trie, core: rework tracer and track origin value of dirty nodes (#32306)

These changes made in the PR should be highlighted here

The trie tracer is split into two distinct structs: opTracer and prevalueTracer. 
The former is specific to MPT, while the latter is generic and applicable to all
trie implementations.

The original values of dirty nodes are tracked in a NodeSet. This serves
as the foundation for both full archive node implementations and the state live
tracer.

core/state/statedb.go

@@ -977,7 +977,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) fastDeleteStorage(snaps *snapshot.Tree, addrHash common.Hash,
 		storageOrigins = make(map[common.Hash][]byte)  // the set for tracking the original value of slot
 	)
 	stack := trie.NewStackTrie(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
-		nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeleted())
+		nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(blob))
 	})
 	for iter.Next() {
 		slot := common.CopyBytes(iter.Slot())
@@ -1028,7 +1028,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) slowDeleteStorage(addr common.Address, addrHash common.Hash, r
 		if it.Hash() == (common.Hash{}) {
 			continue
 		}
-		nodes.AddNode(it.Path(), trienode.NewDeleted())
+		nodes.AddNode(it.Path(), trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(it.NodeBlob()))
 	}
 	if err := it.Error(); err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, nil, err
@@ -1160,7 +1160,7 @@ func (s *StateDB) commit(deleteEmptyObjects bool, noStorageWiping bool) (*stateU
 		//
 		// Given that some accounts may be destroyed and then recreated within
 		// the same block, it's possible that a node set with the same owner
-		// may already exists. In such cases, these two sets are combined, with
+		// may already exist. In such cases, these two sets are combined, with
 		// the later one overwriting the previous one if any nodes are modified
 		// or deleted in both sets.
 		//

trie/committer.go

@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ import (
 // insertion order.
 type committer struct {
 	nodes       *trienode.NodeSet
-	tracer      *tracer
+	tracer      *prevalueTracer
 	collectLeaf bool
 }
 
 // newCommitter creates a new committer or picks one from the pool.
-func newCommitter(nodeset *trienode.NodeSet, tracer *tracer, collectLeaf bool) *committer {
+func newCommitter(nodeset *trienode.NodeSet, tracer *prevalueTracer, collectLeaf bool) *committer {
 	return &committer{
 		nodes:       nodeset,
 		tracer:      tracer,
@@ -110,14 +110,16 @@ func (c *committer) commitChildren(path []byte, n *fullNode, parallel bool) {
 		} else {
 			wg.Add(1)
 			go func(index int) {
+				defer wg.Done()
+
 				p := append(path, byte(index))
 				childSet := trienode.NewNodeSet(c.nodes.Owner)
 				childCommitter := newCommitter(childSet, c.tracer, c.collectLeaf)
 				n.Children[index] = childCommitter.commit(p, child, false)
+
 				nodesMu.Lock()
-				c.nodes.MergeSet(childSet)
+				c.nodes.MergeDisjoint(childSet)
 				nodesMu.Unlock()
-				wg.Done()
 			}(i)
 		}
 	}
@@ -140,15 +142,15 @@ func (c *committer) store(path []byte, n node) node {
 		// The node is embedded in its parent, in other words, this node
 		// will not be stored in the database independently, mark it as
 		// deleted only if the node was existent in database before.
-		_, ok := c.tracer.accessList[string(path)]
+		origin := c.tracer.get(path)
-		if ok {
+		if len(origin) != 0 {
-			c.nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeleted())
+			c.nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(origin))
 		}
 		return n
 	}
 	// Collect the dirty node to nodeset for return.
 	nhash := common.BytesToHash(hash)
-	c.nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.New(nhash, nodeToBytes(n)))
+	c.nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewNodeWithPrev(nhash, nodeToBytes(n), c.tracer.get(path)))
 
 	// Collect the corresponding leaf node if it's required. We don't check
 	// full node since it's impossible to store value in fullNode. The key

trie/proof.go

@@ -567,7 +567,12 @@ func VerifyRangeProof(rootHash common.Hash, firstKey []byte, keys [][]byte, valu
 	}
 	// Rebuild the trie with the leaf stream, the shape of trie
 	// should be same with the original one.
-	tr := &Trie{root: root, reader: newEmptyReader(), tracer: newTracer()}
+	tr := &Trie{
+		root:           root,
+		reader:         newEmptyReader(),
+		opTracer:       newOpTracer(),
+		prevalueTracer: newPrevalueTracer(),
+	}
 	if empty {
 		tr.root = nil
 	}

trie/tracer.go

@@ -18,14 +18,13 @@ package trie
 
 import (
 	"maps"
-
+	"slices"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 )
 
