diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index ffde28f005..2da5b57209 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ require (
 	github.com/supranational/blst v0.3.14
 	github.com/syndtr/goleveldb v1.0.1-0.20210819022825-2ae1ddf74ef7
 	github.com/urfave/cli/v2 v2.27.5
-	github.com/zeebo/blake3 v0.2.4
 	go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.5.2
 	go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 4a3aac1c12..7cb6fb677a 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -365,12 +365,6 @@ github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20240521201337-686a1a2994c1/go.mod h1:Ohn+xnUBi
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.1.27/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.2.1/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.4.13/go.mod h1:6yULJ656Px+3vBD8DxQVa3kxgyrAnzto9xy5taEt/CY=
-github.com/zeebo/assert v1.1.0 h1:hU1L1vLTHsnO8x8c9KAR5GmM5QscxHg5RNU5z5qbUWY=
-github.com/zeebo/assert v1.1.0/go.mod h1:Pq9JiuJQpG8JLJdtkwrJESF0Foym2/D9XMU5ciN/wJ0=
-github.com/zeebo/blake3 v0.2.4 h1:KYQPkhpRtcqh0ssGYcKLG1JYvddkEA8QwCM/yBqhaZI=
-github.com/zeebo/blake3 v0.2.4/go.mod h1:7eeQ6d2iXWRGF6npfaxl2CU+xy2Fjo2gxeyZGCRUjcE=
-github.com/zeebo/pcg v1.0.1 h1:lyqfGeWiv4ahac6ttHs+I5hwtH/+1mrhlCtVNQM2kHo=
-github.com/zeebo/pcg v1.0.1/go.mod h1:09F0S9iiKrwn9rlI5yjLkmrug154/YRW6KnnXVDM/l4=
 go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.5.2 h1:2LxUOGiR3O6tw8ui5sZa2LAaHnsviZdVOUZw4fvbnME=
 go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.5.2/go.mod h1:eRbA25aqJrxAbsLO0xy5jVwPt7FQnRgjW+efnwa1WM0=
 go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0 h1:2K3zAYmnTNqV73imy9J1T3WC+gmCePx2hEGkimedGto=
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/binary_node.go b/trie/bintrie/binary_node.go
index b97adeb21e..50d8c0b3ca 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/binary_node.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/binary_node.go
@@ -35,6 +35,11 @@ const (
 	StemSize  = 31  // Number of bytes to travel before reaching a group of leaves
 )
 
+const (
+	nodeTypeStem = iota + 1 // Stem node, contains a stem and a bitmap of values
+	nodeTypeInternal
+)
+
 // BinaryNode is an interface for a binary trie node.
 type BinaryNode interface {
 	Get([]byte, NodeResolverFn) ([]byte, error)
@@ -55,13 +60,13 @@ func SerializeNode(node BinaryNode) []byte {
 	switch n := (node).(type) {
 	case *InternalNode:
 		var serialized [65]byte
-		serialized[0] = 1
-		copy(serialized[1:33], n.Left.Hash().Bytes())
-		copy(serialized[33:65], n.Right.Hash().Bytes())
+		serialized[0] = nodeTypeInternal
+		copy(serialized[1:33], n.left.Hash().Bytes())
+		copy(serialized[33:65], n.right.Hash().Bytes())
 		return serialized[:]
 	case *StemNode:
 		var serialized [32 + 256*32]byte
-		serialized[0] = 2
+		serialized[0] = nodeTypeStem
 		copy(serialized[1:32], node.(*StemNode).Stem)
 		bitmap := serialized[32:64]
 		offset := 64
@@ -78,6 +83,8 @@ func SerializeNode(node BinaryNode) []byte {
 	}
 }
 
+var invalidSerializedLength = errors.New("invalid serialized node length")
+
 // DeserializeNode deserializes a binary trie node from a byte slice.
 func DeserializeNode(serialized []byte, depth int) (BinaryNode, error) {
 	if len(serialized) == 0 {
@@ -85,22 +92,28 @@ func DeserializeNode(serialized []byte, depth int) (BinaryNode, error) {
 	}
 
 	switch serialized[0] {
-	case 1:
+	case nodeTypeInternal:
 		if len(serialized) != 65 {
-			return nil, errors.New("invalid serialized node length")
+			return nil, invalidSerializedLength
 		}
 		return &InternalNode{
 			depth: depth,
-			Left:  HashedNode(common.BytesToHash(serialized[1:33])),
-			Right: HashedNode(common.BytesToHash(serialized[33:65])),
+			left:  HashedNode(common.BytesToHash(serialized[1:33])),
+			right: HashedNode(common.BytesToHash(serialized[33:65])),
 		}, nil
-	case 2:
+	case nodeTypeStem:
+		if len(serialized) < 64 {
+			return nil, invalidSerializedLength
+		}
 		var values [256][]byte
 		bitmap := serialized[32:64]
 		offset := 64
 
 		for i := range 256 {
 			if bitmap[i/8]>>(7-(i%8))&1 == 1 {
+				if len(serialized) < offset+32 {
+					return nil, invalidSerializedLength
+				}
 				values[i] = serialized[offset : offset+32]
 				offset += 32
 			}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/binary_node_test.go b/trie/bintrie/binary_node_test.go
index 5db6e111f0..b21daaab69 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/binary_node_test.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/binary_node_test.go
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ package bintrie
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"errors"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -32,16 +31,16 @@ func TestSerializeDeserializeInternalNode(t *testing.T) {
 
 	node := &InternalNode{
 		depth: 5,
-		Left:  HashedNode(leftHash),
-		Right: HashedNode(rightHash),
+		left:  HashedNode(leftHash),
+		right: HashedNode(rightHash),
 	}
 
