diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 479af7bfbb..aa8892b4fd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Build (amd64)
       run: |
-        go run build/ci.go install -arch amd64 -dlgo
+        go run build/ci.go install -static -arch amd64 -dlgo
 
     - name: Create archive (amd64)
       run: |
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Build (arm64)
       run: |
-        go run build/ci.go install -dlgo -arch arm64 -cc aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc
+        go run build/ci.go install -static -dlgo -arch arm64 -cc aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc
 
     - name: Create archive (arm64)
       run: |
diff --git a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
index 22becdbfd8..6493eb4c87 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/chaincmd.go
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ var (
 		ArgsUsage: "<genesisPath>",
 		Flags: slices.Concat([]cli.Flag{
 			utils.CachePreimagesFlag,
-			utils.OverridePrague,
+			utils.OverrideOsaka,
 			utils.OverrideVerkle,
 		}, utils.DatabaseFlags),
 		Description: `
@@ -269,9 +269,9 @@ func initGenesis(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	defer stack.Close()
 
 	var overrides core.ChainOverrides
-	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverridePrague.Name) {
-		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverridePrague.Name)
-		overrides.OverridePrague = &v
+	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverrideOsaka.Name) {
+		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideOsaka.Name)
+		overrides.OverrideOsaka = &v
 	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverrideVerkle.Name) {
 		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideVerkle.Name)
diff --git a/cmd/geth/config.go b/cmd/geth/config.go
index 3eb2b6dd37..fff1a67cef 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/config.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/config.go
@@ -223,9 +223,9 @@ func constructDevModeBanner(ctx *cli.Context, cfg gethConfig) string {
 // makeFullNode loads geth configuration and creates the Ethereum backend.
 func makeFullNode(ctx *cli.Context) *node.Node {
 	stack, cfg := makeConfigNode(ctx)
-	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverridePrague.Name) {
-		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverridePrague.Name)
-		cfg.Eth.OverridePrague = &v
+	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverrideOsaka.Name) {
+		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideOsaka.Name)
+		cfg.Eth.OverrideOsaka = &v
 	}
 	if ctx.IsSet(utils.OverrideVerkle.Name) {
 		v := ctx.Uint64(utils.OverrideVerkle.Name)
diff --git a/cmd/geth/main.go b/cmd/geth/main.go
index 8e13a9b809..c08dc3ba37 100644
--- a/cmd/geth/main.go
+++ b/cmd/geth/main.go
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ var (
 		utils.NoUSBFlag, // deprecated
 		utils.USBFlag,
 		utils.SmartCardDaemonPathFlag,
-		utils.OverridePrague,
+		utils.OverrideOsaka,
 		utils.OverrideVerkle,
 		utils.EnablePersonal, // deprecated
 		utils.TxPoolLocalsFlag,
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index ea0ca08883..db35a68406 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -254,9 +254,9 @@ var (
 		Value:    2048,
 		Category: flags.EthCategory,
 	}
-	OverridePrague = &cli.Uint64Flag{
-		Name:     "override.prague",
-		Usage:    "Manually specify the Prague fork timestamp, overriding the bundled setting",
+	OverrideOsaka = &cli.Uint64Flag{
+		Name:     "override.osaka",
+		Usage:    "Manually specify the Osaka fork timestamp, overriding the bundled setting",
 		Category: flags.EthCategory,
 	}
 	OverrideVerkle = &cli.Uint64Flag{
diff --git a/core/blockchain_reader.go b/core/blockchain_reader.go
index 6a0cfd6704..0734baab35 100644
--- a/core/blockchain_reader.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_reader.go
@@ -370,6 +370,13 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) StateAt(root common.Hash) (*state.StateDB, error) {
 	return state.New(root, bc.statedb)
 }
 
+// HistoricState returns a historic state specified by the given root.
+// Live states are not available and won't be served, please use `State`
+// or `StateAt` instead.
+func (bc *BlockChain) HistoricState(root common.Hash) (*state.StateDB, error) {
+	return state.New(root, state.NewHistoricDatabase(bc.db, bc.triedb))
+}
+
 // Config retrieves the chain's fork configuration.
 func (bc *BlockChain) Config() *params.ChainConfig { return bc.chainConfig }
 
@@ -419,6 +426,11 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) TxIndexProgress() (TxIndexProgress, error) {
 	return bc.txIndexer.txIndexProgress(), nil
 }
 
+// StateIndexProgress returns the historical state indexing progress.
+func (bc *BlockChain) StateIndexProgress() (uint64, error) {
+	return bc.triedb.IndexProgress()
+}
+
 // HistoryPruningCutoff returns the configured history pruning point.
 // Blocks before this might not be available in the database.
 func (bc *BlockChain) HistoryPruningCutoff() (uint64, common.Hash) {
diff --git a/core/genesis.go b/core/genesis.go
index a66a445c7c..42dc493522 100644
--- a/core/genesis.go
+++ b/core/genesis.go
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ func (e *GenesisMismatchError) Error() string {
 
