diff --git a/trie/trienode/node.go b/trie/trienode/node.go
index 805e175e0a..047a7a4bd8 100644
--- a/trie/trienode/node.go
+++ b/trie/trienode/node.go
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ func (set *NodeSet) Size() (int, int) {
 
 // HashSet returns a set of trie nodes keyed by node hash.
 func (set *NodeSet) HashSet() map[common.Hash][]byte {
-	ret := make(map[common.Hash][]byte)
+	ret := make(map[common.Hash][]byte, len(set.Nodes))
 	for _, n := range set.Nodes {
 		ret[n.Hash] = n.Blob
 	}
diff --git a/trie/triestate/state.go b/trie/triestate/state.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 62a9043873..0000000000
--- a/trie/triestate/state.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
-// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
-// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
-// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
-
-package triestate
-
-import "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-
-// Set represents a collection of mutated states during a state transition.
-// The value refers to the original content of state before the transition
-// is made. Nil means that the state was not present previously.
-type Set struct {
-	Accounts map[common.Address][]byte                 // Mutated account set, nil means the account was not present
-	Storages map[common.Address]map[common.Hash][]byte // Mutated storage set, nil means the slot was not present
-	size     common.StorageSize                        // Approximate size of set
-}
-
-// New constructs the state set with provided data.
-func New(accounts map[common.Address][]byte, storages map[common.Address]map[common.Hash][]byte) *Set {
-	return &Set{
-		Accounts: accounts,
-		Storages: storages,
-	}
-}
-
-// Size returns the approximate memory size occupied by the set.
-func (s *Set) Size() common.StorageSize {
-	if s.size != 0 {
-		return s.size
-	}
-	for _, account := range s.Accounts {
-		s.size += common.StorageSize(common.AddressLength + len(account))
-	}
-	for _, slots := range s.Storages {
-		for _, val := range slots {
-			s.size += common.StorageSize(common.HashLength + len(val))
-		}
-		s.size += common.StorageSize(common.AddressLength)
-	}
-	return s.size
-}
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/buffer.go b/triedb/pathdb/buffer.go
index 42a4202fff..bb591a594f 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/buffer.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/buffer.go
@@ -57,10 +57,6 @@ func (b *buffer) node(owner common.Hash, path []byte) (*trienode.Node, bool) {
 }
 
 // commit merges the provided states and trie nodes into the buffer.
-//
-// This operation does not take ownership of the passed maps, which belong to
-// the bottom-most diff layer. Instead, it holds references to the given maps,
-// which are safe to copy.
 func (b *buffer) commit(nodes *nodeSet) *buffer {
 	b.layers++
 	b.nodes.merge(nodes)
@@ -133,7 +129,7 @@ func (b *buffer) flush(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientWriter, node
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	nodes := b.nodes.write(batch, b.nodes.nodes, nodesCache)
+	nodes := b.nodes.write(batch, nodesCache)
 	rawdb.WritePersistentStateID(batch, id)
 
 	// Flush all mutations in a single batch
@@ -145,6 +141,6 @@ func (b *buffer) flush(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, freezer ethdb.AncientWriter, node
 	commitNodesMeter.Mark(int64(nodes))
 	commitTimeTimer.UpdateSince(start)
 	b.reset()
-	log.Info("Persisted buffer content", "nodes", nodes, "bytes", common.StorageSize(size), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
+	log.Debug("Persisted buffer content", "nodes", nodes, "bytes", common.StorageSize(size), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go b/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go
index 0b2eea6ee9..ade669512e 100644
--- a/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go
+++ b/triedb/pathdb/nodes.go
@@ -66,6 +66,17 @@ func (s *nodeSet) computeSize() {
 	s.size = size
 }
 
+// updateSize updates the total cache size by the given delta.
+func (s *nodeSet) updateSize(delta int64) {
+	size := int64(s.size) + delta
+	if size >= 0 {
+		s.size = uint64(size)
+		return
+	}
+	log.Error("Nodeset size underflow", "prev", common.StorageSize(s.size), "delta", common.StorageSize(delta))
+	s.size = 0
+}
+
 // node retrieves the trie node with node path and its trie identifier.
 func (s *nodeSet) node(owner common.Hash, path []byte) (*trienode.Node, bool) {
 	subset, ok := s.nodes[owner]
@@ -211,8 +222,8 @@ func (s *nodeSet) decode(r *rlp.Stream) error {
 }
 
 // write flushes nodes into the provided database batch as a whole.
-func (s *nodeSet) write(batch ethdb.Batch, nodes map[common.Hash]map[string]*trienode.Node, clean *fastcache.Cache) int {
-	return writeNodes(batch, nodes, clean)
+func (s *nodeSet) write(batch ethdb.Batch, clean *fastcache.Cache) int {
+	return writeNodes(batch, s.nodes, clean)
 }
 
 // reset clears all cached trie node data.
@@ -221,17 +232,6 @@ func (s *nodeSet) reset() {
 	s.size = 0
 }
 
-// updateSize updates the total cache size by the given delta.
-func (s *nodeSet) updateSize(delta int64) {
-	size := int64(s.size) + delta
-	if size >= 0 {
-		s.size = uint64(size)
-		return
-	}
-	log.Error("Nodeset size underflow", "prev", common.StorageSize(s.size), "delta", common.StorageSize(delta))
-	s.size = 0
-}
-
 // dbsize returns the approximate size of db write.
 func (s *nodeSet) dbsize() int {
 	var m int