diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index 180d7bc0ea..3aca4af089 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ var (
 		utils.MinerExtraDataFlag,
 		utils.MinerRecommitIntervalFlag,
 		utils.MinerNewPayloadTimeout,
+		utils.MinerStoreSkippedTxTracesFlag,
 		utils.NATFlag,
 		utils.NoDiscoverFlag,
 		utils.DiscoveryV4Flag,
@@ -147,6 +148,7 @@ var (
 		utils.L1EndpointFlag,
 		utils.L1ConfirmationsFlag,
 		utils.L1DeploymentBlockFlag,
+		utils.CircuitCapacityCheckEnabledFlag,
 		utils.RollupVerifyEnabledFlag,
 	}, utils.NetworkFlags, utils.DatabaseFlags)
 
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index c362c95d11..ec6b4f8198 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -503,6 +503,10 @@ var (
 		Value:    ethconfig.Defaults.Miner.NewPayloadTimeout,
 		Category: flags.MinerCategory,
 	}
+	MinerStoreSkippedTxTracesFlag = &cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:  "miner.storeskippedtxtraces",
+		Usage: "Store the wrapped traces when storing a skipped tx",
+	}
 
 	// Account settings
 	UnlockedAccountFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
@@ -962,6 +966,12 @@ Please note that --` + MetricsHTTPFlag.Name + ` must be set to start the server.
 		Usage: "L1 block height to start syncing from. Should be set to the L1 message queue deployment block number.",
 	}
 
+	// Circuit capacity check settings
+	CircuitCapacityCheckEnabledFlag = &cli.BoolFlag{
+		Name:  "ccc",
+		Usage: "Enable circuit capacity check during block validation",
+	}
+
 	// Rollup verify service settings
 	RollupVerifyEnabledFlag = &cli.BoolFlag{
 		Name:  "rollup.verify",
@@ -1641,6 +1651,9 @@ func setMiner(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *miner.Config) {
 	if ctx.IsSet(MinerNewPayloadTimeout.Name) {
 		cfg.NewPayloadTimeout = ctx.Duration(MinerNewPayloadTimeout.Name)
 	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(MinerStoreSkippedTxTracesFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.StoreSkippedTxTraces = ctx.Bool(MinerStoreSkippedTxTracesFlag.Name)
+	}
 }
 
 func setRequiredBlocks(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
@@ -1671,6 +1684,12 @@ func setRequiredBlocks(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	}
 }
 
+func setCircuitCapacityCheck(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
+	if ctx.IsSet(CircuitCapacityCheckEnabledFlag.Name) {
+		cfg.CheckCircuitCapacity = ctx.Bool(CircuitCapacityCheckEnabledFlag.Name)
+	}
+}
+
 func setEnableRollupVerify(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	if ctx.IsSet(RollupVerifyEnabledFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.EnableRollupVerify = ctx.Bool(RollupVerifyEnabledFlag.Name)
@@ -1740,6 +1759,7 @@ func SetEthConfig(ctx *cli.Context, stack *node.Node, cfg *ethconfig.Config) {
 	setMiner(ctx, &cfg.Miner)
 	setRequiredBlocks(ctx, cfg)
 	setLes(ctx, cfg)
+	setCircuitCapacityCheck(ctx, cfg)
 	setEnableRollupVerify(ctx, cfg)
 	setMaxBlockRange(ctx, cfg)
 
diff --git a/core/block_validator.go b/core/block_validator.go
index ec8e039067..45a2957900 100644
--- a/core/block_validator.go
+++ b/core/block_validator.go
@@ -155,9 +155,9 @@ func (v *BlockValidator) ValidateBody(block *types.Block) error {
 		// if a block's RowConsumption has been stored, which means it has been processed before,
 		// (e.g., in miner/worker.go or in insertChain),
 		// we simply skip its calculation and validation
-		// if rawdb.ReadBlockRowConsumption(v.bc.db, block.Hash()) != nil {
-		// 	return nil
-		// }
+		if rawdb.ReadBlockRowConsumption(v.bc.db, block.Hash()) != nil {
+			return nil
+		}
 		rowConsumption, err := v.validateCircuitRowConsumption(block)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ func (v *BlockValidator) ValidateBody(block *types.Block) error {
 			"hash", block.Hash().String(),
 			"rowConsumption", rowConsumption,
 		)
-		// rawdb.WriteBlockRowConsumption(v.bc.db, block.Hash(), rowConsumption)
+		rawdb.WriteBlockRowConsumption(v.bc.db, block.Hash(), rowConsumption)
 	}
 
 	return nil
diff --git a/core/rawdb/accessors_row_consumption.go b/core/rawdb/accessors_row_consumption.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8e584a4366
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/rawdb/accessors_row_consumption.go
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+)
+
+// WriteBlockRowConsumption writes a RowConsumption of the block to the database.
+func WriteBlockRowConsumption(db ethdb.KeyValueWriter, l2BlockHash common.Hash, rc *types.RowConsumption) {
+	if rc == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	bytes, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(&rc)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to RLP encode RowConsumption ", "err", err)
+	}
+	if err := db.Put(rowConsumptionKey(l2BlockHash), bytes); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to store RowConsumption ", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// ReadBlockRowConsumption retrieves the RowConsumption corresponding to the block hash.
+func ReadBlockRowConsumption(db ethdb.Reader, l2BlockHash common.Hash) *types.RowConsumption {
+	data := ReadBlockRowConsumptionRLP(db, l2BlockHash)
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	rc := new(types.RowConsumption)
+	if err := rlp.Decode(bytes.NewReader(data), rc); err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Invalid RowConsumption message RLP", "l2BlockHash", l2BlockHash.String(), "data", data, "err", err)
+	}
+	return rc
+}
+
+// ReadBlockRowConsumption retrieves the RowConsumption in its raw RLP database encoding.
+func ReadBlockRowConsumptionRLP(db ethdb.Reader, l2BlockHash common.Hash) rlp.RawValue {
+	data, err := db.Get(rowConsumptionKey(l2BlockHash))
+	if err != nil && isNotFoundErr(err) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Crit("Failed to load RowConsumption", "l2BlockHash", l2BlockHash.String(), "err", err)
+	}
+	return data
+}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/schema.go b/core/rawdb/schema.go
index 5dc9f7710e..8a3905dd76 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/schema.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/schema.go
@@ -153,6 +153,9 @@ var (
 	batchMetaPrefix                   = []byte("R-bm")
 	finalizedL2BlockNumberKey         = []byte("R-finalized")
 
+	// Row consumption
+	rowConsumptionPrefix = []byte("rc") // rowConsumptionPrefix + hash -> row consumption by block
+
 	// Skipped transactions
 	numSkippedTransactionsKey    = []byte("NumberOfSkippedTransactions")
 	skippedTransactionPrefix     = []byte("skip") // skippedTransactionPrefix + tx hash -> skipped transaction
@@ -387,6 +390,11 @@ func FirstQueueIndexNotInL2BlockKey(l2BlockHash common.Hash) []byte {
 	return append(firstQueueIndexNotInL2BlockPrefix, l2BlockHash.Bytes()...)
 }
 
+// rowConsumptionKey = rowConsumptionPrefix + hash
+func rowConsumptionKey(hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return append(rowConsumptionPrefix, hash.Bytes()...)
+}
+
 // SkippedTransactionKey = skippedTransactionPrefix + tx hash
 func SkippedTransactionKey(txHash common.Hash) []byte {
 	return append(skippedTransactionPrefix, txHash.Bytes()...)
diff --git a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
index 32c6c0e8fe..83f3731797 100644
--- a/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool.go
@@ -1557,3 +1557,8 @@ func (p *BlobPool) Status(hash common.Hash) txpool.TxStatus {
 	}
 	return txpool.TxStatusUnknown
 }
+
+// added for interface compatibility, do nothing
+func (p *BlobPool) RemoveTx(hash common.Hash, outofbound bool, unreserve bool) int {
+	return 0
+}
diff --git a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
index 0e33923274..3dcefd683d 100644
--- a/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/legacypool/legacypool.go
@@ -1063,6 +1063,15 @@ func (pool *LegacyPool) Has(hash common.Hash) bool {
 	return pool.all.Get(hash) != nil
 }
 
