-	if db.stateFreezer != nil {
-		if err := db.stateFreezer.SyncAncient(); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
+	if err := syncHistory(db.stateFreezer, db.trienodeFreezer); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 	// Store the journal into the database and return
 	var (
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/metrics.go b/triedb/pathdb/metrics.go
index 31c40053fc..c4d6be28f7 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/metrics.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/metrics.go
@@ -73,11 +73,8 @@ var (
 	stateHistoryDataBytesMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("pathdb/history/state/bytes/data", nil)
 	stateHistoryIndexBytesMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("pathdb/history/state/bytes/index", nil)
 
-	//nolint:unused
-	trienodeHistoryBuildTimeMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/history/trienode/time", nil)
-	//nolint:unused
-	trienodeHistoryDataBytesMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("pathdb/history/trienode/bytes/data", nil)
-	//nolint:unused
+	trienodeHistoryBuildTimeMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/history/trienode/time", nil)
+	trienodeHistoryDataBytesMeter  = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("pathdb/history/trienode/bytes/data", nil)
 	trienodeHistoryIndexBytesMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter("pathdb/history/trienode/bytes/index", nil)
 
 	stateIndexHistoryTimer      = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/history/state/index/time", nil)

From 3d78da9171cc4e6ecc013ce1c9a4df911cdaa88d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mael Regnery <mael@mqli.fr>
Date: Sat, 17 Jan 2026 14:34:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 458/470] rpc: add a rpc.rangelimit flag (#33163)

Adding an RPC flag to limit the block range size for eth_getLogs and
eth_newFilter requests.

closing https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/24508

---------

Co-authored-by: MariusVanDerWijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
---
 cmd/geth/main.go             |  1 +
 cmd/utils/flags.go           | 10 +++++
 eth/ethconfig/config.go      |  4 ++
 eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go  |  6 +++
 eth/filters/api.go           |  6 ++-
 eth/filters/filter.go        | 10 ++++-
 eth/filters/filter_system.go |  1 +
 eth/filters/filter_test.go   | 78 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 graphql/graphql.go           |  2 +-
 9 files changed, 92 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index 9440759289..e838a846a1 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -194,6 +194,7 @@ var (
 		utils.BatchResponseMaxSize,
 		utils.RPCTxSyncDefaultTimeoutFlag,
 		utils.RPCTxSyncMaxTimeoutFlag,
+		utils.RPCGlobalRangeLimitFlag,
 	}
 
 	metricsFlags = []cli.Flag{
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 660c986ac9..fe8375454f 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -642,6 +642,12 @@ var (
 		Value:    ethconfig.Defaults.TxSyncMaxTimeout,
 		Category: flags.APICategory,
 	}
+	RPCGlobalRangeLimitFlag = &cli.Uint64Flag{
+		Name:     "rpc.rangelimit",
+		Usage:    "Maximum block range (end - begin) allowed for range queries (0 = unlimited)",
+		Value:    ethconfig.Defaults.RangeLimit,
+		Category: flags.APICategory,
+	}
 	// Authenticated RPC HTTP settings
 	AuthListenFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
 		Name:     "authrpc.addr",
@@ -1762,6 +1768,9 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	if ctx.IsSet(RPCTxSyncMaxTimeoutFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.TxSyncMaxTimeout = ctx.Duration(RPCTxSyncMaxTimeoutFlag.Name)
 	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(RPCGlobalRangeLimitFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.RangeLimit = ctx.Uint64(RPCGlobalRangeLimitFlag.Name)
+	}
 	if !ctx.Bool(SnapshotFlag.Name) || cfg.SnapshotCache == 0 {
 		// If snap-sync is requested, this flag is also required
 		if cfg.SyncMode == ethconfig.SnapSync {
@@ -2106,6 +2115,7 @@ func RegisterFilterAPI(stack *node.Node, backend ethapi.Backend, ethcfg *ethconf
 	filterSystem := filters.NewFilterSystem(backend, filters.Config{
 		LogCacheSize:  ethcfg.FilterLogCacheSize,
 		LogQueryLimit: ethcfg.LogQueryLimit,
+		RangeLimit:    ethcfg.RangeLimit,
 	})
 	stack.RegisterAPIs([]rpc.API{{
 		Namespace: "eth",
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/config.go b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
index 72123c41b3..9e967e45cc 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ var Defaults = Config{
 	TxSyncDefaultTimeout: 20 * time.Second,
 	TxSyncMaxTimeout:     1 * time.Minute,
 	SlowBlockThreshold:   time.Second * 2,
+	RangeLimit:           0,
 }
 
 //go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type Config -formats toml -out gen_config.go
@@ -196,6 +197,9 @@ type Config struct {
 	// EIP-7966: eth_sendRawTransactionSync timeouts
 	TxSyncDefaultTimeout time.Duration `toml:",omitempty"`
 	TxSyncMaxTimeout     time.Duration `toml:",omitempty"`
+
+	// RangeLimit restricts the maximum range (end - start) for range queries.
+	RangeLimit uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
 }
 
 // CreateConsensusEngine creates a consensus engine for the given chain config.
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
index ed6c9b0197..44b8c6306c 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 		OverrideVerkle          *uint64       `toml:",omitempty"`
 		TxSyncDefaultTimeout    time.Duration `toml:",omitempty"`
 		TxSyncMaxTimeout        time.Duration `toml:",omitempty"`
+		RangeLimit              uint64        `toml:",omitempty"`
 	}
 	var enc Config
 	enc.Genesis = c.Genesis
@@ -117,6 +118,7 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 	enc.OverrideVerkle = c.OverrideVerkle
 	enc.TxSyncDefaultTimeout = c.TxSyncDefaultTimeout
 	enc.TxSyncMaxTimeout = c.TxSyncMaxTimeout
+	enc.RangeLimit = c.RangeLimit
 	return &enc, nil
 }
 
@@ -172,6 +174,7 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 		OverrideVerkle          *uint64        `toml:",omitempty"`
 		TxSyncDefaultTimeout    *time.Duration `toml:",omitempty"`
 		TxSyncMaxTimeout        *time.Duration `toml:",omitempty"`
+		RangeLimit              *uint64        `toml:",omitempty"`
 	}
 	var dec Config
 	if err := unmarshal(&dec); err != nil {
@@ -324,5 +327,8 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 	if dec.TxSyncMaxTimeout != nil {
 		c.TxSyncMaxTimeout = *dec.TxSyncMaxTimeout
 	}
+	if dec.RangeLimit != nil {
+		c.RangeLimit = *dec.RangeLimit
+	}
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/eth/filters/api.go b/eth/filters/api.go
index 4ed7e5be0a..f4bed35b26 100644
--- a/eth/filters/api.go
+++ b/eth/filters/api.go
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ type FilterAPI struct {
 	filters       map[rpc.ID]*filter
 	timeout       time.Duration
 	logQueryLimit int
+	rangeLimit    uint64
 }
 
 // NewFilterAPI returns a new FilterAPI instance.
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ func NewFilterAPI(system *FilterSystem) *FilterAPI {
 		filters:       make(map[rpc.ID]*filter),
 		timeout:       system.cfg.Timeout,
 		logQueryLimit: system.cfg.LogQueryLimit,
+		rangeLimit:    system.cfg.RangeLimit,
 	}
 	go api.timeoutLoop(system.cfg.Timeout)
 
@@ -479,7 +481,7 @@ func (api *FilterAPI) GetLogs(ctx context.Context, crit FilterCriteria) ([]*type
 			return nil, &history.PrunedHistoryError{}
 		}
 		// Construct the range filter
-		filter = api.sys.NewRangeFilter(begin, end, crit.Addresses, crit.Topics)
+		filter = api.sys.NewRangeFilter(begin, end, crit.Addresses, crit.Topics, api.rangeLimit)
 	}
 
 	// Run the filter and return all the logs
@@ -531,7 +533,7 @@ func (api *FilterAPI) GetFilterLogs(ctx context.Context, id rpc.ID) ([]*types.Lo
 			end = f.crit.ToBlock.Int64()
 		}
 		// Construct the range filter
-		filter = api.sys.NewRangeFilter(begin, end, f.crit.Addresses, f.crit.Topics)
+		filter = api.sys.NewRangeFilter(begin, end, f.crit.Addresses, f.crit.Topics, api.rangeLimit)
 	}
 	// Run the filter and return all the logs
 	logs, err := filter.Logs(ctx)
diff --git a/eth/filters/filter.go b/eth/filters/filter.go
index 10afc84fe9..9915f28128 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package filters
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"math/big"
 	"slices"
@@ -44,15 +45,17 @@ type Filter struct {
 	begin, end int64        // Range interval if filtering multiple blocks
 
 	rangeLogsTestHook chan rangeLogsTestEvent
+	rangeLimit        uint64
 }
 
 // NewRangeFilter creates a new filter which uses a bloom filter on blocks to
 // figure out whether a particular block is interesting or not.
-func (sys *FilterSystem) NewRangeFilter(begin, end int64, addresses []common.Address, topics [][]common.Hash) *Filter {
+func (sys *FilterSystem) NewRangeFilter(begin, end int64, addresses []common.Address, topics [][]common.Hash, rangeLimit uint64) *Filter {
 	// Create a generic filter and convert it into a range filter
 	filter := newFilter(sys, addresses, topics)
 	filter.begin = begin
 	filter.end = end
+	filter.rangeLimit = rangeLimit
 
 	return filter
 }
@@ -143,6 +146,9 @@ func (f *Filter) Logs(ctx context.Context) ([]*types.Log, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	if f.rangeLimit != 0 && (end-begin) > f.rangeLimit {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("exceed maximum block range: %d", f.rangeLimit)
+	}
 	return f.rangeLogs(ctx, begin, end)
 }
 
@@ -494,7 +500,7 @@ func (f *Filter) checkMatches(ctx context.Context, header *types.Header) ([]*typ
 
 // filterLogs creates a slice of logs matching the given criteria.
 func filterLogs(logs []*types.Log, fromBlock, toBlock *big.Int, addresses []common.Address, topics [][]common.Hash) []*types.Log {
-	var check = func(log *types.Log) bool {
+	check := func(log *types.Log) bool {
 		if fromBlock != nil && fromBlock.Int64() >= 0 && fromBlock.Uint64() > log.BlockNumber {
 			return false
 		}
diff --git a/eth/filters/filter_system.go b/eth/filters/filter_system.go
index 8b9bce47b9..1f92c4e36f 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter_system.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter_system.go
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	LogCacheSize  int           // maximum number of cached blocks (default: 32)
 	Timeout       time.Duration // how long filters stay active (default: 5min)
 	LogQueryLimit int           // maximum number of addresses allowed in filter criteria (default: 1000)
+	RangeLimit    uint64        // maximum block range allowed in filter criteria (default: 0)
 }
 
 func (cfg Config) withDefaults() Config {
diff --git a/eth/filters/filter_test.go b/eth/filters/filter_test.go
index f44ada20b1..63727200f7 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter_test.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter_test.go
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ func benchmarkFilters(b *testing.B, history uint64, noHistory bool) {
 	backend.startFilterMaps(history, noHistory, filtermaps.DefaultParams)
 	defer backend.stopFilterMaps()
 
