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go-ethereum/GraphQL Server _ go-ethereum.html
Romeo Rosete a95bc3daf8
GraphQL Server _ go-ethereum.html 
Romeo Rosete
2025-05-22 08:31:06 -04:00

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data-s="">.css-18biwo{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><style data-emotion="css c1mx6c" data-s="">.css-c1mx6c{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-primary);}.css-c1mx6c:hover,.css-c1mx6c[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-c1mx6c:focus-visible,.css-c1mx6c[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><style data-emotion="css t4q1nq" 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class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">JSON-RPC Server</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Introduction</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/batch"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Batch requests</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/pubsub"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Real-time Events</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">JSON-RPC Namespaces</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack 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href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-les"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">les</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-miner"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">miner (deprecated)</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-net"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">net</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-personal"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">personal (deprecated)</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-txpool"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">txpool</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/objects"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">objects</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/javascript-console"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">JS Console</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/javascript-console-contracts"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">JS Console 2: Contracts</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/graphql"><p class="chakra-text css-f9zxfy">GraphQL server</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:R29cr6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:R29cr6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-1bpr9l5"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Developers</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1dcaofd"><div class="css-gmuwbf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-ge2v0f"><g fill="currentColor"><path d="M2 11h20v2H2z"></path><path d="M11 2h2v20h-2z"></path></g></svg></div></div></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow: hidden; display: none; opacity: 0; height: 0px;"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:R29cr6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:R29cr6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-llreyz"><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Introduction</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">Dapp developers</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/dev-mode"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Dev mode</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/native"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Go API</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/native-accounts"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Go Account Management</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/native-bindings"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Go Contract Bindings</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/native-bindings-v2"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Go Contract Bindings (v2)</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/mobile"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Geth for Mobile</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">EVM tracing</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Introduction</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/basic-traces"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Basic traces</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/built-in-tracers"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Built-in tracers</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/custom-tracer"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Custom EVM tracer</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/live-tracing"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Live tracing</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/javascript-tutorial"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Tutorial for Javascript tracing</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">Geth developer</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/dev-guide"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Developer guide</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/disclosures"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Disclosures</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/dns-discovery-setup"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">DNS discovery setup guide</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/code-review-guidelines"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Code review guidelines</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/contributing"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Contributing</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:R2bcr6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:R2bcr6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-1bpr9l5"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Monitoring</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1dcaofd"><div class="css-gmuwbf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-ge2v0f"><g fill="currentColor"><path d="M2 11h20v2H2z"></path><path d="M11 2h2v20h-2z"></path></g></svg></div></div></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow: hidden; display: none; opacity: 0; height: 0px;"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:R2bcr6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:R2bcr6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-llreyz"><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/monitoring/dashboards"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Creating Dashboards</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/monitoring/understanding-dashboards"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Understanding Dashboards</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/monitoring/ethstats"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Ethstats</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/monitoring/metrics"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Metrics</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:R2dcr6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:R2dcr6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-1bpr9l5"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Tools</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1dcaofd"><div class="css-gmuwbf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-ge2v0f"><g fill="currentColor"><path d="M2 11h20v2H2z"></path><path d="M11 2h2v20h-2z"></path></g></svg></div></div></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow: hidden; display: none; opacity: 0; height: 