+// RemoveTx is similar to removeTx, but with locking to prevent concurrency.
+// Note: currently should only be called by miner/worker.go.
+func (pool *LegacyPool) RemoveTx(hash common.Hash, outofbound bool, unreserve bool) int {
+	pool.mu.Lock()
+	defer pool.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return pool.removeTx(hash, outofbound, unreserve)
+}
+
 // removeTx removes a single transaction from the queue, moving all subsequent
 // transactions back to the future queue.
 //
diff --git a/core/txpool/subpool.go b/core/txpool/subpool.go
index de05b38d43..4201cbe773 100644
--- a/core/txpool/subpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/subpool.go
@@ -137,4 +137,7 @@ type SubPool interface {
 	// Status returns the known status (unknown/pending/queued) of a transaction
 	// identified by their hashes.
 	Status(hash common.Hash) TxStatus
+
+	// RemoveTx removes a transaction from the pool, returning the number of transactions removed.
+	RemoveTx(hash common.Hash, outofbound bool, unreserve bool) int
 }
diff --git a/core/txpool/txpool.go b/core/txpool/txpool.go
index 0d4e05da4c..bff38df397 100644
--- a/core/txpool/txpool.go
+++ b/core/txpool/txpool.go
@@ -415,3 +415,12 @@ func (p *TxPool) Status(hash common.Hash) TxStatus {
 	}
 	return TxStatusUnknown
 }
+
+// RemoveTx removes a transaction from the pool, returning the number of transactions removed.
+func (p *TxPool) RemoveTx(hash common.Hash, outofbound bool, unreserve bool) int {
+	var ret int
+	for _, subpool := range p.subpools {
+		ret += subpool.RemoveTx(hash, outofbound, unreserve)
+	}
+	return ret
+}
diff --git a/core/types.go b/core/types.go
index 36eb0d1ded..1533219cc3 100644
--- a/core/types.go
+++ b/core/types.go
@@ -34,6 +34,10 @@ type Validator interface {
 	// ValidateState validates the given statedb and optionally the receipts and
 	// gas used.
 	ValidateState(block *types.Block, state *state.StateDB, receipts types.Receipts, usedGas uint64) error
+
+	// SetupTracerAndCircuitCapacityChecker sets up ScrollTracerWrapper and CircuitCapacityChecker for validator,
+	// to get scroll-related traces and to validate the circuit row consumption
+	SetupTracerAndCircuitCapacityChecker(tracer tracerWrapper)
 }
 
 // Prefetcher is an interface for pre-caching transaction signatures and state.
diff --git a/core/types/block.go b/core/types/block.go
index 55f904b3e2..9d4528f759 100644
--- a/core/types/block.go
+++ b/core/types/block.go
@@ -557,6 +557,11 @@ func (b *Block) CountL2Tx() int {
 
 type Blocks []*Block
 
+type BlockWithRowConsumption struct {
+	*Block
+	*RowConsumption
+}
+
 // HeaderParentHashFromRLP returns the parentHash of an RLP-encoded
 // header. If 'header' is invalid, the zero hash is returned.
 func HeaderParentHashFromRLP(header []byte) common.Hash {
diff --git a/core/types/transaction.go b/core/types/transaction.go
index 621ae67c01..845b6378ea 100644
--- a/core/types/transaction.go
+++ b/core/types/transaction.go
@@ -19,17 +19,14 @@ package types
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
-	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math/big"
-	"sort"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 )
 
@@ -613,45 +610,3 @@ func copyAddressPtr(a *common.Address) *common.Address {
 	cpy := *a
 	return &cpy
 }
-
-// L1MessagesByQueueIndex represents a set of L1 messages ordered by their queue indices.
-type L1MessagesByQueueIndex struct {
-	msgs []L1MessageTx
-}
-
-func NewL1MessagesByQueueIndex(msgs []L1MessageTx) (*L1MessagesByQueueIndex, error) {
-	// sort by queue index
-	sort.Slice(msgs, func(i, j int) bool {
-		return msgs[i].QueueIndex < msgs[j].QueueIndex
-	})
-
-	// check for duplicates/gaps
-	for ii := 0; ii < len(msgs)-1; ii++ {
-		current := msgs[ii].QueueIndex
-		next := msgs[ii+1].QueueIndex
-		if next != current+1 {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid L1 message set, current index: %d, next index: %d", current, next)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return &L1MessagesByQueueIndex{msgs: msgs}, nil
-}
-
-func (t *L1MessagesByQueueIndex) Peek() *Transaction {
-	if len(t.msgs) == 0 {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return NewTx(&t.msgs[0])
-}
-
-func (t *L1MessagesByQueueIndex) Shift() {
-	t.msgs = t.msgs[1:]
-}
-
-func (t *L1MessagesByQueueIndex) Pop() {
-	log.Error("Pop() is called on L1MessagesByQueueIndex")
-
-	// this is a logic error, the intention should be "Shift()",
-	// so we will follow the same behavior in Pop
-	t.Shift()
-}
diff --git a/eth/backend.go b/eth/backend.go
index 85139c0237..a1bb49858a 100644
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rollup/rollup_sync_service"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rollup/sync_service"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rollup/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
 )
 
@@ -218,6 +219,10 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config, l1Client sync_service.EthCl
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	if config.CheckCircuitCapacity {
+		tracer := tracing.NewTracerWrapper()
+		eth.blockchain.Validator().SetupTracerAndCircuitCapacityChecker(tracer)
+	}
 	eth.bloomIndexer.Start(eth.blockchain)
 
 	if config.BlobPool.Datadir != "" {
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/config.go b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
index 3ec771f218..cbf5f6f8cc 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
@@ -170,6 +170,9 @@ type Config struct {
 	// OverrideVerkle (TODO: remove after the fork)
 	OverrideVerkle *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
 
+	// Check circuit capacity in block validator
+	CheckCircuitCapacity bool
+
 	// Enable verification of batch consistency between L1 and L2 in rollup
 	EnableRollupVerify bool
 
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
index aed74f2db9..26ce2e3f6c 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 		RPCTxFeeCap             float64
 		OverrideCancun          *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
 		OverrideVerkle          *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
+		CheckCircuitCapacity    bool
 		EnableRollupVerify      bool
 		MaxBlockRange           int64
 	}
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 	enc.RPCTxFeeCap = c.RPCTxFeeCap
 	enc.OverrideCancun = c.OverrideCancun
 	enc.OverrideVerkle = c.OverrideVerkle
+	enc.CheckCircuitCapacity = c.CheckCircuitCapacity
 	enc.EnableRollupVerify = c.EnableRollupVerify
 	enc.MaxBlockRange = c.MaxBlockRange
 	return &enc, nil
@@ -146,6 +148,7 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 		RPCTxFeeCap             *float64
 		OverrideCancun          *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
 		OverrideVerkle          *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
+		CheckCircuitCapacity    *bool
 		EnableRollupVerify      *bool
 		MaxBlockRange           *int64
 	}
@@ -270,6 +273,9 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 	if dec.OverrideVerkle != nil {
 		c.OverrideVerkle = dec.OverrideVerkle
 	}
+	if dec.CheckCircuitCapacity != nil {
+		c.CheckCircuitCapacity = *dec.CheckCircuitCapacity
+	}
 	if dec.EnableRollupVerify != nil {
 		c.EnableRollupVerify = *dec.EnableRollupVerify
 	}
diff --git a/miner/miner.go b/miner/miner.go
index b7273948f5..e210c0e803 100644
--- a/miner/miner.go
+++ b/miner/miner.go
@@ -31,9 +31,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/txpool"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/downloader"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rollup/sync_service"
 )
 
 // Backend wraps all methods required for mining. Only full node is capable
@@ -41,6 +43,8 @@ import (
 type Backend interface {
 	BlockChain() *core.BlockChain
 	TxPool() *txpool.TxPool
+	ChainDb() ethdb.Database
+	SyncService() *sync_service.SyncService
 }
 
 // Config is the configuration parameters of mining.
@@ -53,6 +57,8 @@ type Config struct {
 	Recommit  time.Duration  // The time interval for miner to re-create mining work.
 