 // ChainOverrides contains the changes to chain config.
 type ChainOverrides struct {
-	OverridePrague *uint64
+	OverrideOsaka  *uint64
 	OverrideVerkle *uint64
 }
 
@@ -271,8 +271,8 @@ func (o *ChainOverrides) apply(cfg *params.ChainConfig) error {
 	if o == nil || cfg == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	if o.OverridePrague != nil {
-		cfg.PragueTime = o.OverridePrague
+	if o.OverrideOsaka != nil {
+		cfg.OsakaTime = o.OverrideOsaka
 	}
 	if o.OverrideVerkle != nil {
 		cfg.VerkleTime = o.OverrideVerkle
diff --git a/core/state/database_history.go b/core/state/database_history.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..314c56c470
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/state/database_history.go
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package state
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/lru"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state/snapshot"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
+)
+
+// historicReader wraps a historical state reader defined in path database,
+// providing historic state serving over the path scheme.
+//
+// TODO(rjl493456442): historicReader is not thread-safe and does not fully
+// comply with the StateReader interface requirements, needs to be fixed.
+// Currently, it is only used in a non-concurrent context, so it is safe for now.
+type historicReader struct {
+	reader *pathdb.HistoricalStateReader
+}
+
+// newHistoricReader constructs a reader for historic state serving.
+func newHistoricReader(r *pathdb.HistoricalStateReader) *historicReader {
+	return &historicReader{reader: r}
+}
+
+// Account implements StateReader, retrieving the account specified by the address.
+//
+// An error will be returned if the associated snapshot is already stale or
+// the requested account is not yet covered by the snapshot.
+//
+// The returned account might be nil if it's not existent.
+func (r *historicReader) Account(addr common.Address) (*types.StateAccount, error) {
+	account, err := r.reader.Account(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if account == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	acct := &types.StateAccount{
+		Nonce:    account.Nonce,
+		Balance:  account.Balance,
+		CodeHash: account.CodeHash,
+		Root:     common.BytesToHash(account.Root),
+	}
+	if len(acct.CodeHash) == 0 {
+		acct.CodeHash = types.EmptyCodeHash.Bytes()
+	}
+	if acct.Root == (common.Hash{}) {
+		acct.Root = types.EmptyRootHash
+	}
+	return acct, nil
+}
+
+// Storage implements StateReader, retrieving the storage slot specified by the
+// address and slot key.
+//
+// An error will be returned if the associated snapshot is already stale or
+// the requested storage slot is not yet covered by the snapshot.
+//
+// The returned storage slot might be empty if it's not existent.
+func (r *historicReader) Storage(addr common.Address, key common.Hash) (common.Hash, error) {
+	blob, err := r.reader.Storage(addr, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+	if len(blob) == 0 {
+		return common.Hash{}, nil
+	}
+	_, content, _, err := rlp.Split(blob)
+	if err != nil {
+		return common.Hash{}, err
+	}
+	var slot common.Hash
+	slot.SetBytes(content)
+	return slot, nil
+}
+
+// HistoricDB is the implementation of Database interface, with the ability to
+// access historical state.
+type HistoricDB struct {
+	disk          ethdb.KeyValueStore
+	triedb        *triedb.Database
+	codeCache     *lru.SizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte]
+	codeSizeCache *lru.Cache[common.Hash, int]
+	pointCache    *utils.PointCache
+}
+
+// NewHistoricDatabase creates a historic state database.
+func NewHistoricDatabase(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, triedb *triedb.Database) *HistoricDB {
+	return &HistoricDB{
+		disk:          disk,
+		triedb:        triedb,
+		codeCache:     lru.NewSizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte](codeCacheSize),
+		codeSizeCache: lru.NewCache[common.Hash, int](codeSizeCacheSize),
+		pointCache:    utils.NewPointCache(pointCacheSize),
+	}
+}
+
+// Reader implements Database interface, returning a reader of the specific state.
+func (db *HistoricDB) Reader(stateRoot common.Hash) (Reader, error) {
+	hr, err := db.triedb.HistoricReader(stateRoot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return newReader(newCachingCodeReader(db.disk, db.codeCache, db.codeSizeCache), newHistoricReader(hr)), nil
+}
+
+// OpenTrie opens the main account trie. It's not supported by historic database.
+func (db *HistoricDB) OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (Trie, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+// OpenStorageTrie opens the storage trie of an account. It's not supported by
+// historic database.
+func (db *HistoricDB) OpenStorageTrie(stateRoot common.Hash, address common.Address, root common.Hash, trie Trie) (Trie, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
+// PointCache returns the cache holding points used in verkle tree key computation
+func (db *HistoricDB) PointCache() *utils.PointCache {
+	return db.pointCache
+}
+
+// TrieDB returns the underlying trie database for managing trie nodes.
+func (db *HistoricDB) TrieDB() *triedb.Database {
+	return db.triedb
+}
+
+// Snapshot returns the underlying state snapshot.
+func (db *HistoricDB) Snapshot() *snapshot.Tree {
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/eth/api_backend.go b/eth/api_backend.go
index 8ec19308f9..bd90f611f1 100644
--- a/eth/api_backend.go
+++ b/eth/api_backend.go
@@ -238,7 +238,10 @@ func (b *EthAPIBackend) StateAndHeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.B
 	}
 	stateDb, err := b.eth.BlockChain().StateAt(header.Root)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
+		stateDb, err = b.eth.BlockChain().HistoricState(header.Root)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
 	}
 	return stateDb, header, nil
 }
@@ -260,7 +263,10 @@ func (b *EthAPIBackend) StateAndHeaderByNumberOrHash(ctx context.Context, blockN
 		}
 		stateDb, err := b.eth.BlockChain().StateAt(header.Root)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, err
+			stateDb, err = b.eth.BlockChain().HistoricState(header.Root)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, err
+			}
 		}
 		return stateDb, header, nil
 	}
@@ -397,6 +403,10 @@ func (b *EthAPIBackend) SyncProgress(ctx context.Context) ethereum.SyncProgress
 		prog.TxIndexFinishedBlocks = txProg.Indexed
 		prog.TxIndexRemainingBlocks = txProg.Remaining
 	}
+	remain, err := b.eth.blockchain.StateIndexProgress()
+	if err == nil {
+		prog.StateIndexRemaining = remain
+	}
 	return prog
 }
 