 	// Serialize the node
 	serialized := SerializeNode(node)
 
 	// Check the serialized format
-	if serialized[0] != 1 {
-		t.Errorf("Expected type byte to be 1, got %d", serialized[0])
+	if serialized[0] != nodeTypeInternal {
+		t.Errorf("Expected type byte to be %d, got %d", nodeTypeInternal, serialized[0])
 	}
 
 	if len(serialized) != 65 {
@@ -66,12 +65,12 @@ func TestSerializeDeserializeInternalNode(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Check the left and right hashes
-	if internalNode.Left.Hash() != leftHash {
-		t.Errorf("Left hash mismatch: expected %x, got %x", leftHash, internalNode.Left.Hash())
+	if internalNode.left.Hash() != leftHash {
+		t.Errorf("Left hash mismatch: expected %x, got %x", leftHash, internalNode.left.Hash())
 	}
 
-	if internalNode.Right.Hash() != rightHash {
-		t.Errorf("Right hash mismatch: expected %x, got %x", rightHash, internalNode.Right.Hash())
+	if internalNode.right.Hash() != rightHash {
+		t.Errorf("Right hash mismatch: expected %x, got %x", rightHash, internalNode.right.Hash())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -99,8 +98,8 @@ func TestSerializeDeserializeStemNode(t *testing.T) {
 	serialized := SerializeNode(node)
 
 	// Check the serialized format
-	if serialized[0] != 2 {
-		t.Errorf("Expected type byte to be 2, got %d", serialized[0])
+	if serialized[0] != nodeTypeStem {
+		t.Errorf("Expected type byte to be %d, got %d", nodeTypeStem, serialized[0])
 	}
 
 	// Check the stem is correctly serialized
@@ -137,8 +136,13 @@ func TestSerializeDeserializeStemNode(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Check that other values are nil
-	if stemNode.Values[1] != nil {
-		t.Errorf("Expected nil value at index 1, got %x", stemNode.Values[1])
+	for i := range NodeWidth {
+		if i == 0 || i == 10 || i == 255 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if stemNode.Values[i] != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Expected nil value at index %d, got %x", i, stemNode.Values[i])
+		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -170,7 +174,7 @@ func TestDeserializeInvalidType(t *testing.T) {
 // TestDeserializeInvalidLength tests deserialization with invalid data length
 func TestDeserializeInvalidLength(t *testing.T) {
 	// InternalNode with type byte 1 but wrong length
-	invalidData := []byte{1, 0, 0} // Too short for internal node
+	invalidData := []byte{nodeTypeInternal, 0, 0} // Too short for internal node
 
 	_, err := DeserializeNode(invalidData, 0)
 	if err == nil {
@@ -246,24 +250,3 @@ func TestKeyToPath(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
-
-// Mock resolver function for testing
-func mockResolver(path []byte, hash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
-	// Return a simple stem node for testing
-	if hash == common.HexToHash("0x1234") {
-		stem := make([]byte, 31)
-		var values [256][]byte
-		values[0] = common.HexToHash("0xabcd").Bytes()
-		node := &StemNode{
-			Stem:   stem,
-			Values: values[:],
-		}
-		return SerializeNode(node), nil
-	}
-	return nil, errors.New("node not found")
-}
-
-// Mock flush function for testing
-func mockFlushFn(path []byte, node BinaryNode) {
-	// Just a stub for testing
-}
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/hashed_node.go b/trie/bintrie/hashed_node.go
index e5ee79a460..05e50db9fb 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/hashed_node.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/hashed_node.go
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func (h HashedNode) toDot(parent string, path string) string {
 }
 
 func (h HashedNode) CollectNodes([]byte, NodeFlushFn) error {
-	panic("not implemented") // TODO: Implement
+	return errors.New("collectNodes not implemented for hashed node")
 }
 