-// tracer tracks the changes of trie nodes. During the trie operations,
+// opTracer tracks the changes of trie nodes. During the trie operations,
 // some nodes can be deleted from the trie, while these deleted nodes
 // won't be captured by trie.Hasher or trie.Committer. Thus, these deleted
-// nodes won't be removed from the disk at all. Tracer is an auxiliary tool
+// nodes won't be removed from the disk at all. opTracer is an auxiliary tool
 // used to track all insert and delete operations of trie and capture all
 // deleted nodes eventually.
 //
@@ -35,38 +34,25 @@ import (
 // This tool can track all of them no matter the node is embedded in its
 // parent or not, but valueNode is never tracked.
 //
-// Besides, it's also used for recording the original value of the nodes
+// Note opTracer is not thread-safe, callers should be responsible for handling
-// when they are resolved from the disk. The pre-value of the nodes will
-// be used to construct trie history in the future.
-//
-// Note tracer is not thread-safe, callers should be responsible for handling
 // the concurrency issues by themselves.
-type tracer struct {
+type opTracer struct {
-	inserts    map[string]struct{}
+	inserts map[string]struct{}
-	deletes    map[string]struct{}
+	deletes map[string]struct{}
-	accessList map[string][]byte
 }
 
-// newTracer initializes the tracer for capturing trie changes.
+// newOpTracer initializes the tracer for capturing trie changes.
-func newTracer() *tracer {
+func newOpTracer() *opTracer {
-	return &tracer{
+	return &opTracer{
-		inserts:    make(map[string]struct{}),
+		inserts: make(map[string]struct{}),
-		deletes:    make(map[string]struct{}),
+		deletes: make(map[string]struct{}),
-		accessList: make(map[string][]byte),
 	}
 }
 
-// onRead tracks the newly loaded trie node and caches the rlp-encoded
-// blob internally. Don't change the value outside of function since
-// it's not deep-copied.
-func (t *tracer) onRead(path []byte, val []byte) {
-	t.accessList[string(path)] = val
-}
-
 // onInsert tracks the newly inserted trie node. If it's already
 // in the deletion set (resurrected node), then just wipe it from
 // the deletion set as it's "untouched".
-func (t *tracer) onInsert(path []byte) {
+func (t *opTracer) onInsert(path []byte) {
 	if _, present := t.deletes[string(path)]; present {
 		delete(t.deletes, string(path))
 		return
@@ -77,7 +63,7 @@ func (t *tracer) onInsert(path []byte) {
 // onDelete tracks the newly deleted trie node. If it's already
 // in the addition set, then just wipe it from the addition set
 // as it's untouched.
-func (t *tracer) onDelete(path []byte) {
+func (t *opTracer) onDelete(path []byte) {
 	if _, present := t.inserts[string(path)]; present {
 		delete(t.inserts, string(path))
 		return
@@ -86,37 +72,83 @@ func (t *tracer) onDelete(path []byte) {
 }
 
 // reset clears the content tracked by tracer.
-func (t *tracer) reset() {
+func (t *opTracer) reset() {
-	t.inserts = make(map[string]struct{})
+	clear(t.inserts)
-	t.deletes = make(map[string]struct{})
+	clear(t.deletes)
-	t.accessList = make(map[string][]byte)
 }
 
 // copy returns a deep copied tracer instance.
-func (t *tracer) copy() *tracer {
+func (t *opTracer) copy() *opTracer {
-	accessList := make(map[string][]byte, len(t.accessList))
+	return &opTracer{
-	for path, blob := range t.accessList {
+		inserts: maps.Clone(t.inserts),
-		accessList[path] = common.CopyBytes(blob)
+		deletes: maps.Clone(t.deletes),
-	}
-	return &tracer{
-		inserts:    maps.Clone(t.inserts),
-		deletes:    maps.Clone(t.deletes),
-		accessList: accessList,
 	}
 }
 
-// deletedNodes returns a list of node paths which are deleted from the trie.
+// deletedList returns a list of node paths which are deleted from the trie.
-func (t *tracer) deletedNodes() []string {
+func (t *opTracer) deletedList() [][]byte {
-	var paths []string
+	paths := make([][]byte, 0, len(t.deletes))
 	for path := range t.deletes {
-		// It's possible a few deleted nodes were embedded
+		paths = append(paths, []byte(path))
-		// in their parent before, the deletions can be no
-		// effect by deleting nothing, filter them out.
-		_, ok := t.accessList[path]
-		if !ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		paths = append(paths, path)
 	}
 	return paths
 }
+
+// prevalueTracer tracks the original values of resolved trie nodes. Cached trie
+// node values are expected to be immutable. A zero-size node value is treated as
+// non-existent and should not occur in practice.
+//
+// Note prevalueTracer is not thread-safe, callers should be responsible for
+// handling the concurrency issues by themselves.
+type prevalueTracer struct {
+	data map[string][]byte
+}
+
+// newPrevalueTracer initializes the tracer for capturing resolved trie nodes.
+func newPrevalueTracer() *prevalueTracer {
+	return &prevalueTracer{
+		data: make(map[string][]byte),
+	}
+}
+
+// put tracks the newly loaded trie node and caches its RLP-encoded
+// blob internally. Do not modify the value outside this function,
+// as it is not deep-copied.
+func (t *prevalueTracer) put(path []byte, val []byte) {
+	t.data[string(path)] = val
+}
+
+// get returns the cached trie node value. If the node is not found, nil will
+// be returned.
+func (t *prevalueTracer) get(path []byte) []byte {
+	return t.data[string(path)]
+}
+
+// hasList returns a list of flags indicating whether the corresponding trie nodes
+// specified by the path exist in the trie.
+func (t *prevalueTracer) hasList(list [][]byte) []bool {
+	exists := make([]bool, 0, len(list))
+	for _, path := range list {
+		_, ok := t.data[string(path)]
+		exists = append(exists, ok)
+	}
+	return exists
+}
+
+// values returns a list of values of the cached trie nodes.
+func (t *prevalueTracer) values() [][]byte {
+	return slices.Collect(maps.Values(t.data))
+}
+
+// reset resets the cached content in the prevalueTracer.
+func (t *prevalueTracer) reset() {
+	clear(t.data)
+}
+
+// copy returns a copied prevalueTracer instance.
+func (t *prevalueTracer) copy() *prevalueTracer {
+	// Shadow clone is used, as the cached trie node values are immutable
+	return &prevalueTracer{
+		data: maps.Clone(t.data),
+	}
+}

