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Signed-off-by: Isabel Schöps Thiel @IsabelSchoepd <155141998+IST-Github@users.noreply.github.com>
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Isabel Schöps Thiel @IsabelSchoepd 2024-01-04 04:26:46 +01:00 committed by GitHub
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472
consensus/beacon/consensus.go
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@ -1,472 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2021 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package beacon
import (
"errors"
"fmt"
"math/big"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip1559"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip4844"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
)
// Proof-of-stake protocol constants.
var (
beaconDifficulty = common.Big0 // The default block difficulty in the beacon consensus
beaconNonce = types.EncodeNonce(0) // The default block nonce in the beacon consensus
)
// Various error messages to mark blocks invalid. These should be private to
// prevent engine specific errors from being referenced in the remainder of the
// codebase, inherently breaking if the engine is swapped out. Please put common
// error types into the consensus package.
var (
errTooManyUncles = errors.New("too many uncles")
errInvalidNonce = errors.New("invalid nonce")
errInvalidUncleHash = errors.New("invalid uncle hash")
errInvalidTimestamp = errors.New("invalid timestamp")
)
// Beacon is a consensus engine that combines the eth1 consensus and proof-of-stake
// algorithm. There is a special flag inside to decide whether to use legacy consensus
// rules or new rules. The transition rule is described in the eth1/2 merge spec.
// https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-3675.md
//
// The beacon here is a half-functional consensus engine with partial functions which
// is only used for necessary consensus checks. The legacy consensus engine can be any
// engine implements the consensus interface (except the beacon itself).
type Beacon struct {
ethone consensus.Engine // Original consensus engine used in eth1, e.g. ethash or clique
}
// New creates a consensus engine with the given embedded eth1 engine.
func New(ethone consensus.Engine) *Beacon {
if _, ok := ethone.(*Beacon); ok {
panic("nested consensus engine")
}
return &Beacon{ethone: ethone}
}
// Author implements consensus.Engine, returning the verified author of the block.
func (beacon *Beacon) Author(header *types.Header) (common.Address, error) {
if !beacon.IsPoSHeader(header) {
return beacon.ethone.Author(header)
}
return header.Coinbase, nil
}
// VerifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules of the
// stock Ethereum consensus engine.
func (beacon *Beacon) VerifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) error {
reached, err := IsTTDReached(chain, header.ParentHash, header.Number.Uint64()-1)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if !reached {
return beacon.ethone.VerifyHeader(chain, header)
}
// Short circuit if the parent is not known
parent := chain.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, header.Number.Uint64()-1)
if parent == nil {
return consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
}
// Sanity checks passed, do a proper verification
return beacon.verifyHeader(chain, header, parent)
}
// errOut constructs an error channel with prefilled errors inside.
func errOut(n int, err error) chan error {
errs := make(chan error, n)
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
errs <- err
}
return errs
}
// splitHeaders splits the provided header batch into two parts according to
// the configured ttd. It requires the parent of header batch along with its
// td are stored correctly in chain. If ttd is not configured yet, all headers
// will be treated legacy PoW headers.
// Note, this function will not verify the header validity but just split them.
func (beacon *Beacon) splitHeaders(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, headers []*types.Header) ([]*types.Header, []*types.Header, error) {
// TTD is not defined yet, all headers should be in legacy format.
ttd := chain.Config().TerminalTotalDifficulty
if ttd == nil {
return headers, nil, nil
}
ptd := chain.GetTd(headers[0].ParentHash, headers[0].Number.Uint64()-1)
if ptd == nil {
return nil, nil, consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
}
// The entire header batch already crosses the transition.
if ptd.Cmp(ttd) >= 0 {
return nil, headers, nil
}
var (
preHeaders = headers
postHeaders []*types.Header
td = new(big.Int).Set(ptd)
tdPassed bool
)
for i, header := range headers {
if tdPassed {
preHeaders = headers[:i]
postHeaders = headers[i:]
break
}
td = td.Add(td, header.Difficulty)
if td.Cmp(ttd) >= 0 {
// This is the last PoW header, it still belongs to
// the preHeaders, so we cannot split+break yet.
tdPassed = true
}
}
return preHeaders, postHeaders, nil
}
// VerifyHeaders is similar to VerifyHeader, but verifies a batch of headers
// concurrently. The method returns a quit channel to abort the operations and
// a results channel to retrieve the async verifications.
// VerifyHeaders expect the headers to be ordered and continuous.
func (beacon *Beacon) VerifyHeaders(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, headers []*types.Header) (chan<- struct{}, <-chan error) {
preHeaders, postHeaders, err := beacon.splitHeaders(chain, headers)
if err != nil {
return make(chan struct{}), errOut(len(headers), err)
}
if len(postHeaders) == 0 {
return beacon.ethone.VerifyHeaders(chain, headers)
}
if len(preHeaders) == 0 {
return beacon.verifyHeaders(chain, headers, nil)
}
// The transition point exists in the middle, separate the headers
// into two batches and apply different verification rules for them.
var (
abort = make(chan struct{})
results = make(chan error, len(headers))
)
go func() {
var (
old, new, out = 0, len(preHeaders), 0
errors = make([]error, len(headers))
done = make([]bool, len(headers))
oldDone, oldResult = beacon.ethone.VerifyHeaders(chain, preHeaders)
newDone, newResult = beacon.verifyHeaders(chain, postHeaders, preHeaders[len(preHeaders)-1])
)
// Collect the results
for {
for ; done[out]; out++ {
results <- errors[out]
if out == len(headers)-1 {
return
}
}
select {
case err := <-oldResult:
if !done[old] { // skip TTD-verified failures
errors[old], done[old] = err, true
}
old++
case err := <-newResult:
errors[new], done[new] = err, true
new++
case <-abort:
close(oldDone)
close(newDone)
return
}
}
}()
return abort, results
}
// VerifyUncles verifies that the given block's uncles conform to the consensus
// rules of the Ethereum consensus engine.
func (beacon *Beacon) VerifyUncles(chain consensus.ChainReader, block *types.Block) error {
if !beacon.IsPoSHeader(block.Header()) {
return beacon.ethone.VerifyUncles(chain, block)
}
// Verify that there is no uncle block. It's explicitly disabled in the beacon
if len(block.Uncles()) > 0 {
return errTooManyUncles
}
return nil
}
// verifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules of the
// stock Ethereum consensus engine. The difference between the beacon and classic is
// (a) The following fields are expected to be constants:
// - difficulty is expected to be 0
// - nonce is expected to be 0
// - unclehash is expected to be Hash(emptyHeader)
// to be the desired constants
//
// (b) we don't verify if a block is in the future anymore
// (c) the extradata is limited to 32 bytes
func (beacon *Beacon) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header, parent *types.Header) error {
// Ensure that the header's extra-data section is of a reasonable size
if len(header.Extra) > 32 {
return fmt.Errorf("extra-data longer than 32 bytes (%d)", len(header.Extra))
}
// Verify the seal parts. Ensure the nonce and uncle hash are the expected value.
if header.Nonce != beaconNonce {
return errInvalidNonce
}
if header.UncleHash != types.EmptyUncleHash {
return errInvalidUncleHash
}
// Verify the timestamp
if header.Time <= parent.Time {
return errInvalidTimestamp
}
// Verify the block's difficulty to ensure it's the default constant
if beaconDifficulty.Cmp(header.Difficulty) != 0 {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid difficulty: have %v, want %v", header.Difficulty, beaconDifficulty)
}
// Verify that the gas limit is <= 2^63-1
if header.GasLimit > params.MaxGasLimit {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid gasLimit: have %v, max %v", header.GasLimit, params.MaxGasLimit)
}
// Verify that the gasUsed is <= gasLimit
if header.GasUsed > header.GasLimit {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid gasUsed: have %d, gasLimit %d", header.GasUsed, header.GasLimit)
}
// Verify that the block number is parent's +1
if diff := new(big.Int).Sub(header.Number, parent.Number); diff.Cmp(common.Big1) != 0 {
return consensus.ErrInvalidNumber
}
// Verify the header's EIP-1559 attributes.
if err := eip1559.VerifyEIP1559Header(chain.Config(), parent, header); err != nil {
return err
}
// Verify existence / non-existence of withdrawalsHash.
shanghai := chain.Config().IsShanghai(header.Number, header.Time)
if shanghai && header.WithdrawalsHash == nil {
return errors.New("missing withdrawalsHash")
}
if !shanghai && header.WithdrawalsHash != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid withdrawalsHash: have %x, expected nil", header.WithdrawalsHash)
}
// Verify the existence / non-existence of cancun-specific header fields
cancun := chain.Config().IsCancun(header.Number, header.Time)
if !cancun {
switch {
case header.ExcessBlobGas != nil:
return fmt.Errorf("invalid excessBlobGas: have %d, expected nil", header.ExcessBlobGas)
case header.BlobGasUsed != nil:
return fmt.Errorf("invalid blobGasUsed: have %d, expected nil", header.BlobGasUsed)
case header.ParentBeaconRoot != nil:
return fmt.Errorf("invalid parentBeaconRoot, have %#x, expected nil", header.ParentBeaconRoot)
}
} else {
if header.ParentBeaconRoot == nil {
return errors.New("header is missing beaconRoot")
}
if err := eip4844.VerifyEIP4844Header(parent, header); err != nil {
return err
}
}
return nil
}
// verifyHeaders is similar to verifyHeader, but verifies a batch of headers
// concurrently. The method returns a quit channel to abort the operations and
// a results channel to retrieve the async verifications. An additional parent
// header will be passed if the relevant header is not in the database yet.
func (beacon *Beacon) verifyHeaders(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, headers []*types.Header, ancestor *types.Header) (chan<- struct{}, <-chan error) {
var (
abort = make(chan struct{})
results = make(chan error, len(headers))
)
go func() {
for i, header := range headers {
var parent *types.Header
if i == 0 {
if ancestor != nil {
parent = ancestor
} else {
parent = chain.GetHeader(headers[0].ParentHash, headers[0].Number.Uint64()-1)
}
} else if headers[i-1].Hash() == headers[i].ParentHash {
parent = headers[i-1]
}
if parent == nil {
select {
case <-abort:
return
case results <- consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor:
}
continue
}
err := beacon.verifyHeader(chain, header, parent)
select {
case <-abort:
return
case results <- err:
}
}
}()
return abort, results
}
// Prepare implements consensus.Engine, initializing the difficulty field of a
// header to conform to the beacon protocol. The changes are done inline.
func (beacon *Beacon) Prepare(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) error {
// Transition isn't triggered yet, use the legacy rules for preparation.
reached, err := IsTTDReached(chain, header.ParentHash, header.Number.Uint64()-1)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if !reached {
return beacon.ethone.Prepare(chain, header)
}
header.Difficulty = beaconDifficulty
return nil
}
// Finalize implements consensus.Engine and processes withdrawals on top.
func (beacon *Beacon) Finalize(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, state *state.StateDB, txs []*types.Transaction, uncles []*types.Header, withdrawals []*types.Withdrawal) {
if !beacon.IsPoSHeader(header) {
beacon.ethone.Finalize(chain, header, state, txs, uncles, nil)
return
}
// Withdrawals processing.
for _, w := range withdrawals {
// Convert amount from gwei to wei.
amount := new(big.Int).SetUint64(w.Amount)
amount = amount.Mul(amount, big.NewInt(params.GWei))
state.AddBalance(w.Address, amount)
}
// No block reward which is issued by consensus layer instead.
}
// FinalizeAndAssemble implements consensus.Engine, setting the final state and
// assembling the block.
func (beacon *Beacon) FinalizeAndAssemble(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, state *state.StateDB, txs []*types.Transaction, uncles []*types.Header, receipts []*types.Receipt, withdrawals []*types.Withdrawal) (*types.Block, error) {
if !beacon.IsPoSHeader(header) {
return beacon.ethone.FinalizeAndAssemble(chain, header, state, txs, uncles, receipts, nil)
}
shanghai := chain.Config().IsShanghai(header.Number, header.Time)
if shanghai {
// All blocks after Shanghai must include a withdrawals root.
if withdrawals == nil {
withdrawals = make([]*types.Withdrawal, 0)
}
} else {
if len(withdrawals) > 0 {
return nil, errors.New("withdrawals set before Shanghai activation")
}
}
// Finalize and assemble the block.
beacon.Finalize(chain, header, state, txs, uncles, withdrawals)
// Assign the final state root to header.
header.Root = state.IntermediateRoot(true)
// Assemble and return the final block.
return types.NewBlockWithWithdrawals(header, txs, uncles, receipts, withdrawals, trie.NewStackTrie(nil)), nil
}
// Seal generates a new sealing request for the given input block and pushes
// the result into the given channel.
//
// Note, the method returns immediately and will send the result async. More
// than one result may also be returned depending on the consensus algorithm.
func (beacon *Beacon) Seal(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, block *types.Block, results chan<- *types.Block, stop <-chan struct{}) error {
if !beacon.IsPoSHeader(block.Header()) {
return beacon.ethone.Seal(chain, block, results, stop)
}
// The seal verification is done by the external consensus engine,
// return directly without pushing any block back. In another word
// beacon won't return any result by `results` channel which may
// blocks the receiver logic forever.
return nil
}
// SealHash returns the hash of a block prior to it being sealed.
func (beacon *Beacon) SealHash(header *types.Header) common.Hash {
return beacon.ethone.SealHash(header)
}
// CalcDifficulty is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns
// the difficulty that a new block should have when created at time
// given the parent block's time and difficulty.
func (beacon *Beacon) CalcDifficulty(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
// Transition isn't triggered yet, use the legacy rules for calculation
if reached, _ := IsTTDReached(chain, parent.Hash(), parent.Number.Uint64()); !reached {
return beacon.ethone.CalcDifficulty(chain, time, parent)
}
return beaconDifficulty
}
// APIs implements consensus.Engine, returning the user facing RPC APIs.
func (beacon *Beacon) APIs(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader) []rpc.API {
return beacon.ethone.APIs(chain)
}
// Close shutdowns the consensus engine
func (beacon *Beacon) Close() error {
return beacon.ethone.Close()
}
// IsPoSHeader reports the header belongs to the PoS-stage with some special fields.
// This function is not suitable for a part of APIs like Prepare or CalcDifficulty
// because the header difficulty is not set yet.
func (beacon *Beacon) IsPoSHeader(header *types.Header) bool {
if header.Difficulty == nil {
panic("IsPoSHeader called with invalid difficulty")
}
return header.Difficulty.Cmp(beaconDifficulty) == 0
}
// InnerEngine returns the embedded eth1 consensus engine.
func (beacon *Beacon) InnerEngine() consensus.Engine {
return beacon.ethone
}
// SetThreads updates the mining threads. Delegate the call
// to the eth1 engine if it's threaded.
func (beacon *Beacon) SetThreads(threads int) {
type threaded interface {
SetThreads(threads int)
}
if th, ok := beacon.ethone.(threaded); ok {
th.SetThreads(threads)
}
}
// IsTTDReached checks if the TotalTerminalDifficulty has been surpassed on the `parentHash` block.
// It depends on the parentHash already being stored in the database.
// If the parentHash is not stored in the database a UnknownAncestor error is returned.
func IsTTDReached(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, parentHash common.Hash, parentNumber uint64) (bool, error) {
if chain.Config().TerminalTotalDifficulty == nil {
return false, nil
}
td := chain.GetTd(parentHash, parentNumber)
if td == nil {
return false, consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
}
return td.Cmp(chain.Config().TerminalTotalDifficulty) >= 0, nil
}

41
consensus/beacon/faker.go
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@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package beacon
import (
"math/big"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
)
// NewFaker creates a fake consensus engine for testing.
// The fake engine simulates a merged network.
// It can not be used to test the merge transition.
// This type is needed since the fakeChainReader can not be used with
// a normal beacon consensus engine.
func NewFaker() consensus.Engine {
return new(faker)
}
type faker struct {
Beacon
}
func (f *faker) CalcDifficulty(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
return beaconDifficulty
}