 func (h HashedNode) GetHeight() int {
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/hashed_node_test.go b/trie/bintrie/hashed_node_test.go
index dbc6a7a244..78f8ad72af 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/hashed_node_test.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/hashed_node_test.go
@@ -104,52 +104,6 @@ func TestHashedNodeInsertValuesAtStem(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestHashedNodeGet tests that Get panics (as per implementation)
-func TestHashedNodeGet(t *testing.T) {
-	node := HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x1234"))
-
-	defer func() {
-		if r := recover(); r == nil {
-			t.Error("Expected panic for Get on HashedNode")
-		}
-	}()
-
-	key := make([]byte, 32)
-	_, _ = node.Get(key, nil)
-}
-
-// TestHashedNodeCollectNodes tests that CollectNodes panics (as per implementation)
-func TestHashedNodeCollectNodes(t *testing.T) {
-	node := HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x1234"))
-
-	defer func() {
-		if r := recover(); r == nil {
-			t.Error("Expected panic for CollectNodes on HashedNode")
-		}
-	}()
-
-	path := []byte{0, 1, 0}
-	node.CollectNodes(path, func([]byte, BinaryNode) {})
-}
-
-// TestHashedNodeGetHeight tests that GetHeight panics (as per implementation)
-func TestHashedNodeGetHeight(t *testing.T) {
-	node := HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x1234"))
-
-	defer func() {
-		r := recover()
-		if r == nil {
-			t.Error("Expected panic for GetHeight on HashedNode")
-		}
-		// Check the panic message
-		if r != "tried to get the height of a hashed node, this is a bug" {
-			t.Errorf("Unexpected panic message: %v", r)
-		}
-	}()
-
-	_ = node.GetHeight()
-}
-
 // TestHashedNodeToDot tests the toDot method for visualization
 func TestHashedNodeToDot(t *testing.T) {
 	hash := common.HexToHash("0x1234")
@@ -170,5 +124,5 @@ func TestHashedNodeToDot(t *testing.T) {
 
 // Helper function
 func contains(s, substr string) bool {
-	return len(s) >= len(substr) && s[:len(s)] != "" && len(substr) > 0
+	return len(s) >= len(substr) && s != "" && len(substr) > 0
 }
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/internal_node.go b/trie/bintrie/internal_node.go
index 6287606c50..af9fce5ef9 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/internal_node.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/internal_node.go
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/zeebo/blake3"
+	"crypto/sha256"
 )
 
 func keyToPath(depth int, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ func keyToPath(depth int, key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 
 // InternalNode is a binary trie internal node.
 type InternalNode struct {
-	Left, Right BinaryNode
+	left, right BinaryNode
 	depth       int
 }
 
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ func (bt *InternalNode) GetValuesAtStem(stem []byte, resolver NodeResolverFn) ([
 	bit := stem[bt.depth/8] >> (7 - (bt.depth % 8)) & 1
 	var child *BinaryNode
 	if bit == 0 {
-		child = &bt.Left
+		child = &bt.left
 	} else {
-		child = &bt.Right
+		child = &bt.right
 	}
 
 	if hn, ok := (*child).(HashedNode); ok {
@@ -96,22 +96,22 @@ func (bt *InternalNode) Insert(key []byte, value []byte, resolver NodeResolverFn
 // Copy creates a deep copy of the node.
 func (bt *InternalNode) Copy() BinaryNode {
 	return &InternalNode{
-		Left:  bt.Left.Copy(),
-		Right: bt.Right.Copy(),
+		left:  bt.left.Copy(),
+		right: bt.right.Copy(),
 		depth: bt.depth,
 	}
 }
 
 // Hash returns the hash of the node.
 func (bt *InternalNode) Hash() common.Hash {
-	h := blake3.New()
-	if bt.Left != nil {
-		h.Write(bt.Left.Hash().Bytes())
+	h := sha256.New()
+	if bt.left != nil {
+		h.Write(bt.left.Hash().Bytes())
 	} else {
 		h.Write(zero[:])
 	}
-	if bt.Right != nil {
-		h.Write(bt.Right.Hash().Bytes())
+	if bt.right != nil {
+		h.Write(bt.right.Hash().Bytes())
 	} else {
 		h.Write(zero[:])
 	}
@@ -127,9 +127,9 @@ func (bt *InternalNode) InsertValuesAtStem(stem []byte, values [][]byte, resolve
 		err   error
 	)
 	if bit == 0 {
-		child = &bt.Left
+		child = &bt.left
 	} else {
-		child = &bt.Right
+		child = &bt.right
 	}
 
 	*child, err = (*child).InsertValuesAtStem(stem, values, resolver, depth+1)
@@ -139,21 +139,21 @@ func (bt *InternalNode) InsertValuesAtStem(stem []byte, values [][]byte, resolve
 // CollectNodes collects all child nodes at a given path, and flushes it
 // into the provided node collector.
 func (bt *InternalNode) CollectNodes(path []byte, flushfn NodeFlushFn) error {
-	if bt.Left != nil {
+	if bt.left != nil {
 		var p [256]byte
 		copy(p[:], path)
 		childpath := p[:len(path)]
 		childpath = append(childpath, 0)
-		if err := bt.Left.CollectNodes(childpath, flushfn); err != nil {
+		if err := bt.left.CollectNodes(childpath, flushfn); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	if bt.Right != nil {
+	if bt.right != nil {
 		var p [256]byte
 		copy(p[:], path)
 		childpath := p[:len(path)]
 		childpath = append(childpath, 1)
-		if err := bt.Right.CollectNodes(childpath, flushfn); err != nil {
+		if err := bt.right.CollectNodes(childpath, flushfn); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -167,11 +167,11 @@ func (bt *InternalNode) GetHeight() int {
 		leftHeight  int
 		rightHeight int
 	)
-	if bt.Left != nil {
-		leftHeight = bt.Left.GetHeight()
+	if bt.left != nil {
+		leftHeight = bt.left.GetHeight()
 	}
-	if bt.Right != nil {
-		rightHeight = bt.Right.GetHeight()
+	if bt.right != nil {
+		rightHeight = bt.right.GetHeight()
 	}
 	return 1 + max(leftHeight, rightHeight)
 }
@@ -183,11 +183,11 @@ func (bt *InternalNode) toDot(parent, path string) string {
 		ret = fmt.Sprintf("%s %s -> %s\n", ret, parent, me)
 	}
 