trie/tracer_test.go

@@ -52,15 +52,15 @@ var (
 	}
 )
 
-func TestTrieTracer(t *testing.T) {
+func TestTrieOpTracer(t *testing.T) {
-	testTrieTracer(t, tiny)
+	testTrieOpTracer(t, tiny)
-	testTrieTracer(t, nonAligned)
+	testTrieOpTracer(t, nonAligned)
-	testTrieTracer(t, standard)
+	testTrieOpTracer(t, standard)
 }
 
 // Tests if the trie diffs are tracked correctly. Tracer should capture
 // all non-leaf dirty nodes, no matter the node is embedded or not.
-func testTrieTracer(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
+func testTrieOpTracer(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 	trie := NewEmpty(db)
 
@@ -68,8 +68,9 @@ func testTrieTracer(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 	for _, val := range vals {
 		trie.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
-	insertSet := copySet(trie.tracer.inserts) // copy before commit
+	insertSet := copySet(trie.opTracer.inserts) // copy before commit
-	deleteSet := copySet(trie.tracer.deletes) // copy before commit
+	deleteSet := copySet(trie.opTracer.deletes) // copy before commit
+
 	root, nodes := trie.Commit(false)
 	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ func testTrieTracer(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 	for _, val := range vals {
 		trie.MustDelete([]byte(val.k))
 	}
-	insertSet, deleteSet = copySet(trie.tracer.inserts), copySet(trie.tracer.deletes)
+	insertSet, deleteSet = copySet(trie.opTracer.inserts), copySet(trie.opTracer.deletes)
 	if !compareSet(insertSet, nil) {
 		t.Fatal("Unexpected insertion set")
 	}
@@ -97,13 +98,13 @@ func testTrieTracer(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 
 // Test that after inserting a new batch of nodes and deleting them immediately,
 // the trie tracer should be cleared normally as no operation happened.
-func TestTrieTracerNoop(t *testing.T) {
+func TestTrieOpTracerNoop(t *testing.T) {
-	testTrieTracerNoop(t, tiny)
+	testTrieOpTracerNoop(t, tiny)
-	testTrieTracerNoop(t, nonAligned)
+	testTrieOpTracerNoop(t, nonAligned)
-	testTrieTracerNoop(t, standard)
+	testTrieOpTracerNoop(t, standard)
 }
 
-func testTrieTracerNoop(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
+func testTrieOpTracerNoop(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 	trie := NewEmpty(db)
 	for _, val := range vals {
@@ -112,22 +113,22 @@ func testTrieTracerNoop(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 	for _, val := range vals {
 		trie.MustDelete([]byte(val.k))
 	}
-	if len(trie.tracer.inserts) != 0 {
+	if len(trie.opTracer.inserts) != 0 {
 		t.Fatal("Unexpected insertion set")
 	}
-	if len(trie.tracer.deletes) != 0 {
+	if len(trie.opTracer.deletes) != 0 {
 		t.Fatal("Unexpected deletion set")
 	}
 }
 
-// Tests if the accessList is correctly tracked.
+// Tests if the original value of trie nodes are correctly tracked.
-func TestAccessList(t *testing.T) {
+func TestPrevalueTracer(t *testing.T) {
-	testAccessList(t, tiny)
+	testPrevalueTracer(t, tiny)
-	testAccessList(t, nonAligned)
+	testPrevalueTracer(t, nonAligned)
-	testAccessList(t, standard)
+	testPrevalueTracer(t, standard)
 }
 
-func testAccessList(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
+func testPrevalueTracer(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 	var (
 		db   = newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 		trie = NewEmpty(db)
@@ -210,7 +211,7 @@ func testAccessList(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 }
 