-	filter := sys.NewRangeFilter(0, int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), []common.Address{addr1, addr2, addr3, addr4}, nil)
+	filter := sys.NewRangeFilter(0, int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), []common.Address{addr1, addr2, addr3, addr4}, nil, 0)
 	for b.Loop() {
 		filter.begin = 0
 		logs, _ := filter.Logs(context.Background())
@@ -317,70 +317,70 @@ func testFilters(t *testing.T, history uint64, noHistory bool) {
 			want: `[{"address":"0xfe00000000000000000000000000000000000000","topics":["0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000746f70696332","0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000746f70696331"],"data":"0x","blockNumber":"0x3","transactionHash":"0xdefe471992a07a02acdfbe33edaae22fbb86d7d3cec3f1b8e4e77702fb3acc1d","transactionIndex":"0x0","blockHash":"0x7a7556792ca7d37882882e2b001fe14833eaf81c2c7f865c9c771ec37a024f6b","blockTimestamp":"0x1e","logIndex":"0x0","removed":false}]`,
 		},
 		{
-			f:    sys.NewRangeFilter(0, int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), []common.Address{contract}, [][]common.Hash{{hash1, hash2, hash3, hash4}}),
+			f:    sys.NewRangeFilter(0, int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), []common.Address{contract}, [][]common.Hash{{hash1, hash2, hash3, hash4}}, 0),
 			want: `[{"address":"0xfe00000000000000000000000000000000000000","topics":["0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000746f70696331"],"data":"0x","blockNumber":"0x2","transactionHash":"0xa8028c655b6423204c8edfbc339f57b042d6bec2b6a61145d76b7c08b4cccd42","transactionIndex":"0x0","blockHash":"0x24417bb49ce44cfad65da68f33b510bf2a129c0d89ccf06acb6958b8585ccf34","blockTimestamp":"0x14","logIndex":"0x0","removed":false},{"address":"0xfe00000000000000000000000000000000000000","topics":["0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000746f70696332","0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000746f70696331"],"data":"0x","blockNumber":"0x3","transactionHash":"0xdefe471992a07a02acdfbe33edaae22fbb86d7d3cec3f1b8e4e77702fb3acc1d","transactionIndex":"0x0","blockHash":"0x7a7556792ca7d37882882e2b001fe14833eaf81c2c7f865c9c771ec37a024f6b","blockTimestamp":"0x1e","logIndex":"0x0","removed":false},{"address":"0xfe00000000000000000000000000000000000000","topics":["0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000746f70696334"],"data":"0x","blockNumber":"0x3e8","transactionHash":"0x9a87842100a638dfa5da8842b4beda691d2fd77b0c84b57f24ecfa9fb208f747","transactionIndex":"0x0","blockHash":"0xb360bad5265261c075ece02d3bf0e39498a6a76310482cdfd90588748e6c5ee0","blockTimestamp":"0x2710","logIndex":"0x0","removed":false}]`,
 		},
 		{
-			f: sys.NewRangeFilter(900, 999, []common.Address{contract}, [][]common.Hash{{hash3}}),
+			f: sys.NewRangeFilter(900, 999, []common.Address{contract}, [][]common.Hash{{hash3}}, 0),
 		},
 		{
-			f:    sys.NewRangeFilter(990, int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), []common.Address{contract2}, [][]common.Hash{{hash3}}),
+			f:    sys.NewRangeFilter(990, int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), []common.Address{contract2}, [][]common.Hash{{hash3}}, 0),
 			want: `[{"address":"0xff00000000000000000000000000000000000000","topics":["0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000746f70696333"],"data":"0x","blockNumber":"0x3e7","transactionHash":"0x53e3675800c6908424b61b35a44e51ca4c73ca603e58a65b32c67968b4f42200","transactionIndex":"0x0","blockHash":"0x2e4620a2b426b0612ec6cad9603f466723edaed87f98c9137405dd4f7a2409ff","blockTimestamp":"0x2706","logIndex":"0x0","removed":false}]`,
 		},
 		{
-			f:    sys.NewRangeFilter(1, 10, []common.Address{contract}, [][]common.Hash{{hash2}, {hash1}}),
+			f:    sys.NewRangeFilter(1, 10, []common.Address{contract}, [][]common.Hash{{hash2}, {hash1}}, 0),
 			want: `[{"address":"0xfe00000000000000000000000000000000000000","topics":["0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000746f70696332","0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000746f70696331"],"data":"0x","blockNumber":"0x3","transactionHash":"0xdefe471992a07a02acdfbe33edaae22fbb86d7d3cec3f1b8e4e77702fb3acc1d","transactionIndex":"0x0","blockHash":"0x7a7556792ca7d37882882e2b001fe14833eaf81c2c7f865c9c771ec37a024f6b","blockTimestamp":"0x1e","logIndex":"0x0","removed":false}]`,
 		},
 		{
-			f:    sys.NewRangeFilter(1, 10, nil, [][]common.Hash{{hash1, hash2}}),
+			f:    sys.NewRangeFilter(1, 10, nil, [][]common.Hash{{hash1, hash2}}, 0),
 			want: `[{"address":"0xfe00000000000000000000000000000000000000","topics":["0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000746f70696331"],"data":"0x","blockNumber":"0x2","transactionHash":"0xa8028c655b6423204c8edfbc339f57b042d6bec2b6a61145d76b7c08b4cccd42","transactionIndex":"0x0","blockHash":"0x24417bb49ce44cfad65da68f33b510bf2a129c0d89ccf06acb6958b8585ccf34","blockTimestamp":"0x14","logIndex":"0x0","removed":false},{"address":"0xff00000000000000000000000000000000000000","topics":["0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000746f70696331"],"data":"0x","blockNumber":"0x2","transactionHash":"0xdba3e2ea9a7d690b722d70ee605fd67ba4c00d1d3aecd5cf187a7b92ad8eb3df","transactionIndex":"0x1","blockHash":"0x24417bb49ce44cfad65da68f33b510bf2a129c0d89ccf06acb6958b8585ccf34","blockTimestamp":"0x14","logIndex":"0x1","removed":false},{"address":"0xfe00000000000000000000000000000000000000","topics":["0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000746f70696332","0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000746f70696331"],"data":"0x","blockNumber":"0x3","transactionHash":"0xdefe471992a07a02acdfbe33edaae22fbb86d7d3cec3f1b8e4e77702fb3acc1d","transactionIndex":"0x0","blockHash":"0x7a7556792ca7d37882882e2b001fe14833eaf81c2c7f865c9c771ec37a024f6b","blockTimestamp":"0x1e","logIndex":"0x0","removed":false}]`,
 		},
 		{
-			f: sys.NewRangeFilter(0, int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), nil, [][]common.Hash{{common.BytesToHash([]byte("fail"))}}),
+			f: sys.NewRangeFilter(0, int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), nil, [][]common.Hash{{common.BytesToHash([]byte("fail"))}}, 0),
 		},
 		{
-			f: sys.NewRangeFilter(0, int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), []common.Address{common.BytesToAddress([]byte("failmenow"))}, nil),
+			f: sys.NewRangeFilter(0, int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), []common.Address{common.BytesToAddress([]byte("failmenow"))}, nil, 0),
 		},
 		{
-			f: sys.NewRangeFilter(0, int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), nil, [][]common.Hash{{common.BytesToHash([]byte("fail"))}, {hash1}}),
+			f: sys.NewRangeFilter(0, int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), nil, [][]common.Hash{{common.BytesToHash([]byte("fail"))}, {hash1}}, 0),
 		},
 		{
-			f:    sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), nil, nil),
+			f:    sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), nil, nil, 0),
 			want: `[{"address":"0xfe00000000000000000000000000000000000000","topics":["0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000746f70696334"],"data":"0x","blockNumber":"0x3e8","transactionHash":"0x9a87842100a638dfa5da8842b4beda691d2fd77b0c84b57f24ecfa9fb208f747","transactionIndex":"0x0","blockHash":"0xb360bad5265261c075ece02d3bf0e39498a6a76310482cdfd90588748e6c5ee0","blockTimestamp":"0x2710","logIndex":"0x0","removed":false}]`,
 		},
 		{
-			f:    sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.FinalizedBlockNumber), int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), nil, nil),
+			f:    sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.FinalizedBlockNumber), int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), nil, nil, 0),
 			want: `[{"address":"0xff00000000000000000000000000000000000000","topics":["0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000746f70696333"],"data":"0x","blockNumber":"0x3e7","transactionHash":"0x53e3675800c6908424b61b35a44e51ca4c73ca603e58a65b32c67968b4f42200","transactionIndex":"0x0","blockHash":"0x2e4620a2b426b0612ec6cad9603f466723edaed87f98c9137405dd4f7a2409ff","blockTimestamp":"0x2706","logIndex":"0x0","removed":false},{"address":"0xfe00000000000000000000000000000000000000","topics":["0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000746f70696334"],"data":"0x","blockNumber":"0x3e8","transactionHash":"0x9a87842100a638dfa5da8842b4beda691d2fd77b0c84b57f24ecfa9fb208f747","transactionIndex":"0x0","blockHash":"0xb360bad5265261c075ece02d3bf0e39498a6a76310482cdfd90588748e6c5ee0","blockTimestamp":"0x2710","logIndex":"0x0","removed":false}]`,
 		},
 		{
-			f:    sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.FinalizedBlockNumber), int64(rpc.FinalizedBlockNumber), nil, nil),
+			f:    sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.FinalizedBlockNumber), int64(rpc.FinalizedBlockNumber), nil, nil, 0),
 			want: `[{"address":"0xff00000000000000000000000000000000000000","topics":["0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000746f70696333"],"data":"0x","blockNumber":"0x3e7","transactionHash":"0x53e3675800c6908424b61b35a44e51ca4c73ca603e58a65b32c67968b4f42200","transactionIndex":"0x0","blockHash":"0x2e4620a2b426b0612ec6cad9603f466723edaed87f98c9137405dd4f7a2409ff","blockTimestamp":"0x2706","logIndex":"0x0","removed":false}]`,
 		},
 		{
-			f: sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), int64(rpc.FinalizedBlockNumber), nil, nil),
+			f: sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), int64(rpc.FinalizedBlockNumber), nil, nil, 0),
 		},
 		{
-			f:   sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.SafeBlockNumber), int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), nil, nil),
+			f:   sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.SafeBlockNumber), int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), nil, nil, 0),
 			err: "safe header not found",
 		},
 		{
-			f:   sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.SafeBlockNumber), int64(rpc.SafeBlockNumber), nil, nil),
+			f:   sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.SafeBlockNumber), int64(rpc.SafeBlockNumber), nil, nil, 0),
 			err: "safe header not found",
 		},
 		{
-			f:   sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), int64(rpc.SafeBlockNumber), nil, nil),
+			f:   sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), int64(rpc.SafeBlockNumber), nil, nil, 0),
 			err: "safe header not found",
 		},
 		{
-			f:   sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.PendingBlockNumber), int64(rpc.PendingBlockNumber), nil, nil),
+			f:   sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.PendingBlockNumber), int64(rpc.PendingBlockNumber), nil, nil, 0),
 			err: errPendingLogsUnsupported.Error(),
 		},
 		{
-			f:   sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), int64(rpc.PendingBlockNumber), nil, nil),
+			f:   sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), int64(rpc.PendingBlockNumber), nil, nil, 0),
 			err: errPendingLogsUnsupported.Error(),
 		},
 		{
-			f:   sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.PendingBlockNumber), int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), nil, nil),
+			f:   sys.NewRangeFilter(int64(rpc.PendingBlockNumber), int64(rpc.LatestBlockNumber), nil, nil, 0),
 			err: errPendingLogsUnsupported.Error(),
 		},
 	} {
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ func testFilters(t *testing.T, history uint64, noHistory bool) {
 	}
 
 	t.Run("timeout", func(t *testing.T) {
-		f := sys.NewRangeFilter(0, rpc.LatestBlockNumber.Int64(), nil, nil)
+		f := sys.NewRangeFilter(0, rpc.LatestBlockNumber.Int64(), nil, nil, 0)
 		ctx, cancel := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), time.Now().Add(-time.Hour))
 		defer cancel()
 		_, err := f.Logs(ctx)
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ func TestRangeLogs(t *testing.T) {
 	newFilter := func(begin, end int64) {
 		testCase++
 		event = 0
-		filter = sys.NewRangeFilter(begin, end, addresses, nil)
+		filter = sys.NewRangeFilter(begin, end, addresses, nil, 0)
 		filter.rangeLogsTestHook = make(chan rangeLogsTestEvent)
 		go func(filter *Filter) {
 			filter.Logs(context.Background())
@@ -601,3 +601,39 @@ func TestRangeLogs(t *testing.T) {
 	expEvent(rangeLogsTestReorg, 400, 901)
 	expEvent(rangeLogsTestDone, 0, 0)
 }
+
+func TestRangeLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	backend, sys := newTestFilterSystem(db, Config{})
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	gspec := &core.Genesis{
+		Config:  params.TestChainConfig,
+		Alloc:   types.GenesisAlloc{},
+		BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
+	}
+	_, err := gspec.Commit(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	chain, _ := core.GenerateChain(gspec.Config, gspec.ToBlock(), ethash.NewFaker(), db, 10, func(i int, gen *core.BlockGen) {})
+	options := core.DefaultConfig().WithStateScheme(rawdb.HashScheme)
+	options.TxLookupLimit = 0
+	bc, err := core.NewBlockChain(db, gspec, ethash.NewFaker(), options)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	_, err = bc.InsertChain(chain)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	backend.startFilterMaps(0, false, filtermaps.DefaultParams)
+	defer backend.stopFilterMaps()
+
+	// Set rangeLimit to 5, but request a range of 9 (end - begin = 9, from 0 to 9)
+	filter := sys.NewRangeFilter(0, 9, nil, nil, 5)
+	_, err = filter.Logs(context.Background())
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "exceed maximum block range") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected range limit error, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/graphql/graphql.go b/graphql/graphql.go
index 244d6926a2..f5eec210a5 100644
--- a/graphql/graphql.go
+++ b/graphql/graphql.go
@@ -1433,7 +1433,7 @@ func (r *Resolver) Logs(ctx context.Context, args struct{ Filter FilterCriteria
 		topics = *args.Filter.Topics
 	}
 	// Construct the range filter
-	filter := r.filterSystem.NewRangeFilter(begin, end, addresses, topics)
+	filter := r.filterSystem.NewRangeFilter(begin, end, addresses, topics, 0)
 	return runFilter(ctx, r, filter)
 }
 

From 0495350388354e36b149ee232d14c9d8e8c44409 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lessa <230214854+adblesss@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Jan 2026 10:20:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 459/470] accounts/abi/bind/v2: replace rng in test (#33612)

Replace deprecated rand.Seed() with rand.New(rand.NewSource()) in
dep_tree_test.go.
---
 accounts/abi/bind/v2/dep_tree_test.go | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/accounts/abi/bind/v2/dep_tree_test.go b/accounts/abi/bind/v2/dep_tree_test.go
index e686e3fec4..b2470d8a16 100644
--- a/accounts/abi/bind/v2/dep_tree_test.go
+++ b/accounts/abi/bind/v2/dep_tree_test.go
@@ -158,10 +158,10 @@ func testLinkCase(tcInput linkTestCaseInput) error {
 		overrideAddrs  = make(map[rune]common.Address)
 	)
 	// generate deterministic addresses for the override set.
-	rand.Seed(42)
+	rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(42))
 	for contract := range tcInput.overrides {
 		var addr common.Address
-		rand.Read(addr[:])
+		rng.Read(addr[:])
 		overrideAddrs[contract] = addr
 		overridesAddrs[addr] = struct{}{}
 	}

From e78be59dc96bc0246f7ada6fa0982ac41e5e8332 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: lightclient <14004106+lightclient@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Jan 2026 08:22:00 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 460/470] build: remove circleci config (#33616)

This doesn't seem to be used anymore.
---
 circle.yml | 32 --------------------------------
 1 file changed, 32 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 circle.yml

diff --git a/circle.yml b/circle.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 39ff5d83c6..0000000000
--- a/circle.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-machine:
-  services:
-    - docker
-
-dependencies:
-  cache_directories:
-    - "~/.ethash" # Cache the ethash DAG generated by hive for consecutive builds
-    - "~/.docker" # Cache all docker images manually to avoid lengthy rebuilds
-  override:
-    # Restore all previously cached docker images
-    - mkdir -p ~/.docker
-    - for img in `ls ~/.docker`; do docker load -i ~/.docker/$img; done
-
-    # Pull in and hive, restore cached ethash DAGs and do a dry run
-    - go get -u github.com/karalabe/hive
-    - (cd ~/.go_workspace/src/github.com/karalabe/hive && mkdir -p workspace/ethash/ ~/.ethash)
-    - (cd ~/.go_workspace/src/github.com/karalabe/hive && cp -r ~/.ethash/. workspace/ethash/)
-    - (cd ~/.go_workspace/src/github.com/karalabe/hive && hive --docker-noshell --client=NONE --test=. --sim=. --loglevel=6)
-
-    # Cache all the docker images and the ethash DAGs
-    - for img in `docker images | grep -v "^<none>" | tail -n +2 | awk '{print $1}'`; do docker save $img > ~/.docker/`echo $img | tr '/' ':'`.tar; done
-    - cp -r ~/.go_workspace/src/github.com/karalabe/hive/workspace/ethash/. ~/.ethash
-
-test:
-  override:
-    # Build Geth and move into a known folder
-    - make geth
-    - cp ./build/bin/geth $HOME/geth
-
-    # Run hive and move all generated logs into the public artifacts folder
-    - (cd ~/.go_workspace/src/github.com/karalabe/hive && hive --docker-noshell --client=go-ethereum:local --override=$HOME/geth --test=. --sim=.)
-    - cp -r ~/.go_workspace/src/github.com/karalabe/hive/workspace/logs/* $CIRCLE_ARTIFACTS

From ef815c59a207d50668afb343811ed7ff02cc640b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: maskpp <maskpp266@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Jan 2026 16:07:28 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 461/470] rlp: improve SplitListValues allocation efficiency
 (#33554)

---
 rlp/raw.go | 7 ++++++-
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/rlp/raw.go b/rlp/raw.go
index 114037df78..a696cb18c9 100644
--- a/rlp/raw.go
+++ b/rlp/raw.go
@@ -158,7 +158,12 @@ func SplitListValues(b []byte) ([][]byte, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var elements [][]byte
+	n, err := CountValues(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var elements = make([][]byte, 0, n)
+
 	for len(b) > 0 {
 		_, tagsize, size, err := readKind(b)
 		if err != nil {

From 500931bc82808b63c1377d5e5713e23721bf4060 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Jan 2026 20:43:14 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 462/470] core/vm: add read only protection for opcodes
 (#33637)

This PR reverts a part of changes brought by https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/33281/changes

Specifically, read-only protection should always be enforced at the opcode level,
regardless of whether the check has already been performed during gas metering.

