go-ethereum/core/txpool/blobpool/blobpool_test.go

// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

package blobpool

import (
	"bytes"
	"crypto/ecdsa"
	"crypto/sha256"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"math/big"
	"math/rand"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"reflect"
	"slices"
	"sync"
	"testing"

	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip1559"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip4844"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/txpool"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto/kzg4844"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/testrand"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
	"github.com/holiman/billy"
	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
)

var (
	testBlobs          []*kzg4844.Blob
	testBlobCommits    []kzg4844.Commitment
	testBlobProofs     []kzg4844.Proof
	testBlobCellProofs [][]kzg4844.Proof
	testBlobVHashes    [][32]byte
	testBlobIndices    = make(map[[32]byte]int)
)

const testMaxBlobsPerBlock = 6

func init() {
	for i := 0; i < 24; i++ {
		testBlob := &kzg4844.Blob{byte(i)}
		testBlobs = append(testBlobs, testBlob)

		testBlobCommit, _ := kzg4844.BlobToCommitment(testBlob)
		testBlobCommits = append(testBlobCommits, testBlobCommit)

		testBlobProof, _ := kzg4844.ComputeBlobProof(testBlob, testBlobCommit)
		testBlobProofs = append(testBlobProofs, testBlobProof)

		testBlobCellProof, _ := kzg4844.ComputeCellProofs(testBlob)
		testBlobCellProofs = append(testBlobCellProofs, testBlobCellProof)

		testBlobVHash := kzg4844.CalcBlobHashV1(sha256.New(), &testBlobCommit)
		testBlobIndices[testBlobVHash] = len(testBlobVHashes)
		testBlobVHashes = append(testBlobVHashes, testBlobVHash)
	}
}

// testBlockChain is a mock of the live chain for testing the pool.
type testBlockChain struct {
	config  *params.ChainConfig
	basefee *uint256.Int
	blobfee *uint256.Int
	statedb *state.StateDB

	blocks map[uint64]*types.Block

	blockTime *uint64
}

func (bc *testBlockChain) setHeadTime(time uint64) {
	bc.blockTime = &time
}

func (bc *testBlockChain) Config() *params.ChainConfig {
	return bc.config
}

func (bc *testBlockChain) CurrentBlock() *types.Header {
	// Yolo, life is too short to invert misc.CalcBaseFee and misc.CalcBlobFee,
	// just binary search it them.

	// The base fee at 5714 ETH translates into the 21000 base gas higher than
	// mainnet ether existence, use that as a cap for the tests.
	var (
		blockNumber = new(big.Int).Add(bc.config.LondonBlock, big.NewInt(1))
		blockTime   = *bc.config.CancunTime + 1
		gasLimit    = uint64(30_000_000)
	)
	if bc.blockTime != nil {
		blockTime = *bc.blockTime
	}

	lo := new(big.Int)
	hi := new(big.Int).Mul(big.NewInt(5714), new(big.Int).Exp(big.NewInt(10), big.NewInt(18), nil))

	for new(big.Int).Add(lo, big.NewInt(1)).Cmp(hi) != 0 {
		mid := new(big.Int).Add(lo, hi)
		mid.Div(mid, big.NewInt(2))

		if eip1559.CalcBaseFee(bc.config, &types.Header{
			Number:   blockNumber,
			GasLimit: gasLimit,
			GasUsed:  0,
			BaseFee:  mid,
		}).Cmp(bc.basefee.ToBig()) > 0 {
			hi = mid
		} else {
			lo = mid
		}
	}
	baseFee := lo

	// The excess blob gas at 2^27 translates into a blob fee higher than mainnet
	// ether existence, use that as a cap for the tests.
	lo = new(big.Int)
	hi = new(big.Int).Exp(big.NewInt(2), big.NewInt(27), nil)

	for new(big.Int).Add(lo, big.NewInt(1)).Cmp(hi) != 0 {
		mid := new(big.Int).Add(lo, hi)
		mid.Div(mid, big.NewInt(2))

		tmp := mid.Uint64()
		if eip4844.CalcBlobFee(bc.Config(), &types.Header{
			Number:        blockNumber,
			Time:          blockTime,
			ExcessBlobGas: &tmp,
		}).Cmp(bc.blobfee.ToBig()) > 0 {
			hi = mid
		} else {
			lo = mid
		}
	}
	excessBlobGas := lo.Uint64()

	return &types.Header{
		Number:        blockNumber,
		Time:          blockTime,
		GasLimit:      gasLimit,
		BaseFee:       baseFee,
		ExcessBlobGas: &excessBlobGas,
		Difficulty:    common.Big0,
	}
}

func (bc *testBlockChain) CurrentFinalBlock() *types.Header {
	return &types.Header{
		Number: big.NewInt(0),
	}
}

func (bc *testBlockChain) GetBlock(hash common.Hash, number uint64) *types.Block {
	// This is very yolo for the tests. If the number is the origin block we use
	// to init the pool, return an empty block with the correct starting header.
	//
	// If it is something else, return some baked in mock data.
	if number == bc.config.LondonBlock.Uint64()+1 {
		return types.NewBlockWithHeader(bc.CurrentBlock())
	}
	return bc.blocks[number]
}

func (bc *testBlockChain) StateAt(common.Hash) (*state.StateDB, error) {
	return bc.statedb, nil
}

// reserver is a utility struct to sanity check that accounts are
// properly reserved by the blobpool (no duplicate reserves or unreserves).
type reserver struct {
	accounts map[common.Address]struct{}
	lock     sync.RWMutex
}

func newReserver() txpool.Reserver {
	return &reserver{accounts: make(map[common.Address]struct{})}
}

func (r *reserver) Hold(addr common.Address) error {
	r.lock.Lock()
	defer r.lock.Unlock()
	if _, exists := r.accounts[addr]; exists {
		panic("already reserved")
	}
	r.accounts[addr] = struct{}{}
	return nil
}

func (r *reserver) Release(addr common.Address) error {
	r.lock.Lock()
	defer r.lock.Unlock()
	if _, exists := r.accounts[addr]; !exists {
		panic("not reserved")
	}
	delete(r.accounts, addr)
	return nil
}

func (r *reserver) Has(address common.Address) bool {
	r.lock.RLock()
	defer r.lock.RUnlock()
	_, exists := r.accounts[address]
	return exists
}

// makeTx is a utility method to construct a random blob transaction and sign it
// with a valid key, only setting the interesting fields from the perspective of
// the blob pool.
func makeTx(nonce uint64, gasTipCap uint64, gasFeeCap uint64, blobFeeCap uint64, key *ecdsa.PrivateKey) *types.Transaction {
	blobtx := makeUnsignedTx(nonce, gasTipCap, gasFeeCap, blobFeeCap)
	return types.MustSignNewTx(key, types.LatestSigner(params.MainnetChainConfig), blobtx)
}

// makeMultiBlobTx is a utility method to construct a ramdom blob tx with
// certain number of blobs in its sidecar.
func makeMultiBlobTx(nonce uint64, gasTipCap uint64, gasFeeCap uint64, blobFeeCap uint64, blobCount int, blobOffset int, key *ecdsa.PrivateKey, version byte) *types.Transaction {
	var (
		blobs       []kzg4844.Blob
		blobHashes  []common.Hash
		commitments []kzg4844.Commitment
		proofs      []kzg4844.Proof
	)
	for i := 0; i < blobCount; i++ {
		blobs = append(blobs, *testBlobs[blobOffset+i])
		commitments = append(commitments, testBlobCommits[blobOffset+i])
		if version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 {
			proofs = append(proofs, testBlobProofs[blobOffset+i])
		} else {
			cellProofs, _ := kzg4844.ComputeCellProofs(testBlobs[blobOffset+i])
			proofs = append(proofs, cellProofs...)
		}
		blobHashes = append(blobHashes, testBlobVHashes[blobOffset+i])
	}
	blobtx := &types.BlobTx{
		ChainID:    uint256.MustFromBig(params.MainnetChainConfig.ChainID),
		Nonce:      nonce,
		GasTipCap:  uint256.NewInt(gasTipCap),
		GasFeeCap:  uint256.NewInt(gasFeeCap),
		Gas:        21000,
		BlobFeeCap: uint256.NewInt(blobFeeCap),
		BlobHashes: blobHashes,
		Value:      uint256.NewInt(100),
		Sidecar:    types.NewBlobTxSidecar(version, blobs, commitments, proofs),
	}
	return types.MustSignNewTx(key, types.LatestSigner(params.MainnetChainConfig), blobtx)
}