 // Tests origin values won't be tracked in Iterator or Prover
-func TestAccessListLeak(t *testing.T) {
+func TestPrevalueTracerLeak(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		db   = newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 		trie = NewEmpty(db)
@@ -249,9 +250,9 @@ func TestAccessListLeak(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for _, c := range cases {
 		trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
-		n1 := len(trie.tracer.accessList)
+		n1 := len(trie.prevalueTracer.data)
 		c.op(trie)
-		n2 := len(trie.tracer.accessList)
+		n2 := len(trie.prevalueTracer.data)
 
 		if n1 != n2 {
 			t.Fatalf("AccessList is leaked, prev %d after %d", n1, n2)

trie/trie.go

@@ -55,8 +55,9 @@ type Trie struct {
 	// reader is the handler trie can retrieve nodes from.
 	reader *trieReader
 
-	// tracer is the tool to track the trie changes.
+	// Various tracers for capturing the modifications to trie
-	tracer *tracer
+	opTracer       *opTracer
+	prevalueTracer *prevalueTracer
 }
 
 // newFlag returns the cache flag value for a newly created node.
@@ -67,13 +68,14 @@ func (t *Trie) newFlag() nodeFlag {
 // Copy returns a copy of Trie.
 func (t *Trie) Copy() *Trie {
 	return &Trie{
-		root:        copyNode(t.root),
+		root:           copyNode(t.root),
-		owner:       t.owner,
+		owner:          t.owner,
-		committed:   t.committed,
+		committed:      t.committed,
-		unhashed:    t.unhashed,
+		unhashed:       t.unhashed,
-		uncommitted: t.uncommitted,
+		uncommitted:    t.uncommitted,
-		reader:      t.reader,
+		reader:         t.reader,
-		tracer:      t.tracer.copy(),
+		opTracer:       t.opTracer.copy(),
+		prevalueTracer: t.prevalueTracer.copy(),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -89,9 +91,10 @@ func New(id *ID, db database.NodeDatabase) (*Trie, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	trie := &Trie{
-		owner:  id.Owner,
+		owner:          id.Owner,
-		reader: reader,
+		reader:         reader,
-		tracer: newTracer(),
+		opTracer:       newOpTracer(),
+		prevalueTracer: newPrevalueTracer(),
 	}
 	if id.Root != (common.Hash{}) && id.Root != types.EmptyRootHash {
 		rootnode, err := trie.resolveAndTrack(id.Root[:], nil)
@@ -361,7 +364,7 @@ func (t *Trie) insert(n node, prefix, key []byte, value node) (bool, node, error
 		// New branch node is created as a child of the original short node.
 		// Track the newly inserted node in the tracer. The node identifier
 		// passed is the path from the root node.
-		t.tracer.onInsert(append(prefix, key[:matchlen]...))
+		t.opTracer.onInsert(append(prefix, key[:matchlen]...))
 
 		// Replace it with a short node leading up to the branch.
 		return true, &shortNode{key[:matchlen], branch, t.newFlag()}, nil
@@ -379,7 +382,7 @@ func (t *Trie) insert(n node, prefix, key []byte, value node) (bool, node, error
 		// New short node is created and track it in the tracer. The node identifier
 		// passed is the path from the root node. Note the valueNode won't be tracked
 		// since it's always embedded in its parent.
-		t.tracer.onInsert(prefix)
+		t.opTracer.onInsert(prefix)
 
 		return true, &shortNode{key, value, t.newFlag()}, nil
 
@@ -444,7 +447,7 @@ func (t *Trie) delete(n node, prefix, key []byte) (bool, node, error) {
 			// The matched short node is deleted entirely and track
 			// it in the deletion set. The same the valueNode doesn't
 			// need to be tracked at all since it's always embedded.
-			t.tracer.onDelete(prefix)
+			t.opTracer.onDelete(prefix)
 
 			return true, nil, nil // remove n entirely for whole matches
 		}
@@ -460,7 +463,7 @@ func (t *Trie) delete(n node, prefix, key []byte) (bool, node, error) {
 		case *shortNode:
 			// The child shortNode is merged into its parent, track
 			// is deleted as well.
-			t.tracer.onDelete(append(prefix, n.Key...))
+			t.opTracer.onDelete(append(prefix, n.Key...))
 
 			// Deleting from the subtrie reduced it to another
 			// short node. Merge the nodes to avoid creating a
@@ -525,7 +528,7 @@ func (t *Trie) delete(n node, prefix, key []byte) (bool, node, error) {
 					// Replace the entire full node with the short node.
 					// Mark the original short node as deleted since the
 					// value is embedded into the parent now.
-					t.tracer.onDelete(append(prefix, byte(pos)))
+					t.opTracer.onDelete(append(prefix, byte(pos)))
 
 					k := append([]byte{byte(pos)}, cnode.Key...)
 					return true, &shortNode{k, cnode.Val, t.newFlag()}, nil
@@ -616,13 +619,31 @@ func (t *Trie) resolveAndTrack(n hashNode, prefix []byte) (node, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	t.tracer.onRead(prefix, blob)
+	t.prevalueTracer.put(prefix, blob)
 