-	if bt.Left != nil {
-		ret = fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", ret, bt.Left.toDot(me, fmt.Sprintf("%s%02x", path, 0)))
+	if bt.left != nil {
+		ret = fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", ret, bt.left.toDot(me, fmt.Sprintf("%s%02x", path, 0)))
 	}
-	if bt.Right != nil {
-		ret = fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", ret, bt.Right.toDot(me, fmt.Sprintf("%s%02x", path, 1)))
+	if bt.right != nil {
+		ret = fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", ret, bt.right.toDot(me, fmt.Sprintf("%s%02x", path, 1)))
 	}
 
 	return ret
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/internal_node_test.go b/trie/bintrie/internal_node_test.go
index 142f1e95c1..976e677177 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/internal_node_test.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/internal_node_test.go
@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ func TestInternalNodeGet(t *testing.T) {
 
 	node := &InternalNode{
 		depth: 0,
-		Left: &StemNode{
+		left: &StemNode{
 			Stem:   leftStem,
 			Values: leftValues[:],
 			depth:  1,
 		},
-		Right: &StemNode{
+		right: &StemNode{
 			Stem:   rightStem,
 			Values: rightValues[:],
 			depth:  1,
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ func TestInternalNodeGetWithResolver(t *testing.T) {
 
 	node := &InternalNode{
 		depth: 0,
-		Left:  hashedChild,
-		Right: Empty{},
+		left:  hashedChild,
+		right: Empty{},
 	}
 
 	// Mock resolver that returns a stem node
@@ -119,8 +119,8 @@ func TestInternalNodeInsert(t *testing.T) {
 	// Start with an internal node with empty children
 	node := &InternalNode{
 		depth: 0,
-		Left:  Empty{},
-		Right: Empty{},
+		left:  Empty{},
+		right: Empty{},
 	}
 
 	// Insert a value into the left subtree
@@ -139,9 +139,9 @@ func TestInternalNodeInsert(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Check that left child is now a StemNode
-	leftStem, ok := internalNode.Left.(*StemNode)
+	leftStem, ok := internalNode.left.(*StemNode)
 	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("Expected left child to be StemNode, got %T", internalNode.Left)
+		t.Fatalf("Expected left child to be StemNode, got %T", internalNode.left)
 	}
 
 	// Check the inserted value
@@ -150,9 +150,9 @@ func TestInternalNodeInsert(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Right child should still be Empty
-	_, ok = internalNode.Right.(Empty)
+	_, ok = internalNode.right.(Empty)
 	if !ok {
-		t.Errorf("Expected right child to remain Empty, got %T", internalNode.Right)
+		t.Errorf("Expected right child to remain Empty, got %T", internalNode.right)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -176,8 +176,8 @@ func TestInternalNodeCopy(t *testing.T) {
 
 	node := &InternalNode{
 		depth: 0,
-		Left:  leftStem,
-		Right: rightStem,
+		left:  leftStem,
+		right: rightStem,
 	}
 
 	// Create a copy
@@ -193,14 +193,14 @@ func TestInternalNodeCopy(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Check that children are copied
-	copiedLeft, ok := copiedInternal.Left.(*StemNode)
+	copiedLeft, ok := copiedInternal.left.(*StemNode)
 	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("Expected left child to be StemNode, got %T", copiedInternal.Left)
+		t.Fatalf("Expected left child to be StemNode, got %T", copiedInternal.left)
 	}
 
-	copiedRight, ok := copiedInternal.Right.(*StemNode)
+	copiedRight, ok := copiedInternal.right.(*StemNode)
 	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("Expected right child to be StemNode, got %T", copiedInternal.Right)
+		t.Fatalf("Expected right child to be StemNode, got %T", copiedInternal.right)
 	}
 
 	// Verify deep copy (children should be different objects)
@@ -225,8 +225,8 @@ func TestInternalNodeHash(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create an internal node
 	node := &InternalNode{
 		depth: 0,
-		Left:  HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x1111")),
-		Right: HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x2222")),
+		left:  HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x1111")),
+		right: HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x2222")),
 	}
 