It should act as a gatekeeper, otherwise, it is easy to introduce errors by adding
new gas measurement logic without consistently applying the read-only protection.
---
 core/vm/instructions.go   | 15 ++++++++++++---
 core/vm/operations_acl.go |  4 +++-
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/vm/instructions.go b/core/vm/instructions.go
index 958cf9dedc..baf6df8117 100644
--- a/core/vm/instructions.go
+++ b/core/vm/instructions.go
@@ -518,6 +518,9 @@ func opSload(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 }
 
 func opSstore(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	if evm.readOnly {
+		return nil, ErrWriteProtection
+	}
 	loc := scope.Stack.pop()
 	val := scope.Stack.pop()
 	evm.StateDB.SetState(scope.Contract.Address(), loc.Bytes32(), val.Bytes32())
@@ -740,6 +743,9 @@ func opCall(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 	// Get the arguments from the memory.
 	args := scope.Memory.GetPtr(inOffset.Uint64(), inSize.Uint64())
 
+	if evm.readOnly && !value.IsZero() {
+		return nil, ErrWriteProtection
+	}
 	if !value.IsZero() {
 		gas += params.CallStipend
 	}
@@ -876,13 +882,15 @@ func opStop(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 }
 
 func opSelfdestruct(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	if evm.readOnly {
+		return nil, ErrWriteProtection
+	}
 	var (
 		this        = scope.Contract.Address()
 		balance     = evm.StateDB.GetBalance(this)
 		top         = scope.Stack.pop()
 		beneficiary = common.Address(top.Bytes20())
 	)
-
 	// The funds are burned immediately if the beneficiary is the caller itself,
 	// in this case, the beneficiary's balance is not increased.
 	if this != beneficiary {
@@ -904,15 +912,16 @@ func opSelfdestruct(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
 }
 
 func opSelfdestruct6780(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, scope *ScopeContext) ([]byte, error) {
+	if evm.readOnly {
+		return nil, ErrWriteProtection
+	}
 	var (
 		this        = scope.Contract.Address()
 		balance     = evm.StateDB.GetBalance(this)
 		top         = scope.Stack.pop()
 		beneficiary = common.Address(top.Bytes20())
-
 		newContract = evm.StateDB.IsNewContract(this)
 	)
-
 	// Contract is new and will actually be deleted.
 	if newContract {
 		if this != beneficiary { // Skip no-op transfer when self-destructing to self.
diff --git a/core/vm/operations_acl.go b/core/vm/operations_acl.go
index 4b7b87503d..ce394d9384 100644
--- a/core/vm/operations_acl.go
+++ b/core/vm/operations_acl.go
@@ -237,8 +237,10 @@ func makeSelfdestructGasFn(refundsEnabled bool) gasFunc {
 			evm.StateDB.AddAddressToAccessList(address)
 			gas = params.ColdAccountAccessCostEIP2929
 
+			// Terminate the gas measurement if the leftover gas is not sufficient,
+			// it can effectively prevent accessing the states in the following steps
 			if contract.Gas < gas {
-				return gas, nil
+				return 0, ErrOutOfGas
 			}
 		}
 		// if empty and transfers value

From d0af257aa20fe9d3e244570ee4abb9a78ff3b9c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Jan 2026 20:45:31 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 463/470] triedb/pathdb: double check the list availability
 before regeneration (#33622)

Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 triedb/pathdb/states.go | 14 ++++++++------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/states.go b/triedb/pathdb/states.go
index dc737c3b53..c84e2dc60c 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/states.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/states.go
@@ -170,12 +170,13 @@ func (s *stateSet) accountList() []common.Hash {
 	if list != nil {
 		return list
 	}
-	// No old sorted account list exists, generate a new one. It's possible that
-	// multiple threads waiting for the write lock may regenerate the list
-	// multiple times, which is acceptable.
 	s.listLock.Lock()
 	defer s.listLock.Unlock()
 
+	// Double check after acquiring the write lock
+	if list = s.accountListSorted; list != nil {
+		return list
+	}
 	list = slices.SortedFunc(maps.Keys(s.accountData), common.Hash.Cmp)
 	s.accountListSorted = list
 	return list
@@ -200,12 +201,13 @@ func (s *stateSet) storageList(accountHash common.Hash) []common.Hash {
 	}
 	s.listLock.RUnlock()
 
-	// No old sorted account list exists, generate a new one. It's possible that
-	// multiple threads waiting for the write lock may regenerate the list
-	// multiple times, which is acceptable.
 	s.listLock.Lock()
 	defer s.listLock.Unlock()
 
+	// Double check after acquiring the write lock
+	if list := s.storageListSorted[accountHash]; list != nil {
+		return list
+	}
 	list := slices.SortedFunc(maps.Keys(s.storageData[accountHash]), common.Hash.Cmp)
 	s.storageListSorted[accountHash] = list
 	return list

From d58f6291a2b16350799b6bb31103fc74bf36113a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Jan 2026 10:33:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 464/470] internal/debug: add integration with Grafana
 Pyroscope (#33623)

This adds support for Grafana Pyroscope, a continuous profiling solution.
The client is configured similarly to metrics, i.e. run

     geth --pyroscope --pyroscope.server=https://...

This commit is a resubmit of #33261 with some changes.

---------

Co-authored-by: Carlos Bermudez Porto <cbermudez.dev@gmail.com>
---
 cmd/keeper/go.sum           |   4 +-
 go.mod                      |   4 +-
 go.sum                      |  10 ++-
 internal/debug/flags.go     |  14 ++++
 internal/debug/pyroscope.go | 134 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 161 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 internal/debug/pyroscope.go

diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.sum b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
index b93969cc60..62f10968e2 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.sum
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.sum
@@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ github.com/holiman/bloomfilter/v2 v2.0.3 h1:73e0e/V0tCydx14a0SCYS/EWCxgwLZ18CZcZ
 github.com/holiman/bloomfilter/v2 v2.0.3/go.mod h1:zpoh+gs7qcpqrHr3dB55AMiJwo0iURXE7ZOP9L9hSkA=
 github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.3.2 h1:a9EgMPSC1AAaj1SZL5zIQD3WbwTuHrMGOerLjGmM/TA=
 github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.3.2/go.mod h1:EOMSn4q6Nyt9P6efbI3bueV4e1b3dGlUCXeiRV4ng7E=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.16.0 h1:iULayQNOReoYUe+1qtKOqw9CwJv3aNQu8ivo7lw1HU4=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.16.0/go.mod h1:ntbaceVETuRiXiv4DpjP66DpAtAGkEQskQzEyD//IeE=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.8 h1:YcnTYrq7MikUT7k0Yb5eceMmALQPYBW/Xltxn0NAMnU=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.8/go.mod h1:Di0epgTjJY877eYKx5yC51cX2A2Vl2ibi7bDH9ttBbw=
 github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.4/go.mod h1:FInQzS24/EEf25PyTYn52gqo7WaD8xa0213Md/qVLRg=
 github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.9 h1:lgaqFMSdTdQYdZ04uHyN2d/eKdOMyi2YLSvlQIBFYa4=
 github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.9/go.mod h1:FInQzS24/EEf25PyTYn52gqo7WaD8xa0213Md/qVLRg=
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 7bfb6d25d7..306b08ff1a 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -121,10 +121,12 @@ require (
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-querystring v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20230207041349-798e818bf904 // indirect
+	github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go v1.2.7
+	github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go/godeltaprof v0.1.9 // indirect
 	github.com/influxdata/line-protocol v0.0.0-20200327222509-2487e7298839 // indirect
 	github.com/jmespath/go-jmespath v0.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/kilic/bls12-381 v0.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.16.0 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.8 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.9 // indirect
 	github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 // indirect
 	github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 // indirect
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index c9978a3d9e..dad819e09d 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -188,6 +188,10 @@ github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+
 github.com/gorilla/mux v1.8.0/go.mod h1:DVbg23sWSpFRCP0SfiEN6jmj59UnW/n46BH5rLB71So=
 github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.4.2 h1:+/TMaTYc4QFitKJxsQ7Yye35DkWvkdLcvGKqM+x0Ufc=
 github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.4.2/go.mod h1:YR8l580nyteQvAITg2hZ9XVh4b55+EU/adAjf1fMHhE=
+github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go v1.2.7 h1:VWBBlqxjyR0Cwk2W6UrE8CdcdD80GOFNutj0Kb1T8ac=
+github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go v1.2.7/go.mod h1:o/bpSLiJYYP6HQtvcoVKiE9s5RiNgjYTj1DhiddP2Pc=
+github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go/godeltaprof v0.1.9 h1:c1Us8i6eSmkW+Ez05d3co8kasnuOY813tbMN8i/a3Og=
+github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go/godeltaprof v0.1.9/go.mod h1:2+l7K7twW49Ct4wFluZD3tZ6e0SjanjcUUBPVD/UuGU=
 github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go v1.3.0 h1:Eb9x/q6MFpCLz7jBCiP/WTxjSDrYLR1QY41SORZyNJ0=
 github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go v1.3.0/go.mod h1:9CQHMSxwO4MprSdzoIEobiHpoLtHm77vfxsvsIN5Vuc=
 github.com/hashicorp/go-bexpr v0.1.10 h1:9kuI5PFotCboP3dkDYFr/wi0gg0QVbSNz5oFRpxn4uE=
@@ -223,8 +227,8 @@ github.com/kilic/bls12-381 v0.1.0 h1:encrdjqKMEvabVQ7qYOKu1OvhqpK4s47wDYtNiPtlp4
 github.com/kilic/bls12-381 v0.1.0/go.mod h1:vDTTHJONJ6G+P2R74EhnyotQDTliQDnFEwhdmfzw1ig=
 github.com/kisielk/errcheck v1.5.0/go.mod h1:pFxgyoBC7bSaBwPgfKdkLd5X25qrDl4LWUI2bnpBCr8=
 github.com/kisielk/gotool v1.0.0/go.mod h1:XhKaO+MFFWcvkIS/tQcRk01m1F5IRFswLeQ+oQHNcck=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.16.0 h1:iULayQNOReoYUe+1qtKOqw9CwJv3aNQu8ivo7lw1HU4=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.16.0/go.mod h1:ntbaceVETuRiXiv4DpjP66DpAtAGkEQskQzEyD//IeE=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.8 h1:YcnTYrq7MikUT7k0Yb5eceMmALQPYBW/Xltxn0NAMnU=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.8/go.mod h1:Di0epgTjJY877eYKx5yC51cX2A2Vl2ibi7bDH9ttBbw=
 github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.4/go.mod h1:FInQzS24/EEf25PyTYn52gqo7WaD8xa0213Md/qVLRg=
 github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.9 h1:lgaqFMSdTdQYdZ04uHyN2d/eKdOMyi2YLSvlQIBFYa4=
 github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.9/go.mod h1:FInQzS24/EEf25PyTYn52gqo7WaD8xa0213Md/qVLRg=
@@ -340,6 +344,8 @@ github.com/status-im/keycard-go v0.2.0/go.mod h1:wlp8ZLbsmrF6g6WjugPAx+IzoLrkdf9
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.4.0/go.mod h1:YvHI0jy2hoMjB+UWwv71VJQ9isScKT/TqJzVSSt89Yw=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.0/go.mod h1:Yh+to48EsGEfYuaHDzXPcE3xhTkx73EhmCGUpEOglKo=
+github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2 h1:xuMeJ0Sdp5ZMRXx/aWO6RZxdr3beISkG5/G/aIRr3pY=
+github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2/go.mod h1:FRsXN1f5AsAjCGJKqEizvkpNtU+EGNCLh3NxZ/8L+MA=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.4.0/go.mod h1:j7eGeouHqKxXV5pUuKE4zz7dFj8WfuZ+81PSLYec5m4=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.5.1/go.mod h1:5W2xD1RspED5o8YsWQXVCued0rvSQ+mT+I5cxcmMvtA=
diff --git a/internal/debug/flags.go b/internal/debug/flags.go
index 30b0ddb3be..b4e55c46c1 100644
--- a/internal/debug/flags.go
+++ b/internal/debug/flags.go
@@ -162,6 +162,11 @@ var Flags = []cli.Flag{
 	blockprofilerateFlag,
 	cpuprofileFlag,
 	traceFlag,
+	pyroscopeFlag,
+	pyroscopeServerFlag,
+	pyroscopeAuthUsernameFlag,
+	pyroscopeAuthPasswordFlag,
+	pyroscopeTagsFlag,
 }
 