 	// The returned node blob won't be changed afterward. No need to
 	// deep-copy the slice.
 	return decodeNodeUnsafe(n, blob)
 }
 
+// deletedNodes returns a list of node paths, referring the nodes being deleted
+// from the trie. It's possible a few deleted nodes were embedded in their parent
+// before, the deletions can be no effect by deleting nothing, filter them out.
+func (t *Trie) deletedNodes() [][]byte {
+	var (
+		pos   int
+		list  = t.opTracer.deletedList()
+		flags = t.prevalueTracer.hasList(list)
+	)
+	for i := 0; i < len(list); i++ {
+		if flags[i] {
+			list[pos] = list[i]
+			pos++
+		}
+	}
+	return list[:pos] // trim to the new length
+}
+
 // Hash returns the root hash of the trie. It does not write to the
 // database and can be used even if the trie doesn't have one.
 func (t *Trie) Hash() common.Hash {
@@ -644,13 +665,13 @@ func (t *Trie) Commit(collectLeaf bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
 	// (b) The trie was non-empty and all nodes are dropped => return
 	//     the node set includes all deleted nodes
 	if t.root == nil {
-		paths := t.tracer.deletedNodes()
+		paths := t.deletedNodes()
 		if len(paths) == 0 {
 			return types.EmptyRootHash, nil // case (a)
 		}
 		nodes := trienode.NewNodeSet(t.owner)
 		for _, path := range paths {
-			nodes.AddNode([]byte(path), trienode.NewDeleted())
+			nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(t.prevalueTracer.get(path)))
 		}
 		return types.EmptyRootHash, nodes // case (b)
 	}
@@ -667,11 +688,11 @@ func (t *Trie) Commit(collectLeaf bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
 		return rootHash, nil
 	}
 	nodes := trienode.NewNodeSet(t.owner)
-	for _, path := range t.tracer.deletedNodes() {
+	for _, path := range t.deletedNodes() {
-		nodes.AddNode([]byte(path), trienode.NewDeleted())
+		nodes.AddNode(path, trienode.NewDeletedWithPrev(t.prevalueTracer.get(path)))
 	}
 	// If the number of changes is below 100, we let one thread handle it
-	t.root = newCommitter(nodes, t.tracer, collectLeaf).Commit(t.root, t.uncommitted > 100)
+	t.root = newCommitter(nodes, t.prevalueTracer, collectLeaf).Commit(t.root, t.uncommitted > 100)
 	t.uncommitted = 0
 	return rootHash, nodes
 }
@@ -692,12 +713,13 @@ func (t *Trie) hashRoot() []byte {
 
 // Witness returns a set containing all trie nodes that have been accessed.
 func (t *Trie) Witness() map[string]struct{} {
-	if len(t.tracer.accessList) == 0 {
+	values := t.prevalueTracer.values()
+	if len(values) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	witness := make(map[string]struct{}, len(t.tracer.accessList))
+	witness := make(map[string]struct{}, len(values))
-	for _, node := range t.tracer.accessList {
+	for _, val := range values {
-		witness[string(node)] = struct{}{}
+		witness[string(val)] = struct{}{}
 	}
 	return witness
 }
@@ -708,6 +730,7 @@ func (t *Trie) Reset() {
 	t.owner = common.Hash{}
 	t.unhashed = 0
 	t.uncommitted = 0
-	t.tracer.reset()
+	t.opTracer.reset()
+	t.prevalueTracer.reset()
 	t.committed = false
 }

trie/trie_test.go

@@ -449,35 +449,35 @@ func verifyAccessList(old *Trie, new *Trie, set *trienode.NodeSet) error {
 		if !ok || n.IsDeleted() {
 			return errors.New("expect new node")
 		}
-		//if len(n.Prev) > 0 {
+		if len(set.Origins[path]) > 0 {
-		//	return errors.New("unexpected origin value")
+			return errors.New("unexpected origin value")
-		//}
+		}
 	}
 	// Check deletion set
-	for path := range deletes {
+	for path, blob := range deletes {
 		n, ok := set.Nodes[path]
 		if !ok || !n.IsDeleted() {
 			return errors.New("expect deleted node")
 		}
-		//if len(n.Prev) == 0 {
+		if len(set.Origins[path]) == 0 {
-		//	return errors.New("expect origin value")
+			return errors.New("expect origin value")
-		//}
+		}
-		//if !bytes.Equal(n.Prev, blob) {
+		if !bytes.Equal(set.Origins[path], blob) {
-		//	return errors.New("invalid origin value")
+			return errors.New("invalid origin value")
-		//}
+		}
 	}
 	// Check update set
-	for path := range updates {
+	for path, blob := range updates {
 		n, ok := set.Nodes[path]
 		if !ok || n.IsDeleted() {
 			return errors.New("expect updated node")
 		}
-		//if len(n.Prev) == 0 {
+		if len(set.Origins[path]) == 0 {
-		//	return errors.New("expect origin value")
+			return errors.New("expect origin value")
-		//}
+		}
-		//if !bytes.Equal(n.Prev, blob) {
+		if !bytes.Equal(set.Origins[path], blob) {
-		//	return errors.New("invalid origin value")
+			return errors.New("invalid origin value")
-		//}
+		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -595,18 +595,18 @@ func runRandTest(rt randTest) error {
 					deleteExp[path] = struct{}{}
 				}
 			}
-			if len(insertExp) != len(tr.tracer.inserts) {
+			if len(insertExp) != len(tr.opTracer.inserts) {
 				rt[i].err = errors.New("insert set mismatch")
 			}
-			if len(deleteExp) != len(tr.tracer.deletes) {
+			if len(deleteExp) != len(tr.opTracer.deletes) {
 				rt[i].err = errors.New("delete set mismatch")
 			}
-			for insert := range tr.tracer.inserts {
+			for insert := range tr.opTracer.inserts {
 				if _, present := insertExp[insert]; !present {
 					rt[i].err = errors.New("missing inserted node")
 				}
 			}
-			for del := range tr.tracer.deletes {
+			for del := range tr.opTracer.deletes {
 				if _, present := deleteExp[del]; !present {
 					rt[i].err = errors.New("missing deleted node")
 				}