 	hash1 := node.Hash()
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ func TestInternalNodeHash(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Changing a child should change the hash
-	node.Left = HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x3333"))
+	node.left = HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x3333"))
 	hash3 := node.Hash()
 	if hash1 == hash3 {
 		t.Error("Hash didn't change after modifying left child")
@@ -247,8 +247,8 @@ func TestInternalNodeHash(t *testing.T) {
 	// Test with nil children (should use zero hash)
 	nodeWithNil := &InternalNode{
 		depth: 0,
-		Left:  nil,
-		Right: HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x4444")),
+		left:  nil,
+		right: HashedNode(common.HexToHash("0x4444")),
 	}
 	hashWithNil := nodeWithNil.Hash()
 	if hashWithNil == (common.Hash{}) {
@@ -271,12 +271,12 @@ func TestInternalNodeGetValuesAtStem(t *testing.T) {
 
 	node := &InternalNode{
 		depth: 0,
-		Left: &StemNode{
+		left: &StemNode{
 			Stem:   leftStem,
 			Values: leftValues[:],
 			depth:  1,
 		},
-		Right: &StemNode{
+		right: &StemNode{
 			Stem:   rightStem,
 			Values: rightValues[:],
 			depth:  1,
@@ -313,8 +313,8 @@ func TestInternalNodeInsertValuesAtStem(t *testing.T) {
 	// Start with an internal node with empty children
 	node := &InternalNode{
 		depth: 0,
-		Left:  Empty{},
-		Right: Empty{},
+		left:  Empty{},
+		right: Empty{},
 	}
 
 	// Insert values at a stem in the left subtree
@@ -334,9 +334,9 @@ func TestInternalNodeInsertValuesAtStem(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Check that left child is now a StemNode with the values
-	leftStem, ok := internalNode.Left.(*StemNode)
+	leftStem, ok := internalNode.left.(*StemNode)
 	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("Expected left child to be StemNode, got %T", internalNode.Left)
+		t.Fatalf("Expected left child to be StemNode, got %T", internalNode.left)
 	}
 
 	if !bytes.Equal(leftStem.Values[5], values[5]) {
@@ -365,8 +365,8 @@ func TestInternalNodeCollectNodes(t *testing.T) {
 
 	node := &InternalNode{
 		depth: 0,
-		Left:  leftStem,
-		Right: rightStem,
+		left:  leftStem,
+		right: rightStem,
 	}
 
 	var collectedPaths [][]byte
@@ -410,12 +410,12 @@ func TestInternalNodeGetHeight(t *testing.T) {
 	// Right subtree: depth 1 (stem)
 	leftInternal := &InternalNode{
 		depth: 1,
-		Left: &StemNode{
+		left: &StemNode{
 			Stem:   make([]byte, 31),
 			Values: make([][]byte, 256),
 			depth:  2,
 		},
-		Right: Empty{},
+		right: Empty{},
 	}
 
 	rightStem := &StemNode{
@@ -426,8 +426,8 @@ func TestInternalNodeGetHeight(t *testing.T) {
 
 	node := &InternalNode{
 		depth: 0,
-		Left:  leftInternal,
-		Right: rightStem,
+		left:  leftInternal,
+		right: rightStem,
 	}
 
 	height := node.GetHeight()
@@ -443,8 +443,8 @@ func TestInternalNodeDepthTooLarge(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create an internal node at max depth
 	node := &InternalNode{
 		depth: 31*8 + 1,
-		Left:  Empty{},
-		Right: Empty{},
+		left:  Empty{},
+		right: Empty{},
 	}
 
 	stem := make([]byte, 31)
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/iterator.go b/trie/bintrie/iterator.go
index 94ce3895df..ebe0162177 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/iterator.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/iterator.go
@@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ func (it *binaryNodeIterator) Next(descend bool) bool {
 
 		// recurse into both children
 		if context.Index == 0 {
-			if _, isempty := node.Left.(Empty); node.Left != nil && !isempty {
-				it.stack = append(it.stack, binaryNodeIteratorState{Node: node.Left})
-				it.current = node.Left
+			if _, isempty := node.left.(Empty); node.left != nil && !isempty {
+				it.stack = append(it.stack, binaryNodeIteratorState{Node: node.left})
+				it.current = node.left
 				return it.Next(descend)
 			}
 
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ func (it *binaryNodeIterator) Next(descend bool) bool {
 		}
 
 		if context.Index == 1 {
-			if _, isempty := node.Right.(Empty); node.Right != nil && !isempty {
-				it.stack = append(it.stack, binaryNodeIteratorState{Node: node.Right})
-				it.current = node.Right
+			if _, isempty := node.right.(Empty); node.right != nil && !isempty {
+				it.stack = append(it.stack, binaryNodeIteratorState{Node: node.right})
+				it.current = node.right
 				return it.Next(descend)
 			}
 
@@ -127,9 +127,9 @@ func (it *binaryNodeIterator) Next(descend bool) bool {
 		it.stack[len(it.stack)-1].Node = it.current
 		parent := &it.stack[len(it.stack)-2]
 		if parent.Index == 0 {
-			parent.Node.(*InternalNode).Left = it.current
+			parent.Node.(*InternalNode).left = it.current
 		} else {
-			parent.Node.(*InternalNode).Right = it.current
+			parent.Node.(*InternalNode).right = it.current
 		}
 		return it.Next(descend)
 	case Empty:
@@ -177,8 +177,9 @@ func (it *binaryNodeIterator) Path() []byte {
 	return path
 }
 