 var (
@@ -298,6 +303,14 @@ func Setup(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		// It cannot be imported because it will cause a cyclical dependency.
 		StartPProf(address, !ctx.IsSet("metrics.addr"))
 	}
+
+	// Pyroscope profiling
+	if ctx.Bool(pyroscopeFlag.Name) {
+		if err := startPyroscope(ctx); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
 	if len(logFile) > 0 || rotation {
 		log.Info("Logging configured", context...)
 	}
@@ -321,6 +334,7 @@ func StartPProf(address string, withMetrics bool) {
 // Exit stops all running profiles, flushing their output to the
 // respective file.
 func Exit() {
+	stopPyroscope()
 	Handler.StopCPUProfile()
 	Handler.StopGoTrace()
 	if logOutputFile != nil {
diff --git a/internal/debug/pyroscope.go b/internal/debug/pyroscope.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0804cb891
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/debug/pyroscope.go
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package debug
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/flags"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/grafana/pyroscope-go"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+)
+
+var (
+	pyroscopeFlag = &cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:     "pyroscope",
+		Usage:    "Enable Pyroscope profiling",
+		Value:    false,
+		Category: flags.LoggingCategory,
+	}
+	pyroscopeServerFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:     "pyroscope.server",
+		Usage:    "Pyroscope server URL to push profiling data to",
+		Value:    "http://localhost:4040",
+		Category: flags.LoggingCategory,
+	}
+	pyroscopeAuthUsernameFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:     "pyroscope.username",
+		Usage:    "Pyroscope basic authentication username",
+		Value:    "",
+		Category: flags.LoggingCategory,
+	}
+	pyroscopeAuthPasswordFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:     "pyroscope.password",
+		Usage:    "Pyroscope basic authentication password",
+		Value:    "",
+		Category: flags.LoggingCategory,
+	}
+	pyroscopeTagsFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:     "pyroscope.tags",
+		Usage:    "Comma separated list of key=value tags to add to profiling data",
+		Value:    "",
+		Category: flags.LoggingCategory,
+	}
+)
+
+// This holds the globally-configured Pyroscope instance.
+var pyroscopeProfiler *pyroscope.Profiler
+
+func startPyroscope(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	server := ctx.String(pyroscopeServerFlag.Name)
+	authUsername := ctx.String(pyroscopeAuthUsernameFlag.Name)
+	authPassword := ctx.String(pyroscopeAuthPasswordFlag.Name)
+
+	rawTags := ctx.String(pyroscopeTagsFlag.Name)
+	tags := make(map[string]string)
+	for tag := range strings.SplitSeq(rawTags, ",") {
+		tag = strings.TrimSpace(tag)
+		if tag == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		k, v, _ := strings.Cut(tag, "=")
+		tags[k] = v
+	}
+
+	config := pyroscope.Config{
+		ApplicationName:   "geth",
+		ServerAddress:     server,
+		BasicAuthUser:     authUsername,
+		BasicAuthPassword: authPassword,
+		Logger:            &pyroscopeLogger{Logger: log.Root()},
+		Tags:              tags,
+		ProfileTypes: []pyroscope.ProfileType{
+			// Enabling all profile types
+			pyroscope.ProfileCPU,
+			pyroscope.ProfileAllocObjects,
+			pyroscope.ProfileAllocSpace,
+			pyroscope.ProfileInuseObjects,
+			pyroscope.ProfileInuseSpace,
+			pyroscope.ProfileGoroutines,
+			pyroscope.ProfileMutexCount,
+			pyroscope.ProfileMutexDuration,
+			pyroscope.ProfileBlockCount,
+			pyroscope.ProfileBlockDuration,
+		},
+	}
+
+	profiler, err := pyroscope.Start(config)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	pyroscopeProfiler = profiler
+	log.Info("Enabled Pyroscope")
+	return nil
+}
+
+func stopPyroscope() {
+	if pyroscopeProfiler != nil {
+		pyroscopeProfiler.Stop()
+		pyroscopeProfiler = nil
+	}
+}
+
+// Small wrapper for log.Logger to satisfy pyroscope.Logger interface
+type pyroscopeLogger struct {
+	Logger log.Logger
+}
+
+func (l *pyroscopeLogger) Infof(format string, v ...any) {
+	l.Logger.Info(fmt.Sprintf("Pyroscope: "+format, v...))
+}
+
+func (l *pyroscopeLogger) Debugf(format string, v ...any) {
+	l.Logger.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("Pyroscope: "+format, v...))
+}
+
+func (l *pyroscopeLogger) Errorf(format string, v ...any) {
+	l.Logger.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Pyroscope: "+format, v...))
+}

From 46d804776b4e93eda4c4da14fb8e2fd77d4670ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: DeFi Junkie <deffie.jnkiee@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Jan 2026 14:04:23 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 465/470] accounts/scwallet: fix panic in decryptAPDU (#33606)

Validate ciphertext length in decryptAPDU, preventing runtime panics on
invalid input.
---
 accounts/scwallet/securechannel.go | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/accounts/scwallet/securechannel.go b/accounts/scwallet/securechannel.go
index b3a7be8df0..1e0230dc45 100644
--- a/accounts/scwallet/securechannel.go
+++ b/accounts/scwallet/securechannel.go
@@ -300,6 +300,10 @@ func (s *SecureChannelSession) decryptAPDU(data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	if len(data) == 0 || len(data)%aes.BlockSize != 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid ciphertext length: %d", len(data))
+	}
+
 	ret := make([]byte, len(data))
 
 	crypter := cipher.NewCBCDecrypter(a, s.iv)

From 2eb1ccc6c40d16722a5ee91dc23aa1255e5c2f06 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: forkfury <forkfury@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Jan 2026 13:36:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 466/470] core/state: ensure deterministic hook emission order
 in Finalise (#33644)

Fixes #33630

Sort self-destructed addresses before emitting hooks in Finalise() to
ensure deterministic ordering and fix flaky test
TestHooks_OnCodeChangeV2.

---------

Co-authored-by: jwasinger <j-wasinger@hotmail.com>
---
 core/state/statedb_hooked.go | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/core/state/statedb_hooked.go b/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
index 4ffa69b419..48794a3f41 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_hooked.go
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@
 package state
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"math/big"
+	"sort"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/stateless"
@@ -234,13 +236,24 @@ func (s *hookedStateDB) Finalise(deleteEmptyObjects bool) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	// Iterate all dirty addresses and record self-destructs.
+	// Collect all self-destructed addresses first, then sort them to ensure
+	// that state change hooks will be invoked in deterministic
+	// order when the accounts are deleted below
+	var selfDestructedAddrs []common.Address
 	for addr := range s.inner.journal.dirties {
 		obj := s.inner.stateObjects[addr]
 		if obj == nil || !obj.selfDestructed {
 			// Not self-destructed, keep searching.
 			continue
 		}
+		selfDestructedAddrs = append(selfDestructedAddrs, addr)
+	}
+	sort.Slice(selfDestructedAddrs, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return bytes.Compare(selfDestructedAddrs[i][:], selfDestructedAddrs[j][:]) < 0
+	})
+
+	for _, addr := range selfDestructedAddrs {
+		obj := s.inner.stateObjects[addr]
 		// Bingo: state object was self-destructed, call relevant hooks.
 
 		// If ether was sent to account post-selfdestruct, record as burnt.

From 54ab4e3c7dae9b06e84a866a5ea816f0c6081f31 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Jan 2026 02:23:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 467/470] core/txpool/legacypool: add metric for accounts in
 txpool  (#33646)

This PR adds metrics that count the number of accounts having transactions
in the txpool. Together with the transaction count this can be used as a
simple indicator of the diversity of transactions in the pool.

Note: as an alternative implementation, we could use a periodic or event
driven update of these Gauges using len.

I've preferred this implementation to match what we have for the pool
sizes.

---------

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
---
 core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go | 9 +++++++++
 core/txpool/legacypool/queue.go      | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
index 5f8dd4fac8..60494b5130 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
@@ -114,6 +114,9 @@ var (
 	queuedGauge  = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("txpool/queued", nil)
 	slotsGauge   = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("txpool/slots", nil)
 
+	pendingAddrsGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("txpool/pending/accounts", nil)
+	queuedAddrsGauge  = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("txpool/queued/accounts", nil)
+
 	reheapTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("txpool/reheap", nil)
 )
 
@@ -844,6 +847,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) promoteTx(addr common.Address, hash common.Hash, tx *typ
 	// Try to insert the transaction into the pending queue
 	if pool.pending[addr] == nil {
 		pool.pending[addr] = newList(true)
+		pendingAddrsGauge.Inc(1)
 	}
 	list := pool.pending[addr]
 
@@ -1083,6 +1087,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) removeTx(hash common.Hash, outofbound bool, unreserve bo
 			// If no more pending transactions are left, remove the list
 			if pending.Empty() {
 				delete(pool.pending, addr)
+				pendingAddrsGauge.Dec(1)
 			}
 			// Postpone any invalidated transactions
 			for _, tx := range invalids {
@@ -1580,6 +1585,7 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) demoteUnexecutables() {
 		// Delete the entire pending entry if it became empty.
 		if list.Empty() {
 			delete(pool.pending, addr)
+			pendingAddrsGauge.Dec(1)
 			if _, ok := pool.queue.get(addr); !ok {
 				pool.reserver.Release(addr)
 			}
@@ -1839,6 +1845,9 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) Clear() {
 	pool.pending = make(map[common.Address]*list)
 	pool.queue = newQueue(pool.config, pool.signer)
 	pool.pendingNonces = newNoncer(pool.currentState)
+
+	pendingAddrsGauge.Update(0)
+	queuedAddrsGauge.Update(0)
 }
 
 // HasPendingAuth returns a flag indicating whether there are pending
diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/queue.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/queue.go
index a889debe37..918a219ab6 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/queue.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/queue.go
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ func (q *queue) remove(addr common.Address, tx *types.Transaction) {
 		if future.Empty() {
 			delete(q.queued, addr)
 			delete(q.beats, addr)
+			queuedAddrsGauge.Dec(1)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -123,6 +124,7 @@ func (q *queue) add(tx *types.Transaction) (*common.Hash, error) {
 	from, _ := types.Sender(q.signer, tx) // already validated
 	if q.queued[from] == nil {
 		q.queued[from] = newList(false)
+		queuedAddrsGauge.Inc(1)
 	}
 	inserted, old := q.queued[from].Add(tx, q.config.PriceBump)
 	if !inserted {
@@ -200,6 +202,7 @@ func (q *queue) promoteExecutables(accounts []common.Address, gasLimit uint64, c
 		if list.Empty() {
 			delete(q.queued, addr)
 			delete(q.beats, addr)
+			queuedAddrsGauge.Dec(1)
 			removedAddresses = append(removedAddresses, addr)
 		}
 	}

From 8fad02ac63a1c0972f47b7c5b41d5577fa4d2932 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: DeFi Junkie <deffie.jnkiee@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Jan 2026 08:57:02 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 468/470] core/types: fix panic on invalid signature length
 (#33647)

Replace panic with error return in decodeSignature to prevent crashes on
invalid inputs, and update callers to propagate the error.
---
 core/types/transaction_signing.go      | 20 +++++++++++++-------
 core/types/transaction_signing_test.go | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 core/types/tx_setcode.go               |  5 ++++-
 3 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/types/transaction_signing.go b/core/types/transaction_signing.go
index ef8fb194d5..5a624191cf 100644
--- a/core/types/transaction_signing.go
+++ b/core/types/transaction_signing.go
@@ -282,7 +282,10 @@ func (s *modernSigner) SignatureValues(tx *Transaction, sig []byte) (R, S, V *bi
 	if tx.inner.chainID().Sign() != 0 && tx.inner.chainID().Cmp(s.chainID) != 0 {
 		return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: have %d want %d", ErrInvalidChainId, tx.inner.chainID(), s.chainID)
 	}
-	R, S, _ = decodeSignature(sig)
+	R, S, _, err = decodeSignature(sig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
 	V = big.NewInt(int64(sig[64]))
 	return R, S, V, nil
 }
@@ -373,7 +376,10 @@ func (s EIP155Signer) SignatureValues(tx *Transaction, sig []byte) (R, S, V *big
 	if tx.Type() != LegacyTxType {
 		return nil, nil, nil, ErrTxTypeNotSupported
 	}
-	R, S, V = decodeSignature(sig)
+	R, S, V, err = decodeSignature(sig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
 	if s.chainId.Sign() != 0 {
 		V = big.NewInt(int64(sig[64] + 35))
 		V.Add(V, s.chainIdMul)
@@ -442,8 +448,8 @@ func (fs FrontierSigner) SignatureValues(tx *Transaction, sig []byte) (r, s, v *
 	if tx.Type() != LegacyTxType {
 		return nil, nil, nil, ErrTxTypeNotSupported
 	}
-	r, s, v = decodeSignature(sig)
-	return r, s, v, nil
+	r, s, v, err = decodeSignature(sig)
+	return r, s, v, err
 }
 
 // Hash returns the hash to be signed by the sender.
@@ -459,14 +465,14 @@ func (fs FrontierSigner) Hash(tx *Transaction) common.Hash {
 	})
 }
 
-func decodeSignature(sig []byte) (r, s, v *big.Int) {
+func decodeSignature(sig []byte) (r, s, v *big.Int, err error) {
 	if len(sig) != crypto.SignatureLength {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("wrong size for signature: got %d, want %d", len(sig), crypto.SignatureLength))
+		return nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("wrong size for signature: got %d, want %d", len(sig), crypto.SignatureLength)
 	}
 	r = new(big.Int).SetBytes(sig[:32])
 	s = new(big.Int).SetBytes(sig[32:64])
 	v = new(big.Int).SetBytes([]byte{sig[64] + 27})
-	return r, s, v
+	return r, s, v, nil
 }
 
 func recoverPlain(sighash common.Hash, R, S, Vb *big.Int, homestead bool) (common.Address, error) {
diff --git a/core/types/transaction_signing_test.go b/core/types/transaction_signing_test.go
index 02a65fda13..252593e87b 100644
--- a/core/types/transaction_signing_test.go
+++ b/core/types/transaction_signing_test.go
@@ -200,3 +200,28 @@ func Benchmark_modernSigner_Equal(b *testing.B) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestSignatureValuesError(t *testing.T) {
+	// 1. Setup a valid transaction
+	tx := NewTransaction(0, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), 0, big.NewInt(0), nil)
+	signer := HomesteadSigner{}
+
+	// 2. Call WithSignature with invalid length sig (not 65 bytes)
+	invalidSig := make([]byte, 64)
+
+	func() {
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Panicked for invalid signature length, expected error: %v", r)
+			}
+		}()
+		_, err := tx.WithSignature(signer, invalidSig)
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("Expected error for invalid signature length, got nil")
+		} else {
+			// This is just a sanity check to ensure we got an error,
+			// the exact error message is verified in unit tests elsewhere if needed.
+			t.Logf("Got expected error: %v", err)
+		}
+	}()
+}
diff --git a/core/types/tx_setcode.go b/core/types/tx_setcode.go
index f2281d4ae7..9487c9cc81 100644
--- a/core/types/tx_setcode.go
+++ b/core/types/tx_setcode.go
@@ -94,7 +94,10 @@ func SignSetCode(prv *ecdsa.PrivateKey, auth SetCodeAuthorization) (SetCodeAutho
 	if err != nil {
 		return SetCodeAuthorization{}, err
 	}
-	r, s, _ := decodeSignature(sig)
+	r, s, _, err := decodeSignature(sig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return SetCodeAuthorization{}, err
+	}
 	return SetCodeAuthorization{
 		ChainID: auth.ChainID,
 		Address: auth.Address,