// makeUnsignedTx is a utility method to construct a random blob transaction
// without signing it.
func makeUnsignedTx(nonce uint64, gasTipCap uint64, gasFeeCap uint64, blobFeeCap uint64) *types.BlobTx {
	return makeUnsignedTxWithTestBlob(nonce, gasTipCap, gasFeeCap, blobFeeCap, rnd.Intn(len(testBlobs)))
}

// makeUnsignedTxWithTestBlob is a utility method to construct a random blob transaction
// with a specific test blob without signing it.
func makeUnsignedTxWithTestBlob(nonce uint64, gasTipCap uint64, gasFeeCap uint64, blobFeeCap uint64, blobIdx int) *types.BlobTx {
	return &types.BlobTx{
		ChainID:    uint256.MustFromBig(params.MainnetChainConfig.ChainID),
		Nonce:      nonce,
		GasTipCap:  uint256.NewInt(gasTipCap),
		GasFeeCap:  uint256.NewInt(gasFeeCap),
		Gas:        21000,
		BlobFeeCap: uint256.NewInt(blobFeeCap),
		BlobHashes: []common.Hash{testBlobVHashes[blobIdx]},
		Value:      uint256.NewInt(100),
		Sidecar:    types.NewBlobTxSidecar(types.BlobSidecarVersion0, []kzg4844.Blob{*testBlobs[blobIdx]}, []kzg4844.Commitment{testBlobCommits[blobIdx]}, []kzg4844.Proof{testBlobProofs[blobIdx]}),
	}
}

// verifyPoolInternals iterates over all the transactions in the pool and checks
// that sort orders, calculated fields, cumulated fields are correct.
func verifyPoolInternals(t *testing.T, pool *BlobPool) {
	// Mark this method as a helper to remove from stack traces
	t.Helper()

	// Verify that all items in the index are present in the tx lookup and nothing more
	seen := make(map[common.Hash]struct{})
	for addr, txs := range pool.index {
		for _, tx := range txs {
			if _, ok := seen[tx.hash]; ok {
				t.Errorf("duplicate hash #%x in transaction index: address %s, nonce %d", tx.hash, addr, tx.nonce)
			}
			seen[tx.hash] = struct{}{}
		}
	}
	for hash, id := range pool.lookup.txIndex {
		if _, ok := seen[hash]; !ok {
			t.Errorf("tx lookup entry missing from transaction index: hash #%x, id %d", hash, id)
		}
		delete(seen, hash)
	}
	for hash := range seen {
		t.Errorf("indexed transaction hash #%x missing from tx lookup table", hash)
	}
	// Verify that all blobs in the index are present in the blob lookup and nothing more
	blobs := make(map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash]struct{})
	for _, txs := range pool.index {
		for _, tx := range txs {
			for _, vhash := range tx.vhashes {
				if blobs[vhash] == nil {
					blobs[vhash] = make(map[common.Hash]struct{})
				}
				blobs[vhash][tx.hash] = struct{}{}
			}
		}
	}
	for vhash, txs := range pool.lookup.blobIndex {
		for txhash := range txs {
			if _, ok := blobs[vhash][txhash]; !ok {
				t.Errorf("blob lookup entry missing from transaction index: blob hash #%x, tx hash #%x", vhash, txhash)
			}
			delete(blobs[vhash], txhash)
			if len(blobs[vhash]) == 0 {
				delete(blobs, vhash)
			}
		}
	}
	for vhash := range blobs {
		t.Errorf("indexed transaction blob hash #%x missing from blob lookup table", vhash)
	}
	// Verify that transactions are sorted per account and contain no nonce gaps,
	// and that the first nonce is the next expected one based on the state.
	for addr, txs := range pool.index {
		for i := 1; i < len(txs); i++ {
			if txs[i].nonce != txs[i-1].nonce+1 {
				t.Errorf("addr %v, tx %d nonce mismatch: have %d, want %d", addr, i, txs[i].nonce, txs[i-1].nonce+1)
			}
		}
		if txs[0].nonce != pool.state.GetNonce(addr) {
			t.Errorf("addr %v, first tx nonce mismatch: have %d, want %d", addr, txs[0].nonce, pool.state.GetNonce(addr))
		}
	}
	// Verify that calculated evacuation thresholds are correct
	for addr, txs := range pool.index {
		if !txs[0].evictionExecTip.Eq(txs[0].execTipCap) {
			t.Errorf("addr %v, tx %d eviction execution tip mismatch: have %d, want %d", addr, 0, txs[0].evictionExecTip, txs[0].execTipCap)
		}
		if math.Abs(txs[0].evictionExecFeeJumps-txs[0].basefeeJumps) > 0.001 {
			t.Errorf("addr %v, tx %d eviction execution fee jumps mismatch: have %f, want %f", addr, 0, txs[0].evictionExecFeeJumps, txs[0].basefeeJumps)
		}
		if math.Abs(txs[0].evictionBlobFeeJumps-txs[0].blobfeeJumps) > 0.001 {
			t.Errorf("addr %v, tx %d eviction blob fee jumps mismatch: have %f, want %f", addr, 0, txs[0].evictionBlobFeeJumps, txs[0].blobfeeJumps)
		}
		for i := 1; i < len(txs); i++ {
			wantExecTip := txs[i-1].evictionExecTip
			if wantExecTip.Gt(txs[i].execTipCap) {
				wantExecTip = txs[i].execTipCap
			}
			if !txs[i].evictionExecTip.Eq(wantExecTip) {
				t.Errorf("addr %v, tx %d eviction execution tip mismatch: have %d, want %d", addr, i, txs[i].evictionExecTip, wantExecTip)
			}

			wantExecFeeJumps := txs[i-1].evictionExecFeeJumps
			if wantExecFeeJumps > txs[i].basefeeJumps {
				wantExecFeeJumps = txs[i].basefeeJumps
			}
			if math.Abs(txs[i].evictionExecFeeJumps-wantExecFeeJumps) > 0.001 {
				t.Errorf("addr %v, tx %d eviction execution fee jumps mismatch: have %f, want %f", addr, i, txs[i].evictionExecFeeJumps, wantExecFeeJumps)
			}

			wantBlobFeeJumps := txs[i-1].evictionBlobFeeJumps
			if wantBlobFeeJumps > txs[i].blobfeeJumps {
				wantBlobFeeJumps = txs[i].blobfeeJumps
			}
			if math.Abs(txs[i].evictionBlobFeeJumps-wantBlobFeeJumps) > 0.001 {
				t.Errorf("addr %v, tx %d eviction blob fee jumps mismatch: have %f, want %f", addr, i, txs[i].evictionBlobFeeJumps, wantBlobFeeJumps)
			}
		}
	}
	// Verify that account balance accumulations are correct
	for addr, txs := range pool.index {
		spent := new(uint256.Int)
		for _, tx := range txs {
			spent.Add(spent, tx.costCap)
		}
		if !pool.spent[addr].Eq(spent) {
			t.Errorf("addr %v expenditure mismatch: have %d, want %d", addr, pool.spent[addr], spent)
		}
	}
	// Verify that pool storage size is correct
	var stored uint64
	for _, txs := range pool.index {
		for _, tx := range txs {
			stored += uint64(tx.storageSize)
		}
	}
	if pool.stored != stored {
		t.Errorf("pool storage mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.stored, stored)
	}
	// Verify the price heap internals
	verifyHeapInternals(t, pool.evict)