+// NodeBlob returns the serialized bytes of the current node.
 func (it *binaryNodeIterator) NodeBlob() []byte {
-	panic("not completely implemented")
+	return SerializeNode(it.current)
 }
 
 // Leaf returns true iff the current node is a leaf node.
@@ -215,13 +216,35 @@ func (it *binaryNodeIterator) LeafBlob() []byte {
 // iterator is not positioned at a leaf. Callers must not retain references
 // to the value after calling Next.
 func (it *binaryNodeIterator) LeafProof() [][]byte {
-	_, ok := it.current.(*StemNode)
+	sn, ok := it.current.(*StemNode)
 	if !ok {
 		panic("LeafProof() called on an binary node iterator not at a leaf location")
 	}
 
-	// return it.trie.Prove(leaf.Key())
-	panic("not completely implemented")
+	proof := make([][]byte, 0, len(it.stack)+NodeWidth)
+
+	// Build proof by walking up the stack and collecting sibling hashes
+	for i := range it.stack[:len(it.stack)-2] {
+		state := it.stack[i]
+		internalNode := state.Node.(*InternalNode) // should panic if the node isn't an InternalNode
+
+		// Add the sibling hash to the proof
+		if state.Index == 0 {
+			// We came from left, so include right sibling
+			proof = append(proof, internalNode.right.Hash().Bytes())
+		} else {
+			// We came from right, so include left sibling
+			proof = append(proof, internalNode.left.Hash().Bytes())
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Add the stem and siblings
+	proof = append(proof, sn.Stem)
+	for _, v := range sn.Values {
+		proof = append(proof, v)
+	}
+
+	return proof
 }
 
 // AddResolver sets an intermediate database to use for looking up trie nodes
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/stem_node.go b/trie/bintrie/stem_node.go
index 568d3ff4f2..91f2482fdf 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/stem_node.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/stem_node.go
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"slices"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/zeebo/blake3"
+	"crypto/sha256"
 )
 
 // StemNode represents a group of `NodeWith` values sharing the same stem.
@@ -47,13 +47,13 @@ func (bt *StemNode) Insert(key []byte, value []byte, _ NodeResolverFn) (BinaryNo
 		bt.depth++
 		var child, other *BinaryNode
 		if bitStem == 0 {
-			new.Left = bt
-			child = &new.Left
-			other = &new.Right
+			new.left = bt
+			child = &new.left
+			other = &new.right
 		} else {
-			new.Right = bt
-			child = &new.Right
-			other = &new.Left
+			new.right = bt
+			child = &new.right
+			other = &new.left
 		}
 
 		bitKey := key[new.depth/8] >> (7 - (new.depth % 8)) & 1
@@ -107,12 +107,12 @@ func (bt *StemNode) Hash() common.Hash {
 	var data [NodeWidth]common.Hash
 	for i, v := range bt.Values {
 		if v != nil {
-			h := blake3.Sum256(v)
+			h := sha256.Sum256(v)
 			data[i] = common.BytesToHash(h[:])
 		}
 	}
 
-	h := blake3.New()
+	h := sha256.New()
 	for level := 1; level <= 8; level++ {
 		for i := range NodeWidth / (1 << level) {
 			h.Reset()
@@ -157,13 +157,13 @@ func (bt *StemNode) InsertValuesAtStem(key []byte, values [][]byte, _ NodeResolv
 		bt.depth++
 		var child, other *BinaryNode
 		if bitStem == 0 {
-			new.Left = bt
-			child = &new.Left
-			other = &new.Right
+			new.left = bt
+			child = &new.left
+			other = &new.right
 		} else {
-			new.Right = bt
-			child = &new.Right
-			other = &new.Left
+			new.right = bt
+			child = &new.right
+			other = &new.left
 		}
 
 		bitKey := key[new.depth/8] >> (7 - (new.depth % 8)) & 1
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/stem_node_test.go b/trie/bintrie/stem_node_test.go
index 47dda38f59..4eedb43492 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/stem_node_test.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/stem_node_test.go
@@ -103,18 +103,18 @@ func TestStemNodeInsertDifferentStem(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Original stem should be on the left (bit 0)
-	leftStem, ok := internalNode.Left.(*StemNode)
+	leftStem, ok := internalNode.left.(*StemNode)
 	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("Expected left child to be StemNode, got %T", internalNode.Left)
+		t.Fatalf("Expected left child to be StemNode, got %T", internalNode.left)
 	}
 	if !bytes.Equal(leftStem.Stem, stem1) {
 		t.Errorf("Left stem mismatch")
 	}
 
 	// New stem should be on the right (bit 1)
-	rightStem, ok := internalNode.Right.(*StemNode)
+	rightStem, ok := internalNode.right.(*StemNode)
 	if !ok {
-		t.Fatalf("Expected right child to be StemNode, got %T", internalNode.Right)
+		t.Fatalf("Expected right child to be StemNode, got %T", internalNode.right)
 	}
 	if !bytes.Equal(rightStem.Stem, key[:31]) {
 		t.Errorf("Right stem mismatch")
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/trie.go b/trie/bintrie/trie.go
index 19543bf45c..ca4ac511f8 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/trie.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/trie.go
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ func NewBinaryNode() BinaryNode {
 type BinaryTrie struct {
 	root   BinaryNode
 	reader *trie.TrieReader
+	tracer *trie.PrevalueTracer
 }
 