 	NewPayloadTimeout time.Duration // The maximum time allowance for creating a new payload
+
+	StoreSkippedTxTraces bool // Whether store the wrapped traces when storing a skipped tx
 }
 
 // DefaultConfig contains default settings for miner.
diff --git a/miner/miner_test.go b/miner/miner_test.go
index 36d5166c6d..b3206a5d99 100644
--- a/miner/miner_test.go
+++ b/miner/miner_test.go
@@ -34,20 +34,24 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/downloader"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rollup/sync_service"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 )
 
 type mockBackend struct {
-	bc     *core.BlockChain
-	txPool *txpool.TxPool
+	bc      *core.BlockChain
+	txPool  *txpool.TxPool
+	chainDb ethdb.Database
 }
 
-func NewMockBackend(bc *core.BlockChain, txPool *txpool.TxPool) *mockBackend {
+func NewMockBackend(bc *core.BlockChain, txPool *txpool.TxPool, chainDb ethdb.Database) *mockBackend {
 	return &mockBackend{
-		bc:     bc,
-		txPool: txPool,
+		bc:      bc,
+		txPool:  txPool,
+		chainDb: chainDb,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -59,6 +63,14 @@ func (m *mockBackend) TxPool() *txpool.TxPool {
 	return m.txPool
 }
 
+func (m *mockBackend) ChainDb() ethdb.Database {
+	return m.chainDb
+}
+
+func (m *mockBackend) SyncService() *sync_service.SyncService {
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (m *mockBackend) StateAtBlock(block *types.Block, reexec uint64, base *state.StateDB, checkLive bool, preferDisk bool) (statedb *state.StateDB, err error) {
 	return nil, errors.New("not supported")
 }
@@ -312,7 +324,7 @@ func createMiner(t *testing.T) (*Miner, *event.TypeMux, func(skipMiner bool)) {
 	pool := legacypool.New(testTxPoolConfig, blockchain)
 	txpool, _ := txpool.New(new(big.Int).SetUint64(testTxPoolConfig.PriceLimit), blockchain, []txpool.SubPool{pool})
 
-	backend := NewMockBackend(bc, txpool)
+	backend := NewMockBackend(bc, txpool, chainDB)
 	// Create event Mux
 	mux := new(event.TypeMux)
 	// Create Miner
diff --git a/miner/ordering.go b/miner/ordering.go
index 4c3055f0d3..87a4865ba3 100644
--- a/miner/ordering.go
+++ b/miner/ordering.go
@@ -18,12 +18,15 @@ package miner
 
 import (
 	"container/heap"
+	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
+	"sort"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/txpool"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 )
 
 // txWithMinerFee wraps a transaction with its gas price or effective miner gasTipCap
@@ -145,3 +148,58 @@ func (t *transactionsByPriceAndNonce) Shift() {
 func (t *transactionsByPriceAndNonce) Pop() {
 	heap.Pop(&t.heads)
 }
+
+// l1MessagesByQueueIndex represents a set of L1 messages ordered by their queue indices.
+type l1MessagesByQueueIndex struct {
+	txPool *txpool.TxPool
+	msgs   []types.L1MessageTx
+}
+
+func newL1MessagesByQueueIndex(txPool *txpool.TxPool, msgs []types.L1MessageTx) (*l1MessagesByQueueIndex, error) {
+	// sort by queue index
+	sort.Slice(msgs, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return msgs[i].QueueIndex < msgs[j].QueueIndex
+	})
+
+	// check for duplicates/gaps
+	for ii := 0; ii < len(msgs)-1; ii++ {
+		current := msgs[ii].QueueIndex
+		next := msgs[ii+1].QueueIndex
+		if next != current+1 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid L1 message set, current index: %d, next index: %d", current, next)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &l1MessagesByQueueIndex{txPool: txPool, msgs: msgs}, nil
+}
+
+func (t *l1MessagesByQueueIndex) Peek() *txpool.LazyTransaction {
+	if len(t.msgs) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return txToLazyTx(t.txPool, types.NewTx(&t.msgs[0]))
+}
+
+func (t *l1MessagesByQueueIndex) Shift() {
+	t.msgs = t.msgs[1:]
+}
+
+func (t *l1MessagesByQueueIndex) Pop() {
+	log.Error("Pop() is called on l1MessagesByQueueIndex")
+
+	// this is a logic error, the intention should be "Shift()",
+	// so we will follow the same behavior in Pop
+	t.Shift()
+}
+
+// orderedTransactionSet represents a set of transactions and some ordering on top of this set.
+type orderedTransactionSet interface {
+	// Peek returns the next transaction.
+	Peek() *txpool.LazyTransaction
+
+	// Shift removes the next transaction.
+	Shift()
+
+	// Pop removes all transactions from the current account.
+	Pop()
+}
diff --git a/miner/worker.go b/miner/worker.go
index 96eccd2d3b..9e57560e23 100644
--- a/miner/worker.go
+++ b/miner/worker.go
@@ -29,13 +29,17 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip1559"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip4844"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/txpool"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rollup/circuitcapacitychecker"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rollup/tracing"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 )
 
@@ -79,6 +83,40 @@ var (
 	errBlockInterruptedByTimeout  = errors.New("timeout while building block")
 )
 
+var (
+	// Metrics for the skipped txs
+	l1TxGasLimitExceededCounter       = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("miner/skipped_txs/l1/gas_limit_exceeded", nil)
+	l1TxRowConsumptionOverflowCounter = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("miner/skipped_txs/l1/row_consumption_overflow", nil)
+	l2TxRowConsumptionOverflowCounter = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("miner/skipped_txs/l2/row_consumption_overflow", nil)
+	l1TxCccUnknownErrCounter          = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("miner/skipped_txs/l1/ccc_unknown_err", nil)
+	l2TxCccUnknownErrCounter          = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("miner/skipped_txs/l2/ccc_unknown_err", nil)
+	l1TxStrangeErrCounter             = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("miner/skipped_txs/l1/strange_err", nil)
+
+	l2CommitTxsTimer                = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/txs_all", nil)
+	l2CommitTxTimer                 = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/tx_all", nil)
+	l2CommitTxFailedTimer           = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/tx_all_failed", nil)
+	l2CommitTxTraceTimer            = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/tx_trace", nil)
+	l2CommitTxTraceStateRevertTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/tx_trace_state_revert", nil)
+	l2CommitTxCCCTimer              = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/tx_ccc", nil)
+	l2CommitTxApplyTimer            = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/tx_apply", nil)
+
+	l2CommitNewWorkTimer                    = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/new_work_all", nil)
+	l2CommitNewWorkL1CollectTimer           = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/new_work_collect_l1", nil)
+	l2CommitNewWorkPrepareTimer             = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/new_work_prepare", nil)
+	l2CommitNewWorkCommitUncleTimer         = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/new_work_uncle", nil)
+	l2CommitNewWorkTidyPendingTxTimer       = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/new_work_tidy_pending", nil)
+	l2CommitNewWorkCommitL1MsgTimer         = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/new_work_commit_l1_msg", nil)
+	l2CommitNewWorkPrioritizedTxCommitTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/new_work_prioritized", nil)
+	l2CommitNewWorkRemoteLocalCommitTimer   = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/new_work_remote_local", nil)
+	l2CommitNewWorkLocalPriceAndNonceTimer  = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/new_work_local_price_and_nonce", nil)
+	l2CommitNewWorkRemotePriceAndNonceTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/new_work_remote_price_and_nonce", nil)
+
+	l2CommitTimer      = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/all", nil)
+	l2CommitTraceTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/trace", nil)
+	l2CommitCCCTimer   = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/commit/ccc", nil)
+	l2ResultTimer      = metrics.NewRegisteredTimer("miner/result/all", nil)
+)
+
 // environment is the worker's current environment and holds all
 // information of the sealing block generation.
 type environment struct {
@@ -94,6 +132,13 @@ type environment struct {
 	receipts []*types.Receipt
 	sidecars []*types.BlobTxSidecar
 	blobs    int
+
+	l1TxCount int // l1 msg count in cycle
+
+	// circuit capacity check related fields
+	traceEnv       *tracing.TraceEnv     // env for tracing
+	accRows        *types.RowConsumption // accumulated row consumption for a block
+	nextL1MsgIndex uint64                // next L1 queue index to be processed
 }
 
 // copy creates a deep copy of environment.
@@ -135,6 +180,9 @@ type task struct {
 	state     *state.StateDB
 	block     *types.Block
 	createdAt time.Time
+
+	accRows        *types.RowConsumption // accumulated row consumption in the circuit side
+	nextL1MsgIndex uint64                // next L1 queue index to be processed
 }
 
 const (
@@ -170,6 +218,13 @@ type intervalAdjust struct {
 	inc   bool
 }
 
+// prioritizedTransaction represents a single transaction that
+// should be processed as the first transaction in the next block.
+type prioritizedTransaction struct {
+	blockNumber uint64
+	tx          *types.Transaction
+}
+
 // worker is the main object which takes care of submitting new work to consensus engine
 // and gathering the sealing result.
 type worker struct {
@@ -188,6 +243,8 @@ type worker struct {
 	txsSub       event.Subscription
 	chainHeadCh  chan core.ChainHeadEvent
 	chainHeadSub event.Subscription
+	l1MsgsCh     chan core.NewL1MsgsEvent
+	l1MsgsSub    event.Subscription
 
 	// Channels
 	newWorkCh          chan *newWorkReq
@@ -216,9 +273,10 @@ type worker struct {
 	snapshotState    *state.StateDB
 
 	// atomic status counters
-	running atomic.Bool  // The indicator whether the consensus engine is running or not.
-	newTxs  atomic.Int32 // New arrival transaction count since last sealing work submitting.
-	syncing atomic.Bool  // The indicator whether the node is still syncing.
+	running   atomic.Bool  // The indicator whether the consensus engine is running or not.
+	newTxs    atomic.Int32 // New arrival transaction count since last sealing work submitting.
+	syncing   atomic.Bool  // The indicator whether the node is still syncing.
+	newL1Msgs atomic.Int32 // New arrival L1 message count since last sealing work submitting.
 