235
consensus/clique/api.go
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// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package clique
import (
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
)
// API is a user facing RPC API to allow controlling the signer and voting
// mechanisms of the proof-of-authority scheme.
type API struct {
chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader
clique *Clique
}
// GetSnapshot retrieves the state snapshot at a given block.
func (api *API) GetSnapshot(number *rpc.BlockNumber) (*Snapshot, error) {
// Retrieve the requested block number (or current if none requested)
var header *types.Header
if number == nil || *number == rpc.LatestBlockNumber {
header = api.chain.CurrentHeader()
} else {
header = api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint64(number.Int64()))
}
// Ensure we have an actually valid block and return its snapshot
if header == nil {
return nil, errUnknownBlock
}
return api.clique.snapshot(api.chain, header.Number.Uint64(), header.Hash(), nil)
}
// GetSnapshotAtHash retrieves the state snapshot at a given block.
func (api *API) GetSnapshotAtHash(hash common.Hash) (*Snapshot, error) {
header := api.chain.GetHeaderByHash(hash)
if header == nil {
return nil, errUnknownBlock
}
return api.clique.snapshot(api.chain, header.Number.Uint64(), header.Hash(), nil)
}
// GetSigners retrieves the list of authorized signers at the specified block.
func (api *API) GetSigners(number *rpc.BlockNumber) ([]common.Address, error) {
// Retrieve the requested block number (or current if none requested)
var header *types.Header
if number == nil || *number == rpc.LatestBlockNumber {
header = api.chain.CurrentHeader()
} else {
header = api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint64(number.Int64()))
}
// Ensure we have an actually valid block and return the signers from its snapshot
if header == nil {
return nil, errUnknownBlock
}
snap, err := api.clique.snapshot(api.chain, header.Number.Uint64(), header.Hash(), nil)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return snap.signers(), nil
}
// GetSignersAtHash retrieves the list of authorized signers at the specified block.
func (api *API) GetSignersAtHash(hash common.Hash) ([]common.Address, error) {
header := api.chain.GetHeaderByHash(hash)
if header == nil {
return nil, errUnknownBlock
}
snap, err := api.clique.snapshot(api.chain, header.Number.Uint64(), header.Hash(), nil)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return snap.signers(), nil
}
// Proposals returns the current proposals the node tries to uphold and vote on.
func (api *API) Proposals() map[common.Address]bool {
api.clique.lock.RLock()
defer api.clique.lock.RUnlock()
proposals := make(map[common.Address]bool)
for address, auth := range api.clique.proposals {
proposals[address] = auth
}
return proposals
}
// Propose injects a new authorization proposal that the signer will attempt to
// push through.
func (api *API) Propose(address common.Address, auth bool) {
api.clique.lock.Lock()
defer api.clique.lock.Unlock()
api.clique.proposals[address] = auth
}
// Discard drops a currently running proposal, stopping the signer from casting
// further votes (either for or against).
func (api *API) Discard(address common.Address) {
api.clique.lock.Lock()
defer api.clique.lock.Unlock()
delete(api.clique.proposals, address)
}
type status struct {
InturnPercent float64 `json:"inturnPercent"`
SigningStatus map[common.Address]int `json:"sealerActivity"`
NumBlocks uint64 `json:"numBlocks"`
}
// Status returns the status of the last N blocks,
// - the number of active signers,
// - the number of signers,
// - the percentage of in-turn blocks
func (api *API) Status() (*status, error) {
var (
numBlocks = uint64(64)
header = api.chain.CurrentHeader()
diff = uint64(0)
optimals = 0
)
snap, err := api.clique.snapshot(api.chain, header.Number.Uint64(), header.Hash(), nil)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
var (
signers = snap.signers()
end = header.Number.Uint64()
start = end - numBlocks
)
if numBlocks > end {
start = 1
numBlocks = end - start
}
signStatus := make(map[common.Address]int)
for _, s := range signers {
signStatus[s] = 0
}
for n := start; n < end; n++ {
h := api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(n)
if h == nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing block %d", n)
}
if h.Difficulty.Cmp(diffInTurn) == 0 {
optimals++
}
diff += h.Difficulty.Uint64()
sealer, err := api.clique.Author(h)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
signStatus[sealer]++
}
return &status{
InturnPercent: float64(100*optimals) / float64(numBlocks),
SigningStatus: signStatus,
NumBlocks: numBlocks,
}, nil
}
type blockNumberOrHashOrRLP struct {
*rpc.BlockNumberOrHash
RLP hexutil.Bytes `json:"rlp,omitempty"`
}
func (sb *blockNumberOrHashOrRLP) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
bnOrHash := new(rpc.BlockNumberOrHash)
// Try to unmarshal bNrOrHash
if err := bnOrHash.UnmarshalJSON(data); err == nil {
sb.BlockNumberOrHash = bnOrHash
return nil
}
// Try to unmarshal RLP
var input string
if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &input); err != nil {
return err
}
blob, err := hexutil.Decode(input)
if err != nil {
return err
}
sb.RLP = blob
return nil
}
// GetSigner returns the signer for a specific clique block.
// Can be called with a block number, a block hash or a rlp encoded blob.
// The RLP encoded blob can either be a block or a header.
func (api *API) GetSigner(rlpOrBlockNr *blockNumberOrHashOrRLP) (common.Address, error) {
if len(rlpOrBlockNr.RLP) == 0 {
blockNrOrHash := rlpOrBlockNr.BlockNumberOrHash
var header *types.Header
if blockNrOrHash == nil {
header = api.chain.CurrentHeader()
} else if hash, ok := blockNrOrHash.Hash(); ok {
header = api.chain.GetHeaderByHash(hash)
} else if number, ok := blockNrOrHash.Number(); ok {
header = api.chain.GetHeaderByNumber(uint64(number.Int64()))
}
if header == nil {
return common.Address{}, fmt.Errorf("missing block %v", blockNrOrHash.String())
}
return api.clique.Author(header)
}
block := new(types.Block)
if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(rlpOrBlockNr.RLP, block); err == nil {
return api.clique.Author(block.Header())
}
header := new(types.Header)
if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(rlpOrBlockNr.RLP, header); err != nil {
return common.Address{}, err
}
return api.clique.Author(header)
}