 // ToDot converts the binary trie to a DOT language representation. Useful for debugging.
@@ -246,7 +247,7 @@ func (t *BinaryTrie) Commit(_ bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet, error) {
 
 	err := root.CollectNodes(nil, func(path []byte, node BinaryNode) {
 		serialized := SerializeNode(node)
-		nodeset.AddNode(path, trienode.New(common.Hash{}, serialized))
+		nodeset.AddNode(path, trienode.NewNodeWithPrev(common.Hash{}, serialized, t.tracer.Get(path)))
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("CollectNodes failed: %v", err))
diff --git a/trie/bintrie/trie_test.go b/trie/bintrie/trie_test.go
index e6cf795ee5..f0a9c8b8b0 100644
--- a/trie/bintrie/trie_test.go
+++ b/trie/bintrie/trie_test.go
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func TestSingleEntry(t *testing.T) {
 	if tree.GetHeight() != 1 {
 		t.Fatal("invalid depth")
 	}
-	expected := common.HexToHash("694545468677064fd833cddc8455762fe6b21c6cabe2fc172529e0f573181cd5")
+	expected := common.HexToHash("aab1060e04cb4f5dc6f697ae93156a95714debbf77d54238766adc5709282b6f")
 	got := tree.Hash()
 	if got != expected {
 		t.Fatalf("invalid tree root, got %x, want %x", got, expected)
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func TestTwoEntriesDiffFirstBit(t *testing.T) {
 	if tree.GetHeight() != 2 {
 		t.Fatal("invalid height")
 	}
-	if tree.Hash() != common.HexToHash("85fc622076752a6fcda2c886c18058d639066a83473d9684704b5a29455ed2ed") {
+	if tree.Hash() != common.HexToHash("dfc69c94013a8b3c65395625a719a87534a7cfd38719251ad8c8ea7fe79f065e") {
 		t.Fatal("invalid tree root")
 	}
 }
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ func TestMerkleizeMultipleEntries(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 	got := tree.Hash()
-	expected := common.HexToHash("8c74de28e6bb6b2296cae37cff16266e2dbf533bc204fa4cb0c237761ae8a2c8")
+	expected := common.HexToHash("9317155862f7a3867660ddd0966ff799a3d16aa4df1e70a7516eaa4a675191b5")
 	if got != expected {
 		t.Fatalf("invalid root, expected=%x, got = %x", expected, got)
 	}
diff --git a/trie/committer.go b/trie/committer.go
index a040868c6c..2a2142e0ff 100644
--- a/trie/committer.go
+++ b/trie/committer.go
@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ import (
 // insertion order.
 type committer struct {
 	nodes       *trienode.NodeSet
-	tracer      *prevalueTracer
+	tracer      *PrevalueTracer
 	collectLeaf bool
 }
 
 // newCommitter creates a new committer or picks one from the pool.
-func newCommitter(nodeset *trienode.NodeSet, tracer *prevalueTracer, collectLeaf bool) *committer {
+func newCommitter(nodeset *trienode.NodeSet, tracer *PrevalueTracer, collectLeaf bool) *committer {
 	return &committer{
 		nodes:       nodeset,
 		tracer:      tracer,
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ func (c *committer) store(path []byte, n node) node {
 		// The node is embedded in its parent, in other words, this node
 		// will not be stored in the database independently, mark it as
 		// deleted only if the node was existent in database before.
-		origin := c.tracer.get(path)
+		origin := c.tracer.Get(path)
 		if len(origin) != 0 {
 			c.nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(origin))
 		}
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ func (c *committer) store(path []byte, n node) node {
 	}
 	// Collect the dirty node to nodeset for return.
 	nhash := common.BytesToHash(hash)
-	c.nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewNodeWithPrev(nhash, nodeToBytes(n), c.tracer.get(path)))
+	c.nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewNodeWithPrev(nhash, nodeToBytes(n), c.tracer.Get(path)))
 
 	// Collect the corresponding leaf node if it's required. We don't check
 	// full node since it's impossible to store value in fullNode. The key
diff --git a/trie/tracer.go b/trie/tracer.go
index b0542404a7..184a513325 100644
--- a/trie/tracer.go
+++ b/trie/tracer.go
@@ -94,20 +94,19 @@ func (t *opTracer) deletedList() [][]byte {
 	return paths
 }
 
-// prevalueTracer tracks the original values of resolved trie nodes. Cached trie
+// PrevalueTracer tracks the original values of resolved trie nodes. Cached trie
 // node values are expected to be immutable. A zero-size node value is treated as
 // non-existent and should not occur in practice.
 //
-// Note prevalueTracer is not thread-safe, callers should be responsible for
-// handling the concurrency issues by themselves.
-type prevalueTracer struct {
+// Note PrevalueTracer is thread-safe.
+type PrevalueTracer struct {
 	data map[string][]byte
 	lock sync.RWMutex
 }
 