 	// newpayloadTimeout is the maximum timeout allowance for creating payload.
 	// The default value is 2 seconds but node operator can set it to arbitrary
@@ -234,11 +292,15 @@ type worker struct {
 	// External functions
 	isLocalBlock func(header *types.Header) bool // Function used to determine whether the specified block is mined by local miner.
 
+	circuitCapacityChecker *circuitcapacitychecker.CircuitCapacityChecker
+	prioritizedTx          *prioritizedTransaction
+
 	// Test hooks
 	newTaskHook  func(*task)                        // Method to call upon receiving a new sealing task.
 	skipSealHook func(*task) bool                   // Method to decide whether skipping the sealing.
 	fullTaskHook func()                             // Method to call before pushing the full sealing task.
 	resubmitHook func(time.Duration, time.Duration) // Method to call upon updating resubmitting interval.
+	beforeTxHook func()                             // Method to call before processing a transaction.
 }
 
 func newWorker(config *Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, engine consensus.Engine, eth Backend, mux *event.TypeMux, isLocalBlock func(header *types.Header) bool, init bool) *worker {
@@ -263,12 +325,28 @@ func newWorker(config *Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, engine consensus
 		exitCh:             make(chan struct{}),
 		resubmitIntervalCh: make(chan time.Duration),
 		resubmitAdjustCh:   make(chan *intervalAdjust, resubmitAdjustChanSize),
+
+		l1MsgsCh:               make(chan core.NewL1MsgsEvent, txChanSize),
+		circuitCapacityChecker: circuitcapacitychecker.NewCircuitCapacityChecker(true),
 	}
+	log.Info("created new worker", "CircuitCapacityChecker ID", worker.circuitCapacityChecker.ID)
+
 	// Subscribe for transaction insertion events (whether from network or resurrects)
 	worker.txsSub = eth.TxPool().SubscribeTransactions(worker.txsCh, true)
 	// Subscribe events for blockchain
 	worker.chainHeadSub = eth.BlockChain().SubscribeChainHeadEvent(worker.chainHeadCh)
 
+	// Subscribe NewL1MsgsEvent for sync service
+	if s := eth.SyncService(); s != nil {
+		worker.l1MsgsSub = s.SubscribeNewL1MsgsEvent(worker.l1MsgsCh)
+	} else {
+		// create an empty subscription so that the tests won't fail
+		worker.l1MsgsSub = event.NewSubscription(func(quit <-chan struct{}) error {
+			<-quit
+			return nil
+		})
+	}
+
 	// Sanitize recommit interval if the user-specified one is too short.
 	recommit := worker.config.Recommit
 	if recommit < minRecommitInterval {
@@ -301,6 +379,12 @@ func newWorker(config *Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, engine consensus
 	return worker
 }
 
+// getCCC returns a pointer to this worker's CCC instance.
+// Only used in tests.
+func (w *worker) getCCC() *circuitcapacitychecker.CircuitCapacityChecker {
+	return w.circuitCapacityChecker
+}
+
 // setEtherbase sets the etherbase used to initialize the block coinbase field.
 func (w *worker) setEtherbase(addr common.Address) {
 	w.mu.Lock()
@@ -435,6 +519,7 @@ func (w *worker) newWorkLoop(recommit time.Duration) {
 		}
 		timer.Reset(recommit)
 		w.newTxs.Store(0)
+		w.newL1Msgs.Store(0)
 	}
 	// clearPending cleans the stale pending tasks.
 	clearPending := func(number uint64) {
@@ -464,7 +549,7 @@ func (w *worker) newWorkLoop(recommit time.Duration) {
 			// higher priced transactions. Disable this overhead for pending blocks.
 			if w.isRunning() && (w.chainConfig.Clique == nil || w.chainConfig.Clique.Period > 0) {
 				// Short circuit if no new transaction arrives.
-				if w.newTxs.Load() == 0 {
+				if w.newTxs.Load() == 0 && w.newL1Msgs.Load() == 0 {
 					timer.Reset(recommit)
 					continue
 				}
@@ -513,6 +598,7 @@ func (w *worker) newWorkLoop(recommit time.Duration) {
 func (w *worker) mainLoop() {
 	defer w.wg.Done()
 	defer w.txsSub.Unsubscribe()
+	defer w.l1MsgsSub.Unsubscribe()
 	defer w.chainHeadSub.Unsubscribe()
 	defer func() {
 		if w.current != nil {
@@ -524,6 +610,7 @@ func (w *worker) mainLoop() {
 		select {
 		case req := <-w.newWorkCh:
 			w.commitWork(req.interrupt, req.timestamp)
+			// new block created.
 
 		case req := <-w.getWorkCh:
 			req.result <- w.generateWork(req.params)
@@ -572,11 +659,16 @@ func (w *worker) mainLoop() {
 			}
 			w.newTxs.Add(int32(len(ev.Txs)))
 
+		case ev := <-w.l1MsgsCh:
+			w.newL1Msgs.Add(int32(ev.Count))
+
 		// System stopped
 		case <-w.exitCh:
 			return
 		case <-w.txsSub.Err():
 			return
+		case <-w.l1MsgsSub.Err():
+			return
 		case <-w.chainHeadSub.Err():
 			return
 		}
@@ -660,6 +752,7 @@ func (w *worker) resultLoop() {
 				log.Error("Block found but no relative pending task", "number", block.Number(), "sealhash", sealhash, "hash", hash)
 				continue
 			}
+			startTime := time.Now()
 			// Different block could share same sealhash, deep copy here to prevent write-write conflict.
 			var (
 				receipts = make([]*types.Receipt, len(task.receipts))
@@ -686,9 +779,42 @@ func (w *worker) resultLoop() {
 				}
 				logs = append(logs, receipt.Logs...)
 			}
+			// It's possible that we've stored L1 queue index for this block previously,
+			// in this case do not overwrite it.
+			if index := rawdb.ReadFirstQueueIndexNotInL2Block(w.eth.ChainDb(), hash); index == nil {
+				// Store first L1 queue index not processed by this block.
+				// Note: This accounts for both included and skipped messages. This
+				// way, if a block only skips messages, we won't reprocess the same
+				// messages from the next block.
+				log.Trace(
+					"Worker WriteFirstQueueIndexNotInL2Block",
+					"number", block.Number(),
+					"hash", hash.String(),
+					"task.nextL1MsgIndex", task.nextL1MsgIndex,
+				)
+				rawdb.WriteFirstQueueIndexNotInL2Block(w.eth.ChainDb(), hash, task.nextL1MsgIndex)
+			} else {
+				log.Trace(
+					"Worker WriteFirstQueueIndexNotInL2Block: not overwriting existing index",
+					"number", block.Number(),
+					"hash", hash.String(),
+					"index", *index,
+					"task.nextL1MsgIndex", task.nextL1MsgIndex,
+				)
+			}
+			// Store circuit row consumption.
+			log.Trace(
+				"Worker write block row consumption",
+				"id", w.circuitCapacityChecker.ID,
+				"number", block.Number(),
+				"hash", hash.String(),
+				"accRows", task.accRows,
+			)
+			rawdb.WriteBlockRowConsumption(w.eth.ChainDb(), hash, task.accRows)
 			// Commit block and state to database.
 			_, err := w.chain.WriteBlockAndSetHead(block, receipts, logs, task.state, true)
 			if err != nil {
+				l2ResultTimer.Update(time.Since(startTime))
 				log.Error("Failed writing block to chain", "err", err)
 				continue
 			}
@@ -698,6 +824,8 @@ func (w *worker) resultLoop() {
 			// Broadcast the block and announce chain insertion event
 			w.mux.Post(core.NewMinedBlockEvent{Block: block})
 
+			l2ResultTimer.Update(time.Since(startTime))
+
 		case <-w.exitCh:
 			return
 		}
@@ -712,6 +840,18 @@ func (w *worker) makeEnv(parent *types.Header, header *types.Header, coinbase co
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+
+	// don't finalize the state during tracing for circuit capacity checker, otherwise we cannot revert.
+	// and even if we don't finalize the state, the `refund` value will still be correct, as explained in `CommitTransaction`
+	finaliseStateAfterApply := false
+	traceEnv, err := tracing.CreateTraceEnv(w.chainConfig, w.chain, w.engine, w.eth.ChainDb(), state, parent,
+		// new block with a placeholder tx, for traceEnv's ExecutionResults length & TxStorageTraces length
+		types.NewBlockWithHeader(header).WithBody([]*types.Transaction{types.NewTx(&types.LegacyTx{})}, nil),
+		finaliseStateAfterApply)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
 	state.StartPrefetcher("miner")
 