0px;"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:R2dcr6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:R2dcr6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-llreyz"><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">Clef</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/introduction"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Introduction</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/apis"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">APIs</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/rules"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Rules</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/setup"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Setup</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/datatypes"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Datatypes</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/tutorial"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Tutorial</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/clique-signing"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Clique-signing</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/abigen"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">abigen</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/devp2p"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">devp2p</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/puppeth"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">puppeth</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:R2fcr6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:R2fcr6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-10829se"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/faq"><p class="chakra-text css-k1a737">FAQs</p></a></div></button></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:R2hcr6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:R2hcr6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5fthjt" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-10829se"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/resources"><p class="chakra-text css-k1a737">Resources</p></a></div></button></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-12wi7kw"><div class="chakra-accordion css-0"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button type="button" id="accordion-button-:R1db6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:R1db6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-18nbkvo" data-index="0"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Documentation</p><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon chakra-accordion__icon css-186l2rg" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M16.59 8.59L12 13.17 7.41 8.59 6 10l6 6 6-6z"></path></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow: hidden; display: none; opacity: 0; height: 0px;"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:R1db6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:R1db6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-1inji5u"><div class="chakra-stack css-1kxf1mu"><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:Rgqnbdb6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:Rgqnbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-1bpr9l5"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Getting started</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1dcaofd"><div class="css-gmuwbf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-ge2v0f"><g fill="currentColor"><path d="M2 11h20v2H2z"></path><path d="M11 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class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/getting-started/consensus-clients"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Consensus clients</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:Rhanbdb6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:Rhanbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-1bpr9l5"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Fundamentals</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1dcaofd"><div class="css-gmuwbf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-ge2v0f"><g fill="currentColor"><path d="M2 11h20v2H2z"></path><path d="M11 2h2v20h-2z"></path></g></svg></div></div></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow: hidden; display: none; opacity: 0; height: 0px;"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:Rhanbdb6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:Rhanbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-llreyz"><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Introduction</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/node-architecture"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Node architecture</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/command-line-options"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Command-line options</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/security"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Security</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/sync-modes"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Sync-modes</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/blsync"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Beacon light sync</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/account-management"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Account management</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/databases"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Databases</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/backup-restore"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Backup &amp; restore</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/logs"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Logs</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/peer-to-peer"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Connecting to peers</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/pruning"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Pruning</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/kurtosis"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Private networks via Kurtosis</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/private-network"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Private networks</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/config-files"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Config files</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/mining"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Mining</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:Rhqnbdb6l9f6:" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:Rhqnbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-1bgq4yr"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Interacting with Geth</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1dcaofd"><div class="css-gmuwbf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-ge2v0f"><path fill="currentColor" d="M2 11h20v2H2z"></path></svg></div></div></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow: hidden; display: block; opacity: 1; height: auto;"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:Rhqnbdb6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:Rhqnbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-llreyz"><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">JSON-RPC Server</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Introduction</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/batch"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Batch requests</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/pubsub"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Real-time Events</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">JSON-RPC Namespaces</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-admin"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">admin</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-clique"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">clique</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-debug"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">debug</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-eth"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">eth</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-les"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">les</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-miner"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">miner (deprecated)</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-net"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">net</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-personal"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">personal (deprecated)</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-txpool"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">txpool</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/objects"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">objects</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/javascript-console"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">JS Console</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/javascript-console-contracts"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">JS Console 2: Contracts</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/graphql"><p class="chakra-text css-f9zxfy">GraphQL server</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:Rianbdb6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:Rianbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-1bpr9l5"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Developers</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1dcaofd"><div class="css-gmuwbf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-ge2v0f"><g fill="currentColor"><path d="M2 11h20v2H2z"></path><path d="M11 2h2v20h-2z"></path></g></svg></div></div></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow: hidden; display: none; opacity: 0; height: 0px;"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:Rianbdb6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:Rianbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-llreyz"><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Introduction</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">Dapp developers</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/dev-mode"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Dev mode</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/native"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Go API</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/native-accounts"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Go Account Management</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/native-bindings"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Go Contract Bindings</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/native-bindings-v2"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Go Contract Bindings (v2)</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/mobile"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Geth for Mobile</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">EVM tracing</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Introduction</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/basic-traces"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Basic traces</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/built-in-tracers"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Built-in tracers</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/custom-tracer"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Custom EVM tracer</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/live-tracing"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Live tracing</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/javascript-tutorial"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Tutorial for Javascript tracing</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">Geth developer</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/dev-guide"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Developer guide</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/disclosures"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Disclosures</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/dns-discovery-setup"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">DNS discovery setup guide</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/code-review-guidelines"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Code review guidelines</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/contributing"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Contributing</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:Riqnbdb6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:Riqnbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-1bpr9l5"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Monitoring</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1dcaofd"><div class="css-gmuwbf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-ge2v0f"><g fill="currentColor"><path d="M2 11h20v2H2z"></path><path d="M11 2h2v20h-2z"></path></g></svg></div></div></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow: hidden; display: none; opacity: 0; height: 0px;"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:Riqnbdb6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:Riqnbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-llreyz"><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/monitoring/dashboards"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Creating Dashboards</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/monitoring/understanding-dashboards"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Understanding Dashboards</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/monitoring/ethstats"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Ethstats</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/monitoring/metrics"><p class="chakra-text 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css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/datatypes"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Datatypes</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/tutorial"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Tutorial</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/clique-signing"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Clique-signing</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/abigen"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">abigen</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/devp2p"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">devp2p</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/puppeth"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">puppeth</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:Rjqnbdb6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:Rjqnbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-10829se"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/faq"><p class="chakra-text css-k1a737">FAQs</p></a></div></button></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:Rkanbdb6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:Rkanbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5fthjt" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-10829se"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/resources"><p class="chakra-text css-k1a737">Resources</p></a></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></aside></div><div class="chakra-stack css-o9nb3l" id="main-content"><div class="chakra-stack css-exc07u"><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-0"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-c1mx6c">docs</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq">/</span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-c1mx6c">interacting-with-geth</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq">/</span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-c1mx6c">rpc</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq">/</span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/graphql" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-1k55cy8">graphql</a></li></ol></nav><h1 class="chakra-heading css-1iyc2qo">GraphQL Server</h1><span class="chakra-text css-t9xfd">Last edited on <!