From 35922bcd33ce1c3ed09cdc31ee66b80724a1fdab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Csaba Kiraly <cskiraly@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Jan 2026 09:00:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 469/470] core/txpool/legacypool: reset gauges on clear
 (#33654)

Signed-off-by: Csaba Kiraly <csaba.kiraly@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
---
 core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
index 60494b5130..eb1fe23d5f 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
@@ -1846,6 +1846,10 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) Clear() {
 	pool.queue = newQueue(pool.config, pool.signer)
 	pool.pendingNonces = newNoncer(pool.currentState)
 
+	// Reset gauges
+	pendingGauge.Update(0)
+	queuedGauge.Update(0)
+	slotsGauge.Update(0)
 	pendingAddrsGauge.Update(0)
 	queuedAddrsGauge.Update(0)
 }

From 1022c7637dcd0cc063105f2709cadf0b88c50ae9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Jan 2026 09:19:27 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 470/470] core, eth, internal, triedb/pathdb: enable
 eth_getProofs for history (#32727)

This PR enables the `eth_getProofs ` endpoint against the historical states.
---
 cmd/geth/chaincmd.go                         |   1 +
 cmd/geth/main.go                             |   1 +
 cmd/keeper/go.mod                            |   1 -
 cmd/utils/flags.go                           |  30 ++-
 core/blockchain.go                           |  28 ++-
 core/rawdb/database.go                       |  21 +-
 core/state/database_history.go               | 199 +++++++++++++++---
 eth/backend.go                               |  25 +--
 eth/ethconfig/config.go                      |  60 +++---
 eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go                  |   6 +
 internal/ethapi/api.go                       |   6 +-
 rlp/raw.go                                   |   5 +
 triedb/database.go                           |  13 +-
 triedb/pathdb/config.go                      |  51 ++++-
 triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go                   |   5 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history.go                     |   2 -
 triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator.go      |  45 +++++
 triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go |  46 +++++
 triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go             |   5 +-
 triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go              | 201 +++++++++++++++++++
 triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go            |  13 +-
 triedb/pathdb/metrics.go                     |   5 +-
 triedb/pathdb/nodes.go                       |  21 +-
 triedb/pathdb/reader.go                      |  87 ++++++++
 24 files changed, 756 insertions(+), 121 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
index 0af0a61602..9d04dd0f1b 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ if one is set.  Otherwise it prints the genesis from the datadir.`,
 			utils.LogExportCheckpointsFlag,
 			utils.StateHistoryFlag,
 			utils.TrienodeHistoryFlag,
+			utils.TrienodeHistoryFullValueCheckpointFlag,
 		}, utils.DatabaseFlags, debug.Flags),
 		Before: func(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			flags.MigrateGlobalFlags(ctx)
diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index e838a846a1..9aabaaba98 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ var (
 		utils.LogExportCheckpointsFlag,
 		utils.StateHistoryFlag,
 		utils.TrienodeHistoryFlag,
+		utils.TrienodeHistoryFullValueCheckpointFlag,
 		utils.LightKDFFlag,
 		utils.EthRequiredBlocksFlag,
 		utils.LegacyWhitelistFlag, // deprecated
diff --git a/cmd/keeper/go.mod b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
index 21cdfe8c33..cee1ce05a7 100644
--- a/cmd/keeper/go.mod
+++ b/cmd/keeper/go.mod
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ require (
 	github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.12 // indirect
 	github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.6.1 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230626212559-97b1e661b5df // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.12.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.39.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 // indirect
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index fe8375454f..844397b734 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -301,6 +301,12 @@ var (
 		Value:    ethconfig.Defaults.TrienodeHistory,
 		Category: flags.StateCategory,
 	}
+	TrienodeHistoryFullValueCheckpointFlag = &cli.UintFlag{
+		Name:     "history.trienode.full-value-checkpoint",
+		Usage:    "The frequency of full-value encoding. Every n-th node is stored in full-value format; all other nodes are stored as diffs relative to their predecessor",
+		Value:    uint(ethconfig.Defaults.NodeFullValueCheckpoint),
+		Category: flags.StateCategory,
+	}
 	TransactionHistoryFlag = &cli.Uint64Flag{
 		Name:     "history.transactions",
 		Usage:    "Number of recent blocks to maintain transactions index for (default = about one year, 0 = entire chain)",
@@ -1714,6 +1720,9 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	if ctx.IsSet(TrienodeHistoryFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.TrienodeHistory = ctx.Int64(TrienodeHistoryFlag.Name)
 	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(TrienodeHistoryFullValueCheckpointFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.NodeFullValueCheckpoint = uint32(ctx.Uint(TrienodeHistoryFullValueCheckpointFlag.Name))
+	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(StateSchemeFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.StateScheme = ctx.String(StateSchemeFlag.Name)
 	}
@@ -2318,16 +2327,17 @@ func MakeChain(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, readonly bool) (*core.BlockCh
 		Fatalf("%v", err)
 	}
 	options := &core.BlockChainConfig{
-		TrieCleanLimit:  ethconfig.Defaults.TrieCleanCache,
-		NoPrefetch:      ctx.Bool(CacheNoPrefetchFlag.Name),
-		TrieDirtyLimit:  ethconfig.Defaults.TrieDirtyCache,
-		ArchiveMode:     ctx.String(GCModeFlag.Name) == "archive",
-		TrieTimeLimit:   ethconfig.Defaults.TrieTimeout,
-		SnapshotLimit:   ethconfig.Defaults.SnapshotCache,
-		Preimages:       ctx.Bool(CachePreimagesFlag.Name),
-		StateScheme:     scheme,
-		StateHistory:    ctx.Uint64(StateHistoryFlag.Name),
-		TrienodeHistory: ctx.Int64(TrienodeHistoryFlag.Name),
+		TrieCleanLimit:          ethconfig.Defaults.TrieCleanCache,
+		NoPrefetch:              ctx.Bool(CacheNoPrefetchFlag.Name),
+		TrieDirtyLimit:          ethconfig.Defaults.TrieDirtyCache,
+		ArchiveMode:             ctx.String(GCModeFlag.Name) == "archive",
+		TrieTimeLimit:           ethconfig.Defaults.TrieTimeout,
+		SnapshotLimit:           ethconfig.Defaults.SnapshotCache,
+		Preimages:               ctx.Bool(CachePreimagesFlag.Name),
+		StateScheme:             scheme,
+		StateHistory:            ctx.Uint64(StateHistoryFlag.Name),
+		TrienodeHistory:         ctx.Int64(TrienodeHistoryFlag.Name),
+		NodeFullValueCheckpoint: uint32(ctx.Uint(TrienodeHistoryFullValueCheckpointFlag.Name)),
 
 		// Disable transaction indexing/unindexing.
 		TxLookupLimit: -1,
diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index fc0e70c271..8741b8b937 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -182,6 +182,12 @@ type BlockChainConfig struct {
 	// If set to -1, no trienode history will be retained;
 	TrienodeHistory int64
 
+	// The frequency of full-value encoding. For example, a value of 16 means
+	// that, on average, for a given trie node across its 16 consecutive historical
+	// versions, only one version is stored in full format, while the others
+	// are stored in diff mode for storage compression.
+	NodeFullValueCheckpoint uint32
+
 	// State snapshot related options
 	SnapshotLimit   int  // Memory allowance (MB) to use for caching snapshot entries in memory
 	SnapshotNoBuild bool // Whether the background generation is allowed
@@ -259,18 +265,22 @@ func (cfg *BlockChainConfig) triedbConfig(isVerkle bool) *triedb.Config {
 	}
 	if cfg.StateScheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
 		config.PathDB = &pathdb.Config{
-			StateHistory:        cfg.StateHistory,
-			TrienodeHistory:     cfg.TrienodeHistory,
-			EnableStateIndexing: cfg.ArchiveMode,
-			TrieCleanSize:       cfg.TrieCleanLimit * 1024 * 1024,
-			StateCleanSize:      cfg.SnapshotLimit * 1024 * 1024,
-			JournalDirectory:    cfg.TrieJournalDirectory,
-
+			TrieCleanSize:  cfg.TrieCleanLimit * 1024 * 1024,
+			StateCleanSize: cfg.SnapshotLimit * 1024 * 1024,
 			// TODO(rjl493456442): The write buffer represents the memory limit used
 			// for flushing both trie data and state data to disk. The config name
 			// should be updated to eliminate the confusion.
-			WriteBufferSize: cfg.TrieDirtyLimit * 1024 * 1024,
-			NoAsyncFlush:    cfg.TrieNoAsyncFlush,
+			WriteBufferSize:  cfg.TrieDirtyLimit * 1024 * 1024,
+			JournalDirectory: cfg.TrieJournalDirectory,
+
+			// Historical state configurations
+			StateHistory:        cfg.StateHistory,
+			TrienodeHistory:     cfg.TrienodeHistory,
+			EnableStateIndexing: cfg.ArchiveMode,
+			FullValueCheckpoint: cfg.NodeFullValueCheckpoint,
+
+			// Testing configurations
+			NoAsyncFlush: cfg.TrieNoAsyncFlush,
 		}
 	}
 	return config
diff --git a/core/rawdb/database.go b/core/rawdb/database.go
index 8260391802..a5335ea56b 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/database.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/database.go
@@ -429,7 +429,8 @@ func InspectDatabase(db ethdb.Database, keyPrefix, keyStart []byte) error {
 		filterMapBlockLV   stat
 
 		// Path-mode archive data
-		stateIndex stat
+		stateIndex    stat
+		trienodeIndex stat
 
 		// Verkle statistics
 		verkleTries        stat
@@ -524,8 +525,19 @@ func InspectDatabase(db ethdb.Database, keyPrefix, keyStart []byte) error {
 				bloomBits.add(size)
 
 			// Path-based historic state indexes
-			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, StateHistoryIndexPrefix) && len(key) >= len(StateHistoryIndexPrefix)+common.HashLength:
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, StateHistoryAccountMetadataPrefix) && len(key) == len(StateHistoryAccountMetadataPrefix)+common.HashLength:
 				stateIndex.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, StateHistoryStorageMetadataPrefix) && len(key) == len(StateHistoryStorageMetadataPrefix)+2*common.HashLength:
+				stateIndex.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, StateHistoryAccountBlockPrefix) && len(key) == len(StateHistoryAccountBlockPrefix)+common.HashLength+4:
+				stateIndex.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, StateHistoryStorageBlockPrefix) && len(key) == len(StateHistoryStorageBlockPrefix)+2*common.HashLength+4:
+				stateIndex.add(size)
+
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, TrienodeHistoryMetadataPrefix) && len(key) >= len(TrienodeHistoryMetadataPrefix)+common.HashLength:
+				trienodeIndex.add(size)
+			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, TrienodeHistoryBlockPrefix) && len(key) >= len(TrienodeHistoryBlockPrefix)+common.HashLength+4:
+				trienodeIndex.add(size)
 
 			// Verkle trie data is detected, determine the sub-category
 			case bytes.HasPrefix(key, VerklePrefix):
@@ -622,12 +634,13 @@ func InspectDatabase(db ethdb.Database, keyPrefix, keyStart []byte) error {
 		{"Key-Value store", "Path trie state lookups", stateLookups.sizeString(), stateLookups.countString()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Path trie account nodes", accountTries.sizeString(), accountTries.countString()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Path trie storage nodes", storageTries.sizeString(), storageTries.countString()},
-		{"Key-Value store", "Path state history indexes", stateIndex.sizeString(), stateIndex.countString()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Verkle trie nodes", verkleTries.sizeString(), verkleTries.countString()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Verkle trie state lookups", verkleStateLookups.sizeString(), verkleStateLookups.countString()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Trie preimages", preimages.sizeString(), preimages.countString()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Account snapshot", accountSnaps.sizeString(), accountSnaps.countString()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Storage snapshot", storageSnaps.sizeString(), storageSnaps.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Historical state index", stateIndex.sizeString(), stateIndex.countString()},
+		{"Key-Value store", "Historical trie index", trienodeIndex.sizeString(), trienodeIndex.countString()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Beacon sync headers", beaconHeaders.sizeString(), beaconHeaders.countString()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Clique snapshots", cliqueSnaps.sizeString(), cliqueSnaps.countString()},
 		{"Key-Value store", "Singleton metadata", metadata.sizeString(), metadata.countString()},
@@ -672,7 +685,7 @@ var knownMetadataKeys = [][]byte{
 	snapshotGeneratorKey, snapshotRecoveryKey, txIndexTailKey, fastTxLookupLimitKey,
 	uncleanShutdownKey, badBlockKey, transitionStatusKey, skeletonSyncStatusKey,
 	persistentStateIDKey, trieJournalKey, snapshotSyncStatusKey, snapSyncStatusFlagKey,
-	filterMapsRangeKey, headStateHistoryIndexKey, VerkleTransitionStatePrefix,
+	filterMapsRangeKey, headStateHistoryIndexKey, headTrienodeHistoryIndexKey, VerkleTransitionStatePrefix,
 }
 
 // printChainMetadata prints out chain metadata to stderr.
diff --git a/core/state/database_history.go b/core/state/database_history.go
index f9c4a69f2f..7a2be8fe4f 100644
--- a/core/state/database_history.go
+++ b/core/state/database_history.go
@@ -17,40 +17,39 @@
 package state
 
 import (
-	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/lru"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state/snapshot"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/database"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
 )
 