 	// Note the passed coinbase may be different with header.Coinbase.
@@ -720,10 +860,15 @@ func (w *worker) makeEnv(parent *types.Header, header *types.Header, coinbase co
 		state:    state,
 		coinbase: coinbase,
 		header:   header,
+		traceEnv: traceEnv,
+		accRows:  nil,
 	}
 	// Keep track of transactions which return errors so they can be removed
 	env.tcount = 0
 	env.blockSize = 0
+	env.blockSize = 0
+	env.l1TxCount = 0
+	env.nextL1MsgIndex = traceEnv.StartL1QueueIndex
 	return env, nil
 }
 
@@ -743,20 +888,21 @@ func (w *worker) updateSnapshot(env *environment) {
 	w.snapshotState = env.state.Copy()
 }
 
-func (w *worker) commitTransaction(env *environment, tx *types.Transaction) ([]*types.Log, error) {
+func (w *worker) commitTransaction(env *environment, tx *types.Transaction) ([]*types.Log, *types.BlockTrace, error) {
 	if tx.Type() == types.BlobTxType {
 		return w.commitBlobTransaction(env, tx)
 	}
-	receipt, err := w.applyTransaction(env, tx)
+	receipt, traces, accRows, err := w.applyTransaction(env, tx)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 	env.txs = append(env.txs, tx)
 	env.receipts = append(env.receipts, receipt)
-	return receipt.Logs, nil
+	env.accRows = accRows
+	return receipt.Logs, traces, nil
 }
 
-func (w *worker) commitBlobTransaction(env *environment, tx *types.Transaction) ([]*types.Log, error) {
+func (w *worker) commitBlobTransaction(env *environment, tx *types.Transaction) ([]*types.Log, *types.BlockTrace, error) {
 	sc := tx.BlobTxSidecar()
 	if sc == nil {
 		panic("blob transaction without blobs in miner")
@@ -766,48 +912,146 @@ func (w *worker) commitBlobTransaction(env *environment, tx *types.Transaction)
 	// and not during execution. This means core.ApplyTransaction will not return an error if the
 	// tx has too many blobs. So we have to explicitly check it here.
 	if (env.blobs+len(sc.Blobs))*params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob > params.MaxBlobGasPerBlock {
-		return nil, errors.New("max data blobs reached")
+		return nil, nil, errors.New("max data blobs reached")
 	}
-	receipt, err := w.applyTransaction(env, tx)
+	receipt, traces, accRows, err := w.applyTransaction(env, tx)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 	env.txs = append(env.txs, tx.WithoutBlobTxSidecar())
 	env.receipts = append(env.receipts, receipt)
+	env.accRows = accRows
 	env.sidecars = append(env.sidecars, sc)
 	env.blobs += len(sc.Blobs)
 	*env.header.BlobGasUsed += receipt.BlobGasUsed
-	return receipt.Logs, nil
+	return receipt.Logs, traces, nil
 }
 
 // applyTransaction runs the transaction. If execution fails, state and gas pool are reverted.
-func (w *worker) applyTransaction(env *environment, tx *types.Transaction) (*types.Receipt, error) {
+func (w *worker) applyTransaction(env *environment, tx *types.Transaction) (*types.Receipt, *types.BlockTrace, *types.RowConsumption, error) {
 	var (
-		snap = env.state.Snapshot()
+		traces  *types.BlockTrace
+		accRows *types.RowConsumption
+		receipt *types.Receipt
+		err     error
+	)
+
+	// do not do CCC checks on follower nodes
+	if w.isRunning() {
+		defer func(t0 time.Time) {
+			l2CommitTxTimer.Update(time.Since(t0))
+			if err != nil {
+				l2CommitTxFailedTimer.Update(time.Since(t0))
+			}
+		}(time.Now())
+
+		// do gas limit check up-front and do not run CCC if it fails
+		if env.gasPool.Gas() < tx.Gas() {
+			return nil, nil, nil, core.ErrGasLimitReached
+		}
+
+		snap := env.state.Snapshot()
+
+		log.Trace(
+			"Worker apply ccc for tx",
+			"id", w.circuitCapacityChecker.ID,
+			"txHash", tx.Hash().Hex(),
+		)
+
+		// 1. we have to check circuit capacity before `core.ApplyTransaction`,
+		// because if the tx can be successfully executed but circuit capacity overflows, it will be inconvenient to revert.
+		// 2. even if we don't commit to the state during the tracing (which means `clearJournalAndRefund` is not called during the tracing),
+		// the `refund` value will still be correct, because:
+		// 2.1 when starting handling the first tx, `state.refund` is 0 by default,
+		// 2.2 after tracing, the state is either committed in `core.ApplyTransaction`, or reverted, so the `state.refund` can be cleared,
+		// 2.3 when starting handling the following txs, `state.refund` comes as 0
+		withTimer(l2CommitTxTraceTimer, func() {
+			traces, err = env.traceEnv.GetBlockTrace(
+				types.NewBlockWithHeader(env.header).WithBody([]*types.Transaction{tx}, nil),
+			)
+		})
+		withTimer(l2CommitTxTraceStateRevertTimer, func() {
+			// `env.traceEnv.State` & `env.state` share a same pointer to the state, so only need to revert `env.state`
+			// revert to snapshot for calling `core.ApplyMessage` again, (both `traceEnv.GetBlockTrace` & `core.ApplyTransaction` will call `core.ApplyMessage`)
+			env.state.RevertToSnapshot(snap)
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, nil, err
+		}
+		withTimer(l2CommitTxCCCTimer, func() {
+			accRows, err = w.circuitCapacityChecker.ApplyTransaction(traces)
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, traces, accRows, err
+		}
+		log.Trace(
+			"Worker apply ccc for tx result",
+			"id", w.circuitCapacityChecker.ID,
+			"txHash", tx.Hash().Hex(),
+			"accRows", accRows,
+		)
+	}
+
+	var (
+		snap = env.state.Snapshot() // create new snapshot for `core.ApplyTransaction`
 		gp   = env.gasPool.Gas()
 	)
-	receipt, err := core.ApplyTransaction(w.chainConfig, w.chain, &env.coinbase, env.gasPool, env.state, env.header, tx, &env.header.GasUsed, *w.chain.GetVMConfig())
+	withTimer(l2CommitTxApplyTimer, func() {
+		receipt, err = core.ApplyTransaction(w.chainConfig, w.chain, &env.coinbase, env.gasPool, env.state, env.header, tx, &env.header.GasUsed, *w.chain.GetVMConfig())
+	})
 	if err != nil {
 		env.state.RevertToSnapshot(snap)
 		env.gasPool.SetGas(gp)
+		if accRows != nil {
+			// At this point, we have called CCC but the transaction failed in `ApplyTransaction`.
+			// If we skip this tx and continue to pack more, the next tx will likely fail with
+			// `circuitcapacitychecker.ErrUnknown`. However, at this point we cannot decide whether
+			// we should seal the block or skip the tx and continue, so we simply return the error.
+			log.Error(
+				"GetBlockTrace passed but ApplyTransaction failed, ccc is left in inconsistent state",
+				"blockNumber", env.header.Number,
+				"txHash", tx.Hash().Hex(),
+				"err", err,
+			)
+		}
 	}
-	return receipt, err
+	return receipt, traces, accRows, err
 }
 
-func (w *worker) commitTransactions(env *environment, txs *transactionsByPriceAndNonce, interrupt *atomic.Int32) error {
+func (w *worker) commitTransactions(env *environment, txs orderedTransactionSet, interrupt *atomic.Int32) (bool, error) {
+	defer func(t0 time.Time) {
+		l2CommitTxsTimer.Update(time.Since(t0))
+	}(time.Now())
+
+	var circuitCapacityReached bool
+
 	gasLimit := env.header.GasLimit
 	if env.gasPool == nil {
 		env.gasPool = new(core.GasPool).AddGas(gasLimit)
 	}
 	var coalescedLogs []*types.Log
 