-- -->May 4, 2023</span></div><div class="css-d93cna"><div class="css-11igjs4"><p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">In addition to the <a class="chakra-link css-z5s8m1" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc">JSON-RPC APIs</a>, Geth supports the GraphQL API as specified by <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-z5s8m1" href="https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1767">EIP-1767</a>. GraphQL lets you specify which fields of an objects you need as part of the query, eliminating the extra load on the client for filling in fields which are not needed. It also allows for combining several traditional JSON-RPC requests into one query which translates into less overhead and more performance.</p>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">The GraphQL endpoint piggybacks on the HTTP transport used by JSON-RPC. Hence the relevant <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">--http</span> flags and the <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">--graphql</span> flag should be passed to Geth:</p>
<div class="chakra-stack css-1dec9ee"><pre style="color: white; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none; padding: 1rem; margin: 0.5em 0px; overflow: auto; background: rgb(1, 22, 39); border-radius: 0.5rem;"><code class="language-sh" style="color: rgb(214, 222, 235); font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none;"><span>geth --http --graphql
</span></code></pre></div>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">Now queries can be raised against <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">http://localhost:8545/graphql</span>. To change the port, provide a custom port number to <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">--http.port</span>, e.g.:</p>
<div class="chakra-stack css-1dec9ee"><pre style="color: white; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none; padding: 1rem; margin: 0.5em 0px; overflow: auto; background: rgb(1, 22, 39); border-radius: 0.5rem;"><code class="language-sh" style="color: rgb(214, 222, 235); font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none;"><span>geth --http --http.port 9545 --graphql
</span></code></pre></div>
<h2 class="chakra-heading css-1r2ydld" id="graphiql">GraphiQL </h2>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">An easy way to try out queries is the GraphiQL interface shipped with Geth. To open it visit <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">http://localhost:8545/graphql/ui</span>. To see how this works let's read the sender, recipient and value of all transactions in block number 6000000. In GraphiQL:</p>
<div class="chakra-stack css-1dec9ee"><pre style="color: white; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none; padding: 1rem; margin: 0.5em 0px; overflow: auto; background: rgb(1, 22, 39); border-radius: 0.5rem;"><code class="language-graphql" style="color: rgb(214, 222, 235); font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none;"><span class="token" style="color: rgb(127, 219, 202);">query</span><span> </span><span class="token definition-query" style="color: rgb(130, 170, 255);">txInfo</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">{</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token property-query">block</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">(</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103); font-style: italic;">number</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">:</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(247, 140, 108);">6000000</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">)</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">{</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token object">transactions</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">{</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(128, 203, 196);">hash</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token object">from</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">{</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(128, 203, 196);">address</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">}</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token object">to</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">{</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(128, 203, 196);">address</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">}</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(128, 203, 196);">value</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">}</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">}</span><span>
</span><span></span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">}</span><span>
</span></code></pre></div>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">GraphiQL also provides a way to explore the schema Geth provides to help you formulate your queries, which you can see on the right sidebar. Under the title <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">Root Types</span> click on <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">Query</span> to see the high-level types and their fields.</p>
<h2 class="chakra-heading css-1r2ydld" id="query">Query </h2>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">Reading out data from Geth is the biggest use-case for GraphQL. In addition to using the UI queries can also be sent programmatically. The official GraphQL<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-z5s8m1" href="https://graphql.org/code/">docs</a> explain how to find bindings for many languages, or send http requests from the terminal using tools such as Curl.</p>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">For example, the code snippet below shows how to obtain the latest block number using Curl. Note the use of a JSON object for the data section:</p>
<div class="chakra-stack css-1dec9ee"><pre style="color: white; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none; padding: 1rem; margin: 0.5em 0px; overflow: auto; background: rgb(1, 22, 39); border-radius: 0.5rem;"><code class="language-sh" style="color: rgb(214, 222, 235); font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none;"><span>❯ curl -X POST http://localhost:8545/graphql -H "Content-Type: application/json" --data '{ "query": "query { block { number } }" }'
</span>{"data":{"block":{"number":"0x5b9d65"}}}
</code></pre></div>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">Alternatively store the JSON-ified query in a file (let's call it <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">block-num.query</span>) and do:</p>
<div class="chakra-stack css-1dec9ee"><pre style="color: white; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none; padding: 1rem; margin: 0.5em 0px; overflow: auto; background: rgb(1, 22, 39); border-radius: 0.5rem;"><code class="language-sh" style="color: rgb(214, 222, 235); font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none;"><span>❯ curl -X POST http://localhost:8545/graphql -H "Content-Type: application/json" --data '@block-num.query'
</span></code></pre></div>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">Executing a simple query in JS looks as follows. Here the lightweight library <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">graphql-request</span> is used to perform the request. Note the use of variables instead of hardcoding the block number in the query:</p>