	// Verify that all the blobs can be retrieved
	verifyBlobRetrievals(t, pool)
}

// verifyBlobRetrievals attempts to retrieve all testing blobs and checks that
// whatever is in the pool, it can be retrieved correctly.
func verifyBlobRetrievals(t *testing.T, pool *BlobPool) {
	// Collect all the blobs tracked by the pool
	var (
		hashes []common.Hash
		known  = make(map[common.Hash]struct{})
	)
	for _, txs := range pool.index {
		for _, tx := range txs {
			for _, vhash := range tx.vhashes {
				known[vhash] = struct{}{}
			}
			hashes = append(hashes, tx.vhashes...)
		}
	}
	blobs1, _, proofs1, err := pool.GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion0, false)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	blobs2, _, proofs2, err := pool.GetBlobs(hashes, types.BlobSidecarVersion1, false)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	// Cross validate what we received vs what we wanted
	if len(blobs1) != len(hashes) || len(proofs1) != len(hashes) {
		t.Errorf("retrieved blobs/proofs size mismatch: have %d/%d, want %d", len(blobs1), len(proofs1), len(hashes))
		return
	}
	if len(blobs2) != len(hashes) || len(proofs2) != len(hashes) {
		t.Errorf("retrieved blobs/proofs size mismatch: have %d/%d, want blobs %d, want proofs: %d", len(blobs2), len(proofs2), len(hashes), len(hashes))
		return
	}
	for i, hash := range hashes {
		// If an item is missing from both, but shouldn't, error
		if (blobs1[i] == nil || proofs1[i] == nil) && (blobs2[i] == nil || proofs2[i] == nil) {
			t.Errorf("tracked blob retrieval failed: item %d, hash %x", i, hash)
			continue
		}
		// Item retrieved, make sure it matches the expectation
		index := testBlobIndices[hash]
		if blobs1[i] != nil && (*blobs1[i] != *testBlobs[index] || proofs1[i][0] != testBlobProofs[index]) {
			t.Errorf("retrieved blob or proof mismatch: item %d, hash %x", i, hash)
			continue
		}
		if blobs2[i] != nil && (*blobs2[i] != *testBlobs[index] || !slices.Equal(proofs2[i], testBlobCellProofs[index])) {
			t.Errorf("retrieved blob or proof mismatch: item %d, hash %x", i, hash)
			continue
		}
		delete(known, hash)
	}
	for hash := range known {
		t.Errorf("indexed blob #%x missing from retrieval", hash)
	}
}

// Tests that transactions can be loaded from disk on startup and that they are
// correctly discarded if invalid.
//
//   - 1. A transaction that cannot be decoded must be dropped
//   - 2. A transaction that cannot be recovered (bad signature) must be dropped
//   - 3. All transactions after a nonce gap must be dropped
//   - 4. All transactions after an already included nonce must be dropped
//   - 5. All transactions after an underpriced one (including it) must be dropped
//   - 6. All transactions after an overdrafting sequence must be dropped
//   - 7. All transactions exceeding the per-account limit must be dropped
//
// Furthermore, some strange corner-cases can also occur after a crash, as Billy's
// simplicity also allows it to resurrect past deleted entities:
//
//   - 8. Fully duplicate transactions (matching hash) must be dropped
//   - 9. Duplicate nonces from the same account must be dropped
func TestOpenDrops(t *testing.T) {
	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelTrace, true)))

	// Create a temporary folder for the persistent backend
	storage := t.TempDir()

	os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore), 0700)
	store, _ := billy.Open(billy.Options{Path: filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore)}, newSlotter(testMaxBlobsPerBlock), nil)

	// Insert a malformed transaction to verify that decoding errors (or format
	// changes) are handled gracefully (case 1)
	malformed, _ := store.Put([]byte("this is a badly encoded transaction"))

	// Insert a transaction with a bad signature to verify that stale junk after
	// potential hard-forks can get evicted (case 2)
	tx := types.NewTx(&types.BlobTx{
		ChainID:    uint256.MustFromBig(params.MainnetChainConfig.ChainID),
		GasTipCap:  new(uint256.Int),
		GasFeeCap:  new(uint256.Int),
		Gas:        0,
		Value:      new(uint256.Int),
		Data:       nil,
		BlobFeeCap: new(uint256.Int),
		V:          new(uint256.Int),
		R:          new(uint256.Int),
		S:          new(uint256.Int),
	})
	blob, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx)
	badsig, _ := store.Put(blob)

	// Insert a sequence of transactions with a nonce gap in between to verify
	// that anything gapped will get evicted (case 3).
	var (
		gapper, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()

		valids = make(map[uint64]struct{})
		gapped = make(map[uint64]struct{})
	)
	for _, nonce := range []uint64{0, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7} { // first gap at #2, another at #5
		tx := makeTx(nonce, 1, 1, 1, gapper)
		blob, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx)

		id, _ := store.Put(blob)
		if nonce < 2 {
			valids[id] = struct{}{}
		} else {
			gapped[id] = struct{}{}
		}
	}
	// Insert a sequence of transactions with a gapped starting nonce to verify
	// that the entire set will get dropped (case 3).
	var (
		dangler, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		dangling   = make(map[uint64]struct{})
	)
	for _, nonce := range []uint64{1, 2, 3} { // first gap at #0, all set dangling
		tx := makeTx(nonce, 1, 1, 1, dangler)
		blob, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx)

		id, _ := store.Put(blob)
		dangling[id] = struct{}{}
	}
	// Insert a sequence of transactions with already passed nonces to veirfy
	// that the entire set will get dropped (case 4).
	var (
		filler, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		filled    = make(map[uint64]struct{})
	)
	for _, nonce := range []uint64{0, 1, 2} { // account nonce at 3, all set filled
		tx := makeTx(nonce, 1, 1, 1, filler)
		blob, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx)

		id, _ := store.Put(blob)
		filled[id] = struct{}{}
	}
	// Insert a sequence of transactions with partially passed nonces to verify
	// that the included part of the set will get dropped (case 4).
	var (
		overlapper, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		overlapped    = make(map[uint64]struct{})
	)
	for _, nonce := range []uint64{0, 1, 2, 3} { // account nonce at 2, half filled
		tx := makeTx(nonce, 1, 1, 1, overlapper)
		blob, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx)

		id, _ := store.Put(blob)
		if nonce >= 2 {
			valids[id] = struct{}{}
		} else {
			overlapped[id] = struct{}{}
		}
	}
	// Insert a sequence of transactions with an underpriced first to verify that
	// the entire set will get dropped (case 5).
	var (
		underpayer, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		underpaid     = make(map[uint64]struct{})
	)
	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ { // make #0 underpriced
		var tx *types.Transaction
		if i == 0 {
			tx = makeTx(uint64(i), 0, 0, 0, underpayer)
		} else {
			tx = makeTx(uint64(i), 1, 1, 1, underpayer)
		}
		blob, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx)

		id, _ := store.Put(blob)
		underpaid[id] = struct{}{}
	}

	// Insert a sequence of transactions with an underpriced in between to verify
	// that it and anything newly gapped will get evicted (case 5).
	var (
		outpricer, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		outpriced    = make(map[uint64]struct{})
	)
	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ { // make #2 underpriced
		var tx *types.Transaction
		if i == 2 {
			tx = makeTx(uint64(i), 0, 0, 0, outpricer)
		} else {
			tx = makeTx(uint64(i), 1, 1, 1, outpricer)
		}
		blob, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx)

		id, _ := store.Put(blob)
		if i < 2 {
			valids[id] = struct{}{}
		} else {
			outpriced[id] = struct{}{}
		}
	}
	// Insert a sequence of transactions fully overdrafted to verify that the
	// entire set will get invalidated (case 6).
	var (
		exceeder, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		exceeded    = make(map[uint64]struct{})
	)
	for _, nonce := range []uint64{0, 1, 2} { // nonce 0 overdrafts the account
		var tx *types.Transaction
		if nonce == 0 {
			tx = makeTx(nonce, 1, 100, 1, exceeder)
		} else {
			tx = makeTx(nonce, 1, 1, 1, exceeder)
		}
		blob, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx)

		id, _ := store.Put(blob)
		exceeded[id] = struct{}{}
	}
	// Insert a sequence of transactions partially overdrafted to verify that part
	// of the set will get invalidated (case 6).
	var (
		overdrafter, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		overdrafted    = make(map[uint64]struct{})
	)
	for _, nonce := range []uint64{0, 1, 2} { // nonce 1 overdrafts the account
		var tx *types.Transaction
		if nonce == 1 {
			tx = makeTx(nonce, 1, 100, 1, overdrafter)
		} else {
			tx = makeTx(nonce, 1, 1, 1, overdrafter)
		}
		blob, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx)