diff --git a/eth/backend.go b/eth/backend.go
index 5561657ea8..f7105ab79c 100644
--- a/eth/backend.go
+++ b/eth/backend.go
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 		log.Warn("Sanitizing invalid miner gas price", "provided", config.Miner.GasPrice, "updated", ethconfig.Defaults.Miner.GasPrice)
 		config.Miner.GasPrice = new(big.Int).Set(ethconfig.Defaults.Miner.GasPrice)
 	}
-	if config.NoPruning && config.TrieDirtyCache > 0 {
+	if config.NoPruning && config.TrieDirtyCache > 0 && config.StateScheme == rawdb.HashScheme {
 		if config.SnapshotCache > 0 {
 			config.TrieCleanCache += config.TrieDirtyCache * 3 / 5
 			config.SnapshotCache += config.TrieDirtyCache * 2 / 5
@@ -221,9 +221,6 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 		}
 	}
 	var (
-		vmConfig = vm.Config{
-			EnablePreimageRecording: config.EnablePreimageRecording,
-		}
 		options = &core.BlockChainConfig{
 			TrieCleanLimit:   config.TrieCleanCache,
 			NoPrefetch:       config.NoPrefetch,
@@ -236,7 +233,9 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 			StateScheme:      scheme,
 			ChainHistoryMode: config.HistoryMode,
 			TxLookupLimit:    int64(min(config.TransactionHistory, math.MaxInt64)),
-			VmConfig:         vmConfig,
+			VmConfig: vm.Config{
+				EnablePreimageRecording: config.EnablePreimageRecording,
+			},
 		}
 	)
 
@@ -249,12 +248,12 @@ func New(stack *node.Node, config *ethconfig.Config) (*Ethereum, error) {
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create tracer %s: %v", config.VMTrace, err)
 		}
-		vmConfig.Tracer = t
+		options.VmConfig.Tracer = t
 	}
 	// Override the chain config with provided settings.
 	var overrides core.ChainOverrides
-	if config.OverridePrague != nil {
-		overrides.OverridePrague = config.OverridePrague
+	if config.OverrideOsaka != nil {
+		overrides.OverrideOsaka = config.OverrideOsaka
 	}
 	if config.OverrideVerkle != nil {
 		overrides.OverrideVerkle = config.OverrideVerkle
diff --git a/eth/downloader/api.go b/eth/downloader/api.go
index ac175672a0..c98f9a2c3f 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/api.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/api.go
@@ -81,6 +81,10 @@ func (api *DownloaderAPI) eventLoop() {
 				prog.TxIndexFinishedBlocks = txProg.Indexed
 				prog.TxIndexRemainingBlocks = txProg.Remaining
 			}
+			remain, err := api.chain.StateIndexProgress()
+			if err == nil {
+				prog.StateIndexRemaining = remain
+			}
 			return prog
 		}
 	)
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/config.go b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
index 30e1f3681a..368bda7f84 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/config.go
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ type Config struct {
 	// send-transaction variants. The unit is ether.
 	RPCTxFeeCap float64
 
-	// OverridePrague (TODO: remove after the fork)
-	OverridePrague *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
+	// OverrideOsaka (TODO: remove after the fork)
+	OverrideOsaka *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
 