<div class="chakra-stack css-1dec9ee"><pre style="color: white; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none; padding: 1rem; margin: 0.5em 0px; overflow: auto; background: rgb(1, 22, 39); border-radius: 0.5rem;"><code class="language-javascript" style="color: rgb(214, 222, 235); font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none;"><span class="token" style="color: rgb(127, 219, 202);">const</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">{</span><span> request</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">,</span><span> gql </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">}</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(127, 219, 202);">=</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(130, 170, 255);">require</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">(</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103);">'graphql-request'</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">)</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">;</span><span>
</span>
<span></span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(127, 219, 202);">const</span><span> query </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(127, 219, 202);">=</span><span> gql</span><span class="token template-string template-punctuation" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103);">`</span><span class="token template-string" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103);">
</span><span class="token template-string" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103);"> query blockInfo($number: Long) {
</span><span class="token template-string" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103);"> block(number: $number) {
</span><span class="token template-string" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103);"> hash
</span><span class="token template-string" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103);"> stateRoot
</span><span class="token template-string" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103);"> }
</span><span class="token template-string" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103);"> }
</span><span class="token template-string" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103);"></span><span class="token template-string template-punctuation" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103);">`</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">;</span><span>
</span><span></span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(130, 170, 255);">request</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">(</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103);">'http://localhost:8545/graphql'</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">,</span><span> query</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">,</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">{</span><span> </span><span class="token literal-property" style="color: rgb(128, 203, 196);">number</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(127, 219, 202);">:</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103);">'6004067'</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">}</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">)</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">.</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(130, 170, 255);">then</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">(</span><span class="token parameter">res</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(127, 219, 202);">=&gt;</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">{</span><span>
</span><span> console</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">.</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(130, 170, 255);">log</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">(</span><span>res</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">)</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">;</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">}</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">)</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">.</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(130, 170, 255);">catch</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">(</span><span class="token parameter">err</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(127, 219, 202);">=&gt;</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">{</span><span>
</span><span> console</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">.</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(130, 170, 255);">log</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">(</span><span>err</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">)</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">;</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">}</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">)</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">;</span><span>
</span></code></pre></div>
<h2 class="chakra-heading css-1r2ydld" id="accessing-state">Accessing state</h2>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">The schema allows for querying parts of state, i.e. accounts and their storage slots. E.g. it is possible to get the balance of the sender of a tx via:</p>
<div class="chakra-stack css-1dec9ee"><pre style="color: white; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none; padding: 1rem; margin: 0.5em 0px; overflow: auto; background: rgb(1, 22, 39); border-radius: 0.5rem;"><code class="language-graphql" style="color: rgb(214, 222, 235); font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none;"><span class="token property-query">transaction</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">(</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103); font-style: italic;">hash</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">:</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103);">"0xdad"</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">)</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">{</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token object">from</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">{</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(128, 203, 196);">balance</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">}</span><span>
</span><span></span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">}</span><span>
</span></code></pre></div>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">It is important to note however that the balance returned here is <strong>not</strong> the balance at the given transaction, rather it is the latest balance of the sender account, i.e. at the head of the chain. It is possible to query the state of this account at a particular block N via:</p>
<div class="chakra-stack css-1dec9ee"><pre style="color: white; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none; padding: 1rem; margin: 0.5em 0px; overflow: auto; background: rgb(1, 22, 39); border-radius: 0.5rem;"><code class="language-graphql" style="color: rgb(214, 222, 235); font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none;"><span class="token property-query">transaction</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">(</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103); font-style: italic;">hash</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">:</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103);">"0xdad"</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">)</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">{</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token property-query">from</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">(</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(173, 219, 103); font-style: italic;">block</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">:</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(247, 140, 108);">6004067</span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">)</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">{</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(128, 203, 196);">balance</span><span>
</span><span> </span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">}</span><span>
</span><span></span><span class="token" style="color: rgb(199, 146, 234);">}</span><span>