trie/trienode/node.go

@@ -51,6 +51,35 @@ func New(hash common.Hash, blob []byte) *Node {
 // NewDeleted constructs a node which is deleted.
 func NewDeleted() *Node { return New(common.Hash{}, nil) }
 
+// NodeWithPrev is a wrapper over Node by tracking the original value of node.
+type NodeWithPrev struct {
+	*Node
+	Prev []byte // Nil means the node was not existent
+}
+
+// NewNodeWithPrev constructs a node with the additional original value.
+func NewNodeWithPrev(hash common.Hash, blob []byte, prev []byte) *NodeWithPrev {
+	return &NodeWithPrev{
+		Node: &Node{
+			Hash: hash,
+			Blob: blob,
+		},
+		Prev: prev,
+	}
+}
+
+// NewDeletedWithPrev constructs a node which is deleted with the additional
+// original value.
+func NewDeletedWithPrev(prev []byte) *NodeWithPrev {
+	return &NodeWithPrev{
+		Node: &Node{
+			Hash: common.Hash{},
+			Blob: nil,
+		},
+		Prev: prev,
+	}
+}
+
 // leaf represents a trie leaf node
 type leaf struct {
 	Blob   []byte      // raw blob of leaf
@@ -63,6 +92,8 @@ type NodeSet struct {
 	Owner   common.Hash
 	Leaves  []*leaf
 	Nodes   map[string]*Node
+	Origins map[string][]byte
+
 	updates int // the count of updated and inserted nodes
 	deletes int // the count of deleted nodes
 }
@@ -71,8 +102,9 @@ type NodeSet struct {
 // the owning account address hash for storage tries.
 func NewNodeSet(owner common.Hash) *NodeSet {
 	return &NodeSet{
-		Owner: owner,
+		Owner:   owner,
-		Nodes: make(map[string]*Node),
+		Nodes:   make(map[string]*Node),
+		Origins: make(map[string][]byte),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -91,22 +123,25 @@ func (set *NodeSet) ForEachWithOrder(callback func(path string, n *Node)) {
 }
 
 // AddNode adds the provided node into set.
-func (set *NodeSet) AddNode(path []byte, n *Node) {
+func (set *NodeSet) AddNode(path []byte, n *NodeWithPrev) {
 	if n.IsDeleted() {
 		set.deletes += 1
 	} else {
 		set.updates += 1
 	}
-	set.Nodes[string(path)] = n
+	key := string(path)
+	set.Nodes[key] = n.Node
+	set.Origins[key] = n.Prev
 }
 
-// MergeSet merges this 'set' with 'other'. It assumes that the sets are disjoint,
+// MergeDisjoint merges this 'set' with 'other'. It assumes that the sets are disjoint,
 // and thus does not deduplicate data (count deletes, dedup leaves etc).
-func (set *NodeSet) MergeSet(other *NodeSet) error {
+func (set *NodeSet) MergeDisjoint(other *NodeSet) error {
 	if set.Owner != other.Owner {
 		return fmt.Errorf("nodesets belong to different owner are not mergeable %x-%x", set.Owner, other.Owner)
 	}
 	maps.Copy(set.Nodes, other.Nodes)
+	maps.Copy(set.Origins, other.Origins)
 