		id, _ := store.Put(blob)
		if nonce < 1 {
			valids[id] = struct{}{}
		} else {
			overdrafted[id] = struct{}{}
		}
	}
	// Insert a sequence of transactions overflowing the account cap to verify
	// that part of the set will get invalidated (case 7).
	var (
		overcapper, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		overcapped    = make(map[uint64]struct{})
	)
	for nonce := uint64(0); nonce < maxTxsPerAccount+3; nonce++ {
		blob, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(makeTx(nonce, 1, 1, 1, overcapper))

		id, _ := store.Put(blob)
		if nonce < maxTxsPerAccount {
			valids[id] = struct{}{}
		} else {
			overcapped[id] = struct{}{}
		}
	}
	// Insert a batch of duplicated transactions to verify that only one of each
	// version will remain (case 8).
	var (
		duplicater, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		duplicated    = make(map[uint64]struct{})
	)
	for _, nonce := range []uint64{0, 1, 2} {
		blob, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(makeTx(nonce, 1, 1, 1, duplicater))

		for i := 0; i < int(nonce)+1; i++ {
			id, _ := store.Put(blob)
			if i == 0 {
				valids[id] = struct{}{}
			} else {
				duplicated[id] = struct{}{}
			}
		}
	}
	// Insert a batch of duplicated nonces to verify that only one of each will
	// remain (case 9).
	var (
		repeater, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		repeated    = make(map[uint64]struct{})
	)
	for _, nonce := range []uint64{0, 1, 2} {
		for i := 0; i < int(nonce)+1; i++ {
			blob, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(makeTx(nonce, 1, uint64(i)+1 /* unique hashes */, 1, repeater))

			id, _ := store.Put(blob)
			if i == 0 {
				valids[id] = struct{}{}
			} else {
				repeated[id] = struct{}{}
			}
		}
	}
	store.Close()

	// Create a blob pool out of the pre-seeded data
	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
	statedb.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(gapper.PublicKey), uint256.NewInt(1000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(dangler.PublicKey), uint256.NewInt(1000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(filler.PublicKey), uint256.NewInt(1000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.SetNonce(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(filler.PublicKey), 3, tracing.NonceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(overlapper.PublicKey), uint256.NewInt(1000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.SetNonce(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(overlapper.PublicKey), 2, tracing.NonceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(underpayer.PublicKey), uint256.NewInt(1000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(outpricer.PublicKey), uint256.NewInt(1000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(exceeder.PublicKey), uint256.NewInt(1000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(overdrafter.PublicKey), uint256.NewInt(1000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(overcapper.PublicKey), uint256.NewInt(10000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(duplicater.PublicKey), uint256.NewInt(1000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.AddBalance(crypto.PubkeyToAddress(repeater.PublicKey), uint256.NewInt(1000000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.Commit(0, true, false)

	chain := &testBlockChain{
		config:  params.MainnetChainConfig,
		basefee: uint256.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
		blobfee: uint256.NewInt(params.BlobTxMinBlobGasprice),
		statedb: statedb,
	}
	pool := New(Config{Datadir: storage}, chain, nil)
	if err := pool.Init(1, chain.CurrentBlock(), newReserver()); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create blob pool: %v", err)
	}
	defer pool.Close()

	// Verify that the malformed (case 1), badly signed (case 2) and gapped (case
	// 3) txs have been deleted from the pool
	alive := make(map[uint64]struct{})
	for _, txs := range pool.index {
		for _, tx := range txs {
			switch tx.id {
			case malformed:
				t.Errorf("malformed RLP transaction remained in storage")
			case badsig:
				t.Errorf("invalidly signed transaction remained in storage")
			default:
				if _, ok := dangling[tx.id]; ok {
					t.Errorf("dangling transaction remained in storage: %d", tx.id)
				} else if _, ok := filled[tx.id]; ok {
					t.Errorf("filled transaction remained in storage: %d", tx.id)
				} else if _, ok := overlapped[tx.id]; ok {
					t.Errorf("overlapped transaction remained in storage: %d", tx.id)
				} else if _, ok := gapped[tx.id]; ok {
					t.Errorf("gapped transaction remained in storage: %d", tx.id)
				} else if _, ok := underpaid[tx.id]; ok {
					t.Errorf("underpaid transaction remained in storage: %d", tx.id)
				} else if _, ok := outpriced[tx.id]; ok {
					t.Errorf("outpriced transaction remained in storage: %d", tx.id)
				} else if _, ok := exceeded[tx.id]; ok {
					t.Errorf("fully overdrafted transaction remained in storage: %d", tx.id)
				} else if _, ok := overdrafted[tx.id]; ok {
					t.Errorf("partially overdrafted transaction remained in storage: %d", tx.id)
				} else if _, ok := overcapped[tx.id]; ok {
					t.Errorf("overcapped transaction remained in storage: %d", tx.id)
				} else if _, ok := duplicated[tx.id]; ok {
					t.Errorf("duplicated transaction remained in storage: %d", tx.id)
				} else if _, ok := repeated[tx.id]; ok {
					t.Errorf("repeated nonce transaction remained in storage: %d", tx.id)
				} else {
					alive[tx.id] = struct{}{}
				}
			}
		}
	}
	// Verify that the rest of the transactions remained alive
	if len(alive) != len(valids) {
		t.Errorf("valid transaction count mismatch: have %d, want %d", len(alive), len(valids))
	}
	for id := range alive {
		if _, ok := valids[id]; !ok {
			t.Errorf("extra transaction %d", id)
		}
	}
	for id := range valids {
		if _, ok := alive[id]; !ok {
			t.Errorf("missing transaction %d", id)
		}
	}
	// Verify all the calculated pool internals. Interestingly, this is **not**
	// a duplication of the above checks, this actually validates the verifier
	// using the above already hard coded checks.
	//
	// Do not remove this, nor alter the above to be generic.
	verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)
}

// Tests that transactions loaded from disk are indexed correctly.
//
//   - 1. Transactions must be grouped by sender, sorted by nonce
//   - 2. Eviction thresholds are calculated correctly for the sequences
//   - 3. Balance usage of an account is totals across all transactions
func TestOpenIndex(t *testing.T) {
	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelTrace, true)))

	// Create a temporary folder for the persistent backend
	storage := t.TempDir()

	os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore), 0700)
	store, _ := billy.Open(billy.Options{Path: filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore)}, newSlotter(testMaxBlobsPerBlock), nil)

	// Insert a sequence of transactions with varying price points to check that
	// the cumulative minimum will be maintained.
	var (
		key, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		addr   = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)

		txExecTipCaps = []uint64{10, 25, 5, 7, 1, 100}
		txExecFeeCaps = []uint64{100, 90, 200, 10, 80, 300}
		txBlobFeeCaps = []uint64{55, 66, 77, 33, 22, 11}

		//basefeeJumps = []float64{39.098, 38.204, 44.983, 19.549, 37.204, 48.426} // log 1.125 (exec fee cap)
		//blobfeeJumps = []float64{34.023, 35.570, 36.879, 29.686, 26.243, 20.358} // log 1.125 (blob fee cap)

		evictExecTipCaps  = []uint64{10, 10, 5, 5, 1, 1}
		evictExecFeeJumps = []float64{39.098, 38.204, 38.204, 19.549, 19.549, 19.549} //  min(log 1.125 (exec fee cap))
		evictBlobFeeJumps = []float64{34.023, 34.023, 34.023, 29.686, 26.243, 20.358} // min(log 1.125 (blob fee cap))

		totalSpent = uint256.NewInt(21000*(100+90+200+10+80+300) + blobSize*(55+66+77+33+22+11) + 100*6) // 21000 gas x price + 128KB x blobprice + value
	)
	for _, i := range []int{5, 3, 4, 2, 0, 1} { // Randomize the tx insertion order to force sorting on load
		tx := makeTx(uint64(i), txExecTipCaps[i], txExecFeeCaps[i], txBlobFeeCaps[i], key)
		blob, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx)
		store.Put(blob)
	}
	store.Close()

	// Create a blob pool out of the pre-seeded data
	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
	statedb.AddBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.Commit(0, true, false)

	chain := &testBlockChain{
		config:  params.MainnetChainConfig,
		basefee: uint256.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
		blobfee: uint256.NewInt(params.BlobTxMinBlobGasprice),
		statedb: statedb,
	}
	pool := New(Config{Datadir: storage}, chain, nil)
	if err := pool.Init(1, chain.CurrentBlock(), newReserver()); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create blob pool: %v", err)
	}
	defer pool.Close()