</span></code></pre></div>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">As you can see this effect takes in a block number parameter which instructs geth to return the state of this account from an older block. The node needs to have the state for that block persisted, otherwise this query will result in an error. To see how Geth persists state please see this <a class="chakra-link css-z5s8m1" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing#state-availability">page</a>.</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-s3mn9m"><aside class="css-14zsnda"><p class="chakra-text css-ttz5vl">on this page</p><hr aria-orientation="horizontal" class="chakra-divider css-1dyio1o"><a class="chakra-link css-17yxwq0"><p class="chakra-text css-1ayucz7"> GraphiQL </p></a><a class="chakra-link css-17yxwq0"><p class="chakra-text css-1ayucz7"> Query </p></a><a class="chakra-link css-17yxwq0"><p class="chakra-text css-1ayucz7"> Accessing state</p></a></aside></div></div></div></div></main><div class="chakra-stack css-1t07u9w"><div class="css-1orfpdo"><div class="css-8jxpye"><div class="css-ak2pxb"><div class="css-1cxkbxx"><a class="chakra-link css-xl4mt7" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/downloads"><p class="chakra-text css-4ii8xl">DOWNLOADS</p></a></div><div class="css-1jqxip7"><a class="chakra-link css-xl4mt7" 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The go-ethereum Authors<!-- --> |<!-- --> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-z5s8m1" href="https://matomo.ethereum.org/index.php?module=CoreAdminHome&amp;action=optOut">Do-not-Track</a></p></div></div></div></div></div><span id="__chakra_env" hidden=""></span></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Developer mode","description":"Instructions for setting up Geth in developer mode"},"content":"\nIt is often convenient for developers to work in an environment where changes to client or application software can be deployed and tested rapidly and without putting real-world users or assets at risk. For this purpose, Geth has a `--dev` flag that spins up Geth in \"developer mode\". This creates a single-node Ethereum test network with no connections to any external peers. It exists solely on the local machine. Starting Geth in developer mode does the following:\n\n- Initializes the data directory with a testing genesis block\n- Sets max peers to 0 (meaning Geth does not search for peers)\n- Turns off discovery by other nodes (meaning the node is invisible to other nodes)\n- Sets the gas price to 0 (no cost to send transactions)\n- Simulates a consensus client which allows blocks to be mined as-needed without excessive CPU and memory consumption\n- Uses on-demand block generation, producing blocks when transactions are waiting to be mined\n\nThis configuration enables developers to experiment with Geth's source code or develop new applications without having to sync to a pre-existing public network. Blocks are only mined when there are pending transactions. Developers can break things on this network without affecting other users. This page will demonstrate how to spin up a local Geth testnet and a simple smart contract will be deployed to it using the Remix online integrated development environment (IDE).\n\n## Prerequisites {#prerequisites}\n\nIt is assumed that the user has a working Geth installation (see [installation guide](/docs/getting-started/installing-geth)).\nIt would also be helpful to have basic knowledge of Geth and the Geth console. See [Getting Started](/docs/getting-started).\nSome basic knowledge of [Solidity](https://docs.soliditylang.org/) and [smart contract deployment](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/tutorials/deploying-your-first-smart-contract/) would be useful.\n\n## Start Geth in Dev Mode {#start-geth-in-dev-mode}\n\nStarting Geth in developer mode is as simple as providing the `--dev` flag. It is also possible to create a realistic block creation frequency by setting `--dev.period 12` instead of creating blocks only when transactions are pending. Additional configuration options required to follow this tutorial.\n\nRemix will be used to deploy a smart contract to the node which requires information to be exchanged externally with Geth's own domain. To permit this, enable `http` and the `net` namespace must be enabled and the Remix URL must be provided to `--http.corsdomain`. Some other namespaces will also be enabled for this tutorial. The full command is as follows:\n\n```sh\ngeth --dev --http --http.api eth,web3,net --http.corsdomain \"https://remix.ethereum.org\"\n```\n\nThe terminal will display the following logs, confirming Geth has started successfully in developer mode:\n\n```terminal\nINFO [05-09|10:49:02.951] Starting Geth in ephemeral dev mode...\nINFO [05-09|10:49:02.952] Maximum peer count ETH=50 LES=0 total=50\nINFO [05-09|10:49:02.952] Smartcard socket not found, disabling err=\"stat /run/pcscd/pcscd.comm: no such file or directory\"\nINFO [05-09|10:49:02.953] Set global gas cap cap=50,000,000\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.133] Using developer account address=0x7Aa16266Ba3d309e3cb278B452b1A6307E52Fb62\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.196] Allocated trie memory caches clean=154.00MiB dirty=256.00MiB\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.285] Writing custom genesis block\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.286] Persisted trie from memory database nodes=13 size=1.90KiB time=\"180.524µs\" gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.287] Initialised chain configuration config=\"{ ChainID: 1337 Homestead: 0 DAO: nil DAOSupport: false EIP150: 0 EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: 0 Constantinople: 0 Petersburg: 0 Istanbul: 0, Muir Glacier: 0, Berlin: 0, London: 0, Arrow Glacier: nil, MergeFork: nil, Terminal TD: nil, Engine: clique}\"\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.288] Initialising Ethereum protocol network=1337 dbversion= nil\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.289] Loaded most recent local header number=0 hash=c9c3de..579bb8 td=1 age=53y1mo1w\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.289] Loaded most recent local full block number=0 hash=c9c3de..579bb8 td=1 age=53y1mo1w\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.289] Loaded most recent local fast block number=0 hash=c9c3de..579bb8 td=1 age=53y1mo1w\nWARN [05-09|10:49:03.289] Failed to load snapshot, regenerating err=\"missing or corrupted snapshot\"\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.289] Rebuilding state snapshot\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.290] Resuming state snapshot generation root=ceb850..0662cb accounts=0 slots=0 storage=0.00B elapsed=\"778.089µs\"\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.290] Regenerated local transaction journal transactions=0 accounts=0\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.292] Gasprice oracle is ignoring threshold set threshold=2\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.292] Generated state snapshot accounts=10 slots=0 storage=412.00B elapsed=2.418ms\nWARN [05-09|10:49:03.292] Error reading unclean shutdown markers error=\"leveldb: not found\"\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.292] Starting peer-to-peer node instance=Geth/v1.10.18-unstable-8d84a701-20220503/linux-amd64/go1.18.1\nWARN [05-09|10:49:03.292] P2P server will be useless, neither dialing nor listening\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.292] Stored checkpoint snapshot to disk number=0 hash=c9c3de..579bb8\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.312] New local node record seq=1,652,089,743,311 id=bfedca74bea20733 ip=127.0.0.1 udp=0 tcp=0\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.313] Started P2P networking self=enode://0544de6446dd5831daa5a391de8d0375d93ac602a95d6a182d499de31f22f75b6645c3f562932cac8328d51321b676c683471e2cf7b3c338bb6930faf6ead389@127.0.0.1:0\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.314] IPC endpoint opened url=/tmp/geth.ipc\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.315] HTTP server started endpoint=127.0.0.1:8545 