 	// OverrideVerkle (TODO: remove after the fork)
 	OverrideVerkle *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
diff --git a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
index 05f07178ac..0a188ba23c 100644
--- a/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
+++ b/eth/ethconfig/gen_config.go
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 		RPCGasCap               uint64
 		RPCEVMTimeout           time.Duration
 		RPCTxFeeCap             float64
-		OverridePrague          *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
+		OverrideOsaka           *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
 		OverrideVerkle          *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
 	}
 	var enc Config
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func (c Config) MarshalTOML() (interface{}, error) {
 	enc.RPCGasCap = c.RPCGasCap
 	enc.RPCEVMTimeout = c.RPCEVMTimeout
 	enc.RPCTxFeeCap = c.RPCTxFeeCap
-	enc.OverridePrague = c.OverridePrague
+	enc.OverrideOsaka = c.OverrideOsaka
 	enc.OverrideVerkle = c.OverrideVerkle
 	return &enc, nil
 }
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 		RPCGasCap               *uint64
 		RPCEVMTimeout           *time.Duration
 		RPCTxFeeCap             *float64
-		OverridePrague          *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
+		OverrideOsaka           *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
 		OverrideVerkle          *uint64 `toml:",omitempty"`
 	}
 	var dec Config
@@ -258,8 +258,8 @@ func (c *Config) UnmarshalTOML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
 	if dec.RPCTxFeeCap != nil {
 		c.RPCTxFeeCap = *dec.RPCTxFeeCap
 	}
-	if dec.OverridePrague != nil {
-		c.OverridePrague = dec.OverridePrague
+	if dec.OverrideOsaka != nil {
+		c.OverrideOsaka = dec.OverrideOsaka
 	}
 	if dec.OverrideVerkle != nil {
 		c.OverrideVerkle = dec.OverrideVerkle
diff --git a/eth/state_accessor.go b/eth/state_accessor.go
index 3c3e79a584..79c91043a3 100644
--- a/eth/state_accessor.go
+++ b/eth/state_accessor.go
@@ -182,10 +182,11 @@ func (eth *Ethereum) pathState(block *types.Block) (*state.StateDB, func(), erro
 	if err == nil {
 		return statedb, noopReleaser, nil
 	}
-	// TODO historic state is not supported in path-based scheme.
-	// Fully archive node in pbss will be implemented by relying
-	// on state history, but needs more work on top.
-	return nil, nil, errors.New("historical state not available in path scheme yet")
+	statedb, err = eth.blockchain.HistoricState(block.Root())
+	if err == nil {
+		return statedb, noopReleaser, nil
+	}
+	return nil, nil, errors.New("historical state is not available")
 }
 
 // stateAtBlock retrieves the state database associated with a certain block.
diff --git a/ethclient/ethclient.go b/ethclient/ethclient.go
index 9d0e0d5b52..1195929f7d 100644
--- a/ethclient/ethclient.go
+++ b/ethclient/ethclient.go
@@ -789,6 +789,7 @@ type rpcProgress struct {
 	HealingBytecode        hexutil.Uint64
 	TxIndexFinishedBlocks  hexutil.Uint64
 	TxIndexRemainingBlocks hexutil.Uint64
+	StateIndexRemaining    hexutil.Uint64
 }
 
 func (p *rpcProgress) toSyncProgress() *ethereum.SyncProgress {
@@ -815,5 +816,6 @@ func (p *rpcProgress) toSyncProgress() *ethereum.SyncProgress {
 		HealingBytecode:        uint64(p.HealingBytecode),
 		TxIndexFinishedBlocks:  uint64(p.TxIndexFinishedBlocks),
 		TxIndexRemainingBlocks: uint64(p.TxIndexRemainingBlocks),
+		StateIndexRemaining:    uint64(p.StateIndexRemaining),
 	}
 }
diff --git a/graphql/graphql.go b/graphql/graphql.go
index e23e6fcb0e..6738cd913b 100644
--- a/graphql/graphql.go
+++ b/graphql/graphql.go
@@ -1510,6 +1510,9 @@ func (s *SyncState) TxIndexFinishedBlocks() hexutil.Uint64 {
 func (s *SyncState) TxIndexRemainingBlocks() hexutil.Uint64 {
 	return hexutil.Uint64(s.progress.TxIndexRemainingBlocks)
 }
+func (s *SyncState) StateIndexRemaining() hexutil.Uint64 {
+	return hexutil.Uint64(s.progress.StateIndexRemaining)
+}
 
 // Syncing returns false in case the node is currently not syncing with the network. It can be up-to-date or has not
 // yet received the latest block headers from its peers. In case it is synchronizing:
diff --git a/interfaces.go b/interfaces.go
index 54a215d6e7..be5b970851 100644
--- a/interfaces.go
+++ b/interfaces.go
@@ -124,6 +124,9 @@ type SyncProgress struct {
 	// "transaction indexing" fields
 	TxIndexFinishedBlocks  uint64 // Number of blocks whose transactions are already indexed
 	TxIndexRemainingBlocks uint64 // Number of blocks whose transactions are not indexed yet
+
+	// "historical state indexing" fields
+	StateIndexRemaining uint64 // Number of states remain unindexed
 }
 