+	var loops int64
+loop:
 	for {
+		if w.beforeTxHook != nil {
+			w.beforeTxHook()
+		}
+
+		loops++
+
 		// Check interruption signal and abort building if it's fired.
 		if interrupt != nil {
 			if signal := interrupt.Load(); signal != commitInterruptNone {
-				return signalToErr(signal)
+				return circuitCapacityReached, signalToErr(signal)
 			}
 		}
+		// seal block early if we're over time
+		// note: current.header.Time = max(parent.Time + cliquePeriod, now())
+		if env.tcount > 0 && w.chainConfig.Clique != nil && uint64(time.Now().Unix()) > env.header.Time {
+			circuitCapacityReached = true // skip subsequent invocations of commitTransactions
+			break
+		}
 		// If we don't have enough gas for any further transactions then we're done.
 		if env.gasPool.Gas() < params.TxGas {
 			log.Trace("Not enough gas for further transactions", "have", env.gasPool, "want", params.TxGas)
@@ -818,6 +1062,12 @@ func (w *worker) commitTransactions(env *environment, txs *transactionsByPriceAn
 		if ltx == nil {
 			break
 		}
+		// If we have collected enough transactions then we're done
+		// Originally we only limit l2txs count, but now strictly limit total txs number.
+		if !w.chainConfig.Scroll.IsValidTxCount(env.tcount + 1) {
+			log.Trace("Transaction count limit reached", "have", env.tcount, "want", w.chainConfig.Scroll.MaxTxPerBlock)
+			break
+		}
 		// If we don't have enough space for the next transaction, skip the account.
 		if env.gasPool.Gas() < ltx.Gas {
 			log.Trace("Not enough gas left for transaction", "hash", ltx.Hash, "left", env.gasPool.Gas(), "needed", ltx.Gas)
@@ -836,11 +1086,12 @@ func (w *worker) commitTransactions(env *environment, txs *transactionsByPriceAn
 			txs.Pop()
 			continue
 		}
-		// If we have collected enough transactions then we're done
-		// Originally we only limit l2txs count, but now strictly limit total txs number.
-		// log.Info("w.chainConfig", "w.chainConfig.Scroll", w.chainConfig.Scroll)
-		if !w.chainConfig.Scroll.IsValidTxCount(env.tcount + 1) {
-			log.Trace("Transaction count limit reached", "have", env.tcount, "want", w.chainConfig.Scroll.MaxTxPerBlock)
+		if tx.IsL1MessageTx() && tx.AsL1MessageTx().QueueIndex != env.nextL1MsgIndex {
+			log.Error(
+				"Unexpected L1 message queue index in worker",
+				"expected", env.nextL1MsgIndex,
+				"got", tx.AsL1MessageTx().QueueIndex,
+			)
 			break
 		}
 		if !tx.IsL1MessageTx() && !w.chainConfig.Scroll.IsValidBlockSize(env.blockSize+tx.Size()) {
@@ -862,7 +1113,7 @@ func (w *worker) commitTransactions(env *environment, txs *transactionsByPriceAn
 		// Start executing the transaction
 		env.state.SetTxContext(tx.Hash(), env.tcount)
 
-		logs, err := w.commitTransaction(env, tx)
+		logs, traces, err := w.commitTransaction(env, tx)
 		switch {
 		case errors.Is(err, core.ErrNonceTooLow):
 			// New head notification data race between the transaction pool and miner, shift
@@ -876,15 +1127,151 @@ func (w *worker) commitTransactions(env *environment, txs *transactionsByPriceAn
 			txs.Shift()
 
 			if tx.IsL1MessageTx() {
+				queueIndex := tx.AsL1MessageTx().QueueIndex
+				log.Debug("Including L1 message", "queueIndex", queueIndex, "tx", tx.Hash().String())
+				env.l1TxCount++
+				env.nextL1MsgIndex = queueIndex + 1
 			} else {
 				// only consider block size limit for L2 transactions
 				env.blockSize += tx.Size()
 			}
 
+		case errors.Is(err, core.ErrGasLimitReached) && tx.IsL1MessageTx():
+			// If this block already contains some L1 messages,
+			// terminate here and try again in the next block.
+			if env.l1TxCount > 0 {
+				break loop
+			}
+			// A single L1 message leads to out-of-gas. Skip it.
+			queueIndex := tx.AsL1MessageTx().QueueIndex
+			log.Info("Skipping L1 message", "queueIndex", queueIndex, "tx", tx.Hash().String(), "block", env.header.Number, "reason", "gas limit exceeded")
+			env.nextL1MsgIndex = queueIndex + 1
+			txs.Shift()
+			if w.config.StoreSkippedTxTraces {
+				rawdb.WriteSkippedTransaction(w.eth.ChainDb(), tx, traces, "gas limit exceeded", env.header.Number.Uint64(), nil)
+			} else {
+				rawdb.WriteSkippedTransaction(w.eth.ChainDb(), tx, nil, "gas limit exceeded", env.header.Number.Uint64(), nil)
+			}
+			l1TxGasLimitExceededCounter.Inc(1)
+
+		// Circuit capacity check
+		case errors.Is(err, circuitcapacitychecker.ErrBlockRowConsumptionOverflow):
+			if env.tcount >= 1 {
+				// 1. Circuit capacity limit reached in a block, and it's not the first tx:
+				// don't pop or shift, just quit the loop immediately;
+				// though it might still be possible to add some "smaller" txs,
+				// but it's a trade-off between tracing overhead & block usage rate
+				log.Trace("Circuit capacity limit reached in a block", "acc_rows", env.accRows, "tx", tx.Hash().String())
+				log.Info("Skipping message", "tx", tx.Hash().String(), "block", env.header.Number, "reason", "accumulated row consumption overflow")
+
+				// Prioritize transaction for the next block.
+				// If there are no new L1 messages, this transaction will be the 1st transaction in the next block,
+				// at which point we can definitively decide if we should skip it or not.
+				log.Debug("Prioritizing transaction for next block", "blockNumber", env.header.Number.Uint64()+1, "tx", tx.Hash().String())
+				w.prioritizedTx = &prioritizedTransaction{
+					blockNumber: env.header.Number.Uint64() + 1,
+					tx:          tx,
+				}
+				w.newTxs.Add(int32(1))
+
+				circuitCapacityReached = true
+				break loop
+			} else {
+				// 2. Circuit capacity limit reached in a block, and it's the first tx: skip the tx
+				log.Trace("Circuit capacity limit reached for a single tx", "tx", tx.Hash().String())
+
+				if tx.IsL1MessageTx() {
+					// Skip L1 message transaction,
+					// shift to the next from the account because we shouldn't skip the entire txs from the same account
+					txs.Shift()
+
+					queueIndex := tx.AsL1MessageTx().QueueIndex
+					log.Info("Skipping L1 message", "queueIndex", queueIndex, "tx", tx.Hash().String(), "block", env.header.Number, "reason", "first tx row consumption overflow")
+					env.nextL1MsgIndex = queueIndex + 1
+					l1TxRowConsumptionOverflowCounter.Inc(1)
+				} else {
+					// Skip L2 transaction and all other transactions from the same sender account
+					log.Info("Skipping L2 message", "tx", tx.Hash().String(), "block", env.header.Number, "reason", "first tx row consumption overflow")
+					txs.Pop()
+					w.eth.TxPool().RemoveTx(tx.Hash(), true, true)
+					l2TxRowConsumptionOverflowCounter.Inc(1)
+				}
+
+				// Reset ccc so that we can process other transactions for this block
+				w.circuitCapacityChecker.Reset()
+				log.Trace("Worker reset ccc", "id", w.circuitCapacityChecker.ID)
+				circuitCapacityReached = false
+
+				// Store skipped transaction in local db
+				if w.config.StoreSkippedTxTraces {
+					rawdb.WriteSkippedTransaction(w.eth.ChainDb(), tx, traces, "row consumption overflow", env.header.Number.Uint64(), nil)
+				} else {
+					rawdb.WriteSkippedTransaction(w.eth.ChainDb(), tx, nil, "row consumption overflow", env.header.Number.Uint64(), nil)
+				}
+			}
+
+		case (errors.Is(err, circuitcapacitychecker.ErrUnknown) && tx.IsL1MessageTx()):
+			// Circuit capacity check: unknown circuit capacity checker error for L1MessageTx,
+			// shift to the next from the account because we shouldn't skip the entire txs from the same account
+			queueIndex := tx.AsL1MessageTx().QueueIndex
+			log.Trace("Unknown circuit capacity checker error for L1MessageTx", "tx", tx.Hash().String(), "queueIndex", queueIndex)
+			log.Info("Skipping L1 message", "queueIndex", queueIndex, "tx", tx.Hash().String(), "block", env.header.Number, "reason", "unknown row consumption error")
+			env.nextL1MsgIndex = queueIndex + 1
+			// TODO: propagate more info about the error from CCC
+			if w.config.StoreSkippedTxTraces {
+				rawdb.WriteSkippedTransaction(w.eth.ChainDb(), tx, traces, "unknown circuit capacity checker error", env.header.Number.Uint64(), nil)
+			} else {
+				rawdb.WriteSkippedTransaction(w.eth.ChainDb(), tx, nil, "unknown circuit capacity checker error", env.header.Number.Uint64(), nil)
+			}
+			l1TxCccUnknownErrCounter.Inc(1)
+
+			// Normally we would do `txs.Shift()` here.
+			// However, after `ErrUnknown`, ccc might remain in an
+			// inconsistent state, so we cannot pack more transactions.
+			circuitCapacityReached = true
+			w.checkCurrentTxNumWithCCC(env.tcount)
+			break loop
+
+		case (errors.Is(err, circuitcapacitychecker.ErrUnknown) && !tx.IsL1MessageTx()):
+			// Circuit capacity check: unknown circuit capacity checker error for L2MessageTx, skip the account
+			log.Trace("Unknown circuit capacity checker error for L2MessageTx", "tx", tx.Hash().String())
+			log.Info("Skipping L2 message", "tx", tx.Hash().String(), "block", env.header.Number, "reason", "unknown row consumption error")
+			// TODO: propagate more info about the error from CCC
+			if w.config.StoreSkippedTxTraces {
+				rawdb.WriteSkippedTransaction(w.eth.ChainDb(), tx, traces, "unknown circuit capacity checker error", env.header.Number.Uint64(), nil)
+			} else {
+				rawdb.WriteSkippedTransaction(w.eth.ChainDb(), tx, nil, "unknown circuit capacity checker error", env.header.Number.Uint64(), nil)
+			}
+			l2TxCccUnknownErrCounter.Inc(1)
+
+			// Normally we would do `txs.Pop()` here.
+			// However, after `ErrUnknown`, ccc might remain in an
+			// inconsistent state, so we cannot pack more transactions.
+			w.eth.TxPool().RemoveTx(tx.Hash(), true, true)
+			circuitCapacityReached = true
+			w.checkCurrentTxNumWithCCC(env.tcount)
+			break loop
+
+		case (errors.Is(err, core.ErrInsufficientFunds) || errors.Is(errors.Unwrap(err), core.ErrInsufficientFunds)):
+			log.Trace("Skipping tx with insufficient funds", "sender", from, "tx", tx.Hash().String())
+			txs.Pop()
+			w.eth.TxPool().RemoveTx(tx.Hash(), true, true)
+
 		default:
 			// Transaction is regarded as invalid, drop all consecutive transactions from
 			// the same sender because of `nonce-too-high` clause.
-			log.Debug("Transaction failed, account skipped", "hash", ltx.Hash, "err", err)
+			log.Debug("Transaction failed, account skipped", "hash", ltx.Hash.String(), "err", err)
+			if tx.IsL1MessageTx() {
+				queueIndex := tx.AsL1MessageTx().QueueIndex
+				log.Info("Skipping L1 message", "queueIndex", queueIndex, "tx", tx.Hash().String(), "block", env.header.Number, "reason", "strange error", "err", err)
+				env.nextL1MsgIndex = queueIndex + 1
+				if w.config.StoreSkippedTxTraces {
+					rawdb.WriteSkippedTransaction(w.eth.ChainDb(), tx, traces, fmt.Sprintf("strange error: %v", err), env.header.Number.Uint64(), nil)
+				} else {
+					rawdb.WriteSkippedTransaction(w.eth.ChainDb(), tx, nil, fmt.Sprintf("strange error: %v", err), env.header.Number.Uint64(), nil)
+				}
+				l1TxStrangeErrCounter.Inc(1)
+			}
 			txs.Pop()
 		}
 	}
@@ -903,7 +1290,7 @@ func (w *worker) commitTransactions(env *environment, txs *transactionsByPriceAn
 		}
 		w.pendingLogsFeed.Send(cpy)
 	}
-	return nil
+	return circuitCapacityReached, nil
 }
 