	// Verify that the transactions have been sorted by nonce (case 1)
	for i := 0; i < len(pool.index[addr]); i++ {
		if pool.index[addr][i].nonce != uint64(i) {
			t.Errorf("tx %d nonce mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, pool.index[addr][i].nonce, uint64(i))
		}
	}
	// Verify that the cumulative fee minimums have been correctly calculated (case 2)
	for i, cap := range evictExecTipCaps {
		if !pool.index[addr][i].evictionExecTip.Eq(uint256.NewInt(cap)) {
			t.Errorf("eviction tip cap %d mismatch: have %d, want %d", i, pool.index[addr][i].evictionExecTip, cap)
		}
	}
	for i, jumps := range evictExecFeeJumps {
		if math.Abs(pool.index[addr][i].evictionExecFeeJumps-jumps) > 0.001 {
			t.Errorf("eviction fee cap jumps %d mismatch: have %f, want %f", i, pool.index[addr][i].evictionExecFeeJumps, jumps)
		}
	}
	for i, jumps := range evictBlobFeeJumps {
		if math.Abs(pool.index[addr][i].evictionBlobFeeJumps-jumps) > 0.001 {
			t.Errorf("eviction blob fee cap jumps %d mismatch: have %f, want %f", i, pool.index[addr][i].evictionBlobFeeJumps, jumps)
		}
	}
	// Verify that the balance usage has been correctly calculated (case 3)
	if !pool.spent[addr].Eq(totalSpent) {
		t.Errorf("expenditure mismatch: have %d, want %d", pool.spent[addr], totalSpent)
	}
	// Verify all the calculated pool internals. Interestingly, this is **not**
	// a duplication of the above checks, this actually validates the verifier
	// using the above already hard coded checks.
	//
	// Do not remove this, nor alter the above to be generic.
	verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)
}

// Tests that after indexing all the loaded transactions from disk, a price heap
// is correctly constructed based on the head basefee and blobfee.
func TestOpenHeap(t *testing.T) {
	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelTrace, true)))

	// Create a temporary folder for the persistent backend
	storage := t.TempDir()

	os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore), 0700)
	store, _ := billy.Open(billy.Options{Path: filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore)}, newSlotter(testMaxBlobsPerBlock), nil)

	// Insert a few transactions from a few accounts. To remove randomness from
	// the heap initialization, use a deterministic account/tx/priority ordering.
	var (
		key1, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		key2, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		key3, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()

		addr1 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
		addr2 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key2.PublicKey)
		addr3 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key3.PublicKey)
	)
	if bytes.Compare(addr1[:], addr2[:]) > 0 {
		key1, addr1, key2, addr2 = key2, addr2, key1, addr1
	}
	if bytes.Compare(addr1[:], addr3[:]) > 0 {
		key1, addr1, key3, addr3 = key3, addr3, key1, addr1
	}
	if bytes.Compare(addr2[:], addr3[:]) > 0 {
		key2, addr2, key3, addr3 = key3, addr3, key2, addr2
	}
	var (
		tx1 = makeTx(0, 1, 1000, 90, key1)
		tx2 = makeTx(0, 1, 800, 70, key2)
		tx3 = makeTx(0, 1, 1500, 110, key3)

		blob1, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx1)
		blob2, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx2)
		blob3, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx3)

		heapOrder = []common.Address{addr2, addr1, addr3}
		heapIndex = map[common.Address]int{addr2: 0, addr1: 1, addr3: 2}
	)
	store.Put(blob1)
	store.Put(blob2)
	store.Put(blob3)
	store.Close()

	// Create a blob pool out of the pre-seeded data
	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
	statedb.AddBalance(addr1, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.AddBalance(addr2, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.AddBalance(addr3, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.Commit(0, true, false)

	chain := &testBlockChain{
		config:  params.MainnetChainConfig,
		basefee: uint256.NewInt(1050),
		blobfee: uint256.NewInt(105),
		statedb: statedb,
	}
	pool := New(Config{Datadir: storage}, chain, nil)
	if err := pool.Init(1, chain.CurrentBlock(), newReserver()); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create blob pool: %v", err)
	}
	defer pool.Close()

	// Verify that the heap's internal state matches the expectations
	for i, addr := range pool.evict.addrs {
		if addr != heapOrder[i] {
			t.Errorf("slot %d mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, addr, heapOrder[i])
		}
	}
	for addr, i := range pool.evict.index {
		if i != heapIndex[addr] {
			t.Errorf("index for %v mismatch: have %d, want %d", addr, i, heapIndex[addr])
		}
	}
	// Verify all the calculated pool internals. Interestingly, this is **not**
	// a duplication of the above checks, this actually validates the verifier
	// using the above already hard coded checks.
	//
	// Do not remove this, nor alter the above to be generic.
	verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)
}

// Tests that after the pool's previous state is loaded back, any transactions
// over the new storage cap will get dropped.
func TestOpenCap(t *testing.T) {
	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelTrace, true)))

	// Create a temporary folder for the persistent backend
	storage := t.TempDir()

	os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore), 0700)
	store, _ := billy.Open(billy.Options{Path: filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore)}, newSlotterEIP7594(testMaxBlobsPerBlock), nil)

	// Insert a few transactions from a few accounts
	var (
		key1, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		key2, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		key3, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()

		addr1 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
		addr2 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key2.PublicKey)
		addr3 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key3.PublicKey)

		tx1 = makeTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, key1)
		tx2 = makeTx(0, 1, 800, 70, key2)
		tx3 = makeTx(0, 1, 1500, 110, key3)

		blob1, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx1)
		blob2, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx2)
		blob3, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx3)

		keep = []common.Address{addr1, addr3}
		drop = []common.Address{addr2}
		size = 2 * (txAvgSize + blobSize + uint64(txBlobOverhead))
	)
	store.Put(blob1)
	store.Put(blob2)
	store.Put(blob3)
	store.Close()

	// Verify pool capping twice: first by reducing the data cap, then restarting
	// with a high cap to ensure everything was persisted previously
	for _, datacap := range []uint64{2 * (txAvgSize + blobSize + uint64(txBlobOverhead)), 1000 * (txAvgSize + blobSize + uint64(txBlobOverhead))} {
		// Create a blob pool out of the pre-seeded data, but cap it to 2 blob transaction
		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
		statedb.AddBalance(addr1, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
		statedb.AddBalance(addr2, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
		statedb.AddBalance(addr3, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
		statedb.Commit(0, true, false)

		chain := &testBlockChain{
			config:  params.MainnetChainConfig,
			basefee: uint256.NewInt(1050),
			blobfee: uint256.NewInt(105),
			statedb: statedb,
		}
		pool := New(Config{Datadir: storage, Datacap: datacap}, chain, nil)
		if err := pool.Init(1, chain.CurrentBlock(), newReserver()); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("failed to create blob pool: %v", err)
		}
		// Verify that enough transactions have been dropped to get the pool's size
		// under the requested limit
		if len(pool.index) != len(keep) {
			t.Errorf("tracked account count mismatch: have %d, want %d", len(pool.index), len(keep))
		}
		for _, addr := range keep {
			if _, ok := pool.index[addr]; !ok {
				t.Errorf("expected account %v missing from pool", addr)
			}
		}
		for _, addr := range drop {
			if _, ok := pool.index[addr]; ok {
				t.Errorf("unexpected account %v present in pool", addr)
			}
		}
		if pool.stored != size {
			t.Errorf("pool stored size mismatch: have %v, want %v", pool.stored, size)
		}
		// Verify all the calculated pool internals. Interestingly, this is **not**
		// a duplication of the above checks, this actually validates the verifier
		// using the above already hard coded checks.
		//
		// Do not remove this, nor alter the above to be generic.
		verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)

		pool.Close()
	}
}

// TestChangingSlotterSize attempts to mimic a scenario where the max blob count
// of the pool is increased. This would happen during a client release where a
// new fork is added with a max blob count higher than the previous fork. We
// want to make sure transactions a persisted between those runs.
func TestChangingSlotterSize(t *testing.T) {
	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelTrace, true)))

	// Create a temporary folder for the persistent backend
	storage := t.TempDir()

	os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore), 0700)
	store, _ := billy.Open(billy.Options{Path: filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore)}, newSlotter(6), nil)