 	set.deletes += other.deletes
 	set.updates += other.updates
@@ -117,12 +152,13 @@ func (set *NodeSet) MergeSet(other *NodeSet) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// Merge adds a set of nodes into the set.
+// Merge adds a set of nodes to the current set. It assumes the sets may overlap,
-func (set *NodeSet) Merge(owner common.Hash, nodes map[string]*Node) error {
+// so deduplication is performed.
-	if set.Owner != owner {
+func (set *NodeSet) Merge(other *NodeSet) error {
-		return fmt.Errorf("nodesets belong to different owner are not mergeable %x-%x", set.Owner, owner)
+	if set.Owner != other.Owner {
+		return fmt.Errorf("nodesets belong to different owner are not mergeable %x-%x", set.Owner, other.Owner)
 	}
-	for path, node := range nodes {
+	for path, node := range other.Nodes {
 		prev, ok := set.Nodes[path]
 		if ok {
 			// overwrite happens, revoke the counter
@@ -137,8 +173,17 @@ func (set *NodeSet) Merge(owner common.Hash, nodes map[string]*Node) error {
 		} else {
 			set.updates += 1
 		}
-		set.Nodes[path] = node
+		set.Nodes[path] = node // overwrite the node with new value
+
+		// Add the original value only if it was previously non-existent.
+		// If multiple mutations are made to the same node, the first one
+		// is considered the true original value.
+		if _, exist := set.Origins[path]; !exist {
+			set.Origins[path] = other.Origins[path]
+		}
 	}
+	// TODO leaves are not aggregated, as they are not used in storage tries.
+	// TODO(rjl493456442) deprecate the leaves along with the legacy hash mode.
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -169,11 +214,16 @@ func (set *NodeSet) Summary() string {
 	for path, n := range set.Nodes {
 		// Deletion
 		if n.IsDeleted() {
-			fmt.Fprintf(out, "  [-]: %x\n", path)
+			fmt.Fprintf(out, " [-]: %x prev: %x\n", path, set.Origins[path])
 			continue
 		}
-		// Insertion or update
+		// Insertion
-		fmt.Fprintf(out, "  [+/*]: %x -> %v \n", path, n.Hash)
+		if len(set.Origins[path]) == 0 {
+			fmt.Fprintf(out, "  [+]: %x -> %v\n", path, n.Hash)
+			continue
+		}
+		// Update
+		fmt.Fprintf(out, " [*]: %x -> %v prev: %x\n", path, n.Hash, set.Origins[path])
 	}
 	for _, n := range set.Leaves {
 		fmt.Fprintf(out, "[leaf]: %v\n", n)
@@ -203,7 +253,7 @@ func NewWithNodeSet(set *NodeSet) *MergedNodeSet {
 func (set *MergedNodeSet) Merge(other *NodeSet) error {
 	subset, present := set.Sets[other.Owner]
 	if present {
-		return subset.Merge(other.Owner, other.Nodes)
+		return subset.Merge(other)
 	}
 	set.Sets[other.Owner] = other
 	return nil

trie/trienode/node_test.go

@@ -17,13 +17,100 @@
 package trienode
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"maps"
+	"reflect"
+	"slices"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/testrand"
 )
 
+func makeTestSet(owner common.Hash, n int, paths [][]byte) *NodeSet {
+	set := NewNodeSet(owner)
+	for i := 0; i < n*3/4; i++ {
+		path := testrand.Bytes(10)
+		blob := testrand.Bytes(100)
+		set.AddNode(path, NewNodeWithPrev(crypto.Keccak256Hash(blob), blob, testrand.Bytes(100)))
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < n/4; i++ {
+		path := testrand.Bytes(10)
+		set.AddNode(path, NewDeletedWithPrev(testrand.Bytes(100)))
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < len(paths); i++ {
+		if i%3 == 0 {
+			set.AddNode(paths[i], NewDeletedWithPrev(testrand.Bytes(100)))
+		} else {
+			blob := testrand.Bytes(100)
+			set.AddNode(paths[i], NewNodeWithPrev(crypto.Keccak256Hash(blob), blob, testrand.Bytes(100)))
+		}
+	}
+	return set
+}
+
+func copyNodeSet(set *NodeSet) *NodeSet {
+	cpy := &NodeSet{
+		Owner:   set.Owner,
+		Leaves:  slices.Clone(set.Leaves),
+		updates: set.updates,
+		deletes: set.deletes,
+		Nodes:   maps.Clone(set.Nodes),
+		Origins: maps.Clone(set.Origins),
+	}
+	return cpy
+}
+
+func TestNodeSetMerge(t *testing.T) {
+	var shared [][]byte
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		shared = append(shared, testrand.Bytes(10))
+	}
+	owner := testrand.Hash()
+	setA := makeTestSet(owner, 20, shared)
+	cpyA := copyNodeSet(setA)
+
+	setB := makeTestSet(owner, 20, shared)
+	setA.Merge(setB)
+
+	for path, node := range setA.Nodes {
+		nA, inA := cpyA.Nodes[path]
+		nB, inB := setB.Nodes[path]
+
+		switch {
+		case inA && inB:
+			origin := setA.Origins[path]
+			if !bytes.Equal(origin, cpyA.Origins[path]) {
+				t.Errorf("Unexpected origin, path %v: want: %v, got: %v", []byte(path), cpyA.Origins[path], origin)
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(node, nB) {
+				t.Errorf("Unexpected node, path %v: want: %v, got: %v", []byte(path), spew.Sdump(nB), spew.Sdump(node))
+			}
+		case !inA && inB:
+			origin := setA.Origins[path]
+			if !bytes.Equal(origin, setB.Origins[path]) {
+				t.Errorf("Unexpected origin, path %v: want: %v, got: %v", []byte(path), setB.Origins[path], origin)
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(node, nB) {
+				t.Errorf("Unexpected node, path %v: want: %v, got: %v", []byte(path), spew.Sdump(nB), spew.Sdump(node))
+			}
+		case inA && !inB:
+			origin := setA.Origins[path]
+			if !bytes.Equal(origin, cpyA.Origins[path]) {
+				t.Errorf("Unexpected origin, path %v: want: %v, got: %v", []byte(path), cpyA.Origins[path], origin)
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(node, nA) {
+				t.Errorf("Unexpected node, path %v: want: %v, got: %v", []byte(path), spew.Sdump(nA), spew.Sdump(node))
+			}
+		default:
+			t.Errorf("Unexpected node, %v", []byte(path))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func BenchmarkMerge(b *testing.B) {
 	b.Run("1K", func(b *testing.B) {
 		benchmarkMerge(b, 1000)
@@ -42,7 +129,7 @@ func benchmarkMerge(b *testing.B, count int) {
 		blob := make([]byte, 32)
 		rand.Read(blob)
 		hash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(blob)
-		s.AddNode(path, New(hash, blob))
+		s.AddNode(path, NewNodeWithPrev(hash, blob, nil))
 	}
 	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 		// Random path of 4 nibbles
@@ -53,9 +140,9 @@ func benchmarkMerge(b *testing.B, count int) {
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		// Store set x into a backup
 		z := NewNodeSet(common.Hash{})
-		z.Merge(common.Hash{}, x.Nodes)
+		z.Merge(x)
 		// Merge y into x
-		x.Merge(common.Hash{}, y.Nodes)
+		x.Merge(y)
 		x = z
 	}
 }