 // generateParams wraps various of settings for generating sealing task.
@@ -1001,10 +1388,45 @@ func (w *worker) prepareWork(genParams *generateParams) (*environment, error) {
 	return env, nil
 }
 
+func txToLazyTx(txPool *txpool.TxPool, tx *types.Transaction) *txpool.LazyTransaction {
+	if tx.IsL1MessageTx() {
+		return &txpool.LazyTransaction{
+			Pool:      nil, // we should never resolve a L1MessageTx from the txpool and we never need to
+			Hash:      tx.Hash(),
+			Tx:        tx, // set the tx directly, we don't need to resolve it
+			Time:      tx.Time(),
+			GasFeeCap: tx.GasFeeCap(),
+			GasTipCap: tx.GasTipCap(),
+			Gas:       tx.Gas(),
+			BlobGas:   tx.BlobGas(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &txpool.LazyTransaction{
+		Pool:      txPool,
+		Hash:      tx.Hash(),
+		Tx:        nil, // Do *not* set this! We need to resolve it later to pull blobs in
+		Time:      tx.Time(),
+		GasFeeCap: tx.GasFeeCap(),
+		GasTipCap: tx.GasTipCap(),
+		Gas:       tx.Gas(),
+		BlobGas:   tx.BlobGas(),
+	}
+}
+
 // fillTransactions retrieves the pending transactions from the txpool and fills them
 // into the given sealing block. The transaction selection and ordering strategy can
 // be customized with the plugin in the future.
 func (w *worker) fillTransactions(interrupt *atomic.Int32, env *environment) error {
+	// fetch l1Txs
+	var l1Messages []types.L1MessageTx
+	if w.chainConfig.Scroll.ShouldIncludeL1Messages() {
+		withTimer(l2CommitNewWorkL1CollectTimer, func() {
+			l1Messages = w.collectPendingL1Messages(env.nextL1MsgIndex)
+		})
+	}
+
+	tidyPendingStart := time.Now()
 	pending := w.eth.TxPool().Pending(true)
 
 	// Split the pending transactions into locals and remotes.
@@ -1015,20 +1437,67 @@ func (w *worker) fillTransactions(interrupt *atomic.Int32, env *environment) err
 			localTxs[account] = txs
 		}
 	}
+	l2CommitNewWorkTidyPendingTxTimer.UpdateSince(tidyPendingStart)
 
 	// Fill the block with all available pending transactions.
-	if len(localTxs) > 0 {
+	var circuitCapacityReached bool
+	var err error
+	commitL1MsgStart := time.Now()
+	if w.chainConfig.Scroll.ShouldIncludeL1Messages() && len(l1Messages) > 0 {
+		log.Trace("Processing L1 messages for inclusion", "count", len(l1Messages))
+		txs, err := newL1MessagesByQueueIndex(w.eth.TxPool(), l1Messages)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to create L1 message set", "l1Messages", l1Messages, "err", err)
+			return err
+		}
+		circuitCapacityReached, err = w.commitTransactions(env, txs, interrupt)
+		if err != nil {
+			l2CommitNewWorkCommitL1MsgTimer.UpdateSince(commitL1MsgStart)
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	l2CommitNewWorkCommitL1MsgTimer.UpdateSince(commitL1MsgStart)
+	prioritizedTxStart := time.Now()
+	if w.prioritizedTx != nil && w.current.header.Number.Uint64() > w.prioritizedTx.blockNumber {
+		w.prioritizedTx = nil
+	}
+	if !circuitCapacityReached && w.prioritizedTx != nil && w.current.header.Number.Uint64() == w.prioritizedTx.blockNumber {
+		tx := w.prioritizedTx.tx
+		from, _ := types.Sender(w.current.signer, tx) // error already checked before
+		// we don't know where this came from, yolo resolve from everywhere (w.eth.TxPool())
+		txList := map[common.Address][]*txpool.LazyTransaction{from: {txToLazyTx(w.eth.TxPool(), tx)}}
+		// usually we should distinguish l1txs and l2txs:
+		// use `newL1MessagesByQueueIndex` for l1txs and `newTransactionsByPriceAndNonce` is for l2txs;
+		// but here there's only 1 tx, and hence no need for sorting, we could just simply use `newTransactionsByPriceAndNonce`
+		// (but we fill the LazyTransaction's tx first, in case it's a l1tx and cannot be resolved from the mempool).
+		txs := newTransactionsByPriceAndNonce(w.current.signer, txList, env.header.BaseFee)
+		circuitCapacityReached, err = w.commitTransactions(env, txs, interrupt)
+		if err != nil {
+			l2CommitNewWorkPrioritizedTxCommitTimer.UpdateSince(prioritizedTxStart)
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	l2CommitNewWorkPrioritizedTxCommitTimer.UpdateSince(prioritizedTxStart)
+	remoteLocalStart := time.Now()
+	if !circuitCapacityReached && len(localTxs) > 0 {
+		localTxPriceAndNonceStart := time.Now()
 		txs := newTransactionsByPriceAndNonce(env.signer, localTxs, env.header.BaseFee)
-		if err := w.commitTransactions(env, txs, interrupt); err != nil {
+		l2CommitNewWorkLocalPriceAndNonceTimer.UpdateSince(localTxPriceAndNonceStart)
+		if circuitCapacityReached, err = w.commitTransactions(env, txs, interrupt); err != nil {
+			l2CommitNewWorkRemoteLocalCommitTimer.UpdateSince(remoteLocalStart)
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	if len(remoteTxs) > 0 {
+	if !circuitCapacityReached && len(remoteTxs) > 0 {
+		remoteTxPriceAndNonceStart := time.Now()
 		txs := newTransactionsByPriceAndNonce(env.signer, remoteTxs, env.header.BaseFee)
-		if err := w.commitTransactions(env, txs, interrupt); err != nil {
+		l2CommitNewWorkRemotePriceAndNonceTimer.UpdateSince(remoteTxPriceAndNonceStart)
+		if _, err = w.commitTransactions(env, txs, interrupt); err != nil {
+			l2CommitNewWorkRemoteLocalCommitTimer.UpdateSince(remoteLocalStart)
 			return err
 		}
 	}
+	l2CommitNewWorkRemoteLocalCommitTimer.UpdateSince(remoteLocalStart)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -1070,7 +1539,14 @@ func (w *worker) commitWork(interrupt *atomic.Int32, timestamp int64) {
 	if w.syncing.Load() {
 		return
 	}
+
+	defer func(t0 time.Time) {
+		l2CommitNewWorkTimer.Update(time.Since(t0))
+	}(time.Now())
+
 	start := time.Now()
+	w.circuitCapacityChecker.Reset()
+	log.Trace("Worker reset ccc", "id", w.circuitCapacityChecker.ID)
 