781
consensus/clique/clique.go
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@ -1,781 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
// Package clique implements the proof-of-authority consensus engine.
package clique
import (
"bytes"
"errors"
"fmt"
"io"
"math/big"
"math/rand"
"sync"
"time"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
lru "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/lru"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip1559"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
)
const (
checkpointInterval = 1024 // Number of blocks after which to save the vote snapshot to the database
inmemorySnapshots = 128 // Number of recent vote snapshots to keep in memory
inmemorySignatures = 4096 // Number of recent block signatures to keep in memory
wiggleTime = 500 * time.Millisecond // Random delay (per signer) to allow concurrent signers
)
// Clique proof-of-authority protocol constants.
var (
epochLength = uint64(30000) // Default number of blocks after which to checkpoint and reset the pending votes
extraVanity = 32 // Fixed number of extra-data prefix bytes reserved for signer vanity
extraSeal = crypto.SignatureLength // Fixed number of extra-data suffix bytes reserved for signer seal
nonceAuthVote = hexutil.MustDecode("0xffffffffffffffff") // Magic nonce number to vote on adding a new signer
nonceDropVote = hexutil.MustDecode("0x0000000000000000") // Magic nonce number to vote on removing a signer.
uncleHash = types.CalcUncleHash(nil) // Always Keccak256(RLP([])) as uncles are meaningless outside of PoW.
diffInTurn = big.NewInt(2) // Block difficulty for in-turn signatures
diffNoTurn = big.NewInt(1) // Block difficulty for out-of-turn signatures
)
// Various error messages to mark blocks invalid. These should be private to
// prevent engine specific errors from being referenced in the remainder of the
// codebase, inherently breaking if the engine is swapped out. Please put common
// error types into the consensus package.
var (
// errUnknownBlock is returned when the list of signers is requested for a block
// that is not part of the local blockchain.
errUnknownBlock = errors.New("unknown block")
// errInvalidCheckpointBeneficiary is returned if a checkpoint/epoch transition
// block has a beneficiary set to non-zeroes.
errInvalidCheckpointBeneficiary = errors.New("beneficiary in checkpoint block non-zero")
// errInvalidVote is returned if a nonce value is something else that the two
// allowed constants of 0x00..0 or 0xff..f.
errInvalidVote = errors.New("vote nonce not 0x00..0 or 0xff..f")
// errInvalidCheckpointVote is returned if a checkpoint/epoch transition block
// has a vote nonce set to non-zeroes.
errInvalidCheckpointVote = errors.New("vote nonce in checkpoint block non-zero")
// errMissingVanity is returned if a block's extra-data section is shorter than
// 32 bytes, which is required to store the signer vanity.
errMissingVanity = errors.New("extra-data 32 byte vanity prefix missing")
// errMissingSignature is returned if a block's extra-data section doesn't seem
// to contain a 65 byte secp256k1 signature.
errMissingSignature = errors.New("extra-data 65 byte signature suffix missing")
// errExtraSigners is returned if non-checkpoint block contain signer data in
// their extra-data fields.
errExtraSigners = errors.New("non-checkpoint block contains extra signer list")
// errInvalidCheckpointSigners is returned if a checkpoint block contains an
// invalid list of signers (i.e. non divisible by 20 bytes).
errInvalidCheckpointSigners = errors.New("invalid signer list on checkpoint block")
// errMismatchingCheckpointSigners is returned if a checkpoint block contains a
// list of signers different than the one the local node calculated.
errMismatchingCheckpointSigners = errors.New("mismatching signer list on checkpoint block")
// errInvalidMixDigest is returned if a block's mix digest is non-zero.
errInvalidMixDigest = errors.New("non-zero mix digest")
// errInvalidUncleHash is returned if a block contains an non-empty uncle list.
errInvalidUncleHash = errors.New("non empty uncle hash")
// errInvalidDifficulty is returned if the difficulty of a block neither 1 or 2.
errInvalidDifficulty = errors.New("invalid difficulty")
// errWrongDifficulty is returned if the difficulty of a block doesn't match the
// turn of the signer.
errWrongDifficulty = errors.New("wrong difficulty")
// errInvalidTimestamp is returned if the timestamp of a block is lower than
// the previous block's timestamp + the minimum block period.
errInvalidTimestamp = errors.New("invalid timestamp")
// errInvalidVotingChain is returned if an authorization list is attempted to
// be modified via out-of-range or non-contiguous headers.
errInvalidVotingChain = errors.New("invalid voting chain")
// errUnauthorizedSigner is returned if a header is signed by a non-authorized entity.
errUnauthorizedSigner = errors.New("unauthorized signer")
// errRecentlySigned is returned if a header is signed by an authorized entity
// that already signed a header recently, thus is temporarily not allowed to.
errRecentlySigned = errors.New("recently signed")
)
// SignerFn hashes and signs the data to be signed by a backing account.
type SignerFn func(signer accounts.Account, mimeType string, message []byte) ([]byte, error)
// ecrecover extracts the Ethereum account address from a signed header.
func ecrecover(header *types.Header, sigcache *sigLRU) (common.Address, error) {
// If the signature's already cached, return that
hash := header.Hash()
if address, known := sigcache.Get(hash); known {
return address, nil
}
// Retrieve the signature from the header extra-data
if len(header.Extra) < extraSeal {
return common.Address{}, errMissingSignature
}
signature := header.Extra[len(header.Extra)-extraSeal:]
// Recover the public key and the Ethereum address
pubkey, err := crypto.Ecrecover(SealHash(header).Bytes(), signature)
if err != nil {
return common.Address{}, err
}
var signer common.Address
copy(signer[:], crypto.Keccak256(pubkey[1:])[12:])
sigcache.Add(hash, signer)
return signer, nil
}
// Clique is the proof-of-authority consensus engine proposed to support the
// Ethereum testnet following the Ropsten attacks.
type Clique struct {
config *params.CliqueConfig // Consensus engine configuration parameters
db ethdb.Database // Database to store and retrieve snapshot checkpoints
recents *lru.Cache[common.Hash, *Snapshot] // Snapshots for recent block to speed up reorgs
signatures *sigLRU // Signatures of recent blocks to speed up mining
proposals map[common.Address]bool // Current list of proposals we are pushing
signer common.Address // Ethereum address of the signing key
signFn SignerFn // Signer function to authorize hashes with
lock sync.RWMutex // Protects the signer and proposals fields
// The fields below are for testing only
fakeDiff bool // Skip difficulty verifications
}
// New creates a Clique proof-of-authority consensus engine with the initial
// signers set to the ones provided by the user.
func New(config *params.CliqueConfig, db ethdb.Database) *Clique {
// Set any missing consensus parameters to their defaults
conf := *config
if conf.Epoch == 0 {
conf.Epoch = epochLength
}
// Allocate the snapshot caches and create the engine
recents := lru.NewCache[common.Hash, *Snapshot](inmemorySnapshots)
signatures := lru.NewCache[common.Hash, common.Address](inmemorySignatures)
return &Clique{
config: &conf,
db: db,
recents: recents,
signatures: signatures,
proposals: make(map[common.Address]bool),
}
}
// Author implements consensus.Engine, returning the Ethereum address recovered
// from the signature in the header's extra-data section.
func (c *Clique) Author(header *types.Header) (common.Address, error) {
return ecrecover(header, c.signatures)
}
// VerifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules.
func (c *Clique) VerifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) error {
return c.verifyHeader(chain, header, nil)
}
// VerifyHeaders is similar to VerifyHeader, but verifies a batch of headers. The
// method returns a quit channel to abort the operations and a results channel to
// retrieve the async verifications (the order is that of the input slice).
func (c *Clique) VerifyHeaders(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, headers []*types.Header) (chan<- struct{}, <-chan error) {
abort := make(chan struct{})
results := make(chan error, len(headers))
go func() {
for i, header := range headers {
err := c.verifyHeader(chain, header, headers[:i])
select {
case <-abort:
return
case results <- err:
}
}
}()
return abort, results
}
// verifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules.The
// caller may optionally pass in a batch of parents (ascending order) to avoid
// looking those up from the database. This is useful for concurrently verifying
// a batch of new headers.
func (c *Clique) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, parents []*types.Header) error {
if header.Number == nil {
return errUnknownBlock
}
number := header.Number.Uint64()
// Don't waste time checking blocks from the future
if header.Time > uint64(time.Now().Unix()) {
return consensus.ErrFutureBlock
}
// Checkpoint blocks need to enforce zero beneficiary
checkpoint := (number % c.config.Epoch) == 0
if checkpoint && header.Coinbase != (common.Address{}) {
return errInvalidCheckpointBeneficiary
}
// Nonces must be 0x00..0 or 0xff..f, zeroes enforced on checkpoints
if !bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceAuthVote) && !bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceDropVote) {
return errInvalidVote
}
if checkpoint && !bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceDropVote) {
return errInvalidCheckpointVote
}
// Check that the extra-data contains both the vanity and signature
if len(header.Extra) < extraVanity {
return errMissingVanity
}
if len(header.Extra) < extraVanity+extraSeal {
return errMissingSignature
}
// Ensure that the extra-data contains a signer list on checkpoint, but none otherwise
signersBytes := len(header.Extra) - extraVanity - extraSeal
if !checkpoint && signersBytes != 0 {
return errExtraSigners
}
if checkpoint && signersBytes%common.AddressLength != 0 {
return errInvalidCheckpointSigners
}
// Ensure that the mix digest is zero as we don't have fork protection currently
if header.MixDigest != (common.Hash{}) {
return errInvalidMixDigest
}
// Ensure that the block doesn't contain any uncles which are meaningless in PoA
if header.UncleHash != uncleHash {
return errInvalidUncleHash
}
// Ensure that the block's difficulty is meaningful (may not be correct at this point)
if number > 0 {
if header.Difficulty == nil || (header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffInTurn) != 0 && header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffNoTurn) != 0) {
return errInvalidDifficulty
}
}
// Verify that the gas limit is <= 2^63-1
if header.GasLimit > params.MaxGasLimit {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid gasLimit: have %v, max %v", header.GasLimit, params.MaxGasLimit)
}
if chain.Config().IsShanghai(header.Number, header.Time) {
return errors.New("clique does not support shanghai fork")
}
// Verify the non-existence of withdrawalsHash.
if header.WithdrawalsHash != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid withdrawalsHash: have %x, expected nil", header.WithdrawalsHash)
}
if chain.Config().IsCancun(header.Number, header.Time) {
return errors.New("clique does not support cancun fork")
}
// Verify the non-existence of cancun-specific header fields
switch {
case header.ExcessBlobGas != nil:
return fmt.Errorf("invalid excessBlobGas: have %d, expected nil", header.ExcessBlobGas)
case header.BlobGasUsed != nil:
return fmt.Errorf("invalid blobGasUsed: have %d, expected nil", header.BlobGasUsed)
case header.ParentBeaconRoot != nil:
return fmt.Errorf("invalid parentBeaconRoot, have %#x, expected nil", header.ParentBeaconRoot)
}
// All basic checks passed, verify cascading fields
return c.verifyCascadingFields(chain, header, parents)
}
// verifyCascadingFields verifies all the header fields that are not standalone,
// rather depend on a batch of previous headers. The caller may optionally pass
// in a batch of parents (ascending order) to avoid looking those up from the
// database. This is useful for concurrently verifying a batch of new headers.
func (c *Clique) verifyCascadingFields(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, parents []*types.Header) error {
// The genesis block is the always valid dead-end
number := header.Number.Uint64()
if number == 0 {
return nil
}
// Ensure that the block's timestamp isn't too close to its parent
var parent *types.Header
if len(parents) > 0 {
parent = parents[len(parents)-1]
} else {
parent = chain.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, number-1)
}
if parent == nil || parent.Number.Uint64() != number-1 || parent.Hash() != header.ParentHash {
return consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
}
if parent.Time+c.config.Period > header.Time {
return errInvalidTimestamp
}
// Verify that the gasUsed is <= gasLimit
if header.GasUsed > header.GasLimit {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid gasUsed: have %d, gasLimit %d", header.GasUsed, header.GasLimit)
}
if !chain.Config().IsLondon(header.Number) {
// Verify BaseFee not present before EIP-1559 fork.
if header.BaseFee != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid baseFee before fork: have %d, want <nil>", header.BaseFee)
}
if err := misc.VerifyGaslimit(parent.GasLimit, header.GasLimit); err != nil {
return err
}
} else if err := eip1559.VerifyEIP1559Header(chain.Config(), parent, header); err != nil {
// Verify the header's EIP-1559 attributes.
return err
}
// Retrieve the snapshot needed to verify this header and cache it
snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, number-1, header.ParentHash, parents)
if err != nil {
return err
}
// If the block is a checkpoint block, verify the signer list
if number%c.config.Epoch == 0 {
signers := make([]byte, len(snap.Signers)*common.AddressLength)
for i, signer := range snap.signers() {
copy(signers[i*common.AddressLength:], signer[:])
}
extraSuffix := len(header.Extra) - extraSeal
if !bytes.Equal(header.Extra[extraVanity:extraSuffix], signers) {
return errMismatchingCheckpointSigners
}
}
// All basic checks passed, verify the seal and return
return c.verifySeal(snap, header, parents)
}
// snapshot retrieves the authorization snapshot at a given point in time.
func (c *Clique) snapshot(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, number uint64, hash common.Hash, parents []*types.Header) (*Snapshot, error) {
// Search for a snapshot in memory or on disk for checkpoints
var (
headers []*types.Header
snap *Snapshot
)
for snap == nil {
// If an in-memory snapshot was found, use that
if s, ok := c.recents.Get(hash); ok {
snap = s
break
}
// If an on-disk checkpoint snapshot can be found, use that
if number%checkpointInterval == 0 {
if s, err := loadSnapshot(c.config, c.signatures, c.db, hash); err == nil {
log.Trace("Loaded voting snapshot from disk", "number", number, "hash", hash)
snap = s
break
}
}
// If we're at the genesis, snapshot the initial state. Alternatively if we're
// at a checkpoint block without a parent (light client CHT), or we have piled
// up more headers than allowed to be reorged (chain reinit from a freezer),
// consider the checkpoint trusted and snapshot it.
if number == 0 || (number%c.config.Epoch == 0 && (len(headers) > params.FullImmutabilityThreshold || chain.GetHeaderByNumber(number-1) == nil)) {
checkpoint := chain.GetHeaderByNumber(number)
if checkpoint != nil {
hash := checkpoint.Hash()
signers := make([]common.Address, (len(checkpoint.Extra)-extraVanity-extraSeal)/common.AddressLength)
for i := 0; i < len(signers); i++ {
copy(signers[i][:], checkpoint.Extra[extraVanity+i*common.AddressLength:])
}
snap = newSnapshot(c.config, c.signatures, number, hash, signers)
if err := snap.store(c.db); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
log.Info("Stored checkpoint snapshot to disk", "number", number, "hash", hash)
break
}
}
// No snapshot for this header, gather the header and move backward
var header *types.Header
if len(parents) > 0 {
// If we have explicit parents, pick from there (enforced)
header = parents[len(parents)-1]
if header.Hash() != hash || header.Number.Uint64() != number {
return nil, consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
}
parents = parents[:len(parents)-1]
} else {
// No explicit parents (or no more left), reach out to the database
header = chain.GetHeader(hash, number)
if header == nil {
return nil, consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
}
}
headers = append(headers, header)
number, hash = number-1, header.ParentHash
}
// Previous snapshot found, apply any pending headers on top of it
for i := 0; i < len(headers)/2; i++ {
headers[i], headers[len(headers)-1-i] = headers[len(headers)-1-i], headers[i]
}
snap, err := snap.apply(headers)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
c.recents.Add(snap.Hash, snap)
// If we've generated a new checkpoint snapshot, save to disk
if snap.Number%checkpointInterval == 0 && len(headers) > 0 {
if err = snap.store(c.db); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
log.Trace("Stored voting snapshot to disk", "number", snap.Number, "hash", snap.Hash)
}
return snap, err
}
// VerifyUncles implements consensus.Engine, always returning an error for any
// uncles as this consensus mechanism doesn't permit uncles.
func (c *Clique) VerifyUncles(chain consensus.ChainReader, block *types.Block) error {
if len(block.Uncles()) > 0 {
return errors.New("uncles not allowed")
}
return nil
}
// verifySeal checks whether the signature contained in the header satisfies the
// consensus protocol requirements. The method accepts an optional list of parent
// headers that aren't yet part of the local blockchain to generate the snapshots
// from.
func (c *Clique) verifySeal(snap *Snapshot, header *types.Header, parents []*types.Header) error {
// Verifying the genesis block is not supported
number := header.Number.Uint64()
if number == 0 {
return errUnknownBlock
}
// Resolve the authorization key and check against signers
signer, err := ecrecover(header, c.signatures)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if _, ok := snap.Signers[signer]; !ok {
return errUnauthorizedSigner
}
for seen, recent := range snap.Recents {
if recent == signer {
// Signer is among recents, only fail if the current block doesn't shift it out
if limit := uint64(len(snap.Signers)/2 + 1); seen > number-limit {
return errRecentlySigned
}
}
}
// Ensure that the difficulty corresponds to the turn-ness of the signer
if !c.fakeDiff {
inturn := snap.inturn(header.Number.Uint64(), signer)
if inturn && header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffInTurn) != 0 {
return errWrongDifficulty
}
if !inturn && header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffNoTurn) != 0 {
return errWrongDifficulty
}
}
return nil
}
// Prepare implements consensus.Engine, preparing all the consensus fields of the
// header for running the transactions on top.
func (c *Clique) Prepare(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) error {
// If the block isn't a checkpoint, cast a random vote (good enough for now)
header.Coinbase = common.Address{}
header.Nonce = types.BlockNonce{}
number := header.Number.Uint64()
// Assemble the voting snapshot to check which votes make sense
snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, number-1, header.ParentHash, nil)
if err != nil {
return err
}
c.lock.RLock()
if number%c.config.Epoch != 0 {
// Gather all the proposals that make sense voting on
addresses := make([]common.Address, 0, len(c.proposals))
for address, authorize := range c.proposals {
if snap.validVote(address, authorize) {
addresses = append(addresses, address)
}
}
// If there's pending proposals, cast a vote on them
if len(addresses) > 0 {
header.Coinbase = addresses[rand.Intn(len(addresses))]
if c.proposals[header.Coinbase] {
copy(header.Nonce[:], nonceAuthVote)
} else {
copy(header.Nonce[:], nonceDropVote)
}
}
}
// Copy signer protected by mutex to avoid race condition
signer := c.signer
c.lock.RUnlock()
// Set the correct difficulty
header.Difficulty = calcDifficulty(snap, signer)
// Ensure the extra data has all its components
if len(header.Extra) < extraVanity {
header.Extra = append(header.Extra, bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x00}, extraVanity-len(header.Extra))...)
}
header.Extra = header.Extra[:extraVanity]
if number%c.config.Epoch == 0 {
for _, signer := range snap.signers() {
header.Extra = append(header.Extra, signer[:]...)
}
}
header.Extra = append(header.Extra, make([]byte, extraSeal)...)
// Mix digest is reserved for now, set to empty
header.MixDigest = common.Hash{}
// Ensure the timestamp has the correct delay
parent := chain.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, number-1)
if parent == nil {
return consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
}
header.Time = parent.Time + c.config.Period
if header.Time < uint64(time.Now().Unix()) {
header.Time = uint64(time.Now().Unix())
}
return nil
}
// Finalize implements consensus.Engine. There is no post-transaction
// consensus rules in clique, do nothing here.
func (c *Clique) Finalize(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, state *state.StateDB, txs []*types.Transaction, uncles []*types.Header, withdrawals []*types.Withdrawal) {
// No block rewards in PoA, so the state remains as is
}
// FinalizeAndAssemble implements consensus.Engine, ensuring no uncles are set,
// nor block rewards given, and returns the final block.
func (c *Clique) FinalizeAndAssemble(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, state *state.StateDB, txs []*types.Transaction, uncles []*types.Header, receipts []*types.Receipt, withdrawals []*types.Withdrawal) (*types.Block, error) {
if len(withdrawals) > 0 {
return nil, errors.New("clique does not support withdrawals")
}
// Finalize block
c.Finalize(chain, header, state, txs, uncles, nil)
// Assign the final state root to header.
header.Root = state.IntermediateRoot(chain.Config().IsEIP158(header.Number))
// Assemble and return the final block for sealing.
return types.NewBlock(header, txs, nil, receipts, trie.NewStackTrie(nil)), nil
}
// Authorize injects a private key into the consensus engine to mint new blocks
// with.
func (c *Clique) Authorize(signer common.Address, signFn SignerFn) {
c.lock.Lock()
defer c.lock.Unlock()
c.signer = signer
c.signFn = signFn
}
// Seal implements consensus.Engine, attempting to create a sealed block using
// the local signing credentials.
func (c *Clique) Seal(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, block *types.Block, results chan<- *types.Block, stop <-chan struct{}) error {
header := block.Header()
// Sealing the genesis block is not supported
number := header.Number.Uint64()
if number == 0 {
return errUnknownBlock
}
// For 0-period chains, refuse to seal empty blocks (no reward but would spin sealing)
if c.config.Period == 0 && len(block.Transactions()) == 0 {
return errors.New("sealing paused while waiting for transactions")
}
// Don't hold the signer fields for the entire sealing procedure
c.lock.RLock()
signer, signFn := c.signer, c.signFn
c.lock.RUnlock()
// Bail out if we're unauthorized to sign a block
snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, number-1, header.ParentHash, nil)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if _, authorized := snap.Signers[signer]; !authorized {
return errUnauthorizedSigner
}
// If we're amongst the recent signers, wait for the next block
for seen, recent := range snap.Recents {
if recent == signer {
// Signer is among recents, only wait if the current block doesn't shift it out
if limit := uint64(len(snap.Signers)/2 + 1); number < limit || seen > number-limit {
return errors.New("signed recently, must wait for others")
}
}
}
// Sweet, the protocol permits us to sign the block, wait for our time
delay := time.Unix(int64(header.Time), 0).Sub(time.Now()) // nolint: gosimple
if header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffNoTurn) == 0 {
// It's not our turn explicitly to sign, delay it a bit
wiggle := time.Duration(len(snap.Signers)/2+1) * wiggleTime
delay += time.Duration(rand.Int63n(int64(wiggle)))
log.Trace("Out-of-turn signing requested", "wiggle", common.PrettyDuration(wiggle))
}
// Sign all the things!
sighash, err := signFn(accounts.Account{Address: signer}, accounts.MimetypeClique, CliqueRLP(header))
if err != nil {
return err
}
copy(header.Extra[len(header.Extra)-extraSeal:], sighash)
// Wait until sealing is terminated or delay timeout.
log.Trace("Waiting for slot to sign and propagate", "delay", common.PrettyDuration(delay))
go func() {
select {
case <-stop:
return
case <-time.After(delay):
}
select {
case results <- block.WithSeal(header):
default:
log.Warn("Sealing result is not read by miner", "sealhash", SealHash(header))
}
}()
return nil
}
// CalcDifficulty is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns the difficulty
// that a new block should have:
// * DIFF_NOTURN(2) if BLOCK_NUMBER % SIGNER_COUNT != SIGNER_INDEX
// * DIFF_INTURN(1) if BLOCK_NUMBER % SIGNER_COUNT == SIGNER_INDEX
func (c *Clique) CalcDifficulty(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, parent.Number.Uint64(), parent.Hash(), nil)
if err != nil {
return nil
}
c.lock.RLock()
signer := c.signer
c.lock.RUnlock()
return calcDifficulty(snap, signer)
}
func calcDifficulty(snap *Snapshot, signer common.Address) *big.Int {
if snap.inturn(snap.Number+1, signer) {
return new(big.Int).Set(diffInTurn)
}
return new(big.Int).Set(diffNoTurn)
}
// SealHash returns the hash of a block prior to it being sealed.
func (c *Clique) SealHash(header *types.Header) common.Hash {
return SealHash(header)
}
// Close implements consensus.Engine. It's a noop for clique as there are no background threads.
func (c *Clique) Close() error {
return nil
}
// APIs implements consensus.Engine, returning the user facing RPC API to allow
// controlling the signer voting.
func (c *Clique) APIs(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader) []rpc.API {
return []rpc.API{{
Namespace: "clique",
Service: &API{chain: chain, clique: c},
}}
}
// SealHash returns the hash of a block prior to it being sealed.
func SealHash(header *types.Header) (hash common.Hash) {
hasher := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
encodeSigHeader(hasher, header)
hasher.(crypto.KeccakState).Read(hash[:])
return hash
}
// CliqueRLP returns the rlp bytes which needs to be signed for the proof-of-authority
// sealing. The RLP to sign consists of the entire header apart from the 65 byte signature
// contained at the end of the extra data.
//
// Note, the method requires the extra data to be at least 65 bytes, otherwise it
// panics. This is done to avoid accidentally using both forms (signature present
// or not), which could be abused to produce different hashes for the same header.
func CliqueRLP(header *types.Header) []byte {
b := new(bytes.Buffer)
encodeSigHeader(b, header)
return b.Bytes()
}
func encodeSigHeader(w io.Writer, header *types.Header) {
enc := []interface{}{
header.ParentHash,
header.UncleHash,
header.Coinbase,
header.Root,
header.TxHash,
header.ReceiptHash,
header.Bloom,
header.Difficulty,
header.Number,
header.GasLimit,
header.GasUsed,
header.Time,
header.Extra[:len(header.Extra)-crypto.SignatureLength], // Yes, this will panic if extra is too short
header.MixDigest,
header.Nonce,
}
if header.BaseFee != nil {
enc = append(enc, header.BaseFee)
}
if header.WithdrawalsHash != nil {
panic("unexpected withdrawal hash value in clique")
}
if header.ExcessBlobGas != nil {
panic("unexpected excess blob gas value in clique")
}
if header.BlobGasUsed != nil {
panic("unexpected blob gas used value in clique")
}
if header.ParentBeaconRoot != nil {
panic("unexpected parent beacon root value in clique")
}
if err := rlp.Encode(w, enc); err != nil {
panic("can't encode: " + err.Error())
}
}