-// historicReader wraps a historical state reader defined in path database,
-// providing historic state serving over the path scheme.
-//
-// TODO(rjl493456442): historicReader is not thread-safe and does not fully
-// comply with the StateReader interface requirements, needs to be fixed.
-// Currently, it is only used in a non-concurrent context, so it is safe for now.
-type historicReader struct {
+// historicStateReader implements StateReader, wrapping a historical state reader
+// defined in path database and provide historic state serving over the path scheme.
+type historicStateReader struct {
 	reader *pathdb.HistoricalStateReader
+	lock   sync.Mutex // Lock for protecting concurrent read
 }
 
-// newHistoricReader constructs a reader for historic state serving.
-func newHistoricReader(r *pathdb.HistoricalStateReader) *historicReader {
-	return &historicReader{reader: r}
+// newHistoricStateReader constructs a reader for historical state serving.
+func newHistoricStateReader(r *pathdb.HistoricalStateReader) *historicStateReader {
+	return &historicStateReader{reader: r}
 }
 
 // Account implements StateReader, retrieving the account specified by the address.
-//
-// An error will be returned if the associated snapshot is already stale or
-// the requested account is not yet covered by the snapshot.
-//
-// The returned account might be nil if it's not existent.
-func (r *historicReader) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+func (r *historicStateReader) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+	r.lock.Lock()
+	defer r.lock.Unlock()
+
 	account, err := r.reader.Account(addr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -80,7 +79,10 @@ func (r *historicReader) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, erro
 // the requested storage slot is not yet covered by the snapshot.
 //
 // The returned storage slot might be empty if it's not existent.
-func (r *historicReader) Storage(addr common.Address, key common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
+func (r *historicStateReader) Storage(addr common.Address, key common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
+	r.lock.Lock()
+	defer r.lock.Unlock()
+
 	blob, err := r.reader.Storage(addr, key)
 	if err != nil {
 		return common.Hash{}, err
@@ -97,6 +99,125 @@ func (r *historicReader) Storage(addr common.Address, key common.Hash) (common.H
 	return slot, nil
 }
 
+// historicTrieOpener is a wrapper of pathdb.HistoricalNodeReader, implementing
+// the database.NodeDatabase by adding NodeReader function.
+type historicTrieOpener struct {
+	root   common.Hash
+	reader *pathdb.HistoricalNodeReader
+}
+
+// newHistoricTrieOpener constructs the historical trie opener.
+func newHistoricTrieOpener(root common.Hash, reader *pathdb.HistoricalNodeReader) *historicTrieOpener {
+	return &historicTrieOpener{
+		root:   root,
+		reader: reader,
+	}
+}
+
+// NodeReader implements database.NodeDatabase, returning a node reader of a
+// specified state.
+func (o *historicTrieOpener) NodeReader(root common.Hash) (database.NodeReader, error) {
+	if root != o.root {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("state %x is not available", root)
+	}
+	return o.reader, nil
+}
+
+// historicalTrieReader wraps a historical node reader defined in path database,
+// providing historical node serving over the path scheme.
+type historicalTrieReader struct {
+	root   common.Hash
+	opener *historicTrieOpener
+	tr     Trie
+
+	subRoots map[common.Address]common.Hash // Set of storage roots, cached when the account is resolved
+	subTries map[common.Address]Trie        // Group of storage tries, cached when it's resolved
+	lock     sync.Mutex                     // Lock for protecting concurrent read
+}
+
+// newHistoricalTrieReader constructs a reader for historical trie node serving.
+func newHistoricalTrieReader(root common.Hash, r *pathdb.HistoricalNodeReader) (*historicalTrieReader, error) {
+	opener := newHistoricTrieOpener(root, r)
+	tr, err := trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StateTrieID(root), opener)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &historicalTrieReader{
+		root:     root,
+		opener:   opener,
+		tr:       tr,
+		subRoots: make(map[common.Address]common.Hash),
+		subTries: make(map[common.Address]Trie),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// account is the inner version of Account and assumes the r.lock is already held.
+func (r *historicalTrieReader) account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+	account, err := r.tr.GetAccount(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if account == nil {
+		r.subRoots[addr] = types.EmptyRootHash
+	} else {
+		r.subRoots[addr] = account.Root
+	}
+	return account, nil
+}
+
+// Account implements StateReader, retrieving the account specified by the address.
+//
+// An error will be returned if the associated snapshot is already stale or
+// the requested account is not yet covered by the snapshot.
+//
+// The returned account might be nil if it's not existent.
+func (r *historicalTrieReader) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+	r.lock.Lock()
+	defer r.lock.Unlock()
+
+	return r.account(addr)
+}
+
+// Storage implements StateReader, retrieving the storage slot specified by the
+// address and slot key.
+//
+// An error will be returned if the associated snapshot is already stale or
+// the requested storage slot is not yet covered by the snapshot.
+//
+// The returned storage slot might be empty if it's not existent.
+func (r *historicalTrieReader) Storage(addr common.Address, key common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
+	r.lock.Lock()
+	defer r.lock.Unlock()
+
+	tr, found := r.subTries[addr]
+	if !found {
+		root, ok := r.subRoots[addr]
+
+		// The storage slot is accessed without account caching. It's unexpected
+		// behavior but try to resolve the account first anyway.
+		if !ok {
+			_, err := r.account(addr)
+			if err != nil {
+				return common.Hash{}, err
+			}
+			root = r.subRoots[addr]
+		}
+		var err error
+		tr, err = trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StorageTrieID(r.root, crypto.Keccak256Hash(addr.Bytes()), root), r.opener)
+		if err != nil {
+			return common.Hash{}, err
+		}
+		r.subTries[addr] = tr
+	}
+	ret, err := tr.GetStorage(addr, key.Bytes())
+	if err != nil {
+		return common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+	var value common.Hash
+	value.SetBytes(ret)
+	return value, nil
+}
+
 // HistoricDB is the implementation of Database interface, with the ability to
 // access historical state.
 type HistoricDB struct {
@@ -118,22 +239,54 @@ func NewHistoricDatabase(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, triedb *triedb.Database) *His
 
 // Reader implements Database interface, returning a reader of the specific state.
 func (db *HistoricDB) Reader(stateRoot common.Hash) (Reader, error) {
-	hr, err := db.triedb.HistoricReader(stateRoot)
+	var readers []StateReader
+	sr, err := db.triedb.HistoricStateReader(stateRoot)
+	if err == nil {
+		readers = append(readers, newHistoricStateReader(sr))
+	}
+	nr, err := db.triedb.HistoricNodeReader(stateRoot)
+	if err == nil {
+		tr, err := newHistoricalTrieReader(stateRoot, nr)
+		if err == nil {
+			readers = append(readers, tr)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(readers) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("historical state %x is not available", stateRoot)
+	}
+	combined, err := newMultiStateReader(readers...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return newReader(newCachingCodeReader(db.disk, db.codeCache, db.codeSizeCache), newHistoricReader(hr)), nil
+	return newReader(newCachingCodeReader(db.disk, db.codeCache, db.codeSizeCache), combined), nil
 }
 
 // OpenTrie opens the main account trie. It's not supported by historic database.
 func (db *HistoricDB) OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (Trie, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+	nr, err := db.triedb.HistoricNodeReader(root)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	tr, err := trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StateTrieID(root), newHistoricTrieOpener(root, nr))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return tr, nil
 }
 
 // OpenStorageTrie opens the storage trie of an account. It's not supported by
 // historic database.
-func (db *HistoricDB) OpenStorageTrie(stateRoot common.Hash, address common.Address, root common.Hash, trie Trie) (Trie, error) {
-	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+func (db *HistoricDB) OpenStorageTrie(stateRoot common.Hash, address common.Address, root common.Hash, _ Trie) (Trie, error) {
+	nr, err := db.triedb.HistoricNodeReader(stateRoot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	id := trie.StorageTrieID(stateRoot, crypto.Keccak256Hash(address.Bytes()), root)
+	tr, err := trie.NewStateTrie(id, newHistoricTrieOpener(stateRoot, nr))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return tr, nil
 }
 
 // TrieDB returns the underlying trie database for managing trie nodes.
diff --git a/eth/backend.go b/eth/backend.go
index 932d1a2515..aed1542aeb 100644
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@@ -222,18 +222,19 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 	}
 	var (
 		options = &core.BlockChainConfig{
-			TrieCleanLimit:   config.TrieCleanCache,
-			NoPrefetch:       config.NoPrefetch,
-			TrieDirtyLimit:   config.TrieDirtyCache,
-			ArchiveMode:      config.NoPruning,
-			TrieTimeLimit:    config.TrieTimeout,
-			SnapshotLimit:    config.SnapshotCache,
-			Preimages:        config.Preimages,
-			StateHistory:     config.StateHistory,
-			TrienodeHistory:  config.TrienodeHistory,
-			StateScheme:      scheme,
-			ChainHistoryMode: config.HistoryMode,
-			TxLookupLimit:    int64(min(config.TransactionHistory, math.MaxInt64)),
+			TrieCleanLimit:          config.TrieCleanCache,
+			NoPrefetch:              config.NoPrefetch,
+			TrieDirtyLimit:          config.TrieDirtyCache,
+			ArchiveMode:             config.NoPruning,
+			TrieTimeLimit:           config.TrieTimeout,
+			SnapshotLimit:           config.SnapshotCache,
+			Preimages:               config.Preimages,
+			StateHistory:            config.StateHistory,
+			TrienodeHistory:         config.TrienodeHistory,
+			NodeFullValueCheckpoint: config.NodeFullValueCheckpoint,
+			StateScheme:             scheme,
+			ChainHistoryMode:        config.HistoryMode,
+			TxLookupLimit:           int64(min(config.TransactionHistory, math.MaxInt64)),
 			VmConfig: vm.Config{
 				EnablePreimageRecording: config.EnablePreimageRecording,
 				EnableWitnessStats:      config.EnableWitnessStats,
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/config.go b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
index 9e967e45cc..e58c4b884a 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/miner"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
 )
 
 // FullNodeGPO contains default gasprice oracle settings for full node.
@@ -49,32 +50,33 @@ var FullNodeGPO = gasprice.Config{
 
 // Defaults contains default settings for use on the Ethereum main net.
 var Defaults = Config{
-	HistoryMode:          history.KeepAll,
-	SyncMode:             SnapSync,
-	NetworkId:            0, // enable auto configuration of networkID == chainID
-	TxLookupLimit:        2350000,
-	TransactionHistory:   2350000,
-	LogHistory:           2350000,
-	StateHistory:         params.FullImmutabilityThreshold,
-	TrienodeHistory:      -1,
-	DatabaseCache:        512,
-	TrieCleanCache:       154,
-	TrieDirtyCache:       256,
-	TrieTimeout:          60 * time.Minute,
-	SnapshotCache:        102,
-	FilterLogCacheSize:   32,
-	LogQueryLimit:        1000,
-	Miner:                miner.DefaultConfig,
-	TxPool:               legacypool.DefaultConfig,
-	BlobPool:             blobpool.DefaultConfig,
-	RPCGasCap:            50000000,
-	RPCEVMTimeout:        5 * time.Second,
-	GPO:                  FullNodeGPO,
-	RPCTxFeeCap:          1, // 1 ether
-	TxSyncDefaultTimeout: 20 * time.Second,
-	TxSyncMaxTimeout:     1 * time.Minute,
-	SlowBlockThreshold:   time.Second * 2,
-	RangeLimit:           0,
+	HistoryMode:             history.KeepAll,
+	SyncMode:                SnapSync,
+	NetworkId:               0, // enable auto configuration of networkID == chainID
+	TxLookupLimit:           2350000,
+	TransactionHistory:      2350000,
+	LogHistory:              2350000,
+	StateHistory:            pathdb.Defaults.StateHistory,
+	TrienodeHistory:         pathdb.Defaults.TrienodeHistory,
+	NodeFullValueCheckpoint: pathdb.Defaults.FullValueCheckpoint,
+	DatabaseCache:           512,
+	TrieCleanCache:          154,
+	TrieDirtyCache:          256,
+	TrieTimeout:             60 * time.Minute,
+	SnapshotCache:           102,
+	FilterLogCacheSize:      32,
+	LogQueryLimit:           1000,
+	Miner:                   miner.DefaultConfig,
+	TxPool:                  legacypool.DefaultConfig,
+	BlobPool:                blobpool.DefaultConfig,
+	RPCGasCap:               50000000,
+	RPCEVMTimeout:           5 * time.Second,
+	GPO:                     FullNodeGPO,
+	RPCTxFeeCap:             1, // 1 ether
+	TxSyncDefaultTimeout:    20 * time.Second,
+	TxSyncMaxTimeout:        1 * time.Minute,
+	SlowBlockThreshold:      time.Second * 2,
+	RangeLimit:              0,
 }
 
 //go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type Config -formats toml -out gen_config.go
@@ -112,6 +114,12 @@ type Config struct {
 	StateHistory         uint64 `toml:",omitempty"` // The maximum number of blocks from head whose state histories are reserved.
 	TrienodeHistory      int64  `toml:",omitempty"` // Number of blocks from the chain head for which trienode histories are retained
 
+	// The frequency of full-value encoding. For example, a value of 16 means
+	// that, on average, for a given trie node across its 16 consecutive historical
+	// versions, only one version is stored in full format, while the others
+	// are stored in diff mode for storage compression.
+	NodeFullValueCheckpoint uint32 `toml:",omitempty"`
+
 	// State scheme represents the scheme used to store ethereum states and trie
 	// nodes on top. It can be 'hash', 'path', or none which means use the scheme
 	// consistent with persistent state.
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
index 44b8c6306c..6f94a409e5 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 		LogExportCheckpoints    string
 		StateHistory            uint64                 `toml:",omitempty"`
 		TrienodeHistory         int64                  `toml:",omitempty"`
+		NodeFullValueCheckpoint uint32                 `toml:",omitempty"`
 		StateScheme             string                 `toml:",omitempty"`
 		RequiredBlocks          map[uint64]common.Hash `toml:"-"`
 		SlowBlockThreshold      time.Duration          `toml:",omitempty"`
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 	enc.LogExportCheckpoints = c.LogExportCheckpoints
 	enc.StateHistory = c.StateHistory
 	enc.TrienodeHistory = c.TrienodeHistory
+	enc.NodeFullValueCheckpoint = c.NodeFullValueCheckpoint
 	enc.StateScheme = c.StateScheme
 	enc.RequiredBlocks = c.RequiredBlocks
 	enc.SlowBlockThreshold = c.SlowBlockThreshold
@@ -140,6 +142,7 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 		LogExportCheckpoints    *string
 		StateHistory            *uint64                `toml:",omitempty"`
 		TrienodeHistory         *int64                 `toml:",omitempty"`
+		NodeFullValueCheckpoint *uint32                `toml:",omitempty"`
 		StateScheme             *string                `toml:",omitempty"`
 		RequiredBlocks          map[uint64]common.Hash `toml:"-"`
 		SlowBlockThreshold      *time.Duration         `toml:",omitempty"`
@@ -225,6 +228,9 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 	if dec.TrienodeHistory != nil {
 		c.TrienodeHistory = *dec.TrienodeHistory
 	}
+	if dec.NodeFullValueCheckpoint != nil {
+		c.NodeFullValueCheckpoint = *dec.NodeFullValueCheckpoint
+	}
 	if dec.StateScheme != nil {
 		c.StateScheme = *dec.StateScheme
 	}
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index d48bffd818..b0a79295f5 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 )
 