 // Done returns the indicator if the initial sync is finished or not.
@@ -131,7 +134,7 @@ func (prog SyncProgress) Done() bool {
 	if prog.CurrentBlock < prog.HighestBlock {
 		return false
 	}
-	return prog.TxIndexRemainingBlocks == 0
+	return prog.TxIndexRemainingBlocks == 0 && prog.StateIndexRemaining == 0
 }
 
 // ChainSyncReader wraps access to the node's current sync status. If there's no
diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go
index db0297ae5a..8f9442acee 100644
--- a/internal/ethapi/api.go
+++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go
@@ -170,6 +170,7 @@ func (api *EthereumAPI) Syncing(ctx context.Context) (interface{}, error) {
 		"healingBytecode":        hexutil.Uint64(progress.HealingBytecode),
 		"txIndexFinishedBlocks":  hexutil.Uint64(progress.TxIndexFinishedBlocks),
 		"txIndexRemainingBlocks": hexutil.Uint64(progress.TxIndexRemainingBlocks),
+		"stateIndexRemaining":    hexutil.Uint64(progress.StateIndexRemaining),
 	}, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/internal/jsre/deps/web3.js b/internal/jsre/deps/web3.js
index 0aa738a2af..0071d7eb7d 100644
--- a/internal/jsre/deps/web3.js
+++ b/internal/jsre/deps/web3.js
@@ -3977,6 +3977,7 @@ var outputSyncingFormatter = function(result) {
     result.healingBytecode = utils.toDecimal(result.healingBytecode);
     result.txIndexFinishedBlocks = utils.toDecimal(result.txIndexFinishedBlocks);
     result.txIndexRemainingBlocks = utils.toDecimal(result.txIndexRemainingBlocks);
+    result.stateIndexRemaining = utils.toDecimal(result.stateIndexRemaining)
 
     return result;
 };
diff --git a/node/database.go b/node/database.go
index 44bea10307..274ccbfa7e 100644
--- a/node/database.go
+++ b/node/database.go
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ func newLevelDBDatabase(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, r
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	log.Info("Using LevelDB as the backing database")
-	return rawdb.NewDatabase(db), nil
+	return db, nil
 }
 
 // newPebbleDBDatabase creates a persistent key-value database without a freezer
@@ -119,5 +119,5 @@ func newPebbleDBDatabase(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string,
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return rawdb.NewDatabase(db), nil
+	return db, nil
 }
diff --git a/triedb/database.go b/triedb/database.go
index 03d07c1c1b..e2f4334d6e 100644
--- a/triedb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/database.go
@@ -129,6 +129,15 @@ func (db *Database) StateReader(blockRoot common.Hash) (database.StateReader, er
 	return db.backend.StateReader(blockRoot)
 }
 
+// HistoricReader constructs a reader for accessing the requested historic state.
+func (db *Database) HistoricReader(root common.Hash) (*pathdb.HistoricalStateReader, error) {
+	pdb, ok := db.backend.(*pathdb.Database)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("not supported")
+	}
+	return pdb.HistoricReader(root)
+}
+
 // Update performs a state transition by committing dirty nodes contained in the
 // given set in order to update state from the specified parent to the specified
 // root. The held pre-images accumulated up to this point will be flushed in case
@@ -347,6 +356,16 @@ func (db *Database) StorageIterator(root common.Hash, account common.Hash, seek
 	return pdb.StorageIterator(root, account, seek)
 }
 
+// IndexProgress returns the indexing progress made so far. It provides the
+// number of states that remain unindexed.
+func (db *Database) IndexProgress() (uint64, error) {
+	pdb, ok := db.backend.(*pathdb.Database)
+	if !ok {
+		return 0, errors.New("not supported")
+	}
+	return pdb.IndexProgress()
+}
+
 // IsVerkle returns the indicator if the database is holding a verkle tree.
 func (db *Database) IsVerkle() bool {
 	return db.config.IsVerkle
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/database.go b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
index 8932f3f7f8..7c8c327484 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/database.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
@@ -700,6 +700,15 @@ func (db *Database) HistoryRange() (uint64, uint64, error) {
 	return historyRange(db.freezer)
 }
 
+// IndexProgress returns the indexing progress made so far. It provides the
+// number of states that remain unindexed.
+func (db *Database) IndexProgress() (uint64, error) {
+	if db.indexer == nil {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	return db.indexer.progress()
+}
+
 // AccountIterator creates a new account iterator for the specified root hash and
 // seeks to a starting account hash.
 func (db *Database) AccountIterator(root common.Hash, seek common.Hash) (AccountIterator, error) {
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
index b09804ce9d..6df74de61c 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/history_indexer.go
@@ -128,9 +128,11 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 	var (
-		batch   = b.db.NewBatch()
-		batchMu sync.RWMutex
-		eg      errgroup.Group
+		batch    = b.db.NewBatch()
+		batchMu  sync.RWMutex
+		storages int
+		start    = time.Now()
+		eg       errgroup.Group
 	)
 	eg.SetLimit(runtime.NumCPU())
 