 // newPrevalueTracer initializes the tracer for capturing resolved trie nodes.
-func newPrevalueTracer() *prevalueTracer {
-	return &prevalueTracer{
+func newPrevalueTracer() *PrevalueTracer {
+	return &PrevalueTracer{
 		data: make(map[string][]byte),
 	}
 }
@@ -115,16 +114,16 @@ func newPrevalueTracer() *prevalueTracer {
 // put tracks the newly loaded trie node and caches its RLP-encoded
 // blob internally. Do not modify the value outside this function,
 // as it is not deep-copied.
-func (t *prevalueTracer) put(path []byte, val []byte) {
+func (t *PrevalueTracer) put(path []byte, val []byte) {
 	t.lock.Lock()
 	defer t.lock.Unlock()
 
 	t.data[string(path)] = val
 }
 
-// get returns the cached trie node value. If the node is not found, nil will
+// Get returns the cached trie node value. If the node is not found, nil will
 // be returned.
-func (t *prevalueTracer) get(path []byte) []byte {
+func (t *PrevalueTracer) Get(path []byte) []byte {
 	t.lock.RLock()
 	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
 
@@ -133,7 +132,7 @@ func (t *prevalueTracer) get(path []byte) []byte {
 
 // hasList returns a list of flags indicating whether the corresponding trie nodes
 // specified by the path exist in the trie.
-func (t *prevalueTracer) hasList(list [][]byte) []bool {
+func (t *PrevalueTracer) hasList(list [][]byte) []bool {
 	t.lock.RLock()
 	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
 
@@ -146,7 +145,7 @@ func (t *prevalueTracer) hasList(list [][]byte) []bool {
 }
 
 // values returns a list of values of the cached trie nodes.
-func (t *prevalueTracer) values() map[string][]byte {
+func (t *PrevalueTracer) values() map[string][]byte {
 	t.lock.RLock()
 	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
 
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ func (t *prevalueTracer) values() map[string][]byte {
 }
 
 // reset resets the cached content in the prevalueTracer.
-func (t *prevalueTracer) reset() {
+func (t *PrevalueTracer) reset() {
 	t.lock.Lock()
 	defer t.lock.Unlock()
 
@@ -162,12 +161,12 @@ func (t *prevalueTracer) reset() {
 }
 
 // copy returns a copied prevalueTracer instance.
-func (t *prevalueTracer) copy() *prevalueTracer {
+func (t *PrevalueTracer) copy() *PrevalueTracer {
 	t.lock.RLock()
 	defer t.lock.RUnlock()
 
 	// Shadow clone is used, as the cached trie node values are immutable
-	return &prevalueTracer{
+	return &PrevalueTracer{
 		data: maps.Clone(t.data),
 	}
 }
diff --git a/trie/trie.go b/trie/trie.go
index 90b06b51df..9ff13c50c0 100644
--- a/trie/trie.go
+++ b/trie/trie.go
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ type Trie struct {
 
 	// Various tracers for capturing the modifications to trie
 	opTracer       *opTracer
-	prevalueTracer *prevalueTracer
+	prevalueTracer *PrevalueTracer
 }
 
 // newFlag returns the cache flag value for a newly created node.
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ func (t *Trie) Commit(collectLeaf bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
 		}
 		nodes := trienode.NewNodeSet(t.owner)
 		for _, path := range paths {
-			nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(t.prevalueTracer.get(path)))
+			nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(t.prevalueTracer.Get(path)))
 		}
 		return types.EmptyRootHash, nodes // case (b)
 	}
@@ -729,7 +729,7 @@ func (t *Trie) Commit(collectLeaf bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
 	}
 	nodes := trienode.NewNodeSet(t.owner)
 	for _, path := range t.deletedNodes() {
-		nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(t.prevalueTracer.get(path)))
+		nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(t.prevalueTracer.Get(path)))
 	}
 	// If the number of changes is below 100, we let one thread handle it
 	t.root = newCommitter(nodes, t.prevalueTracer, collectLeaf).Commit(t.root, t.uncommitted > 100)
diff --git a/trie/verkle.go b/trie/verkle.go
index 8233aded38..4922e957da 100644
--- a/trie/verkle.go
+++ b/trie/verkle.go
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ type VerkleTrie struct {
 	root   verkle.VerkleNode
 	cache  *utils.PointCache
 	reader *TrieReader
-	tracer *prevalueTracer
+	tracer *PrevalueTracer
 }
 
 // NewVerkleTrie constructs a verkle tree based on the specified root hash.
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) Commit(_ bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
 	nodeset := trienode.NewNodeSet(common.Hash{})
 	for _, node := range nodes {
 		// Hash parameter is not used in pathdb
-		nodeset.AddNode(node.Path, trienode.NewNodeWithPrev(common.Hash{}, node.SerializedBytes, t.tracer.get(node.Path)))
+		nodeset.AddNode(node.Path, trienode.NewNodeWithPrev(common.Hash{}, node.SerializedBytes, t.tracer.Get(node.Path)))
 	}
 	// Serialize root commitment form
 	return t.Hash(), nodeset