trie/verkle.go

@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ type VerkleTrie struct {
 	root   verkle.VerkleNode
 	cache  *utils.PointCache
 	reader *trieReader
+	tracer *prevalueTracer
 }
 
 // NewVerkleTrie constructs a verkle tree based on the specified root hash.
@@ -50,27 +51,25 @@ func NewVerkleTrie(root common.Hash, db database.NodeDatabase, cache *utils.Poin
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	// Parse the root verkle node if it's not empty.
+	t := &VerkleTrie{
-	node := verkle.New()
+		root:   verkle.New(),
-	if root != types.EmptyVerkleHash && root != types.EmptyRootHash {
-		blob, err := reader.node(nil, common.Hash{})
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		node, err = verkle.ParseNode(blob, 0)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	}
-	return &VerkleTrie{
-		root:   node,
 		cache:  cache,
 		reader: reader,
-	}, nil
+		tracer: newPrevalueTracer(),
-}
+	}
-
+	// Parse the root verkle node if it's not empty.
-func (t *VerkleTrie) FlatdbNodeResolver(path []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if root != types.EmptyVerkleHash && root != types.EmptyRootHash {
-	return t.reader.node(path, common.Hash{})
+		blob, err := t.nodeResolver(nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		node, err := verkle.ParseNode(blob, 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		t.root = node
+	}
+	return t, nil
 }
 
 // GetKey returns the sha3 preimage of a hashed key that was previously used
@@ -268,7 +267,7 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) Commit(_ bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet) {
 	nodeset := trienode.NewNodeSet(common.Hash{})
 	for _, node := range nodes {
 		// Hash parameter is not used in pathdb
-		nodeset.AddNode(node.Path, trienode.New(common.Hash{}, node.SerializedBytes))
+		nodeset.AddNode(node.Path, trienode.NewNodeWithPrev(common.Hash{}, node.SerializedBytes, t.tracer.get(node.Path)))
 	}
 	// Serialize root commitment form
 	return t.Hash(), nodeset
@@ -301,6 +300,7 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) Copy() *VerkleTrie {
 		root:   t.root.Copy(),
 		cache:  t.cache,
 		reader: t.reader,
+		tracer: t.tracer.copy(),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) Proof(posttrie *VerkleTrie, keys [][]byte) (*verkle.VerkleP
 	if posttrie != nil {
 		postroot = posttrie.root
 	}
-	proof, _, _, _, err := verkle.MakeVerkleMultiProof(t.root, postroot, keys, t.FlatdbNodeResolver)
+	proof, _, _, _, err := verkle.MakeVerkleMultiProof(t.root, postroot, keys, t.nodeResolver)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
@@ -421,7 +421,12 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) ToDot() string {
 }
 
 func (t *VerkleTrie) nodeResolver(path []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	return t.reader.node(path, common.Hash{})
+	blob, err := t.reader.node(path, common.Hash{})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	t.tracer.put(path, blob)
+	return blob, nil
 }
 
 // Witness returns a set containing all trie nodes that have been accessed.