125
consensus/clique/clique_test.go
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@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2019 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package clique
import (
"math/big"
"testing"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
)
// This test case is a repro of an annoying bug that took us forever to catch.
// In Clique PoA networks (Görli, etc), consecutive blocks might have
// the same state root (no block subsidy, empty block). If a node crashes, the
// chain ends up losing the recent state and needs to regenerate it from blocks
// already in the database. The bug was that processing the block *prior* to an
// empty one **also completes** the empty one, ending up in a known-block error.
func TestReimportMirroredState(t *testing.T) {
// Initialize a Clique chain with a single signer
var (
db = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
key, _ = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
addr = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
engine = New(params.AllCliqueProtocolChanges.Clique, db)
signer = new(types.HomesteadSigner)
)
genspec := &core.Genesis{
Config: params.AllCliqueProtocolChanges,
ExtraData: make([]byte, extraVanity+common.AddressLength+extraSeal),
Alloc: map[common.Address]core.GenesisAccount{
addr: {Balance: big.NewInt(10000000000000000)},
},
BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
}
copy(genspec.ExtraData[extraVanity:], addr[:])
// Generate a batch of blocks, each properly signed
chain, _ := core.NewBlockChain(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil, genspec, nil, engine, vm.Config{}, nil, nil)
defer chain.Stop()
_, blocks, _ := core.GenerateChainWithGenesis(genspec, engine, 3, func(i int, block *core.BlockGen) {
// The chain maker doesn't have access to a chain, so the difficulty will be
// lets unset (nil). Set it here to the correct value.
block.SetDifficulty(diffInTurn)
// We want to simulate an empty middle block, having the same state as the
// first one. The last is needs a state change again to force a reorg.
if i != 1 {
tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(addr), common.Address{0x00}, new(big.Int), params.TxGas, block.BaseFee(), nil), signer, key)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
block.AddTxWithChain(chain, tx)
}
})
for i, block := range blocks {
header := block.Header()
if i > 0 {
header.ParentHash = blocks[i-1].Hash()
}
header.Extra = make([]byte, extraVanity+extraSeal)
header.Difficulty = diffInTurn
sig, _ := crypto.Sign(SealHash(header).Bytes(), key)
copy(header.Extra[len(header.Extra)-extraSeal:], sig)
blocks[i] = block.WithSeal(header)
}
// Insert the first two blocks and make sure the chain is valid
db = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
chain, _ = core.NewBlockChain(db, nil, genspec, nil, engine, vm.Config{}, nil, nil)
defer chain.Stop()
if _, err := chain.InsertChain(blocks[:2]); err != nil {
t.Fatalf("failed to insert initial blocks: %v", err)
}
if head := chain.CurrentBlock().Number.Uint64(); head != 2 {
t.Fatalf("chain head mismatch: have %d, want %d", head, 2)
}
// Simulate a crash by creating a new chain on top of the database, without
// flushing the dirty states out. Insert the last block, triggering a sidechain
// reimport.
chain, _ = core.NewBlockChain(db, nil, genspec, nil, engine, vm.Config{}, nil, nil)
defer chain.Stop()
if _, err := chain.InsertChain(blocks[2:]); err != nil {
t.Fatalf("failed to insert final block: %v", err)
}
if head := chain.CurrentBlock().Number.Uint64(); head != 3 {
t.Fatalf("chain head mismatch: have %d, want %d", head, 3)
}
}
func TestSealHash(t *testing.T) {
have := SealHash(&types.Header{
Difficulty: new(big.Int),
Number: new(big.Int),
Extra: make([]byte, 32+65),
BaseFee: new(big.Int),
})
want := common.HexToHash("0xbd3d1fa43fbc4c5bfcc91b179ec92e2861df3654de60468beb908ff805359e8f")
if have != want {
t.Errorf("have %x, want %x", have, want)
}
}

322
consensus/clique/snapshot.go
View file

@ -1,322 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package clique
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/json"
"time"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/lru"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
)
// Vote represents a single vote that an authorized signer made to modify the
// list of authorizations.
type Vote struct {
Signer common.Address `json:"signer"` // Authorized signer that cast this vote
Block uint64 `json:"block"` // Block number the vote was cast in (expire old votes)
Address common.Address `json:"address"` // Account being voted on to change its authorization
Authorize bool `json:"authorize"` // Whether to authorize or deauthorize the voted account
}
// Tally is a simple vote tally to keep the current score of votes. Votes that
// go against the proposal aren't counted since it's equivalent to not voting.
type Tally struct {
Authorize bool `json:"authorize"` // Whether the vote is about authorizing or kicking someone
Votes int `json:"votes"` // Number of votes until now wanting to pass the proposal
}
type sigLRU = lru.Cache[common.Hash, common.Address]
// Snapshot is the state of the authorization voting at a given point in time.
type Snapshot struct {
config *params.CliqueConfig // Consensus engine parameters to fine tune behavior
sigcache *sigLRU // Cache of recent block signatures to speed up ecrecover
Number uint64 `json:"number"` // Block number where the snapshot was created
Hash common.Hash `json:"hash"` // Block hash where the snapshot was created
Signers map[common.Address]struct{} `json:"signers"` // Set of authorized signers at this moment
Recents map[uint64]common.Address `json:"recents"` // Set of recent signers for spam protections
Votes []*Vote `json:"votes"` // List of votes cast in chronological order
Tally map[common.Address]Tally `json:"tally"` // Current vote tally to avoid recalculating
}
// newSnapshot creates a new snapshot with the specified startup parameters. This
// method does not initialize the set of recent signers, so only ever use if for
// the genesis block.
func newSnapshot(config *params.CliqueConfig, sigcache *sigLRU, number uint64, hash common.Hash, signers []common.Address) *Snapshot {
snap := &Snapshot{
config: config,
sigcache: sigcache,
Number: number,
Hash: hash,
Signers: make(map[common.Address]struct{}),
Recents: make(map[uint64]common.Address),
Tally: make(map[common.Address]Tally),
}
for _, signer := range signers {
snap.Signers[signer] = struct{}{}
}
return snap
}
// loadSnapshot loads an existing snapshot from the database.
func loadSnapshot(config *params.CliqueConfig, sigcache *sigLRU, db ethdb.Database, hash common.Hash) (*Snapshot, error) {
blob, err := db.Get(append(rawdb.CliqueSnapshotPrefix, hash[:]...))
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
snap := new(Snapshot)
if err := json.Unmarshal(blob, snap); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
snap.config = config
snap.sigcache = sigcache
return snap, nil
}
// store inserts the snapshot into the database.
func (s *Snapshot) store(db ethdb.Database) error {
blob, err := json.Marshal(s)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return db.Put(append(rawdb.CliqueSnapshotPrefix, s.Hash[:]...), blob)
}
// copy creates a deep copy of the snapshot, though not the individual votes.
func (s *Snapshot) copy() *Snapshot {
cpy := &Snapshot{
config: s.config,
sigcache: s.sigcache,
Number: s.Number,
Hash: s.Hash,
Signers: make(map[common.Address]struct{}),
Recents: make(map[uint64]common.Address),
Votes: make([]*Vote, len(s.Votes)),
Tally: make(map[common.Address]Tally),
}
for signer := range s.Signers {
cpy.Signers[signer] = struct{}{}
}
for block, signer := range s.Recents {
cpy.Recents[block] = signer
}
for address, tally := range s.Tally {
cpy.Tally[address] = tally
}
copy(cpy.Votes, s.Votes)
return cpy
}
// validVote returns whether it makes sense to cast the specified vote in the
// given snapshot context (e.g. don't try to add an already authorized signer).
func (s *Snapshot) validVote(address common.Address, authorize bool) bool {
_, signer := s.Signers[address]
return (signer && !authorize) || (!signer && authorize)
}
// cast adds a new vote into the tally.
func (s *Snapshot) cast(address common.Address, authorize bool) bool {
// Ensure the vote is meaningful
if !s.validVote(address, authorize) {
return false
}
// Cast the vote into an existing or new tally
if old, ok := s.Tally[address]; ok {
old.Votes++
s.Tally[address] = old
} else {
s.Tally[address] = Tally{Authorize: authorize, Votes: 1}
}
return true
}
// uncast removes a previously cast vote from the tally.
func (s *Snapshot) uncast(address common.Address, authorize bool) bool {
// If there's no tally, it's a dangling vote, just drop
tally, ok := s.Tally[address]
if !ok {
return false
}
// Ensure we only revert counted votes
if tally.Authorize != authorize {
return false
}
// Otherwise revert the vote
if tally.Votes > 1 {
tally.Votes--
s.Tally[address] = tally
} else {
delete(s.Tally, address)
}
return true
}
// apply creates a new authorization snapshot by applying the given headers to
// the original one.
func (s *Snapshot) apply(headers []*types.Header) (*Snapshot, error) {
// Allow passing in no headers for cleaner code
if len(headers) == 0 {
return s, nil
}
// Sanity check that the headers can be applied
for i := 0; i < len(headers)-1; i++ {
if headers[i+1].Number.Uint64() != headers[i].Number.Uint64()+1 {
return nil, errInvalidVotingChain
}
}
if headers[0].Number.Uint64() != s.Number+1 {
return nil, errInvalidVotingChain
}
// Iterate through the headers and create a new snapshot
snap := s.copy()
var (
start = time.Now()
logged = time.Now()
)
for i, header := range headers {
// Remove any votes on checkpoint blocks
number := header.Number.Uint64()
if number%s.config.Epoch == 0 {
snap.Votes = nil
snap.Tally = make(map[common.Address]Tally)
}
// Delete the oldest signer from the recent list to allow it signing again
if limit := uint64(len(snap.Signers)/2 + 1); number >= limit {
delete(snap.Recents, number-limit)
}
// Resolve the authorization key and check against signers
signer, err := ecrecover(header, s.sigcache)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if _, ok := snap.Signers[signer]; !ok {
return nil, errUnauthorizedSigner
}
for _, recent := range snap.Recents {
if recent == signer {
return nil, errRecentlySigned
}
}
snap.Recents[number] = signer
// Header authorized, discard any previous votes from the signer
for i, vote := range snap.Votes {
if vote.Signer == signer && vote.Address == header.Coinbase {
// Uncast the vote from the cached tally
snap.uncast(vote.Address, vote.Authorize)
// Uncast the vote from the chronological list
snap.Votes = append(snap.Votes[:i], snap.Votes[i+1:]...)
break // only one vote allowed
}
}
// Tally up the new vote from the signer
var authorize bool
switch {
case bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceAuthVote):
authorize = true
case bytes.Equal(header.Nonce[:], nonceDropVote):
authorize = false
default:
return nil, errInvalidVote
}
if snap.cast(header.Coinbase, authorize) {
snap.Votes = append(snap.Votes, &Vote{
Signer: signer,
Block: number,
Address: header.Coinbase,
Authorize: authorize,
})
}
// If the vote passed, update the list of signers
if tally := snap.Tally[header.Coinbase]; tally.Votes > len(snap.Signers)/2 {
if tally.Authorize {
snap.Signers[header.Coinbase] = struct{}{}
} else {
delete(snap.Signers, header.Coinbase)
// Signer list shrunk, delete any leftover recent caches
if limit := uint64(len(snap.Signers)/2 + 1); number >= limit {
delete(snap.Recents, number-limit)
}
// Discard any previous votes the deauthorized signer cast
for i := 0; i < len(snap.Votes); i++ {
if snap.Votes[i].Signer == header.Coinbase {
// Uncast the vote from the cached tally
snap.uncast(snap.Votes[i].Address, snap.Votes[i].Authorize)
// Uncast the vote from the chronological list
snap.Votes = append(snap.Votes[:i], snap.Votes[i+1:]...)
i--
}
}
}
// Discard any previous votes around the just changed account
for i := 0; i < len(snap.Votes); i++ {
if snap.Votes[i].Address == header.Coinbase {
snap.Votes = append(snap.Votes[:i], snap.Votes[i+1:]...)
i--
}
}
delete(snap.Tally, header.Coinbase)
}
// If we're taking too much time (ecrecover), notify the user once a while
if time.Since(logged) > 8*time.Second {
log.Info("Reconstructing voting history", "processed", i, "total", len(headers), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
logged = time.Now()
}
}
if time.Since(start) > 8*time.Second {
log.Info("Reconstructed voting history", "processed", len(headers), "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
}
snap.Number += uint64(len(headers))
snap.Hash = headers[len(headers)-1].Hash()
return snap, nil
}
// signers retrieves the list of authorized signers in ascending order.
func (s *Snapshot) signers() []common.Address {
sigs := make([]common.Address, 0, len(s.Signers))
for sig := range s.Signers {
sigs = append(sigs, sig)
}
slices.SortFunc(sigs, common.Address.Cmp)
return sigs
}
// inturn returns if a signer at a given block height is in-turn or not.
func (s *Snapshot) inturn(number uint64, signer common.Address) bool {
signers, offset := s.signers(), 0
for offset < len(signers) && signers[offset] != signer {
offset++
}
return (number % uint64(len(signers))) == uint64(offset)
}