	// Create transactions from a few accounts.
	var (
		key1, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		key2, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		key3, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()

		addr1 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
		addr2 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key2.PublicKey)
		addr3 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key3.PublicKey)

		tx1 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 6, 0, key1, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
		tx2 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 800, 70, 6, 0, key2, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
		tx3 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 800, 110, 24, 0, key3, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)

		blob1, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx1)
		blob2, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx2)
	)

	// Write the two safely sized txs to store. note: although the store is
	// configured for a blob count of 6, it can also support around ~1mb of call
	// data - all this to say that we aren't using the the absolute largest shelf
	// available.
	store.Put(blob1)
	store.Put(blob2)
	store.Close()

	// Mimic a blobpool with max blob count of 6 upgrading to a max blob count of 24.
	for _, maxBlobs := range []int{6, 24} {
		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
		statedb.AddBalance(addr1, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
		statedb.AddBalance(addr2, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
		statedb.AddBalance(addr3, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
		statedb.Commit(0, true, false)

		// Make custom chain config where the max blob count changes based on the loop variable.
		cancunTime := uint64(0)
		config := &params.ChainConfig{
			ChainID:     big.NewInt(1),
			LondonBlock: big.NewInt(0),
			BerlinBlock: big.NewInt(0),
			CancunTime:  &cancunTime,
			BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
				Cancun: &params.BlobConfig{
					Target:         maxBlobs / 2,
					Max:            maxBlobs,
					UpdateFraction: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig.UpdateFraction,
				},
			},
		}
		chain := &testBlockChain{
			config:  config,
			basefee: uint256.NewInt(1050),
			blobfee: uint256.NewInt(105),
			statedb: statedb,
		}
		pool := New(Config{Datadir: storage}, chain, nil)
		if err := pool.Init(1, chain.CurrentBlock(), newReserver()); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("failed to create blob pool: %v", err)
		}

		// Try to add the big blob tx. In the initial iteration it should overflow
		// the pool. On the subsequent iteration it should be accepted.
		errs := pool.Add([]*types.Transaction{tx3}, true)
		if _, ok := pool.index[addr3]; ok && maxBlobs == 6 {
			t.Errorf("expected insert of oversized blob tx to fail: blobs=24, maxBlobs=%d, err=%v", maxBlobs, errs[0])
		} else if !ok && maxBlobs == 10 {
			t.Errorf("expected insert of oversized blob tx to succeed: blobs=24, maxBlobs=%d, err=%v", maxBlobs, errs[0])
		}

		// Verify the regular two txs are always available.
		if got := pool.Get(tx1.Hash()); got == nil {
			t.Errorf("expected tx %s from %s in pool", tx1.Hash(), addr1)
		}
		if got := pool.Get(tx2.Hash()); got == nil {
			t.Errorf("expected tx %s from %s in pool", tx2.Hash(), addr2)
		}

		// Verify all the calculated pool internals. Interestingly, this is **not**
		// a duplication of the above checks, this actually validates the verifier
		// using the above already hard coded checks.
		//
		// Do not remove this, nor alter the above to be generic.
		verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)

		pool.Close()
	}
}

// TestBillyMigration tests the billy migration from the default slotter to
// the PeerDAS slotter. This tests both the migration of the slotter
// as well as increasing the slotter size of the new slotter.
func TestBillyMigration(t *testing.T) {
	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelTrace, true)))

	// Create a temporary folder for the persistent backend
	storage := t.TempDir()

	os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore), 0700)
	os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(storage, limboedTransactionStore), 0700)
	// Create the billy with the old slotter
	oldSlotter := newSlotterEIP7594(6)
	store, _ := billy.Open(billy.Options{Path: filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore)}, oldSlotter, nil)

	// Create transactions from a few accounts.
	var (
		key1, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		key2, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		key3, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()

		addr1 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
		addr2 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key2.PublicKey)
		addr3 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key3.PublicKey)

		tx1 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 6, 0, key1, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
		tx2 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 800, 70, 6, 0, key2, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
		tx3 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 800, 110, 24, 0, key3, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)

		blob1, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx1)
		blob2, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx2)
	)

	// Write the two safely sized txs to store. note: although the store is
	// configured for a blob count of 6, it can also support around ~1mb of call
	// data - all this to say that we aren't using the the absolute largest shelf
	// available.
	store.Put(blob1)
	store.Put(blob2)
	store.Close()

	// Mimic a blobpool with max blob count of 6 upgrading to a max blob count of 24.
	for _, maxBlobs := range []int{6, 24} {
		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
		statedb.AddBalance(addr1, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
		statedb.AddBalance(addr2, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
		statedb.AddBalance(addr3, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
		statedb.Commit(0, true, false)

		// Make custom chain config where the max blob count changes based on the loop variable.
		zero := uint64(0)
		config := &params.ChainConfig{
			ChainID:     big.NewInt(1),
			LondonBlock: big.NewInt(0),
			BerlinBlock: big.NewInt(0),
			CancunTime:  &zero,
			OsakaTime:   &zero,
			BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
				Cancun: &params.BlobConfig{
					Target:         maxBlobs / 2,
					Max:            maxBlobs,
					UpdateFraction: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig.UpdateFraction,
				},
				Osaka: &params.BlobConfig{
					Target:         maxBlobs / 2,
					Max:            maxBlobs,
					UpdateFraction: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig.UpdateFraction,
				},
			},
		}
		chain := &testBlockChain{
			config:  config,
			basefee: uint256.NewInt(1050),
			blobfee: uint256.NewInt(105),
			statedb: statedb,
		}
		pool := New(Config{Datadir: storage}, chain, nil)
		if err := pool.Init(1, chain.CurrentBlock(), newReserver()); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("failed to create blob pool: %v", err)
		}

		// Try to add the big blob tx. In the initial iteration it should overflow
		// the pool. On the subsequent iteration it should be accepted.
		errs := pool.Add([]*types.Transaction{tx3}, true)
		if _, ok := pool.index[addr3]; ok && maxBlobs == 6 {
			t.Errorf("expected insert of oversized blob tx to fail: blobs=24, maxBlobs=%d, err=%v", maxBlobs, errs[0])
		} else if !ok && maxBlobs == 10 {
			t.Errorf("expected insert of oversized blob tx to succeed: blobs=24, maxBlobs=%d, err=%v", maxBlobs, errs[0])
		}

		// Verify the regular two txs are always available.
		if got := pool.Get(tx1.Hash()); got == nil {
			t.Errorf("expected tx %s from %s in pool", tx1.Hash(), addr1)
		}
		if got := pool.Get(tx2.Hash()); got == nil {
			t.Errorf("expected tx %s from %s in pool", tx2.Hash(), addr2)
		}

		// Verify all the calculated pool internals. Interestingly, this is **not**
		// a duplication of the above checks, this actually validates the verifier
		// using the above already hard coded checks.
		//
		// Do not remove this, nor alter the above to be generic.
		verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)

		pool.Close()
	}
}

// TestBlobCountLimit tests the blobpool enforced limits on the max blob count.
func TestBlobCountLimit(t *testing.T) {
	var (
		key1, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		key2, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()

		addr1 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
		addr2 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key2.PublicKey)
	)

	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
	statedb.AddBalance(addr1, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.AddBalance(addr2, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.Commit(0, true, false)

	// Make Prague-enabled custom chain config.
	cancunTime := uint64(0)
	pragueTime := uint64(0)
	config := &params.ChainConfig{
		ChainID:     big.NewInt(1),
		LondonBlock: big.NewInt(0),
		BerlinBlock: big.NewInt(0),
		CancunTime:  &cancunTime,
		PragueTime:  &pragueTime,
		BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
			Cancun: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig,
			Prague: params.DefaultPragueBlobConfig,
		},
	}
	chain := &testBlockChain{
		config:  config,
		basefee: uint256.NewInt(1050),
		blobfee: uint256.NewInt(105),
		statedb: statedb,
	}
	pool := New(Config{Datadir: t.TempDir()}, chain, nil)
	if err := pool.Init(1, chain.CurrentBlock(), newReserver()); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create blob pool: %v", err)
	}

	// Attempt to add transactions.
	var (
		tx1 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 6, 0, key1, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
		tx2 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 800, 70, 7, 0, key2, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
	)
	errs := pool.Add([]*types.Transaction{tx1, tx2}, true)