@@ -167,6 +169,7 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 		})
 	}
 	for addrHash, slots := range b.storages {
+		storages += len(slots)
 		for storageHash, idList := range slots {
 			eg.Go(func() error {
 				if !b.delete {
@@ -216,6 +219,7 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	log.Debug("Committed batch indexer", "accounts", len(b.accounts), "storages", storages, "records", b.counter, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 	b.counter = 0
 	b.accounts = make(map[common.Hash][]uint64)
 	b.storages = make(map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]uint64)
@@ -224,9 +228,10 @@ func (b *batchIndexer) finish(force bool) error {
 
 // indexSingle processes the state history with the specified ID for indexing.
 func indexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientReader) error {
-	defer func(start time.Time) {
+	start := time.Now()
+	defer func() {
 		indexHistoryTimer.UpdateSince(start)
-	}(time.Now())
+	}()
 
 	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db)
 	if metadata == nil || metadata.Last+1 != historyID {
@@ -247,15 +252,16 @@ func indexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.Ancient
 	if err := b.finish(true); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	log.Debug("Indexed state history", "id", historyID)
+	log.Debug("Indexed state history", "id", historyID, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 	return nil
 }
 
 // unindexSingle processes the state history with the specified ID for unindexing.
 func unindexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientReader) error {
-	defer func(start time.Time) {
+	start := time.Now()
+	defer func() {
 		unindexHistoryTimer.UpdateSince(start)
-	}(time.Now())
+	}()
 
 	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(db)
 	if metadata == nil || metadata.Last != historyID {
@@ -276,7 +282,7 @@ func unindexSingle(historyID uint64, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.Ancie
 	if err := b.finish(true); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	log.Debug("Unindexed state history", "id", historyID)
+	log.Debug("Unindexed state history", "id", historyID, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -299,7 +305,12 @@ type indexIniter struct {
 	interrupt chan *interruptSignal
 	done      chan struct{}
 	closed    chan struct{}
-	wg        sync.WaitGroup
+
+	// indexing progress
+	indexed atomic.Uint64 // the id of latest indexed state
+	last    atomic.Uint64 // the id of the target state to be indexed
+
+	wg sync.WaitGroup
 }
 
 func newIndexIniter(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientStore, lastID uint64) *indexIniter {
@@ -310,6 +321,14 @@ func newIndexIniter(disk ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientStore, lastID
 		done:      make(chan struct{}),
 		closed:    make(chan struct{}),
 	}
+	// Load indexing progress
+	initer.last.Store(lastID)
+	metadata := loadIndexMetadata(disk)
+	if metadata != nil {
+		initer.indexed.Store(metadata.Last)
+	}
+
+	// Launch background indexer
 	initer.wg.Add(1)
 	go initer.run(lastID)
 	return initer
@@ -336,6 +355,22 @@ func (i *indexIniter) inited() bool {
 	}
 }
 
+func (i *indexIniter) remain() uint64 {
+	select {
+	case <-i.closed:
+		return 0
+	case <-i.done:
+		return 0
+	default:
+		last, indexed := i.last.Load(), i.indexed.Load()
+		if last < indexed {
+			log.Error("Invalid state indexing range", "last", last, "indexed", indexed)
+			return 0
+		}
+		return last - indexed
+	}
+}
+
 func (i *indexIniter) run(lastID uint64) {
 	defer i.wg.Done()
 
@@ -361,6 +396,8 @@ func (i *indexIniter) run(lastID uint64) {
 				signal.result <- fmt.Errorf("invalid history id, last: %d, got: %d", lastID, signal.newLastID)
 				continue
 			}
+			i.last.Store(signal.newLastID) // update indexing range
+
 			// The index limit is extended by one, update the limit without
 			// interrupting the current background process.
 			if signal.newLastID == lastID+1 {
@@ -498,9 +535,11 @@ func (i *indexIniter) index(done chan struct{}, interrupt *atomic.Int32, lastID
 				)
 				// Override the ETA if larger than the largest until now
 				eta := time.Duration(left/speed) * time.Millisecond
-				log.Info("Indexing state history", "processed", done, "left", left, "eta", common.PrettyDuration(eta))
+				log.Info("Indexing state history", "processed", done, "left", left, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)), "eta", common.PrettyDuration(eta))
 			}
 		}
+		i.indexed.Store(current - 1) // update indexing progress
+
 		// Check interruption signal and abort process if it's fired
 		if interrupt != nil {
 			if signal := interrupt.Load(); signal != 0 {
@@ -611,3 +650,14 @@ func (i *historyIndexer) shorten(historyID uint64) error {
 		return <-signal.result
 	}
 }
+
+// progress returns the indexing progress made so far. It provides the number
+// of states that remain unindexed.
+func (i *historyIndexer) progress() (uint64, error) {
+	select {
+	case <-i.initer.closed:
+		return 0, errors.New("indexer is closed")
+	default:
+		return i.initer.remain(), nil
+	}
+}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/iterator_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/iterator_test.go
index b24575cb47..adb534f47d 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/iterator_test.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/iterator_test.go
@@ -816,7 +816,8 @@ func testAccountIteratorDeletions(t *testing.T, newIterator func(db *Database, r
 	config := &Config{
 		NoAsyncGeneration: true,
 	}
-	db := New(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), config, false)
+	memoryDB := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	db := New(memoryDB, config, false)
 