 // estimateGasErrorRatio is the amount of overestimation eth_estimateGas is
@@ -382,8 +381,7 @@ func (api *BlockChainAPI) GetProof(ctx context.Context, address common.Address,
 	if len(keys) > 0 {
 		var storageTrie state.Trie
 		if storageRoot != types.EmptyRootHash && storageRoot != (common.Hash{}) {
-			id := trie.StorageTrieID(header.Root, crypto.Keccak256Hash(address.Bytes()), storageRoot)
-			st, err := trie.NewStateTrie(id, statedb.Database().TrieDB())
+			st, err := statedb.Database().OpenStorageTrie(header.Root, address, storageRoot, nil)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
@@ -414,7 +412,7 @@ func (api *BlockChainAPI) GetProof(ctx context.Context, address common.Address,
 		}
 	}
 	// Create the accountProof.
-	tr, err := trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StateTrieID(header.Root), statedb.Database().TrieDB())
+	tr, err := statedb.Database().OpenTrie(header.Root)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/rlp/raw.go b/rlp/raw.go
index a696cb18c9..f284da3f6d 100644
--- a/rlp/raw.go
+++ b/rlp/raw.go
@@ -153,6 +153,11 @@ func CountValues(b []byte) (int, error) {
 }
 
 // SplitListValues extracts the raw elements from the list RLP-encoding blob.
+//
+// Note: the returned slice must not be modified, as it shares the same
+// backing array as the original slice. It's acceptable to deep-copy the elements
+// out if necessary, but let's stick with this approach for less allocation
+// overhead.
 func SplitListValues(b []byte) ([][]byte, error) {
 	b, _, err := SplitList(b)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/triedb/database.go b/triedb/database.go
index d2637bd909..e7e47bb91a 100644
--- a/triedb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/database.go
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@ func (db *Database) StateReader(blockRoot common.Hash) (database.StateReader, er
 	return db.backend.StateReader(blockRoot)
 }
 
-// HistoricReader constructs a reader for accessing the requested historic state.
-func (db *Database) HistoricReader(root common.Hash) (*pathdb.HistoricalStateReader, error) {
+// HistoricStateReader constructs a reader for accessing the requested historic state.
+func (db *Database) HistoricStateReader(root common.Hash) (*pathdb.HistoricalStateReader, error) {
 	pdb, ok := db.backend.(*pathdb.Database)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, errors.New("not supported")
@@ -138,6 +138,15 @@ func (db *Database) HistoricReader(root common.Hash) (*pathdb.HistoricalStateRea
 	return pdb.HistoricReader(root)
 }
 
+// HistoricNodeReader constructs a reader for accessing the historical trie node.
+func (db *Database) HistoricNodeReader(root common.Hash) (*pathdb.HistoricalNodeReader, error) {
+	pdb, ok := db.backend.(*pathdb.Database)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("not supported")
+	}
+	return pdb.HistoricNodeReader(root)
+}
+
 // Update performs a state transition by committing dirty nodes contained in the
 // given set in order to update state from the specified parent to the specified
 // root. The held pre-images accumulated up to this point will be flushed in case
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/config.go b/triedb/pathdb/config.go
index 0da8604b6c..c236b34333 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/config.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/config.go
@@ -43,6 +43,26 @@ const (
 	// Do not increase the buffer size arbitrarily, otherwise the system
 	// pause time will increase when the database writes happen.
 	defaultBufferSize = 64 * 1024 * 1024
+
+	// maxFullValueCheckpoint defines the maximum allowed encoding frequency (1/16)
+	// for storing nodes in full format. With this setting, a node may be written
+	// to the trienode history as a full value at the specified frequency.
+	//
+	// Note that the frequency is not strict: the actual decision is probabilistic.
+	// Only the overall long-term full-value encoding rate is enforced.
+	//
+	// Values beyond this limit are considered ineffective, as the trienode history
+	// is already well compressed. Increasing it further will only degrade read
+	// performance linearly.
+	maxFullValueCheckpoint = 16
+
+	// defaultFullValueCheckpoint defines the default full-value encoding frequency
+	// (1/8) for storing nodes in full format. With this setting, nodes may be
+	// written to the trienode history as full values at the specified rate.
+	//
+	// This strikes a balance between effective compression of the trienode history
+	// and acceptable read performance.
+	defaultFullValueCheckpoint = 8
 )
 
 var (
@@ -54,6 +74,7 @@ var (
 var Defaults = &Config{
 	StateHistory:        params.FullImmutabilityThreshold,
 	TrienodeHistory:     -1,
+	FullValueCheckpoint: defaultFullValueCheckpoint,
 	EnableStateIndexing: false,
 	TrieCleanSize:       defaultTrieCleanSize,
 	StateCleanSize:      defaultStateCleanSize,
@@ -62,22 +83,26 @@ var Defaults = &Config{
 
 // ReadOnly is the config in order to open database in read only mode.
 var ReadOnly = &Config{
-	ReadOnly:        true,
-	TrienodeHistory: -1,
-	TrieCleanSize:   defaultTrieCleanSize,
-	StateCleanSize:  defaultStateCleanSize,
+	ReadOnly:            true,
+	TrienodeHistory:     -1,
+	TrieCleanSize:       defaultTrieCleanSize,
+	StateCleanSize:      defaultStateCleanSize,
+	FullValueCheckpoint: defaultFullValueCheckpoint,
 }
 
 // Config contains the settings for database.
 type Config struct {
+	TrieCleanSize    int    // Maximum memory allowance (in bytes) for caching clean trie data
+	StateCleanSize   int    // Maximum memory allowance (in bytes) for caching clean state data
+	WriteBufferSize  int    // Maximum memory allowance (in bytes) for write buffer
+	ReadOnly         bool   // Flag whether the database is opened in read only mode
+	JournalDirectory string // Absolute path of journal directory (null means the journal data is persisted in key-value store)
+
+	// Historical state configurations
 	StateHistory        uint64 // Number of recent blocks to maintain state history for, 0: full chain
 	TrienodeHistory     int64  // Number of recent blocks to maintain trienode history for, 0: full chain, negative: disable
 	EnableStateIndexing bool   // Whether to enable state history indexing for external state access
-	TrieCleanSize       int    // Maximum memory allowance (in bytes) for caching clean trie data
-	StateCleanSize      int    // Maximum memory allowance (in bytes) for caching clean state data
-	WriteBufferSize     int    // Maximum memory allowance (in bytes) for write buffer
-	ReadOnly            bool   // Flag whether the database is opened in read only mode
-	JournalDirectory    string // Absolute path of journal directory (null means the journal data is persisted in key-value store)
+	FullValueCheckpoint uint32 // The rate at which trie nodes are encoded in full-value format
 
 	// Testing configurations
 	SnapshotNoBuild   bool // Flag Whether the state generation is disabled
@@ -93,6 +118,14 @@ func (c *Config) sanitize() *Config {
 		log.Warn("Sanitizing invalid node buffer size", "provided", common.StorageSize(conf.WriteBufferSize), "updated", common.StorageSize(maxBufferSize))
 		conf.WriteBufferSize = maxBufferSize
 	}
+	if conf.FullValueCheckpoint > maxFullValueCheckpoint {
+		log.Warn("Sanitizing trienode history full value checkpoint", "provided", conf.FullValueCheckpoint, "updated", maxFullValueCheckpoint)
+		conf.FullValueCheckpoint = maxFullValueCheckpoint
+	}
+	if conf.FullValueCheckpoint == 0 {
+		conf.FullValueCheckpoint = 1
+		log.Info("Disabling diff mode trie node history encoding")
+	}
 	return &conf
 }
 
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
index d6e997e044..911959dfa9 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
@@ -346,8 +346,9 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) writeHistory(typ historyType, diff *diffLayer) (bool, error
 	case typeTrienodeHistory:
 		freezer = dl.db.trienodeFreezer
 		indexer = dl.db.trienodeIndexer
-		writeFunc = writeTrienodeHistory
-
+		writeFunc = func(writer ethdb.AncientWriter, diff *diffLayer) error {
+			return writeTrienodeHistory(writer, diff, dl.db.config.FullValueCheckpoint)
+		}
 		// Skip the history commit if the trienode history is not permitted
 		if dl.db.config.TrienodeHistory < 0 {
 			return false, nil
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history.go b/triedb/pathdb/history.go
index 9efaa3ab24..820c3c03bf 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history.go
@@ -158,8 +158,6 @@ func newStorageIdent(addressHash common.Hash, storageHash common.Hash) stateIden
 // newTrienodeIdent constructs a state identifier for a trie node.
 // The address denotes the address hash of the associated account;
 // the path denotes the path of the node within the trie;
-//
-// nolint:unused
 func newTrienodeIdent(addressHash common.Hash, path string) stateIdent {
 	return stateIdent{
 		typ:         typeTrienode,
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator.go
index 076baaa9e5..e4aca24f5d 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator.go
@@ -609,3 +609,48 @@ func (it *indexIterator) Error() error {
 func (it *indexIterator) ID() uint64 {
 	return it.blockIt.ID()
 }
+
+// seqIter provides a simple iterator over a contiguous sequence of
+// unsigned integers, ending at end (end is included).
+type seqIter struct {
+	cur  uint64 // current position
+	end  uint64 // iteration stops at end-1
+	done bool   // true when iteration is exhausted
+}
+
+func newSeqIter(last uint64) *seqIter {
+	return &seqIter{end: last + 1}
+}
+
+// SeekGT positions the iterator at the smallest element > id.
+// Returns false if no such element exists.
+func (it *seqIter) SeekGT(id uint64) bool {
+	if id+1 >= it.end {
+		it.done = true
+		return false
+	}
+	it.cur = id + 1
+	it.done = false
+	return true
+}
+
+// Next advances the iterator. Returns false if exhausted.
+func (it *seqIter) Next() bool {
+	if it.done {
+		return false
+	}
+	if it.cur+1 < it.end {
+		it.cur++
+		return true
+	}
+	// this was the last element
+	it.done = true
+	return false
+}
+
+// ID returns the id of the element where the iterator is positioned at.
+func (it *seqIter) ID() uint64 { return it.cur }
+
+// Error returns any accumulated error. Exhausting all the elements is not
+// considered to be an error.
+func (it *seqIter) Error() error { return nil }
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go
index 8b7591ce26..a11fd17666 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_index_iterator_test.go
@@ -313,3 +313,49 @@ func TestIndexIteratorTraversal(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestSeqIterBasicIteration(t *testing.T) {
+	it := newSeqIter(5) // iterates over [1..5]
+	it.SeekGT(0)
+
+	var (
+		got      []uint64
+		expected = []uint64{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
+	)
+	got = append(got, it.ID())
+	for it.Next() {
+		got = append(got, it.ID())
+	}
+	if len(got) != len(expected) {
+		t.Fatalf("iteration length mismatch: got %v, expected %v", got, expected)
+	}
+	for i := range expected {
+		if got[i] != expected[i] {
+			t.Fatalf("element mismatch at %d: got %d, expected %d", i, got[i], expected[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSeqIterSeekGT(t *testing.T) {
+	it := newSeqIter(5)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		input    uint64
+		ok       bool
+		expected uint64
+	}{
+		{0, true, 1},
+		{1, true, 2},
+		{4, true, 5},
+		{5, false, 0}, // 6 is out of range
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		ok := it.SeekGT(tt.input)
+		if ok != tt.ok {
+			t.Fatalf("SeekGT(%d) ok mismatch: got %v, expected %v", tt.input, ok, tt.ok)
+		}
+		if ok && it.ID() != tt.expected {
+			t.Fatalf("SeekGT(%d) positioned at %d, expected %d", tt.input, it.ID(), tt.expected)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
index 18d71f6dae..c987b380ed 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
-	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
@@ -247,8 +246,8 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 	log.Debug("Committed batch indexer", "type", b.typ, "entries", len(b.index), "records", b.pending, "size", common.StorageSize(batchSize), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 
 	b.pending = 0
-	maps.Clear(b.index)
-	maps.Clear(b.ext)
+	clear(b.index)
+	clear(b.ext)
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
index 04cd869d2b..a2644c8fd4 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_reader.go
@@ -22,11 +22,17 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
+	"slices"
 	"sort"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
 // indexReaderWithLimitTag is a wrapper around indexReader that includes an
@@ -260,9 +266,204 @@ func (r *stateHistoryReader) read(state stateIdentQuery, stateID uint64, lastID
 	return r.readStorage(state.address, state.storageKey, state.storageHash, historyID)
 }
 