	// Check that first succeeds second fails.
	if errs[0] != nil {
		t.Fatalf("expected tx with 7 blobs to succeed")
	}
	if !errors.Is(errs[1], txpool.ErrTxBlobLimitExceeded) {
		t.Fatalf("expected tx with 8 blobs to fail, got: %v", errs[1])
	}

	verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)
	pool.Close()
}

// Tests that adding transaction will correctly store it in the persistent store
// and update all the indices.
//
// Note, this tests mostly checks the pool transaction shuffling logic or things
// specific to the blob pool. It does not do an exhaustive transaction validity
// check.
func TestAdd(t *testing.T) {
	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelTrace, true)))

	// seed is a helper tuple to seed an initial state db and pool
	type seed struct {
		balance uint64
		nonce   uint64
		txs     []*types.BlobTx
	}
	// addtx is a helper sender/tx tuple to represent a new tx addition
	type addtx struct {
		from string
		tx   *types.BlobTx
		err  error
	}

	tests := []struct {
		seeds map[string]seed
		adds  []addtx
		block []addtx
	}{
		// Transactions from new accounts should be accepted if their initial
		// nonce matches the expected one from the statedb. Higher or lower must
		// be rejected.
		{
			seeds: map[string]seed{
				"alice":  {balance: 21100 + blobSize},
				"bob":    {balance: 21100 + blobSize, nonce: 1},
				"claire": {balance: 21100 + blobSize},
				"dave":   {balance: 21100 + blobSize, nonce: 1},
			},
			adds: []addtx{
				{ // New account, no previous txs: accept nonce 0
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // Old account, 1 tx in chain, 0 pending: accept nonce 1
					from: "bob",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(1, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, no previous txs: reject nonce 1
					from: "claire",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(1, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  core.ErrNonceTooHigh,
				},
				{ // Old account, 1 tx in chain, 0 pending: reject nonce 0
					from: "dave",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  core.ErrNonceTooLow,
				},
				{ // Old account, 1 tx in chain, 0 pending: reject nonce 2
					from: "dave",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(2, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  core.ErrNonceTooHigh,
				},
			},
		},
		// Transactions from already pooled accounts should only be accepted if
		// the nonces are contiguous (ignore prices for now, will check later)
		{
			seeds: map[string]seed{
				"alice": {
					balance: 1000000,
					txs: []*types.BlobTx{
						makeUnsignedTxWithTestBlob(0, 1, 1, 1, 0),
					},
				},
				"bob": {
					balance: 1000000,
					nonce:   1,
					txs: []*types.BlobTx{
						makeUnsignedTxWithTestBlob(1, 1, 1, 1, 1),
					},
				},
			},
			adds: []addtx{
				{ // New account, 1 tx pending: reject duplicate nonce 0
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTxWithTestBlob(0, 1, 1, 1, 0),
					err:  txpool.ErrAlreadyKnown,
				},
				{ // New account, 1 tx pending: reject replacement nonce 0 (ignore price for now)
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 1, 1, 2),
					err:  txpool.ErrReplaceUnderpriced,
				},
				{ // New account, 1 tx pending: accept nonce 1
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(1, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 2 txs pending: reject nonce 3
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(3, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  core.ErrNonceTooHigh,
				},
				{ // New account, 2 txs pending: accept nonce 2
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(2, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 3 txs pending: accept nonce 3 now
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(3, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // Old account, 1 tx in chain, 1 tx pending: reject duplicate nonce 1
					from: "bob",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTxWithTestBlob(1, 1, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  txpool.ErrAlreadyKnown,
				},
				{ // Old account, 1 tx in chain, 1 tx pending: accept nonce 2 (ignore price for now)
					from: "bob",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(2, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
			},
		},
		// Transactions should only be accepted into the pool if the cumulative
		// expenditure doesn't overflow the account balance
		{
			seeds: map[string]seed{
				"alice": {balance: 63299 + 3*blobSize}, // 3 tx - 1 wei
			},
			adds: []addtx{
				{ // New account, no previous txs: accept nonce 0 with 21100 wei spend
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 1 pooled tx with 21100 wei spent: accept nonce 1 with 21100 wei spend
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(1, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 2 pooled tx with 42200 wei spent: reject nonce 2 with 21100 wei spend (1 wei overflow)
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(2, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  core.ErrInsufficientFunds,
				},
			},
		},
		// Transactions should only be accepted into the pool if the total count
		// from the same account doesn't overflow the pool limits
		{
			seeds: map[string]seed{
				"alice": {balance: 10000000},
			},
			adds: []addtx{
				{ // New account, no previous txs, 16 slots left: accept nonce 0
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 1 pooled tx, 15 slots left: accept nonce 1
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(1, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 2 pooled tx, 14 slots left: accept nonce 2
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(2, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 3 pooled tx, 13 slots left: accept nonce 3
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(3, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 4 pooled tx, 12 slots left: accept nonce 4
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(4, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 5 pooled tx, 11 slots left: accept nonce 5
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(5, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 6 pooled tx, 10 slots left: accept nonce 6
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(6, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 7 pooled tx, 9 slots left: accept nonce 7
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(7, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 8 pooled tx, 8 slots left: accept nonce 8
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(8, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 9 pooled tx, 7 slots left: accept nonce 9
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(9, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 10 pooled tx, 6 slots left: accept nonce 10
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(10, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 11 pooled tx, 5 slots left: accept nonce 11
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(11, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 12 pooled tx, 4 slots left: accept nonce 12
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(12, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 13 pooled tx, 3 slots left: accept nonce 13
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(13, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 14 pooled tx, 2 slots left: accept nonce 14
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(14, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 15 pooled tx, 1 slots left: accept nonce 15
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(15, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 16 pooled tx, 0 slots left: accept nonce 15 replacement
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(15, 10, 10, 10),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 16 pooled tx, 0 slots left: reject nonce 16 with overcap
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(16, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  txpool.ErrAccountLimitExceeded,
				},
			},
		},
		// Previously existing transactions should be allowed to be replaced iff
		// the new cumulative expenditure can be covered by the account and the
		// prices are bumped all around (no percentage check here).
		{
			seeds: map[string]seed{
				"alice": {balance: 2*100 + 5*21000 + 3*blobSize},
			},
			adds: []addtx{
				{ // New account, no previous txs: reject nonce 0 with 341172 wei spend
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 1, 20, 1),
					err:  core.ErrInsufficientFunds,
				},
				{ // New account, no previous txs: accept nonce 0 with 173172 wei spend
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 1, 2, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 1 pooled tx with 173172 wei spent: accept nonce 1 with 152172 wei spend
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(1, 1, 1, 1),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 2 pooled tx with 325344 wei spent: reject nonce 0 with 599684 wei spend (173072 extra) (would overflow balance at nonce 1)
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 2, 5, 2),
					err:  core.ErrInsufficientFunds,
				},
				{ // New account, 2 pooled tx with 325344 wei spent: reject nonce 0 with no-gastip-bump
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 1, 3, 2),
					err:  txpool.ErrReplaceUnderpriced,
				},
				{ // New account, 2 pooled tx with 325344 wei spent: reject nonce 0 with no-gascap-bump
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 2, 2, 2),
					err:  txpool.ErrReplaceUnderpriced,
				},
				{ // New account, 2 pooled tx with 325344 wei spent: reject nonce 0 with no-blobcap-bump
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 2, 4, 1),
					err:  txpool.ErrReplaceUnderpriced,
				},
				{ // New account, 2 pooled tx with 325344 wei spent: accept nonce 0 with 84100 wei spend (42000 extra)
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 2, 4, 2),
					err:  nil,
				},
			},
		},
		// Previously existing transactions should be allowed to be replaced iff
		// the new prices are bumped by a sufficient amount.
		{
			seeds: map[string]seed{
				"alice": {balance: 100 + 8*21000 + 4*blobSize},
			},
			adds: []addtx{
				{ // New account, no previous txs: accept nonce 0
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 2, 4, 2),
					err:  nil,
				},
				{ // New account, 1 pooled tx: reject nonce 0 with low-gastip-bump
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 3, 8, 4),
					err:  txpool.ErrReplaceUnderpriced,
				},
				{ // New account, 1 pooled tx: reject nonce 0 with low-gascap-bump
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 4, 6, 4),
					err:  txpool.ErrReplaceUnderpriced,
				},
				{ // New account, 1 pooled tx: reject nonce 0 with low-blobcap-bump
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 4, 8, 3),
					err:  txpool.ErrReplaceUnderpriced,
				},
				{ // New account, 1 pooled tx: accept nonce 0 with all-bumps
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 4, 8, 4),
					err:  nil,
				},
			},
		},
		// Blob transactions that don't meet the min blob gas price should be rejected
		{
			seeds: map[string]seed{
				"alice": {balance: 10000000},
			},
			adds: []addtx{
				{ // New account, no previous txs, nonce 0, but blob fee cap too low
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 1, 1, 0),
					err:  txpool.ErrTxGasPriceTooLow,
				},
				{ // Same as above but blob fee cap equals minimum, should be accepted
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 1, 1, params.BlobTxMinBlobGasprice),
					err:  nil,
				},
			},
		},
		// Tests issue #30518 where a refactor broke internal state invariants,
		// causing included transactions not to be properly accounted and thus
		// account states going our of sync with the chain.
		{
			seeds: map[string]seed{
				"alice": {
					balance: 1000000,
					txs: []*types.BlobTx{
						makeUnsignedTx(0, 1, 1, 1),
					},
				},
			},
			block: []addtx{
				{
					from: "alice",
					tx:   makeUnsignedTx(0, 1, 1, 1),
				},
			},
		},
	}
	for i, tt := range tests {
		// Create a temporary folder for the persistent backend
		storage := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), fmt.Sprintf("test-%d", i))