auth=false prefix= cors=http:remix.ethereum.org vhosts=localhost\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.315] Transaction pool price threshold updated price=0\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.315] Updated mining threads threads=0\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.315] Transaction pool price threshold updated price=1\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.315] Etherbase automatically configured address=0x7Aa16266Ba3d309e3cb278B452b1A6307E52Fb62\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.316] Commit new sealing work number=1 sealhash=2372a2..7fb8e7 uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=\"202.366µs\"\nWARN [05-09|10:49:03.316] Block sealing failed err=\"sealing paused while waiting for transactions\"\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.316] Commit new sealing work number=1 sealhash=2372a2..7fb8e7 uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=\"540.054µs\"\n```\n\nThis terminal must be left running throughout the entire tutorial. In a second terminal, attach a Javascript console. By default, the `ipc` file is saved in the `datadir`:\n\n```sh\ngeth attach \u003cdatadir\u003e/geth.ipc\n```\n\nThe Javascript terminal will open with the following welcome message:\n\n```terminal\nWelcome to the Geth JavaScript console!\n\ninstance: Geth/v1.14.3-stable-ab48ba42/linux-arm64/go1.22.3\nat block: 0 (Thu Jan 01 1970 00:00:00 GMT+0000 (UTC))\n datadir: \n modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 dev:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0\n\nTo exit, press ctrl-d or type exit\n\u003e \n```\n\nFor simplicity this tutorial uses Geth's built-in account management. First, the existing accounts can be displayed using `eth.accounts`:\n\n```sh\neth.accounts\n```\n\nAn array containing a single address will be displayed in the terminal, despite no accounts having yet been explicitly created. This is the \"developer\" account. The developer address is the recipient of the total amount of ether created at the local network genesis. Querying the ether balance of the developer account will return a very large number. The developer account can be invoked as `eth.accounts[0]`.\n\nThe following command can be used to query the balance. The return value is in units of Wei, which is divided by 1\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e to give units of ether. This can be done explicitly or by calling the `web3.FromWei()` function:\n\n```sh\neth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])/1e18\n\n// or\n\nweb3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0]))\n```\n\nUsing `web3.fromWei()` is less error-prone because the correct multiplier is built in. These commands both return the following:\n\n```terminal\n1.157920892373162e+59\n```\n\nA new account can be created using Clef. Some of the ether from the developer account can then be transferred across to it. A new account is generated using the `newaccount` function on the command line:\n\n```sh\nclef newaccount --keystore \u003cpath-to-keystore\u003e\n```\n\nThe terminal will display a request for a password, twice. Once provided, a new account will be created, and its address will be printed to the terminal. The account creation is also logged in the Geth terminal, including the location of the keyfile in the keystore. It is a good idea to back up the password somewhere at this point. If this were an account on a live network, intended to own assets of real-world value, it would be critical to back up the account password and the keystore in a secure manner.\n\nTo reconfirm the account creation, running `eth.accounts` in the Javascript console should display an array containing two account addresses, one being the developer account and the other being the newly generated address. The following command transfers 50 ETH from the developer account to the new account:\n\n```sh\neth.sendTransaction({from: eth.accounts[0], to: eth.accounts[1], value: web3.toWei(50, \"ether\")})\n```\n\nA transaction hash will be returned to the console. This transaction hash will also be displayed in the logs in the Geth console, followed by logs confirming that a new block was mined (remember, in the local development network, blocks are mined when transactions are pending). The transaction details can be displayed in the Javascript console by passing the transaction hash to `eth.getTransaction()`:\n\n```sh\neth.getTransaction(\"0x62044d2cab405388891ee6d53747817f34c0f00341cde548c0ce9834e9718f27\")\n```\n\nThe transaction details are displayed as follows:\n\n```terminal\n{\n accessList: [],\n blockHash: \"0xdef68762539ebfb247e31d749acc26ab5df3163aabf9d450b6001c200d17da8a\",\n blockNumber: 1,\n chainId: \"0x539\",\n from: \"0x540dbaeb2390f2eb005f7a6dbf3436a0959197a9\",\n gas: 21000,\n gasPrice: 875000001,\n hash: \"0x2326887390dc04483d435a6303dc05bd2648086eab15f24d7dcdf8c26e8af4b8\",\n input: \"0x\",\n maxFeePerGas: 2000000001,\n maxPriorityFeePerGas: 1,\n nonce: 0,\n r: \"0x3f7b54f095b837ec13480eab5ac7de082465fc79f43b813cca051394dd028d5d\",\n s: \"0x167ef271ae8175239dccdd970db85e06a044d5039252d6232d0954d803bb4e3e\",\n to: \"0x43e3a14fb8c68caa7eea95a02693759de4513950\",\n transactionIndex: 0,\n type: \"0x2\",\n v: \"0x0\",\n value: 50000000000000000000,\n yParity: \"0x0\"\n}\n```\n\nNow that the user account is funded with ether, a contract can be created and deployed to the Geth node.\n\n## A simple smart contract {#simple-smart-contract}\n\nThis tutorial will make use of a classic example smart contract, `Storage.sol`. This contract exposes two public functions, one to add a value to the contract storage and one to view the stored value. The contract, written in Solidity, is provided below:\n\n```solidity\npragma solidity \u003e=0.8.2 \u003c0.9.0;\n\ncontract Storage {\n uint256 number;\n\n function store(uint256 num) public {\n number = num;\n }\n\n function retrieve() public view returns (uint256) {\n return number;\n }\n}\n```\n\nSolidity is a high-level language that makes code executable by the Ethereum virtual machine (EVM) readable to humans. This means that there is an intermediate step between writing code in Solidity and deploying it to Ethereum. This step is called \"compilation\", and it converts human-readable code into EVM-executable bytecode. This byte-code is then included in a transaction sent from the Geth node during contract deployment. This can all be done directly from the Geth Javascript console; however, this tutorial uses an online IDE called Remix to handle the compilation and deployment of the contract to the local Geth node.\n\n## Compile and deploy using Remix {#compile-and-deploy}\n\nIn a web browser, open \u003chttps://remix.ethereum.org\u003e. This opens an online smart contract development environment. On the left-hand side of the screen there is a side-bar menu that toggles between several toolboxes that are displayed in a vertical panel. On the right-hand side of the screen, there is an editor and a terminal. This layout is similar to the default layout of many other IDEs such as [VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/). The contract defined in the previous section, `Storage.sol` is already available in the `Contracts` directory in Remix. It can be opened and reviewed in the editor.\n\n![Remix](/images/docs/remix.png)\n\nThe Solidity logo is present as an icon in the Remix sidebar. Clicking this icon opens the Solidity compiler wizard, which can be used to compile `Storage.sol` ready. With `Solidity.sol` open in the editor window, simply click the `Compile 1_Storage.sol` button. A green tick will appear next to the Solidity icon to confirm that the contract has been compiled successfully. This means the contract bytecode is available.