+// trienodeReader is the structure to access historical trienode data.
+type trienodeReader struct {
+	disk            ethdb.KeyValueReader
+	freezer         ethdb.AncientReader
+	readConcurrency int // The concurrency used to load trie node data from history
+}
+
+// newTrienodeReader constructs the history reader with the supplied db
+// for accessing historical trie nodes.
+func newTrienodeReader(disk ethdb.KeyValueReader, freezer ethdb.AncientReader, readConcurrency int) *trienodeReader {
+	return &trienodeReader{
+		disk:            disk,
+		freezer:         freezer,
+		readConcurrency: readConcurrency,
+	}
+}
+
+// readTrienode retrieves the trienode data from the specified trienode history.
+func (r *trienodeReader) readTrienode(addrHash common.Hash, path string, historyID uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	tr, err := newTrienodeHistoryReader(historyID, r.freezer)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return tr.read(addrHash, path)
+}
+
+// assembleNode takes a complete node value as the base and applies a list of
+// mutation records to assemble the final node value accordingly.
+func assembleNode(blob []byte, elements [][][]byte, indices [][]int) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(elements) == 0 && len(indices) == 0 {
+		return blob, nil
+	}
+	children, err := rlp.SplitListValues(blob)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(elements); i++ {
+		for j, pos := range indices[i] {
+			children[pos] = elements[i][j]
+		}
+	}
+	return rlp.MergeListValues(children)
+}
+
+type resultQueue struct {
+	data [][]byte
+	lock sync.Mutex
+}
+
+func newResultQueue(size int) *resultQueue {
+	return &resultQueue{
+		data: make([][]byte, size, size*2),
+	}
+}
+
+func (q *resultQueue) set(data []byte, pos int) {
+	q.lock.Lock()
+	defer q.lock.Unlock()
+
+	if pos >= len(q.data) {
+		newSize := pos + 1
+		if cap(q.data) < newSize {
+			newData := make([][]byte, newSize, newSize*2)
+			copy(newData, q.data)
+			q.data = newData
+		}
+		q.data = q.data[:newSize]
+	}
+	q.data[pos] = data
+}
+
+func (r *trienodeReader) readOptimized(state stateIdent, it HistoryIndexIterator, latestValue []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	var (
+		elements [][][]byte
+		indices  [][]int
+		blob     = latestValue
+
+		eg    errgroup.Group
+		seq   int
+		term  atomic.Bool
+		queue = newResultQueue(r.readConcurrency * 2)
+	)
+	eg.SetLimit(r.readConcurrency)
+
+	for {
+		id, pos := it.ID(), seq
+		seq += 1
+
+		eg.Go(func() error {
+			// In optimistic readahead mode, it is theoretically possible to encounter a
+			// NotFound error, where the trie node does not actually exist and the iterator
+			// reports a false-positive mutation record. Terminate the iterator if so, as
+			// all the necessary data (checkpoints and all diffs) required has already been
+			// fetching.
+			data, err := r.readTrienode(state.addressHash, state.path, id)
+			if err != nil {
+				term.Store(true)
+				log.Debug("Failed to read the trienode", "err", err)
+				return nil
+			}
+			full, _, err := decodeNodeFull(data)
+			if err != nil {
+				term.Store(true)
+				return err
+			}
+			if full {
+				term.Store(true)
+			}
+			queue.set(data, pos)
+			return nil
+		})
+		if term.Load() || !it.Next() {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := it.Error(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < seq; i++ {
+		isComplete, fullBlob, err := decodeNodeFull(queue.data[i])
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		// Terminate the loop is the node with full value has been found
+		if isComplete {
+			blob = fullBlob
+			break
+		}
+		// Decode the partial encoded node and keep iterating the node history
+		// until the node with full value being reached.
+		element, index, err := decodeNodeCompressed(queue.data[i])
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		elements, indices = append(elements, element), append(indices, index)
+	}
+	slices.Reverse(elements)
+	slices.Reverse(indices)
+	return assembleNode(blob, elements, indices)
+}
+
+// read retrieves the trie node data associated with the stateID.
+// stateID: represents the ID of the state of the specified version;
+// lastID: represents the ID of the latest/newest trie node history;
+// latestValue: represents the trie node value at the current disk layer with ID == lastID;
+func (r *trienodeReader) read(state stateIdent, stateID uint64, lastID uint64, latestValue []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	_, err := checkStateAvail(state, typeTrienodeHistory, r.freezer, stateID, lastID, r.disk)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Construct the index iterator to traverse the trienode history
+	var (
+		scheme *indexScheme
+		it     HistoryIndexIterator
+	)
+	if state.addressHash == (common.Hash{}) {
+		scheme = accountIndexScheme
+	} else {
+		scheme = storageIndexScheme
+	}
+	if state.addressHash == (common.Hash{}) && state.path == "" {
+		it = newSeqIter(lastID)
+	} else {
+		chunkID, nodeID := scheme.splitPathLast(state.path)
+
+		queryIdent := state
+		queryIdent.path = chunkID
+		ir, err := newIndexReader(r.disk, queryIdent, scheme.getBitmapSize(len(chunkID)))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		filter := extFilter(nodeID)
+		it = ir.newIterator(&filter)
+	}
+	// Move the iterator to the first element whose id is greater than
+	// the given number.
+	found := it.SeekGT(stateID)
+	if err := it.Error(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// The state was not found in the trie node histories, as it has not been
+	// modified since stateID. Use the data from the associated disk layer
+	// instead (full value node as always)
+	if !found {
+		return latestValue, nil
+	}
+	return r.readOptimized(state, it, latestValue)
+}
+
 // checkStateAvail determines whether the requested historical state is available
 // for accessing. What's more, it also returns the ID of the latest indexed history
 // entry for subsequent usage.
+//
+// TODO(rjl493456442) it's really expensive to perform the check for every state
+// retrieval, please rework this later.
 func checkStateAvail(state stateIdent, exptyp historyType, freezer ethdb.AncientReader, stateID uint64, lastID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueReader) (uint64, error) {
 	if toHistoryType(state.typ) != exptyp {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unsupported history type: %d, want: %v", toHistoryType(state.typ), exptyp)
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
index c584ac696c..f8ddc0665c 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_trienode.go
@@ -436,6 +436,7 @@ func decodeSingle(keySection []byte, onValue func([]byte, int, int) error) ([]st
 			}
 			key = unsharedKey
 		} else {
+			// TODO(rjl493456442) mitigate the allocation pressure.
 			if int(nShared) > len(prevKey) {
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected shared key prefix: %d, prefix key length: %d", nShared, len(prevKey))
 			}
@@ -556,7 +557,11 @@ type singleTrienodeHistoryReader struct {
 	valueInternalOffsets map[string]iRange // value offset within the single trie data
 }
 
+// TODO(rjl493456442): This function performs a large number of allocations.
+// Given the large data size, a byte pool could be used to mitigate this.
 func newSingleTrienodeHistoryReader(id uint64, reader ethdb.AncientReader, keyRange iRange, valueRange iRange) (*singleTrienodeHistoryReader, error) {
+	// TODO(rjl493456442) the data size is known in advance, allocating the
+	// dedicated byte slices from the pool.
 	keyData, err := rawdb.ReadTrienodeHistoryKeySection(reader, id, uint64(keyRange.start), uint64(keyRange.len()))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -672,9 +677,13 @@ func (r *trienodeHistoryReader) read(owner common.Hash, path string) ([]byte, er
 }
 
 // writeTrienodeHistory persists the trienode history associated with the given diff layer.
-func writeTrienodeHistory(writer ethdb.AncientWriter, dl *diffLayer) error {
+func writeTrienodeHistory(writer ethdb.AncientWriter, dl *diffLayer, rate uint32) error {
 	start := time.Now()
-	h := newTrienodeHistory(dl.rootHash(), dl.parent.rootHash(), dl.block, dl.nodes.nodeOrigin)
+	nodes, err := dl.nodes.encodeNodeHistory(dl.root, rate)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	h := newTrienodeHistory(dl.rootHash(), dl.parent.rootHash(), dl.block, nodes)
 	header, keySection, valueSection, err := h.encode()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/metrics.go b/triedb/pathdb/metrics.go
index c4d6be28f7..a0a626f9b5 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/metrics.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/metrics.go
@@ -85,8 +85,9 @@ var (
 	lookupAddLayerTimer    = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/lookup/add/time", nil)
 	lookupRemoveLayerTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/lookup/remove/time", nil)
 
-	historicalAccountReadTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/history/account/reads", nil)
-	historicalStorageReadTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/history/storage/reads", nil)
+	historicalAccountReadTimer  = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/history/account/reads", nil)
+	historicalStorageReadTimer  = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/history/storage/reads", nil)
+	historicalTrienodeReadTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredResettingTimer("pathdb/history/trienode/reads", nil)
 )
 
 // Metrics in generation
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go b/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go
index b7290ed235..62c72c1953 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go
@@ -517,6 +517,8 @@ func encodeNodeCompressed(addExtension bool, elements [][]byte, indices []int) [
 //
 // - metadata byte layout (1 byte): 0b0
 // - node value
+//
+// TODO(rjl493456442) it's not allocation efficient, please improve it.
 func encodeNodeFull(value []byte) []byte {
 	enc := make([]byte, len(value)+1)
 	copy(enc[1:], value)
@@ -596,21 +598,17 @@ func decodeNodeCompressed(data []byte) ([][]byte, []int, error) {
 }
 
 // decodeNodeFull decodes the byte stream of full value trie node.
-func decodeNodeFull(data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+func decodeNodeFull(data []byte) (bool, []byte, error) {
 	if len(data) < 1 {
-		return nil, errors.New("invalid data: too short")
+		return false, nil, errors.New("invalid data: too short")
 	}
 	flag := data[0]
 	if flag != byte(0) {
-		return nil, errors.New("invalid data: compressed node value")
+		return false, nil, nil
 	}
-	return data[1:], nil
+	return true, data[1:], nil
 }
 
-// encodeFullFrequency specifies the frequency (1/16) for encoding node in
-// full format. TODO(rjl493456442) making it configurable.
-const encodeFullFrequency = 16
-
 // encodeNodeHistory encodes the history of a node. Typically, the original values
 // of dirty nodes serve as the history, but this can lead to significant storage
 // overhead.
@@ -626,7 +624,7 @@ const encodeFullFrequency = 16
 // history records, which is computationally and IO intensive. To mitigate this, we
 // periodically record the full value of a node as a checkpoint. The frequency of
 // these checkpoints is a tradeoff between the compression rate and read overhead.
-func (s *nodeSetWithOrigin) encodeNodeHistory(root common.Hash) (map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte, error) {
+func (s *nodeSetWithOrigin) encodeNodeHistory(root common.Hash, rate uint32) (map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte, error) {
 	var (
 		// the set of all encoded node history elements
 		nodes = make(map[common.Hash]map[string][]byte)
@@ -644,7 +642,7 @@ func (s *nodeSetWithOrigin) encodeNodeHistory(root common.Hash) (map[common.Hash
 			h.Write(root.Bytes())
 			h.Write(owner.Bytes())
 			h.Write([]byte(path))
-			return h.Sum32()%uint32(encodeFullFrequency) == 0
+			return h.Sum32()%rate == 0
 		}
 	)
 	for owner, origins := range s.nodeOrigin {
@@ -664,6 +662,9 @@ func (s *nodeSetWithOrigin) encodeNodeHistory(root common.Hash) (map[common.Hash
 			}
 			encodeFull := encodeFullValue(owner, path)
 			if !encodeFull {
+				// TODO(rjl493456442) the diff-mode reencoding can take non-trivial
+				// time, like 1-2ms per block, is there any way to mitigate the overhead?
+
 				// Partial encoding is required, try to find the node diffs and
 				// fallback to the full-value encoding if fails.
 				//
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/reader.go b/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
index c76d88b594..f55e015ee6 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/reader.go
@@ -318,3 +318,90 @@ func (r *HistoricalStateReader) Storage(address common.Address, key common.Hash)
 	}
 	return r.reader.read(newStorageIdentQuery(address, addrHash, key, keyHash), r.id, dl.stateID(), latest)
 }
+
+// HistoricalNodeReader is a wrapper over history reader, providing access to
+// historical trie node data.
+type HistoricalNodeReader struct {
+	db     *Database
+	reader *trienodeReader
+	id     uint64
+}
+
+// HistoricNodeReader constructs a reader for accessing the requested historic state.
+func (db *Database) HistoricNodeReader(root common.Hash) (*HistoricalNodeReader, error) {
+	// Bail out if the state history hasn't been fully indexed
+	if db.trienodeIndexer == nil || db.trienodeFreezer == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("historical state %x is not available", root)
+	}
+	if !db.trienodeIndexer.inited() {
+		return nil, errors.New("trienode histories haven't been fully indexed yet")
+	}
+	// - States at the current disk layer or above are directly accessible
+	//   via `db.NodeReader`.
+	//
+	// - States older than the current disk layer (including the disk layer
+	//   itself) are available via `db.HistoricalNodeReader`.
+	id := rawdb.ReadStateID(db.diskdb, root)
+	if id == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("state %#x is not available", root)
+	}
+	// Ensure the requested trienode history is canonical, states on side chain
+	// are not accessible.
+	meta, err := readTrienodeMetadata(db.trienodeFreezer, *id+1)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err // e.g., the referred trienode history has been pruned
+	}
+	if meta.parent != root {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("state %#x is not canonincal", root)
+	}
+	return &HistoricalNodeReader{
+		id:     *id,
+		db:     db,
+		reader: newTrienodeReader(db.diskdb, db.trienodeFreezer, int(db.config.FullValueCheckpoint)),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Node directly retrieves the trie node data associated with a particular path,
+// within a particular account. An error will be returned if the read operation
+// exits abnormally. Specifically, if the layer is already stale.
+//
+// Note:
+// - the returned trie node data is not a copy, please don't modify it.
+// - an error will be returned if the requested trie node is not found in database.
+func (r *HistoricalNodeReader) Node(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+	defer func(start time.Time) {
+		historicalTrienodeReadTimer.UpdateSince(start)
+	}(time.Now())
+
+	// TODO(rjl493456442): Theoretically, the obtained disk layer could become stale
+	// within a very short time window.
+	//
+	// While reading the account data while holding `db.tree.lock` can resolve
+	// this issue, but it will introduce a heavy contention over the lock.
+	//
+	// Let's optimistically assume the situation is very unlikely to happen,
+	// and try to define a low granularity lock if the current approach doesn't
+	// work later.
+	dl := r.db.tree.bottom()
+	latest, h, _, err := dl.node(owner, path, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if h == hash {
+		return latest, nil
+	}
+	blob, err := r.reader.read(newTrienodeIdent(owner, string(path)), r.id, dl.stateID(), latest)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Error out if the local one is inconsistent with the target.
+	if crypto.Keccak256Hash(blob) != hash {
+		blobHex := "nil"
+		if len(blob) > 0 {
+			blobHex = hexutil.Encode(blob)
+		}
+		log.Error("Unexpected historical trie node", "owner", owner.Hex(), "path", path, "blob", blobHex)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected historical trie node: (%x %v), blob: %s", owner, path, blobHex)
+	}
+	return blob, nil
+}