 	// Set the coinbase if the worker is running or it's required
 	var coinbase common.Address
@@ -1081,6 +1557,9 @@ func (w *worker) commitWork(interrupt *atomic.Int32, timestamp int64) {
 			return
 		}
 	}
+	// TODO:
+	// 1. l2CommitNewWorkPrepareTimer
+	// 2. no need for l2CommitNewWorkCommitUncleTimer any more?
 	work, err := w.prepareWork(&generateParams{
 		timestamp: uint64(timestamp),
 		coinbase:  coinbase,
@@ -1128,11 +1607,57 @@ func (w *worker) commitWork(interrupt *atomic.Int32, timestamp int64) {
 	w.current = work
 }
 
+func (w *worker) calcAndSetAccRowsForEnv(env *environment) error {
+	log.Trace(
+		"Worker apply ccc for empty block",
+		"id", w.circuitCapacityChecker.ID,
+		"number", env.header.Number,
+		"hash", env.header.Hash().String(),
+	)
+	var traces *types.BlockTrace
+	var err error
+	withTimer(l2CommitTraceTimer, func() {
+		traces, err = env.traceEnv.GetBlockTrace(types.NewBlockWithHeader(env.header))
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if traces == nil {
+		log.Warn("running in light mode and traces is nil, don't update `env.accRows`")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// truncate ExecutionResults&TxStorageTraces, because we declare their lengths with a dummy tx before;
+	// however, we need to clean it up for an empty block
+	traces.ExecutionResults = traces.ExecutionResults[:0]
+	traces.TxStorageTraces = traces.TxStorageTraces[:0]
+	var accRows *types.RowConsumption
+	withTimer(l2CommitCCCTimer, func() {
+		accRows, err = w.circuitCapacityChecker.ApplyBlock(traces)
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	log.Trace(
+		"Worker apply ccc for empty block result",
+		"id", w.circuitCapacityChecker.ID,
+		"number", env.header.Number,
+		"hash", env.header.Hash().String(),
+		"accRows", accRows,
+	)
+	env.accRows = accRows
+	return nil
+}
+
 // commit runs any post-transaction state modifications, assembles the final block
 // and commits new work if consensus engine is running.
 // Note the assumption is held that the mutation is allowed to the passed env, do
 // the deep copy first.
 func (w *worker) commit(env *environment, interval func(), update bool, start time.Time) error {
+	defer func(t0 time.Time) {
+		l2CommitTimer.Update(time.Since(t0))
+	}(time.Now())
+
 	if w.isRunning() {
 		if interval != nil {
 			interval()
@@ -1140,6 +1665,12 @@ func (w *worker) commit(env *environment, interval func(), update bool, start ti
 		// Create a local environment copy, avoid the data race with snapshot state.
 		// https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/24299
 		env := env.copy()
+		// set env.accRows for empty-but-not-genesis block
+		if (env.header.Number.Uint64() != 0) && (env.accRows == nil || len(*env.accRows) == 0) {
+			if err := w.calcAndSetAccRowsForEnv(env); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
 		// Withdrawals are set to nil here, because this is only called in PoW.
 		block, err := w.engine.FinalizeAndAssemble(w.chain, env.header, env.state, env.txs, nil, env.receipts, nil)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -1148,7 +1679,7 @@ func (w *worker) commit(env *environment, interval func(), update bool, start ti
 		// If we're post merge, just ignore
 		if !w.isTTDReached(block.Header()) {
 			select {
-			case w.taskCh <- &task{receipts: env.receipts, state: env.state, block: block, createdAt: time.Now()}:
+			case w.taskCh <- &task{receipts: env.receipts, state: env.state, block: block, createdAt: time.Now(), accRows: env.accRows, nextL1MsgIndex: env.nextL1MsgIndex}:
 				fees := totalFees(block, env.receipts)
 				feesInEther := new(big.Float).Quo(new(big.Float).SetInt(fees), big.NewFloat(params.Ether))
 				log.Info("Commit new sealing work", "number", block.Number(), "sealhash", w.engine.SealHash(block.Header()),
@@ -1189,6 +1720,22 @@ func (w *worker) isTTDReached(header *types.Header) bool {
 	return td != nil && ttd != nil && td.Cmp(ttd) >= 0
 }
 
+func (w *worker) checkCurrentTxNumWithCCC(expected int) {
+	match, got, err := w.circuitCapacityChecker.CheckTxNum(expected)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("failed to CheckTxNum in ccc", "err", err)
+		return
+	}
+	if !match {
+		log.Error("tx count in miner is different with CCC", "w.current.tcount", w.current.tcount, "got", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func (w *worker) collectPendingL1Messages(startIndex uint64) []types.L1MessageTx {
+	maxCount := w.chainConfig.Scroll.L1Config.NumL1MessagesPerBlock
+	return rawdb.ReadL1MessagesFrom(w.eth.ChainDb(), startIndex, maxCount)
+}
+
 // copyReceipts makes a deep copy of the given receipts.
 func copyReceipts(receipts []*types.Receipt) []*types.Receipt {
 	result := make([]*types.Receipt, len(receipts))
@@ -1223,3 +1770,11 @@ func signalToErr(signal int32) error {
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("undefined signal %d", signal))
 	}
 }
+
+func withTimer(timer metrics.Timer, f func()) {
+	if metrics.Enabled {
+		timer.Time(f)
+	} else {
+		f()
+	}
+}
diff --git a/miner/worker_test.go b/miner/worker_test.go
index 9c4694c0e2..59ea89f415 100644
--- a/miner/worker_test.go
+++ b/miner/worker_test.go
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rollup/sync_service"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -147,6 +148,9 @@ func newTestWorkerBackend(t *testing.T, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, engine
 func (b *testWorkerBackend) BlockChain() *core.BlockChain { return b.chain }
 func (b *testWorkerBackend) TxPool() *txpool.TxPool       { return b.txPool }
 
+func (b *testWorkerBackend) ChainDb() ethdb.Database                { return b.db }
+func (b *testWorkerBackend) SyncService() *sync_service.SyncService { return nil }
+
 func (b *testWorkerBackend) newRandomTx(creation bool) *types.Transaction {
 	var tx *types.Transaction
 	gasPrice := big.NewInt(10 * params.InitialBaseFee)
diff --git a/rollup/tracing/tracing.go b/rollup/tracing/tracing.go
index 4e9760fa9d..45031d3c0a 100644
--- a/rollup/tracing/tracing.go
+++ b/rollup/tracing/tracing.go
@@ -169,6 +169,11 @@ func CreateTraceEnv(chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, chainContext core.ChainCont
 }
 
 func (env *TraceEnv) GetBlockTrace(block *types.Block) (*types.BlockTrace, error) {
+	if env == nil {
+		log.Warn("running in light mode? trace env is nil and do not support `GetBlockTrace`")
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
 	// Execute all the transaction contained within the block concurrently
 	var (
 		txs   = block.Transactions()