508
consensus/clique/snapshot_test.go
View file

@ -1,508 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package clique
import (
"bytes"
"crypto/ecdsa"
"fmt"
"math/big"
"testing"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
)
// testerAccountPool is a pool to maintain currently active tester accounts,
// mapped from textual names used in the tests below to actual Ethereum private
// keys capable of signing transactions.
type testerAccountPool struct {
accounts map[string]*ecdsa.PrivateKey
}
func newTesterAccountPool() *testerAccountPool {
return &testerAccountPool{
accounts: make(map[string]*ecdsa.PrivateKey),
}
}
// checkpoint creates a Clique checkpoint signer section from the provided list
// of authorized signers and embeds it into the provided header.
func (ap *testerAccountPool) checkpoint(header *types.Header, signers []string) {
auths := make([]common.Address, len(signers))
for i, signer := range signers {
auths[i] = ap.address(signer)
}
slices.SortFunc(auths, common.Address.Cmp)
for i, auth := range auths {
copy(header.Extra[extraVanity+i*common.AddressLength:], auth.Bytes())
}
}
// address retrieves the Ethereum address of a tester account by label, creating
// a new account if no previous one exists yet.
func (ap *testerAccountPool) address(account string) common.Address {
// Return the zero account for non-addresses
if account == "" {
return common.Address{}
}
// Ensure we have a persistent key for the account
if ap.accounts[account] == nil {
ap.accounts[account], _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
}
// Resolve and return the Ethereum address
return crypto.PubkeyToAddress(ap.accounts[account].PublicKey)
}
// sign calculates a Clique digital signature for the given block and embeds it
// back into the header.
func (ap *testerAccountPool) sign(header *types.Header, signer string) {
// Ensure we have a persistent key for the signer
if ap.accounts[signer] == nil {
ap.accounts[signer], _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
}
// Sign the header and embed the signature in extra data
sig, _ := crypto.Sign(SealHash(header).Bytes(), ap.accounts[signer])
copy(header.Extra[len(header.Extra)-extraSeal:], sig)
}
// testerVote represents a single block signed by a particular account, where
// the account may or may not have cast a Clique vote.
type testerVote struct {
signer string
voted string
auth bool
checkpoint []string
newbatch bool
}
type cliqueTest struct {
epoch uint64
signers []string
votes []testerVote
results []string
failure error
}
// Tests that Clique signer voting is evaluated correctly for various simple and
// complex scenarios, as well as that a few special corner cases fail correctly.
func TestClique(t *testing.T) {
// Define the various voting scenarios to test
tests := []cliqueTest{
{
// Single signer, no votes cast
signers: []string{"A"},
votes: []testerVote{{signer: "A"}},
results: []string{"A"},
}, {
// Single signer, voting to add two others (only accept first, second needs 2 votes)
signers: []string{"A"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "B", auth: true},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: true},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Two signers, voting to add three others (only accept first two, third needs 3 votes already)
signers: []string{"A", "B"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: true},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: true},
{signer: "A", voted: "D", auth: true},
{signer: "B", voted: "D", auth: true},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A", voted: "E", auth: true},
{signer: "B", voted: "E", auth: true},
},
results: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
}, {
// Single signer, dropping itself (weird, but one less cornercase by explicitly allowing this)
signers: []string{"A"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "A", auth: false},
},
results: []string{},
}, {
// Two signers, actually needing mutual consent to drop either of them (not fulfilled)
signers: []string{"A", "B"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "B", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Two signers, actually needing mutual consent to drop either of them (fulfilled)
signers: []string{"A", "B"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "B", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "B", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A"},
}, {
// Three signers, two of them deciding to drop the third
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Four signers, consensus of two not being enough to drop anyone
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
}, {
// Four signers, consensus of three already being enough to drop someone
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "C", voted: "D", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A", "B", "C"},
}, {
// Authorizations are counted once per signer per target
signers: []string{"A", "B"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: true},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: true},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: true},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Authorizing multiple accounts concurrently is permitted
signers: []string{"A", "B"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: true},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A", voted: "D", auth: true},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B", voted: "D", auth: true},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: true},
},
results: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
}, {
// Deauthorizations are counted once per signer per target
signers: []string{"A", "B"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "B", auth: false},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A", voted: "B", auth: false},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A", voted: "B", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Deauthorizing multiple accounts concurrently is permitted
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "C", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Votes from deauthorized signers are discarded immediately (deauth votes)
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "C", voted: "B", auth: false},
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "A", voted: "B", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Votes from deauthorized signers are discarded immediately (auth votes)
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "C", voted: "D", auth: true},
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "A", voted: "D", auth: true},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Cascading changes are not allowed, only the account being voted on may change
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "C", voted: "D", auth: false},
},
results: []string{"A", "B", "C"},
}, {
// Changes reaching consensus out of bounds (via a deauth) execute on touch
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "C", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "C", voted: "C", auth: true},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// Changes reaching consensus out of bounds (via a deauth) may go out of consensus on first touch
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: false},
{signer: "C"},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "C", voted: "D", auth: false},
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: true},
},
results: []string{"A", "B", "C"},
}, {
// Ensure that pending votes don't survive authorization status changes. This
// corner case can only appear if a signer is quickly added, removed and then
// re-added (or the inverse), while one of the original voters dropped. If a
// past vote is left cached in the system somewhere, this will interfere with
// the final signer outcome.
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C", "D", "E"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "F", auth: true}, // Authorize F, 3 votes needed
{signer: "B", voted: "F", auth: true},
{signer: "C", voted: "F", auth: true},
{signer: "D", voted: "F", auth: false}, // Deauthorize F, 4 votes needed (leave A's previous vote "unchanged")
{signer: "E", voted: "F", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "F", auth: false},
{signer: "C", voted: "F", auth: false},
{signer: "D", voted: "F", auth: true}, // Almost authorize F, 2/3 votes needed
{signer: "E", voted: "F", auth: true},
{signer: "B", voted: "A", auth: false}, // Deauthorize A, 3 votes needed
{signer: "C", voted: "A", auth: false},
{signer: "D", voted: "A", auth: false},
{signer: "B", voted: "F", auth: true}, // Finish authorizing F, 3/3 votes needed
},
results: []string{"B", "C", "D", "E", "F"},
}, {
// Epoch transitions reset all votes to allow chain checkpointing
epoch: 3,
signers: []string{"A", "B"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: true},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A", checkpoint: []string{"A", "B"}},
{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: true},
},
results: []string{"A", "B"},
}, {
// An unauthorized signer should not be able to sign blocks
signers: []string{"A"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "B"},
},
failure: errUnauthorizedSigner,
}, {
// An authorized signer that signed recently should not be able to sign again
signers: []string{"A", "B"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "A"},
},
failure: errRecentlySigned,
}, {
// Recent signatures should not reset on checkpoint blocks imported in a batch
epoch: 3,
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A", checkpoint: []string{"A", "B", "C"}},
{signer: "A"},
},
failure: errRecentlySigned,
}, {
// Recent signatures should not reset on checkpoint blocks imported in a new
// batch (https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/17593). Whilst this
// seems overly specific and weird, it was a Rinkeby consensus split.
epoch: 3,
signers: []string{"A", "B", "C"},
votes: []testerVote{
{signer: "A"},
{signer: "B"},
{signer: "A", checkpoint: []string{"A", "B", "C"}},
{signer: "A", newbatch: true},
},
failure: errRecentlySigned,
},
}
// Run through the scenarios and test them
for i, tt := range tests {
t.Run(fmt.Sprint(i), tt.run)
}
}
func (tt *cliqueTest) run(t *testing.T) {
// Create the account pool and generate the initial set of signers
accounts := newTesterAccountPool()
signers := make([]common.Address, len(tt.signers))
for j, signer := range tt.signers {
signers[j] = accounts.address(signer)
}
for j := 0; j < len(signers); j++ {
for k := j + 1; k < len(signers); k++ {
if bytes.Compare(signers[j][:], signers[k][:]) > 0 {
signers[j], signers[k] = signers[k], signers[j]
}
}
}
// Create the genesis block with the initial set of signers
genesis := &core.Genesis{
ExtraData: make([]byte, extraVanity+common.AddressLength*len(signers)+extraSeal),
BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
}
for j, signer := range signers {
copy(genesis.ExtraData[extraVanity+j*common.AddressLength:], signer[:])
}
// Assemble a chain of headers from the cast votes
config := *params.TestChainConfig
config.Clique = &params.CliqueConfig{
Period: 1,
Epoch: tt.epoch,
}
genesis.Config = &config
engine := New(config.Clique, rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
engine.fakeDiff = true
_, blocks, _ := core.GenerateChainWithGenesis(genesis, engine, len(tt.votes), func(j int, gen *core.BlockGen) {
// Cast the vote contained in this block
gen.SetCoinbase(accounts.address(tt.votes[j].voted))
if tt.votes[j].auth {
var nonce types.BlockNonce
copy(nonce[:], nonceAuthVote)
gen.SetNonce(nonce)
}
})
// Iterate through the blocks and seal them individually
for j, block := range blocks {
// Get the header and prepare it for signing
header := block.Header()
if j > 0 {
header.ParentHash = blocks[j-1].Hash()
}
header.Extra = make([]byte, extraVanity+extraSeal)
if auths := tt.votes[j].checkpoint; auths != nil {
header.Extra = make([]byte, extraVanity+len(auths)*common.AddressLength+extraSeal)
accounts.checkpoint(header, auths)
}
header.Difficulty = diffInTurn // Ignored, we just need a valid number
// Generate the signature, embed it into the header and the block
accounts.sign(header, tt.votes[j].signer)
blocks[j] = block.WithSeal(header)
}
// Split the blocks up into individual import batches (cornercase testing)
batches := [][]*types.Block{nil}
for j, block := range blocks {
if tt.votes[j].newbatch {
batches = append(batches, nil)
}
batches[len(batches)-1] = append(batches[len(batches)-1], block)
}
// Pass all the headers through clique and ensure tallying succeeds
chain, err := core.NewBlockChain(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil, genesis, nil, engine, vm.Config{}, nil, nil)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("failed to create test chain: %v", err)
}
defer chain.Stop()
for j := 0; j < len(batches)-1; j++ {
if k, err := chain.InsertChain(batches[j]); err != nil {
t.Fatalf("failed to import batch %d, block %d: %v", j, k, err)
break
}
}
if _, err = chain.InsertChain(batches[len(batches)-1]); err != tt.failure {
t.Errorf("failure mismatch: have %v, want %v", err, tt.failure)
}
if tt.failure != nil {
return
}
// No failure was produced or requested, generate the final voting snapshot
head := blocks[len(blocks)-1]
snap, err := engine.snapshot(chain, head.NumberU64(), head.Hash(), nil)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("failed to retrieve voting snapshot: %v", err)
}
// Verify the final list of signers against the expected ones
signers = make([]common.Address, len(tt.results))
for j, signer := range tt.results {
signers[j] = accounts.address(signer)
}
for j := 0; j < len(signers); j++ {
for k := j + 1; k < len(signers); k++ {
if bytes.Compare(signers[j][:], signers[k][:]) > 0 {
signers[j], signers[k] = signers[k], signers[j]
}
}
}
result := snap.signers()
if len(result) != len(signers) {
t.Fatalf("signers mismatch: have %x, want %x", result, signers)
}
for j := 0; j < len(result); j++ {
if !bytes.Equal(result[j][:], signers[j][:]) {
t.Fatalf("signer %d: signer mismatch: have %x, want %x", j, result[j], signers[j])
}
}
}

129
consensus/consensus.go
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@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
// Package consensus implements different Ethereum consensus engines.
package consensus
import (
"math/big"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
)
// ChainHeaderReader defines a small collection of methods needed to access the local
// blockchain during header verification.
type ChainHeaderReader interface {
// Config retrieves the blockchain's chain configuration.
Config() *params.ChainConfig
// CurrentHeader retrieves the current header from the local chain.
CurrentHeader() *types.Header
// GetHeader retrieves a block header from the database by hash and number.
GetHeader(hash common.Hash, number uint64) *types.Header
// GetHeaderByNumber retrieves a block header from the database by number.
GetHeaderByNumber(number uint64) *types.Header
// GetHeaderByHash retrieves a block header from the database by its hash.
GetHeaderByHash(hash common.Hash) *types.Header
// GetTd retrieves the total difficulty from the database by hash and number.
GetTd(hash common.Hash, number uint64) *big.Int
}
// ChainReader defines a small collection of methods needed to access the local
// blockchain during header and/or uncle verification.
type ChainReader interface {
ChainHeaderReader
// GetBlock retrieves a block from the database by hash and number.
GetBlock(hash common.Hash, number uint64) *types.Block
}
// Engine is an algorithm agnostic consensus engine.
type Engine interface {
// Author retrieves the Ethereum address of the account that minted the given
// block, which may be different from the header's coinbase if a consensus
// engine is based on signatures.
Author(header *types.Header) (common.Address, error)
// VerifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules of a
// given engine.
VerifyHeader(chain ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) error
// VerifyHeaders is similar to VerifyHeader, but verifies a batch of headers
// concurrently. The method returns a quit channel to abort the operations and
// a results channel to retrieve the async verifications (the order is that of
// the input slice).
VerifyHeaders(chain ChainHeaderReader, headers []*types.Header) (chan<- struct{}, <-chan error)
// VerifyUncles verifies that the given block's uncles conform to the consensus
// rules of a given engine.
VerifyUncles(chain ChainReader, block *types.Block) error
// Prepare initializes the consensus fields of a block header according to the
// rules of a particular engine. The changes are executed inline.
Prepare(chain ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) error
// Finalize runs any post-transaction state modifications (e.g. block rewards
// or process withdrawals) but does not assemble the block.
//
// Note: The state database might be updated to reflect any consensus rules
// that happen at finalization (e.g. block rewards).
Finalize(chain ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, state *state.StateDB, txs []*types.Transaction,
uncles []*types.Header, withdrawals []*types.Withdrawal)
// FinalizeAndAssemble runs any post-transaction state modifications (e.g. block
// rewards or process withdrawals) and assembles the final block.
//
// Note: The block header and state database might be updated to reflect any
// consensus rules that happen at finalization (e.g. block rewards).
FinalizeAndAssemble(chain ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, state *state.StateDB, txs []*types.Transaction,
uncles []*types.Header, receipts []*types.Receipt, withdrawals []*types.Withdrawal) (*types.Block, error)
// Seal generates a new sealing request for the given input block and pushes
// the result into the given channel.
//
// Note, the method returns immediately and will send the result async. More
// than one result may also be returned depending on the consensus algorithm.
Seal(chain ChainHeaderReader, block *types.Block, results chan<- *types.Block, stop <-chan struct{}) error
// SealHash returns the hash of a block prior to it being sealed.
SealHash(header *types.Header) common.Hash
// CalcDifficulty is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns the difficulty
// that a new block should have.
CalcDifficulty(chain ChainHeaderReader, time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int
// APIs returns the RPC APIs this consensus engine provides.
APIs(chain ChainHeaderReader) []rpc.API
// Close terminates any background threads maintained by the consensus engine.
Close() error
}
// PoW is a consensus engine based on proof-of-work.
type PoW interface {
Engine
// Hashrate returns the current mining hashrate of a PoW consensus engine.
Hashrate() float64
}

41
consensus/errors.go
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@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package consensus
import "errors"
var (
// ErrUnknownAncestor is returned when validating a block requires an ancestor
// that is unknown.
ErrUnknownAncestor = errors.New("unknown ancestor")
// ErrPrunedAncestor is returned when validating a block requires an ancestor
// that is known, but the state of which is not available.
ErrPrunedAncestor = errors.New("pruned ancestor")
// ErrFutureBlock is returned when a block's timestamp is in the future according
// to the current node.
ErrFutureBlock = errors.New("block in the future")
// ErrInvalidNumber is returned if a block's number doesn't equal its parent's
// plus one.
ErrInvalidNumber = errors.New("invalid block number")
// ErrInvalidTerminalBlock is returned if a block is invalid wrt. the terminal
// total difficulty.
ErrInvalidTerminalBlock = errors.New("invalid terminal block")
)