 	// Stack three diff layers on top with various overlaps
 	db.Update(common.HexToHash("0x02"), types.EmptyRootHash, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(),
@@ -831,31 +832,55 @@ func testAccountIteratorDeletions(t *testing.T, newIterator func(db *Database, r
 	db.Update(common.HexToHash("0x04"), common.HexToHash("0x03"), 3, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(),
 		NewStateSetWithOrigin(randomAccountSet("0x33", "0x44", "0x55"), nil, nil, nil, false))
 
-	// The output should be 11,33,44,55
-	it := newIterator(db, common.HexToHash("0x04"), common.Hash{})
-	// Do a quick check
-	verifyIterator(t, 4, it, verifyAccount)
-	it.Release()
+	verify := func() {
+		// The output should be 11,33,44,55
+		it := newIterator(db, common.HexToHash("0x04"), common.Hash{})
+		// Do a quick check
+		verifyIterator(t, 4, it, verifyAccount)
+		it.Release()
 
-	// And a more detailed verification that we indeed do not see '0x22'
-	it = newIterator(db, common.HexToHash("0x04"), common.Hash{})
-	defer it.Release()
-	for it.Next() {
-		hash := it.Hash()
-		if it.Account() == nil {
-			t.Errorf("iterator returned nil-value for hash %x", hash)
-		}
-		if hash == deleted {
-			t.Errorf("expected deleted elem %x to not be returned by iterator", deleted)
+		// And a more detailed verification that we indeed do not see '0x22'
+		it = newIterator(db, common.HexToHash("0x04"), common.Hash{})
+		defer it.Release()
+		for it.Next() {
+			hash := it.Hash()
+			if it.Account() == nil {
+				t.Errorf("iterator returned nil-value for hash %x", hash)
+			}
+			if hash == deleted {
+				t.Errorf("expected deleted elem %x to not be returned by iterator", deleted)
+			}
 		}
 	}
+	verify()
+
+	if err := db.Journal(common.HexToHash("0x04")); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to journal the database, %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := db.Close(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to close the database, %v", err)
+	}
+	db = New(memoryDB, config, false)
+
+	verify()
 }
 
 func TestStorageIteratorDeletions(t *testing.T) {
 	config := &Config{
 		NoAsyncGeneration: true,
 	}
-	db := New(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), config, false)
+	memoryDB := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+	db := New(memoryDB, config, false)
+
+	restart := func(head common.Hash) {
+		if err := db.Journal(head); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to journal the database, %v", err)
+		}
+		if err := db.Close(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to close the database, %v", err)
+		}
+		db = New(memoryDB, config, false)
+	}
 
 	// Stack three diff layers on top with various overlaps
 	db.Update(common.HexToHash("0x02"), types.EmptyRootHash, 1, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(),
@@ -874,6 +899,19 @@ func TestStorageIteratorDeletions(t *testing.T) {
 	verifyIterator(t, 3, it, verifyStorage)
 	it.Release()
 
+	// Ensure the iteration result aligns after the database restart
+	restart(common.HexToHash("0x03"))
+
+	// The output should be 02,04,05,06
+	it, _ = db.StorageIterator(common.HexToHash("0x03"), common.HexToHash("0xaa"), common.Hash{})
+	verifyIterator(t, 4, it, verifyStorage)
+	it.Release()
+
+	// The output should be 04,05,06
+	it, _ = db.StorageIterator(common.HexToHash("0x03"), common.HexToHash("0xaa"), common.HexToHash("0x03"))
+	verifyIterator(t, 3, it, verifyStorage)
+	it.Release()
+
 	// Destruct the whole storage
 	accounts := map[common.Hash][]byte{
 		common.HexToHash("0xaa"): nil,
@@ -885,6 +923,12 @@ func TestStorageIteratorDeletions(t *testing.T) {
 	verifyIterator(t, 0, it, verifyStorage)
 	it.Release()
 
+	// Ensure the iteration result aligns after the database restart
+	restart(common.HexToHash("0x04"))
+	it, _ = db.StorageIterator(common.HexToHash("0x04"), common.HexToHash("0xaa"), common.Hash{})
+	verifyIterator(t, 0, it, verifyStorage)
+	it.Release()
+
 	// Re-insert the slots of the same account
 	db.Update(common.HexToHash("0x05"), common.HexToHash("0x04"), 4, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(),
 		NewStateSetWithOrigin(randomAccountSet("0xaa"), randomStorageSet([]string{"0xaa"}, [][]string{{"0x07", "0x08", "0x09"}}, nil), nil, nil, false))
@@ -894,6 +938,14 @@ func TestStorageIteratorDeletions(t *testing.T) {
 	verifyIterator(t, 3, it, verifyStorage)
 	it.Release()
 