\n\n![Remix-compiler](/images/docs/remix-compiler.png)\n\nBelow the Solidity icon is a fourth icon that includes the Ethereum logo. Clicking this opens the Deploy menu. In this menu, Remix can be configured to connect to the local Geth node. In the drop-down menu labelled `ENVIRONMENT`, select `Custom - External Http Provider`. This will open an information pop-up with instructions for configuring Geth - these can be ignored as they were completed earlier in this tutorial. However, at the bottom of this pop-up is a box labelled `External HTTP Provider Endpoint`. This should be set to Geth's 8545 port on `localhost` (`http://127.0.0.1:8545`). Click OK. The `ACCOUNT` field should automatically populate with the address of the account created earlier using the Geth Javascript console.\n\n![Remix-deploy](/images/docs/remix-deploy.png)\n\nTo deploy `Storage.sol`, click `DEPLOY`.\n\nThe following logs in the Geth terminal confirm that the contract was successfully deployed.\n\n```terminal\nINFO [05-09|12:27:09.680] Setting new local account address=0x7Aa16266Ba3d309e3cb278B452b1A6307E52Fb62\nINFO [05-09|12:27:09.680] Submitted contract creation hash=0xbf2d2d1c393a882ffb6c90e6d1713906fd799651ae683237223b897d4781c4f2 from=0x7Aa16266Ba3d309e3cb278B452b1A6307E52Fb62 nonce=1 contract=0x4aA11DdfD817dD70e9FF2A2bf9c0306e8EC450d3 value=0\nINFO [05-09|12:27:09.681] Commit new sealing work number=2 sealhash=845a53..f22818 uncles=0 txs=1 gas=125,677 fees=0.0003141925 elapsed=\"335.991µs\"\nINFO [05-09|12:27:09.681] Successfully sealed new block number=2 sealhash=845a53..f22818 hash=e927bc..f2c8ed elapsed=\"703.415µs\"\nINFO [05-09|12:27:09.681] 🔨 mined potential block number=2 hash=e927bc..f2c8ed\n```\n\n## Interact with contract using Remix {#interact-with-contract}\n\nThe contract is now deployed on a local testnet version of the Ethereum blockchain. This means there is a contract address that contains an executable bytecode that can be invoked by sending transactions with instructions, also in bytecode, to that address. Again, this can all be achieved by constructing transactions directly in the Geth console or even by making external http requests using tools such as Curl. Here, Remix is used to retrieve the value; then the same action is taken using the Javascript console.\n\nAfter deploying the contract in Remix, the `Deployed Contracts` tab in the sidebar automatically populates with the public functions exposed by `Storage.sol`. To send a value to the contract storage, type a number in the field adjacent to the `store` button, then click the button.\n\n![Remix-func](/images/docs/remix-func.png)\n\nIn the Geth terminal, the following logs confirm that the transaction was successful (the actual values will vary from the example below):\n\n```terminal\nINFO [05-09|13:41:58.644] Submitted transaction hash=0xfa3cd8df6841c5d3706d3bacfb881d2b985d0b55bdba440f1fdafa4ed5b5cc31 from=0x7Aa16266Ba3d309e3cb278B452b1A6307E52Fb62 nonce=2 recipient=0x4aA11DdfD817dD70e9FF2A2bf9c0306e8EC450d3 value=0\nINFO [05-09|13:41:58.644] Commit new sealing work number=3 sealhash=5442e3..f49739 uncles=0 txs=1 gas=43724 fees=0.00010931 elapsed=\"334.446µs\"\nINFO [05-09|13:41:58.645] Successfully sealed new block number=3 sealhash=5442e3..f49739 hash=c076c8..eeee77 elapsed=\"581.374µs\"\nINFO [05-09|13:41:58.645] 🔨 mined potential block number=3 hash=c076c8..eeee77\n```\n\nThe transaction hash can be used to retrieve the transaction details using the Geth Javascript console, which will return the following information:\n\n```terminal\n{\n accessList: [],\n blockHash: \"0xc076c88200618f4cbbfb4fe7c3eb8d93566724755acc6c4e9a355cc090eeee77\",\n blockNumber: 3,\n chainId: \"0x539\",\n from: \"0x7aa16266ba3d309e3cb278b452b1a6307e52fb62\",\n gas: 43724,\n gasPrice: 3172359839,\n hash: \"0xfa3cd8df6841c5d3706d3bacfb881d2b985d0b55bdba440f1fdafa4ed5b5cc31\",\n input: \"0x6057361d0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000038\",\n maxFeePerGas: 4032048134,\n maxPriorityFeePerGas: 2500000000,\n nonce: 2,\n r: \"0x859b88062715c5d66b9a188886ad51b68a1e4938d5932ce2dac874c104d2b26\",\n s: \"0x61ef6bc454d5e6a76c414f133aeb6321197a61e263a3e270a16bd4a65d94da55\",\n to: \"0x4aa11ddfd817dd70e9ff2a2bf9c0306e8ec450d3\",\n transactionIndex: 0,\n type: \"0x2\",\n v: \"0x1\",\n value: 0,\n yParity: \"0x1\"\n}\n```\n\nThe `from` address is the account that sent the transaction, and the `to` address is the deployment address of the contract. The value entered into Remix is now in storage at that contract address. This can be retrieved using Remix by calling the `retrieve` function - to do this simply click the `retrieve` button. Alternatively, it can be retrieved using `web3.getStorageAt` using the Geth Javascript console. The following command returns the value in the contract storage (replace the given address with the correct one displayed in the Geth logs).\n\n```sh\nweb3.eth.getStorageAt(\"0x407d73d8a49eeb85d32cf465507dd71d507100c1\", 0)\n```\n\nThis returns a value that looks like the following:\n\n```terminal\n\"0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000038\"\n```\n\nThe returned value is a left-padded hexadecimal value. For example, the return value `0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000038` corresponds to a value of `56` entered as a uint256 to Remix. After converting from hexadecimal string to decimal number the returned value should be equal to that provided to Remix in the previous step.\n\n## Reusing --datadir {#reusing-datadir}\n\nThis tutorial used an ephemeral blockchain that is completely destroyed and started afresh during each dev-mode session. However, it is also possible to create persistent blockchain and account data that can be reused across multiple sessions. This is done by providing the `--datadir` flag and a directory name when starting Geth in dev-mode.\n\n```sh\ngeth --datadir dev-chain --dev --http --http.api web3,eth,net --http.corsdomain \"https://remix.ethereum.org\"\n```\n\n## Re-using accounts {#reusing-accounts}\n\nGeth will fail to start in dev-mode if keys have been manually created or imported into the keystore in the `--datadir` directory. This is because the account cannot be automatically unlocked. To resolve this issue, the password defined when the account was created can be saved to a text file and its path passed to the `--password` flag on starting Geth, for example, if `password.txt` is saved in the top-level `go-ethereum` directory:\n\n```sh\ngeth --datadir dev-chain --dev --http --http.api web3,eth,net --http.corsdomain \"https://remix.ethereum.org\" --password password.txt\n```\n\n## Using a Custom Genesis Configuration\n\nIt is possible to use a custom genesis block configuration in development mode. To obtain a compatible configuration, run `geth --dev dumpgenesis`. The resulting genesis has proof-of-stake and all pre-merge hard forks activated at block 0. Precompile addresses are funded to prevent them being removed from the state per EIP158.\n\nUsers are free to modify the generated template provided they keep the pre-merge hard-forks and proof-of-stake transition activated at block 0.\n\n## Summary {#summary}\n\nThis tutorial has demonstrated how to spin up a local developer network using Geth. Having started this development network, a simple contract was deployed to the developer network. Then, Remix was connected to the local Geth node and used to deploy and interact with a contract. Remix was used to add a value to the contract storage, and then the value was retrieved using Remix and also using the lower-level commands in the Javascript console.\n","navLinks":[{"id":"Getting started","items":[{"id":"Introduction","to":"/docs/getting-started"},{"id":"Hardware requirements","to":"/docs/getting-started/hardware-requirements"},{"id":"Installing Geth","to":"/docs/getting-started/installing-geth"},{"id":"Consensus clients","to":"/docs/getting-started/consensus-clients"}]},{"id":"Fundamentals","items":[{"id":"Introduction","to":"/docs/fundamentals"},{"id":"Node architecture","to":"/docs/fundamentals/node-architecture"},{"id":"Command-line options","to":"/docs/fundamentals/command-line-options"},{"id":"Security","to":"/docs/fundamentals/security"},{"id":"Sync-modes","to":"/docs/fundamentals/sync-modes"},{"id":"Beacon light sync","to":"/docs/fundamentals/blsync"},{"id":"Account 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