595
consensus/ethash/consensus.go
View file

@ -1,595 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package ethash
import (
"errors"
"fmt"
"math/big"
"time"
mapset "github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip1559"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
)
// Ethash proof-of-work protocol constants.
var (
FrontierBlockReward = big.NewInt(5e+18) // Block reward in wei for successfully mining a block
ByzantiumBlockReward = big.NewInt(3e+18) // Block reward in wei for successfully mining a block upward from Byzantium
ConstantinopleBlockReward = big.NewInt(2e+18) // Block reward in wei for successfully mining a block upward from Constantinople
maxUncles = 2 // Maximum number of uncles allowed in a single block
allowedFutureBlockTimeSeconds = int64(15) // Max seconds from current time allowed for blocks, before they're considered future blocks
// calcDifficultyEip5133 is the difficulty adjustment algorithm as specified by EIP 5133.
// It offsets the bomb a total of 11.4M blocks.
// Specification EIP-5133: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-5133
calcDifficultyEip5133 = makeDifficultyCalculator(big.NewInt(11_400_000))
// calcDifficultyEip4345 is the difficulty adjustment algorithm as specified by EIP 4345.
// It offsets the bomb a total of 10.7M blocks.
// Specification EIP-4345: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4345
calcDifficultyEip4345 = makeDifficultyCalculator(big.NewInt(10_700_000))
// calcDifficultyEip3554 is the difficulty adjustment algorithm as specified by EIP 3554.
// It offsets the bomb a total of 9.7M blocks.
// Specification EIP-3554: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3554
calcDifficultyEip3554 = makeDifficultyCalculator(big.NewInt(9700000))
// calcDifficultyEip2384 is the difficulty adjustment algorithm as specified by EIP 2384.
// It offsets the bomb 4M blocks from Constantinople, so in total 9M blocks.
// Specification EIP-2384: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2384
calcDifficultyEip2384 = makeDifficultyCalculator(big.NewInt(9000000))
// calcDifficultyConstantinople is the difficulty adjustment algorithm for Constantinople.
// It returns the difficulty that a new block should have when created at time given the
// parent block's time and difficulty. The calculation uses the Byzantium rules, but with
// bomb offset 5M.
// Specification EIP-1234: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1234
calcDifficultyConstantinople = makeDifficultyCalculator(big.NewInt(5000000))
// calcDifficultyByzantium is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns
// the difficulty that a new block should have when created at time given the
// parent block's time and difficulty. The calculation uses the Byzantium rules.
// Specification EIP-649: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-649
calcDifficultyByzantium = makeDifficultyCalculator(big.NewInt(3000000))
)
// Various error messages to mark blocks invalid. These should be private to
// prevent engine specific errors from being referenced in the remainder of the
// codebase, inherently breaking if the engine is swapped out. Please put common
// error types into the consensus package.
var (
errOlderBlockTime = errors.New("timestamp older than parent")
errTooManyUncles = errors.New("too many uncles")
errDuplicateUncle = errors.New("duplicate uncle")
errUncleIsAncestor = errors.New("uncle is ancestor")
errDanglingUncle = errors.New("uncle's parent is not ancestor")
)
// Author implements consensus.Engine, returning the header's coinbase as the
// proof-of-work verified author of the block.
func (ethash *Ethash) Author(header *types.Header) (common.Address, error) {
return header.Coinbase, nil
}
// VerifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules of the
// stock Ethereum ethash engine.
func (ethash *Ethash) VerifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) error {
// Short circuit if the header is known, or its parent not
number := header.Number.Uint64()
if chain.GetHeader(header.Hash(), number) != nil {
return nil
}
parent := chain.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, number-1)
if parent == nil {
return consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
}
// Sanity checks passed, do a proper verification
return ethash.verifyHeader(chain, header, parent, false, time.Now().Unix())
}
// VerifyHeaders is similar to VerifyHeader, but verifies a batch of headers
// concurrently. The method returns a quit channel to abort the operations and
// a results channel to retrieve the async verifications.
func (ethash *Ethash) VerifyHeaders(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, headers []*types.Header) (chan<- struct{}, <-chan error) {
// If we're running a full engine faking, accept any input as valid
if ethash.fakeFull || len(headers) == 0 {
abort, results := make(chan struct{}), make(chan error, len(headers))
for i := 0; i < len(headers); i++ {
results <- nil
}
return abort, results
}
abort := make(chan struct{})
results := make(chan error, len(headers))
unixNow := time.Now().Unix()
go func() {
for i, header := range headers {
var parent *types.Header
if i == 0 {
parent = chain.GetHeader(headers[0].ParentHash, headers[0].Number.Uint64()-1)
} else if headers[i-1].Hash() == headers[i].ParentHash {
parent = headers[i-1]
}
var err error
if parent == nil {
err = consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
} else {
err = ethash.verifyHeader(chain, header, parent, false, unixNow)
}
select {
case <-abort:
return
case results <- err:
}
}
}()
return abort, results
}
// VerifyUncles verifies that the given block's uncles conform to the consensus
// rules of the stock Ethereum ethash engine.
func (ethash *Ethash) VerifyUncles(chain consensus.ChainReader, block *types.Block) error {
// If we're running a full engine faking, accept any input as valid
if ethash.fakeFull {
return nil
}
// Verify that there are at most 2 uncles included in this block
if len(block.Uncles()) > maxUncles {
return errTooManyUncles
}
if len(block.Uncles()) == 0 {
return nil
}
// Gather the set of past uncles and ancestors
uncles, ancestors := mapset.NewSet[common.Hash](), make(map[common.Hash]*types.Header)
number, parent := block.NumberU64()-1, block.ParentHash()
for i := 0; i < 7; i++ {
ancestorHeader := chain.GetHeader(parent, number)
if ancestorHeader == nil {
break
}
ancestors[parent] = ancestorHeader
// If the ancestor doesn't have any uncles, we don't have to iterate them
if ancestorHeader.UncleHash != types.EmptyUncleHash {
// Need to add those uncles to the banned list too
ancestor := chain.GetBlock(parent, number)
if ancestor == nil {
break
}
for _, uncle := range ancestor.Uncles() {
uncles.Add(uncle.Hash())
}
}
parent, number = ancestorHeader.ParentHash, number-1
}
ancestors[block.Hash()] = block.Header()
uncles.Add(block.Hash())
// Verify each of the uncles that it's recent, but not an ancestor
for _, uncle := range block.Uncles() {
// Make sure every uncle is rewarded only once
hash := uncle.Hash()
if uncles.Contains(hash) {
return errDuplicateUncle
}
uncles.Add(hash)
// Make sure the uncle has a valid ancestry
if ancestors[hash] != nil {
return errUncleIsAncestor
}
if ancestors[uncle.ParentHash] == nil || uncle.ParentHash == block.ParentHash() {
return errDanglingUncle
}
if err := ethash.verifyHeader(chain, uncle, ancestors[uncle.ParentHash], true, time.Now().Unix()); err != nil {
return err
}
}
return nil
}
// verifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules of the
// stock Ethereum ethash engine.
// See YP section 4.3.4. "Block Header Validity"
func (ethash *Ethash) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header, parent *types.Header, uncle bool, unixNow int64) error {
// Ensure that the header's extra-data section is of a reasonable size
if uint64(len(header.Extra)) > params.MaximumExtraDataSize {
return fmt.Errorf("extra-data too long: %d > %d", len(header.Extra), params.MaximumExtraDataSize)
}
// Verify the header's timestamp
if !uncle {
if header.Time > uint64(unixNow+allowedFutureBlockTimeSeconds) {
return consensus.ErrFutureBlock
}
}
if header.Time <= parent.Time {
return errOlderBlockTime
}
// Verify the block's difficulty based on its timestamp and parent's difficulty
expected := ethash.CalcDifficulty(chain, header.Time, parent)
if expected.Cmp(header.Difficulty) != 0 {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid difficulty: have %v, want %v", header.Difficulty, expected)
}
// Verify that the gas limit is <= 2^63-1
if header.GasLimit > params.MaxGasLimit {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid gasLimit: have %v, max %v", header.GasLimit, params.MaxGasLimit)
}
// Verify that the gasUsed is <= gasLimit
if header.GasUsed > header.GasLimit {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid gasUsed: have %d, gasLimit %d", header.GasUsed, header.GasLimit)
}
// Verify the block's gas usage and (if applicable) verify the base fee.
if !chain.Config().IsLondon(header.Number) {
// Verify BaseFee not present before EIP-1559 fork.
if header.BaseFee != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid baseFee before fork: have %d, expected 'nil'", header.BaseFee)
}
if err := misc.VerifyGaslimit(parent.GasLimit, header.GasLimit); err != nil {
return err
}
} else if err := eip1559.VerifyEIP1559Header(chain.Config(), parent, header); err != nil {
// Verify the header's EIP-1559 attributes.
return err
}
// Verify that the block number is parent's +1
if diff := new(big.Int).Sub(header.Number, parent.Number); diff.Cmp(big.NewInt(1)) != 0 {
return consensus.ErrInvalidNumber
}
if chain.Config().IsShanghai(header.Number, header.Time) {
return errors.New("ethash does not support shanghai fork")
}
// Verify the non-existence of withdrawalsHash.
if header.WithdrawalsHash != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid withdrawalsHash: have %x, expected nil", header.WithdrawalsHash)
}
if chain.Config().IsCancun(header.Number, header.Time) {
return errors.New("ethash does not support cancun fork")
}
// Verify the non-existence of cancun-specific header fields
switch {
case header.ExcessBlobGas != nil:
return fmt.Errorf("invalid excessBlobGas: have %d, expected nil", header.ExcessBlobGas)
case header.BlobGasUsed != nil:
return fmt.Errorf("invalid blobGasUsed: have %d, expected nil", header.BlobGasUsed)
case header.ParentBeaconRoot != nil:
return fmt.Errorf("invalid parentBeaconRoot, have %#x, expected nil", header.ParentBeaconRoot)
}
// Add some fake checks for tests
if ethash.fakeDelay != nil {
time.Sleep(*ethash.fakeDelay)
}
if ethash.fakeFail != nil && *ethash.fakeFail == header.Number.Uint64() {
return errors.New("invalid tester pow")
}
// If all checks passed, validate any special fields for hard forks
if err := misc.VerifyDAOHeaderExtraData(chain.Config(), header); err != nil {
return err
}
return nil
}
// CalcDifficulty is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns
// the difficulty that a new block should have when created at time
// given the parent block's time and difficulty.
func (ethash *Ethash) CalcDifficulty(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
return CalcDifficulty(chain.Config(), time, parent)
}
// CalcDifficulty is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns
// the difficulty that a new block should have when created at time
// given the parent block's time and difficulty.
func CalcDifficulty(config *params.ChainConfig, time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
next := new(big.Int).Add(parent.Number, big1)
switch {
case config.IsGrayGlacier(next):
return calcDifficultyEip5133(time, parent)
case config.IsArrowGlacier(next):
return calcDifficultyEip4345(time, parent)
case config.IsLondon(next):
return calcDifficultyEip3554(time, parent)
case config.IsMuirGlacier(next):
return calcDifficultyEip2384(time, parent)
case config.IsConstantinople(next):
return calcDifficultyConstantinople(time, parent)
case config.IsByzantium(next):
return calcDifficultyByzantium(time, parent)
case config.IsHomestead(next):
return calcDifficultyHomestead(time, parent)
default:
return calcDifficultyFrontier(time, parent)
}
}
// Some weird constants to avoid constant memory allocs for them.
var (
expDiffPeriod = big.NewInt(100000)
big1 = big.NewInt(1)
big2 = big.NewInt(2)
big9 = big.NewInt(9)
big10 = big.NewInt(10)
bigMinus99 = big.NewInt(-99)
)
// makeDifficultyCalculator creates a difficultyCalculator with the given bomb-delay.
// the difficulty is calculated with Byzantium rules, which differs from Homestead in
// how uncles affect the calculation
func makeDifficultyCalculator(bombDelay *big.Int) func(time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
// Note, the calculations below looks at the parent number, which is 1 below
// the block number. Thus we remove one from the delay given
bombDelayFromParent := new(big.Int).Sub(bombDelay, big1)
return func(time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
// https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/100.
// algorithm:
// diff = (parent_diff +
// (parent_diff / 2048 * max((2 if len(parent.uncles) else 1) - ((timestamp - parent.timestamp) // 9), -99))
// ) + 2^(periodCount - 2)
bigTime := new(big.Int).SetUint64(time)
bigParentTime := new(big.Int).SetUint64(parent.Time)
// holds intermediate values to make the algo easier to read & audit
x := new(big.Int)
y := new(big.Int)
// (2 if len(parent_uncles) else 1) - (block_timestamp - parent_timestamp) // 9
x.Sub(bigTime, bigParentTime)
x.Div(x, big9)
if parent.UncleHash == types.EmptyUncleHash {
x.Sub(big1, x)
} else {
x.Sub(big2, x)
}
// max((2 if len(parent_uncles) else 1) - (block_timestamp - parent_timestamp) // 9, -99)
if x.Cmp(bigMinus99) < 0 {
x.Set(bigMinus99)
}
// parent_diff + (parent_diff / 2048 * max((2 if len(parent.uncles) else 1) - ((timestamp - parent.timestamp) // 9), -99))
y.Div(parent.Difficulty, params.DifficultyBoundDivisor)
x.Mul(y, x)
x.Add(parent.Difficulty, x)
// minimum difficulty can ever be (before exponential factor)
if x.Cmp(params.MinimumDifficulty) < 0 {
x.Set(params.MinimumDifficulty)
}
// calculate a fake block number for the ice-age delay
// Specification: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1234
fakeBlockNumber := new(big.Int)
if parent.Number.Cmp(bombDelayFromParent) >= 0 {
fakeBlockNumber = fakeBlockNumber.Sub(parent.Number, bombDelayFromParent)
}
// for the exponential factor
periodCount := fakeBlockNumber
periodCount.Div(periodCount, expDiffPeriod)
// the exponential factor, commonly referred to as "the bomb"
// diff = diff + 2^(periodCount - 2)
if periodCount.Cmp(big1) > 0 {
y.Sub(periodCount, big2)
y.Exp(big2, y, nil)
x.Add(x, y)
}
return x
}
}
// calcDifficultyHomestead is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns
// the difficulty that a new block should have when created at time given the
// parent block's time and difficulty. The calculation uses the Homestead rules.
func calcDifficultyHomestead(time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
// https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-2.md
// algorithm:
// diff = (parent_diff +
// (parent_diff / 2048 * max(1 - (block_timestamp - parent_timestamp) // 10, -99))
// ) + 2^(periodCount - 2)
bigTime := new(big.Int).SetUint64(time)
bigParentTime := new(big.Int).SetUint64(parent.Time)
// holds intermediate values to make the algo easier to read & audit
x := new(big.Int)
y := new(big.Int)
// 1 - (block_timestamp - parent_timestamp) // 10
x.Sub(bigTime, bigParentTime)
x.Div(x, big10)
x.Sub(big1, x)
// max(1 - (block_timestamp - parent_timestamp) // 10, -99)
if x.Cmp(bigMinus99) < 0 {
x.Set(bigMinus99)
}
// (parent_diff + parent_diff // 2048 * max(1 - (block_timestamp - parent_timestamp) // 10, -99))
y.Div(parent.Difficulty, params.DifficultyBoundDivisor)
x.Mul(y, x)
x.Add(parent.Difficulty, x)
// minimum difficulty can ever be (before exponential factor)
if x.Cmp(params.MinimumDifficulty) < 0 {
x.Set(params.MinimumDifficulty)
}
// for the exponential factor
periodCount := new(big.Int).Add(parent.Number, big1)
periodCount.Div(periodCount, expDiffPeriod)
// the exponential factor, commonly referred to as "the bomb"
// diff = diff + 2^(periodCount - 2)
if periodCount.Cmp(big1) > 0 {
y.Sub(periodCount, big2)
y.Exp(big2, y, nil)
x.Add(x, y)
}
return x
}
// calcDifficultyFrontier is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns the
// difficulty that a new block should have when created at time given the parent
// block's time and difficulty. The calculation uses the Frontier rules.
func calcDifficultyFrontier(time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
diff := new(big.Int)
adjust := new(big.Int).Div(parent.Difficulty, params.DifficultyBoundDivisor)
bigTime := new(big.Int)
bigParentTime := new(big.Int)
bigTime.SetUint64(time)
bigParentTime.SetUint64(parent.Time)
if bigTime.Sub(bigTime, bigParentTime).Cmp(params.DurationLimit) < 0 {
diff.Add(parent.Difficulty, adjust)
} else {
diff.Sub(parent.Difficulty, adjust)
}
if diff.Cmp(params.MinimumDifficulty) < 0 {
diff.Set(params.MinimumDifficulty)
}
periodCount := new(big.Int).Add(parent.Number, big1)
periodCount.Div(periodCount, expDiffPeriod)
if periodCount.Cmp(big1) > 0 {
// diff = diff + 2^(periodCount - 2)
expDiff := periodCount.Sub(periodCount, big2)
expDiff.Exp(big2, expDiff, nil)
diff.Add(diff, expDiff)
diff = math.BigMax(diff, params.MinimumDifficulty)
}
return diff
}
// Exported for fuzzing
var FrontierDifficultyCalculator = calcDifficultyFrontier
var HomesteadDifficultyCalculator = calcDifficultyHomestead
var DynamicDifficultyCalculator = makeDifficultyCalculator
// Prepare implements consensus.Engine, initializing the difficulty field of a
// header to conform to the ethash protocol. The changes are done inline.
func (ethash *Ethash) Prepare(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) error {
parent := chain.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, header.Number.Uint64()-1)
if parent == nil {
return consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
}
header.Difficulty = ethash.CalcDifficulty(chain, header.Time, parent)
return nil
}
// Finalize implements consensus.Engine, accumulating the block and uncle rewards.
func (ethash *Ethash) Finalize(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, state *state.StateDB, txs []*types.Transaction, uncles []*types.Header, withdrawals []*types.Withdrawal) {
// Accumulate any block and uncle rewards
accumulateRewards(chain.Config(), state, header, uncles)
}
// FinalizeAndAssemble implements consensus.Engine, accumulating the block and
// uncle rewards, setting the final state and assembling the block.
func (ethash *Ethash) FinalizeAndAssemble(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, state *state.StateDB, txs []*types.Transaction, uncles []*types.Header, receipts []*types.Receipt, withdrawals []*types.Withdrawal) (*types.Block, error) {
if len(withdrawals) > 0 {
return nil, errors.New("ethash does not support withdrawals")
}
// Finalize block
ethash.Finalize(chain, header, state, txs, uncles, nil)
// Assign the final state root to header.
header.Root = state.IntermediateRoot(chain.Config().IsEIP158(header.Number))
// Header seems complete, assemble into a block and return
return types.NewBlock(header, txs, uncles, receipts, trie.NewStackTrie(nil)), nil
}
// SealHash returns the hash of a block prior to it being sealed.
func (ethash *Ethash) SealHash(header *types.Header) (hash common.Hash) {
hasher := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
enc := []interface{}{
header.ParentHash,
header.UncleHash,
header.Coinbase,
header.Root,
header.TxHash,
header.ReceiptHash,
header.Bloom,
header.Difficulty,
header.Number,
header.GasLimit,
header.GasUsed,
header.Time,
header.Extra,
}
if header.BaseFee != nil {
enc = append(enc, header.BaseFee)
}
if header.WithdrawalsHash != nil {
panic("withdrawal hash set on ethash")
}
if header.ExcessBlobGas != nil {
panic("excess blob gas set on ethash")
}
if header.BlobGasUsed != nil {
panic("blob gas used set on ethash")
}
if header.ParentBeaconRoot != nil {
panic("parent beacon root set on ethash")
}
rlp.Encode(hasher, enc)
hasher.Sum(hash[:0])
return hash
}
// Some weird constants to avoid constant memory allocs for them.
var (
big8 = big.NewInt(8)
big32 = big.NewInt(32)
)
// AccumulateRewards credits the coinbase of the given block with the mining
// reward. The total reward consists of the static block reward and rewards for
// included uncles. The coinbase of each uncle block is also rewarded.
func accumulateRewards(config *params.ChainConfig, state *state.StateDB, header *types.Header, uncles []*types.Header) {
// Select the correct block reward based on chain progression
blockReward := FrontierBlockReward
if config.IsByzantium(header.Number) {
blockReward = ByzantiumBlockReward
}
if config.IsConstantinople(header.Number) {
blockReward = ConstantinopleBlockReward
}
// Accumulate the rewards for the miner and any included uncles
reward := new(big.Int).Set(blockReward)
r := new(big.Int)
for _, uncle := range uncles {
r.Add(uncle.Number, big8)
r.Sub(r, header.Number)
r.Mul(r, blockReward)
r.Div(r, big8)
state.AddBalance(uncle.Coinbase, r)
r.Div(blockReward, big32)
reward.Add(reward, r)
}
state.AddBalance(header.Coinbase, reward)
}