+	// Ensure the iteration result aligns after the database restart
+	restart(common.HexToHash("0x05"))
+
+	// The output should be 07,08,09
+	it, _ = db.StorageIterator(common.HexToHash("0x05"), common.HexToHash("0xaa"), common.Hash{})
+	verifyIterator(t, 3, it, verifyStorage)
+	it.Release()
+
 	// Destruct the whole storage but re-create the account in the same layer
 	db.Update(common.HexToHash("0x06"), common.HexToHash("0x05"), 5, trienode.NewMergedNodeSet(),
 		NewStateSetWithOrigin(randomAccountSet("0xaa"), randomStorageSet([]string{"0xaa"}, [][]string{{"0x11", "0x12"}}, [][]string{{"0x07", "0x08", "0x09"}}), nil, nil, false))
@@ -903,6 +955,13 @@ func TestStorageIteratorDeletions(t *testing.T) {
 	it.Release()
 
 	verifyIterator(t, 2, db.tree.get(common.HexToHash("0x06")).(*diffLayer).newBinaryStorageIterator(common.HexToHash("0xaa"), common.Hash{}), verifyStorage)
+
+	// Ensure the iteration result aligns after the database restart
+	restart(common.HexToHash("0x06"))
+	it, _ = db.StorageIterator(common.HexToHash("0x06"), common.HexToHash("0xaa"), common.Hash{})
+	verifyIterator(t, 2, it, verifyStorage) // The output should be 11,12
+	it.Release()
+	verifyIterator(t, 2, db.tree.get(common.HexToHash("0x06")).(*diffLayer).newBinaryStorageIterator(common.HexToHash("0xaa"), common.Hash{}), verifyStorage)
 }
 
 // TestStaleIterator tests if the iterator could correctly terminate the iteration
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/states.go b/triedb/pathdb/states.go
index 2a88d74f5f..bc638a569e 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/states.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/states.go
@@ -387,8 +387,8 @@ func (s *stateSet) decode(r *rlp.Stream) error {
 	if err := r.Decode(&dec); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("load diff accounts: %v", err)
 	}
-	for i := 0; i < len(dec.AddrHashes); i++ {
-		accountSet[dec.AddrHashes[i]] = dec.Accounts[i]
+	for i := range dec.AddrHashes {
+		accountSet[dec.AddrHashes[i]] = empty2nil(dec.Accounts[i])
 	}
 	s.accountData = accountSet
 
@@ -407,8 +407,8 @@ func (s *stateSet) decode(r *rlp.Stream) error {
 	}
 	for _, entry := range storages {
 		storageSet[entry.AddrHash] = make(map[common.Hash][]byte, len(entry.Keys))
-		for i := 0; i < len(entry.Keys); i++ {
-			storageSet[entry.AddrHash][entry.Keys[i]] = entry.Vals[i]
+		for i := range entry.Keys {
+			storageSet[entry.AddrHash][entry.Keys[i]] = empty2nil(entry.Vals[i])
 		}
 	}
 	s.storageData = storageSet
@@ -550,8 +550,8 @@ func (s *StateSetWithOrigin) decode(r *rlp.Stream) error {
 	if err := r.Decode(&accounts); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("load diff account origin set: %v", err)
 	}
-	for i := 0; i < len(accounts.Accounts); i++ {
-		accountSet[accounts.Addresses[i]] = accounts.Accounts[i]
+	for i := range accounts.Accounts {
+		accountSet[accounts.Addresses[i]] = empty2nil(accounts.Accounts[i])
 	}
 	s.accountOrigin = accountSet
 
@@ -570,10 +570,17 @@ func (s *StateSetWithOrigin) decode(r *rlp.Stream) error {
 	}
 	for _, storage := range storages {
 		storageSet[storage.Address] = make(map[common.Hash][]byte)
-		for i := 0; i < len(storage.Keys); i++ {
-			storageSet[storage.Address][storage.Keys[i]] = storage.Vals[i]
+		for i := range storage.Keys {
+			storageSet[storage.Address][storage.Keys[i]] = empty2nil(storage.Vals[i])
 		}
 	}
 	s.storageOrigin = storageSet
 	return nil
 }
+
+func empty2nil(b []byte) []byte {
+	if len(b) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return b
+}
diff --git a/version/version.go b/version/version.go
index 51cf410cda..750fa5a352 100644
--- a/version/version.go
+++ b/version/version.go
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ package version
 
 const (
 	Major = 1          // Major version component of the current release
-	Minor = 15         // Minor version component of the current release
-	Patch = 12         // Patch version component of the current release
+	Minor = 16         // Minor version component of the current release
+	Patch = 1          // Patch version component of the current release
 	Meta  = "unstable" // Version metadata to append to the version string
 )