188
consensus/ethash/consensus_test.go
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@ -1,188 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package ethash
import (
crand "crypto/rand"
"encoding/binary"
"encoding/json"
"math/big"
"math/rand"
"os"
"path/filepath"
"testing"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
)
type diffTest struct {
ParentTimestamp uint64
ParentDifficulty *big.Int
CurrentTimestamp uint64
CurrentBlocknumber *big.Int
CurrentDifficulty *big.Int
}
func (d *diffTest) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) (err error) {
var ext struct {
ParentTimestamp string
ParentDifficulty string
CurrentTimestamp string
CurrentBlocknumber string
CurrentDifficulty string
}
if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &ext); err != nil {
return err
}
d.ParentTimestamp = math.MustParseUint64(ext.ParentTimestamp)
d.ParentDifficulty = math.MustParseBig256(ext.ParentDifficulty)
d.CurrentTimestamp = math.MustParseUint64(ext.CurrentTimestamp)
d.CurrentBlocknumber = math.MustParseBig256(ext.CurrentBlocknumber)
d.CurrentDifficulty = math.MustParseBig256(ext.CurrentDifficulty)
return nil
}
func TestCalcDifficulty(t *testing.T) {
file, err := os.Open(filepath.Join("..", "..", "tests", "testdata", "BasicTests", "difficulty.json"))
if err != nil {
t.Skip(err)
}
defer file.Close()
tests := make(map[string]diffTest)
err = json.NewDecoder(file).Decode(&tests)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
config := &params.ChainConfig{HomesteadBlock: big.NewInt(1150000)}
for name, test := range tests {
number := new(big.Int).Sub(test.CurrentBlocknumber, big.NewInt(1))
diff := CalcDifficulty(config, test.CurrentTimestamp, &types.Header{
Number: number,
Time: test.ParentTimestamp,
Difficulty: test.ParentDifficulty,
})
if diff.Cmp(test.CurrentDifficulty) != 0 {
t.Error(name, "failed. Expected", test.CurrentDifficulty, "and calculated", diff)
}
}
}
func randSlice(min, max uint32) []byte {
var b = make([]byte, 4)
crand.Read(b)
a := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(b)
size := min + a%(max-min)
out := make([]byte, size)
crand.Read(out)
return out
}
func TestDifficultyCalculators(t *testing.T) {
for i := 0; i < 5000; i++ {
// 1 to 300 seconds diff
var timeDelta = uint64(1 + rand.Uint32()%3000)
diffBig := new(big.Int).SetBytes(randSlice(2, 10))
if diffBig.Cmp(params.MinimumDifficulty) < 0 {
diffBig.Set(params.MinimumDifficulty)
}
//rand.Read(difficulty)
header := &types.Header{
Difficulty: diffBig,
Number: new(big.Int).SetUint64(rand.Uint64() % 50_000_000),
Time: rand.Uint64() - timeDelta,
}
if rand.Uint32()&1 == 0 {
header.UncleHash = types.EmptyUncleHash
}
bombDelay := new(big.Int).SetUint64(rand.Uint64() % 50_000_000)
for i, pair := range []struct {
bigFn func(time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int
u256Fn func(time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int
}{
{FrontierDifficultyCalculator, CalcDifficultyFrontierU256},
{HomesteadDifficultyCalculator, CalcDifficultyHomesteadU256},
{DynamicDifficultyCalculator(bombDelay), MakeDifficultyCalculatorU256(bombDelay)},
} {
time := header.Time + timeDelta
want := pair.bigFn(time, header)
have := pair.u256Fn(time, header)
if want.BitLen() > 256 {
continue
}
if want.Cmp(have) != 0 {
t.Fatalf("pair %d: want %x have %x\nparent.Number: %x\np.Time: %x\nc.Time: %x\nBombdelay: %v\n", i, want, have,
header.Number, header.Time, time, bombDelay)
}
}
}
}
func BenchmarkDifficultyCalculator(b *testing.B) {
x1 := makeDifficultyCalculator(big.NewInt(1000000))
x2 := MakeDifficultyCalculatorU256(big.NewInt(1000000))
h := &types.Header{
ParentHash: common.Hash{},
UncleHash: types.EmptyUncleHash,
Difficulty: big.NewInt(0xffffff),
Number: big.NewInt(500000),
Time: 1000000,
}
b.Run("big-frontier", func(b *testing.B) {
b.ReportAllocs()
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
calcDifficultyFrontier(1000014, h)
}
})
b.Run("u256-frontier", func(b *testing.B) {
b.ReportAllocs()
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
CalcDifficultyFrontierU256(1000014, h)
}
})
b.Run("big-homestead", func(b *testing.B) {
b.ReportAllocs()
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
calcDifficultyHomestead(1000014, h)
}
})
b.Run("u256-homestead", func(b *testing.B) {
b.ReportAllocs()
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
CalcDifficultyHomesteadU256(1000014, h)
}
})
b.Run("big-generic", func(b *testing.B) {
b.ReportAllocs()
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
x1(1000014, h)
}
})
b.Run("u256-generic", func(b *testing.B) {
b.ReportAllocs()
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
x2(1000014, h)
}
})
}

191
consensus/ethash/difficulty.go
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@ -1,191 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2020 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package ethash
import (
"math/big"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/holiman/uint256"
)
const (
// frontierDurationLimit is for Frontier:
// The decision boundary on the blocktime duration used to determine
// whether difficulty should go up or down.
frontierDurationLimit = 13
// minimumDifficulty The minimum that the difficulty may ever be.
minimumDifficulty = 131072
// expDiffPeriod is the exponential difficulty period
expDiffPeriodUint = 100000
// difficultyBoundDivisorBitShift is the bound divisor of the difficulty (2048),
// This constant is the right-shifts to use for the division.
difficultyBoundDivisor = 11
)
// CalcDifficultyFrontierU256 is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns the
// difficulty that a new block should have when created at time given the parent
// block's time and difficulty. The calculation uses the Frontier rules.
func CalcDifficultyFrontierU256(time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
/*
Algorithm
block_diff = pdiff + pdiff / 2048 * (1 if time - ptime < 13 else -1) + int(2^((num // 100000) - 2))
Where:
- pdiff = parent.difficulty
- ptime = parent.time
- time = block.timestamp
- num = block.number
*/
pDiff, _ := uint256.FromBig(parent.Difficulty) // pDiff: pdiff
adjust := pDiff.Clone()
adjust.Rsh(adjust, difficultyBoundDivisor) // adjust: pDiff / 2048
if time-parent.Time < frontierDurationLimit {
pDiff.Add(pDiff, adjust)
} else {
pDiff.Sub(pDiff, adjust)
}
if pDiff.LtUint64(minimumDifficulty) {
pDiff.SetUint64(minimumDifficulty)
}
// 'pdiff' now contains:
// pdiff + pdiff / 2048 * (1 if time - ptime < 13 else -1)
if periodCount := (parent.Number.Uint64() + 1) / expDiffPeriodUint; periodCount > 1 {
// diff = diff + 2^(periodCount - 2)
expDiff := adjust.SetOne()
expDiff.Lsh(expDiff, uint(periodCount-2)) // expdiff: 2 ^ (periodCount -2)
pDiff.Add(pDiff, expDiff)
}
return pDiff.ToBig()
}
// CalcDifficultyHomesteadU256 is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns
// the difficulty that a new block should have when created at time given the
// parent block's time and difficulty. The calculation uses the Homestead rules.
func CalcDifficultyHomesteadU256(time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
/*
https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-2.md
Algorithm:
block_diff = pdiff + pdiff / 2048 * max(1 - (time - ptime) / 10, -99) + 2 ^ int((num / 100000) - 2))
Our modification, to use unsigned ints:
block_diff = pdiff - pdiff / 2048 * max((time - ptime) / 10 - 1, 99) + 2 ^ int((num / 100000) - 2))
Where:
- pdiff = parent.difficulty
- ptime = parent.time
- time = block.timestamp
- num = block.number
*/
pDiff, _ := uint256.FromBig(parent.Difficulty) // pDiff: pdiff
adjust := pDiff.Clone()
adjust.Rsh(adjust, difficultyBoundDivisor) // adjust: pDiff / 2048
x := (time - parent.Time) / 10 // (time - ptime) / 10)
var neg = true
if x == 0 {
x = 1
neg = false
} else if x >= 100 {
x = 99
} else {
x = x - 1
}
z := new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(x)
adjust.Mul(adjust, z) // adjust: (pdiff / 2048) * max((time - ptime) / 10 - 1, 99)
if neg {
pDiff.Sub(pDiff, adjust) // pdiff - pdiff / 2048 * max((time - ptime) / 10 - 1, 99)
} else {
pDiff.Add(pDiff, adjust) // pdiff + pdiff / 2048 * max((time - ptime) / 10 - 1, 99)
}
if pDiff.LtUint64(minimumDifficulty) {
pDiff.SetUint64(minimumDifficulty)
}
// for the exponential factor, a.k.a "the bomb"
// diff = diff + 2^(periodCount - 2)
if periodCount := (1 + parent.Number.Uint64()) / expDiffPeriodUint; periodCount > 1 {
expFactor := adjust.Lsh(adjust.SetOne(), uint(periodCount-2))
pDiff.Add(pDiff, expFactor)
}
return pDiff.ToBig()
}
// MakeDifficultyCalculatorU256 creates a difficultyCalculator with the given bomb-delay.
// the difficulty is calculated with Byzantium rules, which differs from Homestead in
// how uncles affect the calculation
func MakeDifficultyCalculatorU256(bombDelay *big.Int) func(time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
// Note, the calculations below looks at the parent number, which is 1 below
// the block number. Thus we remove one from the delay given
bombDelayFromParent := bombDelay.Uint64() - 1
return func(time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
/*
https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/100
pDiff = parent.difficulty
BLOCK_DIFF_FACTOR = 9
a = pDiff + (pDiff // BLOCK_DIFF_FACTOR) * adj_factor
b = min(parent.difficulty, MIN_DIFF)
child_diff = max(a,b )
*/
x := (time - parent.Time) / 9 // (block_timestamp - parent_timestamp) // 9
c := uint64(1) // if parent.unclehash == emptyUncleHashHash
if parent.UncleHash != types.EmptyUncleHash {
c = 2
}
xNeg := x >= c
if xNeg {
// x is now _negative_ adjustment factor
x = x - c // - ( (t-p)/p -( 2 or 1) )
} else {
x = c - x // (2 or 1) - (t-p)/9
}
if x > 99 {
x = 99 // max(x, 99)
}
// parent_diff + (parent_diff / 2048 * max((2 if len(parent.uncles) else 1) - ((timestamp - parent.timestamp) // 9), -99))
y := new(uint256.Int)
y.SetFromBig(parent.Difficulty) // y: p_diff
pDiff := y.Clone() // pdiff: p_diff
z := new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(x) //z : +-adj_factor (either pos or negative)
y.Rsh(y, difficultyBoundDivisor) // y: p__diff / 2048
z.Mul(y, z) // z: (p_diff / 2048 ) * (+- adj_factor)
if xNeg {
y.Sub(pDiff, z) // y: parent_diff + parent_diff/2048 * adjustment_factor
} else {
y.Add(pDiff, z) // y: parent_diff + parent_diff/2048 * adjustment_factor
}
// minimum difficulty can ever be (before exponential factor)
if y.LtUint64(minimumDifficulty) {
y.SetUint64(minimumDifficulty)
}
// calculate a fake block number for the ice-age delay
// Specification: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1234
var pNum = parent.Number.Uint64()
if pNum >= bombDelayFromParent {
if fakeBlockNumber := pNum - bombDelayFromParent; fakeBlockNumber >= 2*expDiffPeriodUint {
z.SetOne()
z.Lsh(z, uint(fakeBlockNumber/expDiffPeriodUint-2))
y.Add(z, y)
}
}
return y.ToBig()
}
}

85
consensus/ethash/ethash.go
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@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
// Package ethash implements the ethash proof-of-work consensus engine.
package ethash
import (
"time"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
)
// Ethash is a consensus engine based on proof-of-work implementing the ethash
// algorithm.
type Ethash struct {
fakeFail *uint64 // Block number which fails PoW check even in fake mode
fakeDelay *time.Duration // Time delay to sleep for before returning from verify
fakeFull bool // Accepts everything as valid
}
// NewFaker creates an ethash consensus engine with a fake PoW scheme that accepts
// all blocks' seal as valid, though they still have to conform to the Ethereum
// consensus rules.
func NewFaker() *Ethash {
return new(Ethash)
}
// NewFakeFailer creates a ethash consensus engine with a fake PoW scheme that
// accepts all blocks as valid apart from the single one specified, though they
// still have to conform to the Ethereum consensus rules.
func NewFakeFailer(fail uint64) *Ethash {
return &Ethash{
fakeFail: &fail,
}
}
// NewFakeDelayer creates a ethash consensus engine with a fake PoW scheme that
// accepts all blocks as valid, but delays verifications by some time, though
// they still have to conform to the Ethereum consensus rules.
func NewFakeDelayer(delay time.Duration) *Ethash {
return &Ethash{
fakeDelay: &delay,
}
}
// NewFullFaker creates an ethash consensus engine with a full fake scheme that
// accepts all blocks as valid, without checking any consensus rules whatsoever.
func NewFullFaker() *Ethash {
return &Ethash{
fakeFull: true,
}
}
// Close closes the exit channel to notify all backend threads exiting.
func (ethash *Ethash) Close() error {
return nil
}
// APIs implements consensus.Engine, returning no APIs as ethash is an empty
// shell in the post-merge world.
func (ethash *Ethash) APIs(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader) []rpc.API {
return []rpc.API{}
}
// Seal generates a new sealing request for the given input block and pushes
// the result into the given channel. For the ethash engine, this method will
// just panic as sealing is not supported anymore.
func (ethash *Ethash) Seal(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, block *types.Block, results chan<- *types.Block, stop <-chan struct{}) error {
panic("ethash (pow) sealing not supported any more")
}

110
consensus/merger.go
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@ -1,110 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2021 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package consensus
import (
"fmt"
"sync"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
)
// transitionStatus describes the status of eth1/2 transition. This switch
// between modes is a one-way action which is triggered by corresponding
// consensus-layer message.
type transitionStatus struct {
LeftPoW bool // The flag is set when the first NewHead message received
EnteredPoS bool // The flag is set when the first FinalisedBlock message received
}
// Merger is an internal help structure used to track the eth1/2 transition status.
// It's a common structure can be used in both full node and light client.
type Merger struct {
db ethdb.KeyValueStore
status transitionStatus
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// NewMerger creates a new Merger which stores its transition status in the provided db.
func NewMerger(db ethdb.KeyValueStore) *Merger {
var status transitionStatus
blob := rawdb.ReadTransitionStatus(db)
if len(blob) != 0 {
if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(blob, &status); err != nil {
log.Crit("Failed to decode the transition status", "err", err)
}
}
return &Merger{
db: db,
status: status,
}
}
// ReachTTD is called whenever the first NewHead message received
// from the consensus-layer.
func (m *Merger) ReachTTD() {
m.mu.Lock()
defer m.mu.Unlock()
if m.status.LeftPoW {
return
}
m.status = transitionStatus{LeftPoW: true}
blob, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(m.status)
if err != nil {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to encode the transition status: %v", err))
}
rawdb.WriteTransitionStatus(m.db, blob)
log.Info("Left PoW stage")
}
// FinalizePoS is called whenever the first FinalisedBlock message received
// from the consensus-layer.
func (m *Merger) FinalizePoS() {
m.mu.Lock()
defer m.mu.Unlock()
if m.status.EnteredPoS {
return
}
m.status = transitionStatus{LeftPoW: true, EnteredPoS: true}
blob, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(m.status)
if err != nil {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to encode the transition status: %v", err))
}
rawdb.WriteTransitionStatus(m.db, blob)
log.Info("Entered PoS stage")
}
// TDDReached reports whether the chain has left the PoW stage.
func (m *Merger) TDDReached() bool {
m.mu.RLock()
defer m.mu.RUnlock()
return m.status.LeftPoW
}
// PoSFinalized reports whether the chain has entered the PoS stage.
func (m *Merger) PoSFinalized() bool {
m.mu.RLock()
defer m.mu.RUnlock()
return m.status.EnteredPoS
}

86
consensus/misc/dao.go
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@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2016 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package misc
import (
"bytes"
"errors"
"math/big"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
)
var (
// ErrBadProDAOExtra is returned if a header doesn't support the DAO fork on a
// pro-fork client.
ErrBadProDAOExtra = errors.New("bad DAO pro-fork extra-data")
// ErrBadNoDAOExtra is returned if a header does support the DAO fork on a no-
// fork client.
ErrBadNoDAOExtra = errors.New("bad DAO no-fork extra-data")
)
// VerifyDAOHeaderExtraData validates the extra-data field of a block header to
// ensure it conforms to DAO hard-fork rules.
//
// DAO hard-fork extension to the header validity:
//
// - if the node is no-fork, do not accept blocks in the [fork, fork+10) range
// with the fork specific extra-data set.
// - if the node is pro-fork, require blocks in the specific range to have the
// unique extra-data set.
func VerifyDAOHeaderExtraData(config *params.ChainConfig, header *types.Header) error {
// Short circuit validation if the node doesn't care about the DAO fork
if config.DAOForkBlock == nil {
return nil
}
// Make sure the block is within the fork's modified extra-data range
limit := new(big.Int).Add(config.DAOForkBlock, params.DAOForkExtraRange)
if header.Number.Cmp(config.DAOForkBlock) < 0 || header.Number.Cmp(limit) >= 0 {
return nil
}
// Depending on whether we support or oppose the fork, validate the extra-data contents
if config.DAOForkSupport {
if !bytes.Equal(header.Extra, params.DAOForkBlockExtra) {
return ErrBadProDAOExtra
}
} else {
if bytes.Equal(header.Extra, params.DAOForkBlockExtra) {
return ErrBadNoDAOExtra
}
}
// All ok, header has the same extra-data we expect
return nil
}
// ApplyDAOHardFork modifies the state database according to the DAO hard-fork
// rules, transferring all balances of a set of DAO accounts to a single refund
// contract.
func ApplyDAOHardFork(statedb *state.StateDB) {
// Retrieve the contract to refund balances into
if !statedb.Exist(params.DAORefundContract) {
statedb.CreateAccount(params.DAORefundContract)
}
// Move every DAO account and extra-balance account funds into the refund contract
for _, addr := range params.DAODrainList() {
statedb.AddBalance(params.DAORefundContract, statedb.GetBalance(addr))
statedb.SetBalance(addr, new(big.Int))
}
}

95
consensus/misc/eip1559/eip1559.go
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@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2021 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package eip1559
import (
"errors"
"fmt"
"math/big"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
)
// VerifyEIP1559Header verifies some header attributes which were changed in EIP-1559,
// - gas limit check
// - basefee check
func VerifyEIP1559Header(config *params.ChainConfig, parent, header *types.Header) error {
// Verify that the gas limit remains within allowed bounds
parentGasLimit := parent.GasLimit
if !config.IsLondon(parent.Number) {
parentGasLimit = parent.GasLimit * config.ElasticityMultiplier()
}
if err := misc.VerifyGaslimit(parentGasLimit, header.GasLimit); err != nil {
return err
}
// Verify the header is not malformed
if header.BaseFee == nil {
return errors.New("header is missing baseFee")
}
// Verify the baseFee is correct based on the parent header.
expectedBaseFee := CalcBaseFee(config, parent)
if header.BaseFee.Cmp(expectedBaseFee) != 0 {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid baseFee: have %s, want %s, parentBaseFee %s, parentGasUsed %d",
header.BaseFee, expectedBaseFee, parent.BaseFee, parent.GasUsed)
}
return nil
}
// CalcBaseFee calculates the basefee of the header.
func CalcBaseFee(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
// If the current block is the first EIP-1559 block, return the InitialBaseFee.
if !config.IsLondon(parent.Number) {
return new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.InitialBaseFee)
}
parentGasTarget := parent.GasLimit / config.ElasticityMultiplier()
// If the parent gasUsed is the same as the target, the baseFee remains unchanged.
if parent.GasUsed == parentGasTarget {
return new(big.Int).Set(parent.BaseFee)
}
var (
num = new(big.Int)
denom = new(big.Int)
)
if parent.GasUsed > parentGasTarget {
// If the parent block used more gas than its target, the baseFee should increase.
// max(1, parentBaseFee * gasUsedDelta / parentGasTarget / baseFeeChangeDenominator)
num.SetUint64(parent.GasUsed - parentGasTarget)
num.Mul(num, parent.BaseFee)
num.Div(num, denom.SetUint64(parentGasTarget))
num.Div(num, denom.SetUint64(config.BaseFeeChangeDenominator()))
baseFeeDelta := math.BigMax(num, common.Big1)
return num.Add(parent.BaseFee, baseFeeDelta)
} else {
// Otherwise if the parent block used less gas than its target, the baseFee should decrease.
// max(0, parentBaseFee * gasUsedDelta / parentGasTarget / baseFeeChangeDenominator)
num.SetUint64(parentGasTarget - parent.GasUsed)
num.Mul(num, parent.BaseFee)
num.Div(num, denom.SetUint64(parentGasTarget))
num.Div(num, denom.SetUint64(config.BaseFeeChangeDenominator()))
baseFee := num.Sub(parent.BaseFee, num)
return math.BigMax(baseFee, common.Big0)
}
}

131
consensus/misc/eip1559/eip1559_test.go
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@ -1,131 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2021 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package eip1559
import (
"math/big"
"testing"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
)
// copyConfig does a _shallow_ copy of a given config. Safe to set new values, but
// do not use e.g. SetInt() on the numbers. For testing only
func copyConfig(original *params.ChainConfig) *params.ChainConfig {
return &params.ChainConfig{
ChainID: original.ChainID,
HomesteadBlock: original.HomesteadBlock,
DAOForkBlock: original.DAOForkBlock,
DAOForkSupport: original.DAOForkSupport,
EIP150Block: original.EIP150Block,
EIP155Block: original.EIP155Block,
EIP158Block: original.EIP158Block,
ByzantiumBlock: original.ByzantiumBlock,
ConstantinopleBlock: original.ConstantinopleBlock,
PetersburgBlock: original.PetersburgBlock,
IstanbulBlock: original.IstanbulBlock,
MuirGlacierBlock: original.MuirGlacierBlock,
BerlinBlock: original.BerlinBlock,
LondonBlock: original.LondonBlock,
TerminalTotalDifficulty: original.TerminalTotalDifficulty,
Ethash: original.Ethash,
Clique: original.Clique,
}
}
func config() *params.ChainConfig {
config := copyConfig(params.TestChainConfig)
config.LondonBlock = big.NewInt(5)
return config
}
// TestBlockGasLimits tests the gasLimit checks for blocks both across
// the EIP-1559 boundary and post-1559 blocks
func TestBlockGasLimits(t *testing.T) {
initial := new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.InitialBaseFee)
for i, tc := range []struct {
pGasLimit uint64
pNum int64
gasLimit uint64
ok bool
}{
// Transitions from non-london to london
{10000000, 4, 20000000, true}, // No change
{10000000, 4, 20019530, true}, // Upper limit
{10000000, 4, 20019531, false}, // Upper +1
{10000000, 4, 19980470, true}, // Lower limit
{10000000, 4, 19980469, false}, // Lower limit -1
// London to London
{20000000, 5, 20000000, true},
{20000000, 5, 20019530, true}, // Upper limit
{20000000, 5, 20019531, false}, // Upper limit +1
{20000000, 5, 19980470, true}, // Lower limit
{20000000, 5, 19980469, false}, // Lower limit -1
{40000000, 5, 40039061, true}, // Upper limit
{40000000, 5, 40039062, false}, // Upper limit +1
{40000000, 5, 39960939, true}, // lower limit
{40000000, 5, 39960938, false}, // Lower limit -1
} {
parent := &types.Header{
GasUsed: tc.pGasLimit / 2,
GasLimit: tc.pGasLimit,
BaseFee: initial,
Number: big.NewInt(tc.pNum),
}
header := &types.Header{
GasUsed: tc.gasLimit / 2,
GasLimit: tc.gasLimit,
BaseFee: initial,
Number: big.NewInt(tc.pNum + 1),
}
err := VerifyEIP1559Header(config(), parent, header)
if tc.ok && err != nil {
t.Errorf("test %d: Expected valid header: %s", i, err)
}
if !tc.ok && err == nil {
t.Errorf("test %d: Expected invalid header", i)
}
}
}
// TestCalcBaseFee assumes all blocks are 1559-blocks
func TestCalcBaseFee(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
parentBaseFee int64
parentGasLimit uint64
parentGasUsed uint64
expectedBaseFee int64
}{
{params.InitialBaseFee, 20000000, 10000000, params.InitialBaseFee}, // usage == target
{params.InitialBaseFee, 20000000, 9000000, 987500000}, // usage below target
{params.InitialBaseFee, 20000000, 11000000, 1012500000}, // usage above target
}
for i, test := range tests {
parent := &types.Header{
Number: common.Big32,
GasLimit: test.parentGasLimit,
GasUsed: test.parentGasUsed,
BaseFee: big.NewInt(test.parentBaseFee),
}
if have, want := CalcBaseFee(config(), parent), big.NewInt(test.expectedBaseFee); have.Cmp(want) != 0 {
t.Errorf("test %d: have %d want %d, ", i, have, want)
}
}
}

98
consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844.go
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@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package eip4844
import (
"errors"
"fmt"
"math/big"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
)
var (
minBlobGasPrice = big.NewInt(params.BlobTxMinBlobGasprice)
blobGaspriceUpdateFraction = big.NewInt(params.BlobTxBlobGaspriceUpdateFraction)
)
// VerifyEIP4844Header verifies the presence of the excessBlobGas field and that
// if the current block contains no transactions, the excessBlobGas is updated
// accordingly.
func VerifyEIP4844Header(parent, header *types.Header) error {
// Verify the header is not malformed
if header.ExcessBlobGas == nil {
return errors.New("header is missing excessBlobGas")
}
if header.BlobGasUsed == nil {
return errors.New("header is missing blobGasUsed")
}
// Verify that the blob gas used remains within reasonable limits.
if *header.BlobGasUsed > params.MaxBlobGasPerBlock {
return fmt.Errorf("blob gas used %d exceeds maximum allowance %d", *header.BlobGasUsed, params.MaxBlobGasPerBlock)
}
if *header.BlobGasUsed%params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob != 0 {
return fmt.Errorf("blob gas used %d not a multiple of blob gas per blob %d", header.BlobGasUsed, params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob)
}
// Verify the excessBlobGas is correct based on the parent header
var (
parentExcessBlobGas uint64
parentBlobGasUsed uint64
)
if parent.ExcessBlobGas != nil {
parentExcessBlobGas = *parent.ExcessBlobGas
parentBlobGasUsed = *parent.BlobGasUsed
}
expectedExcessBlobGas := CalcExcessBlobGas(parentExcessBlobGas, parentBlobGasUsed)
if *header.ExcessBlobGas != expectedExcessBlobGas {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid excessBlobGas: have %d, want %d, parent excessBlobGas %d, parent blobDataUsed %d",
*header.ExcessBlobGas, expectedExcessBlobGas, parentExcessBlobGas, parentBlobGasUsed)
}
return nil
}
// CalcExcessBlobGas calculates the excess blob gas after applying the set of
// blobs on top of the excess blob gas.
func CalcExcessBlobGas(parentExcessBlobGas uint64, parentBlobGasUsed uint64) uint64 {
excessBlobGas := parentExcessBlobGas + parentBlobGasUsed
if excessBlobGas < params.BlobTxTargetBlobGasPerBlock {
return 0
}
return excessBlobGas - params.BlobTxTargetBlobGasPerBlock
}
// CalcBlobFee calculates the blobfee from the header's excess blob gas field.
func CalcBlobFee(excessBlobGas uint64) *big.Int {
return fakeExponential(minBlobGasPrice, new(big.Int).SetUint64(excessBlobGas), blobGaspriceUpdateFraction)
}
// fakeExponential approximates factor * e ** (numerator / denominator) using
// Taylor expansion.
func fakeExponential(factor, numerator, denominator *big.Int) *big.Int {
var (
output = new(big.Int)
accum = new(big.Int).Mul(factor, denominator)
)
for i := 1; accum.Sign() > 0; i++ {
output.Add(output, accum)
accum.Mul(accum, numerator)
accum.Div(accum, denominator)
accum.Div(accum, big.NewInt(int64(i)))
}
return output.Div(output, denominator)
}

114
consensus/misc/eip4844/eip4844_test.go
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@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package eip4844
import (
"fmt"
"math/big"
"testing"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
)
func TestCalcExcessBlobGas(t *testing.T) {
var tests = []struct {
excess uint64
blobs uint64
want uint64
}{
// The excess blob gas should not increase from zero if the used blob
// slots are below - or equal - to the target.
{0, 0, 0},
{0, 1, 0},
{0, params.BlobTxTargetBlobGasPerBlock / params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob, 0},
// If the target blob gas is exceeded, the excessBlobGas should increase
// by however much it was overshot
{0, (params.BlobTxTargetBlobGasPerBlock / params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob) + 1, params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob},
{1, (params.BlobTxTargetBlobGasPerBlock / params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob) + 1, params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob + 1},
{1, (params.BlobTxTargetBlobGasPerBlock / params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob) + 2, 2*params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob + 1},
// The excess blob gas should decrease by however much the target was
// under-shot, capped at zero.
{params.BlobTxTargetBlobGasPerBlock, params.BlobTxTargetBlobGasPerBlock / params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob, params.BlobTxTargetBlobGasPerBlock},
{params.BlobTxTargetBlobGasPerBlock, (params.BlobTxTargetBlobGasPerBlock / params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob) - 1, params.BlobTxTargetBlobGasPerBlock - params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob},
{params.BlobTxTargetBlobGasPerBlock, (params.BlobTxTargetBlobGasPerBlock / params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob) - 2, params.BlobTxTargetBlobGasPerBlock - (2 * params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob)},
{params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob - 1, (params.BlobTxTargetBlobGasPerBlock / params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob) - 1, 0},
}
for i, tt := range tests {
result := CalcExcessBlobGas(tt.excess, tt.blobs*params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob)
if result != tt.want {
t.Errorf("test %d: excess blob gas mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, result, tt.want)
}
}
}
func TestCalcBlobFee(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
excessBlobGas uint64
blobfee int64
}{
{0, 1},
{2314057, 1},
{2314058, 2},
{10 * 1024 * 1024, 23},
}
for i, tt := range tests {
have := CalcBlobFee(tt.excessBlobGas)
if have.Int64() != tt.blobfee {
t.Errorf("test %d: blobfee mismatch: have %v want %v", i, have, tt.blobfee)
}
}
}
func TestFakeExponential(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
factor int64
numerator int64
denominator int64
want int64
}{
// When numerator == 0 the return value should always equal the value of factor
{1, 0, 1, 1},
{38493, 0, 1000, 38493},
{0, 1234, 2345, 0}, // should be 0
{1, 2, 1, 6}, // approximate 7.389
{1, 4, 2, 6},
{1, 3, 1, 16}, // approximate 20.09
{1, 6, 2, 18},
{1, 4, 1, 49}, // approximate 54.60
{1, 8, 2, 50},
{10, 8, 2, 542}, // approximate 540.598
{11, 8, 2, 596}, // approximate 600.58
{1, 5, 1, 136}, // approximate 148.4
{1, 5, 2, 11}, // approximate 12.18
{2, 5, 2, 23}, // approximate 24.36
{1, 50000000, 2225652, 5709098764},
}
for i, tt := range tests {
f, n, d := big.NewInt(tt.factor), big.NewInt(tt.numerator), big.NewInt(tt.denominator)
original := fmt.Sprintf("%d %d %d", f, n, d)
have := fakeExponential(f, n, d)
if have.Int64() != tt.want {
t.Errorf("test %d: fake exponential mismatch: have %v want %v", i, have, tt.want)
}
later := fmt.Sprintf("%d %d %d", f, n, d)
if original != later {
t.Errorf("test %d: fake exponential modified arguments: have\n%v\nwant\n%v", i, later, original)
}
}
}

41
consensus/misc/gaslimit.go
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@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2021 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package misc
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
)
// VerifyGaslimit verifies the header gas limit according increase/decrease
// in relation to the parent gas limit.
func VerifyGaslimit(parentGasLimit, headerGasLimit uint64) error {
// Verify that the gas limit remains within allowed bounds
diff := int64(parentGasLimit) - int64(headerGasLimit)
if diff < 0 {
diff *= -1
}
limit := parentGasLimit / params.GasLimitBoundDivisor
if uint64(diff) >= limit {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid gas limit: have %d, want %d +-= %d", headerGasLimit, parentGasLimit, limit-1)
}
if headerGasLimit < params.MinGasLimit {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid gas limit below %d", params.MinGasLimit)
}
return nil
}