		os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore), 0700)
		store, _ := billy.Open(billy.Options{Path: filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore)}, newSlotter(testMaxBlobsPerBlock), nil)

		// Insert the seed transactions for the pool startup
		var (
			keys  = make(map[string]*ecdsa.PrivateKey)
			addrs = make(map[string]common.Address)
		)
		statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
		for acc, seed := range tt.seeds {
			// Generate a new random key/address for the seed account
			keys[acc], _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
			addrs[acc] = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(keys[acc].PublicKey)

			// Seed the state database with this account
			statedb.AddBalance(addrs[acc], new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(seed.balance), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
			statedb.SetNonce(addrs[acc], seed.nonce, tracing.NonceChangeUnspecified)

			// Sign the seed transactions and store them in the data store
			for _, tx := range seed.txs {
				signed := types.MustSignNewTx(keys[acc], types.LatestSigner(params.MainnetChainConfig), tx)
				blob, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(signed)
				store.Put(blob)
			}
		}
		statedb.Commit(0, true, false)
		store.Close()

		// Create a blob pool out of the pre-seeded dats
		chain := &testBlockChain{
			config:  params.MainnetChainConfig,
			basefee: uint256.NewInt(1050),
			blobfee: uint256.NewInt(105),
			statedb: statedb,
		}
		pool := New(Config{Datadir: storage}, chain, nil)
		if err := pool.Init(1, chain.CurrentBlock(), newReserver()); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("test %d: failed to create blob pool: %v", i, err)
		}
		verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)

		// Add each transaction one by one, verifying the pool internals in between
		for j, add := range tt.adds {
			signed, _ := types.SignNewTx(keys[add.from], types.LatestSigner(params.MainnetChainConfig), add.tx)
			if errs := pool.Add([]*types.Transaction{signed}, true); !errors.Is(errs[0], add.err) {
				t.Errorf("test %d, tx %d: adding transaction error mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, j, errs[0], add.err)
			}
			if add.err == nil {
				size, exist := pool.lookup.sizeOfTx(signed.Hash())
				if !exist {
					t.Errorf("test %d, tx %d: failed to lookup transaction's size", i, j)
				}
				if size != signed.Size() {
					t.Errorf("test %d, tx %d: transaction's size mismatches: have %v, want %v",
						i, j, size, signed.Size())
				}
			}
			verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)
		}
		verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)

		// If the test contains a chain head event, run that and gain verify the internals
		if tt.block != nil {
			// Fake a header for the new set of transactions
			header := &types.Header{
				Number:     big.NewInt(int64(chain.CurrentBlock().Number.Uint64() + 1)),
				Difficulty: common.Big0,
				BaseFee:    chain.CurrentBlock().BaseFee, // invalid, but nothing checks it, yolo
			}
			// Inject the fake block into the chain
			txs := make([]*types.Transaction, len(tt.block))
			for j, inc := range tt.block {
				txs[j] = types.MustSignNewTx(keys[inc.from], types.LatestSigner(params.MainnetChainConfig), inc.tx)
			}
			chain.blocks = map[uint64]*types.Block{
				header.Number.Uint64(): types.NewBlockWithHeader(header).WithBody(types.Body{
					Transactions: txs,
				}),
			}
			// Apply the nonce updates to the state db
			for _, tx := range txs {
				sender, _ := types.Sender(types.LatestSigner(params.MainnetChainConfig), tx)
				chain.statedb.SetNonce(sender, tx.Nonce()+1, tracing.NonceChangeUnspecified)
			}
			pool.Reset(chain.CurrentBlock(), header)
			verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)
		}
		// Close down the test
		pool.Close()
	}
}

// Tests that transactions with legacy sidecars are accepted within the
// conversion window but rejected after it has passed.
func TestAddLegacyBlobTx(t *testing.T) {
	testAddLegacyBlobTx(t, true)  // conversion window has not yet passed
	testAddLegacyBlobTx(t, false) // conversion window passed
}

func testAddLegacyBlobTx(t *testing.T, accept bool) {
	var (
		key1, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		key2, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()

		addr1 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
		addr2 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key2.PublicKey)
	)

	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
	statedb.AddBalance(addr1, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.AddBalance(addr2, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.Commit(0, true, false)

	chain := &testBlockChain{
		config:  params.MergedTestChainConfig,
		basefee: uint256.NewInt(1050),
		blobfee: uint256.NewInt(105),
		statedb: statedb,
	}
	var timeDiff uint64
	if accept {
		timeDiff = uint64(conversionTimeWindow.Seconds()) - 1
	} else {
		timeDiff = uint64(conversionTimeWindow.Seconds()) + 1
	}
	time := *params.MergedTestChainConfig.OsakaTime + timeDiff
	chain.setHeadTime(time)

	pool := New(Config{Datadir: t.TempDir()}, chain, nil)
	if err := pool.Init(1, chain.CurrentBlock(), newReserver()); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create blob pool: %v", err)
	}

	// Attempt to add legacy blob transactions.
	var (
		tx1 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 6, 0, key1, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
		tx2 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 800, 70, 6, 6, key2, types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
		txs = []*types.Transaction{tx1, tx2}
	)
	errs := pool.Add(txs, true)
	for _, err := range errs {
		if accept && err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("expected tx add to succeed, %v", err)
		}
		if !accept && err == nil {
			t.Fatal("expected tx add to fail")
		}
	}
	verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)
	pool.Close()
}

func TestGetBlobs(t *testing.T) {
	//log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelTrace, true)))

	// Create a temporary folder for the persistent backend
	storage := t.TempDir()

	os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore), 0700)
	store, _ := billy.Open(billy.Options{Path: filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore)}, newSlotter(params.BlobTxMaxBlobs), nil)

	// Create transactions from a few accounts.
	var (
		key1, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		key2, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		key3, _ = crypto.GenerateKey()

		addr1 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key1.PublicKey)
		addr2 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key2.PublicKey)
		addr3 = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key3.PublicKey)

		tx1 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 6, 0, key1, types.BlobSidecarVersion0) // [0, 6)
		tx2 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 800, 70, 6, 6, key2, types.BlobSidecarVersion1)   // [6, 12)
		tx3 = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 800, 110, 6, 12, key3, types.BlobSidecarVersion0) // [12, 18)

		blob1, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx1)
		blob2, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx2)
		blob3, _ = rlp.EncodeToBytes(tx3)
	)

	// Write the two safely sized txs to store. note: although the store is
	// configured for a blob count of 6, it can also support around ~1mb of call
	// data - all this to say that we aren't using the the absolute largest shelf
	// available.
	store.Put(blob1)
	store.Put(blob2)
	store.Put(blob3)
	store.Close()

	// Mimic a blobpool with max blob count of 6 upgrading to a max blob count of 24.
	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
	statedb.AddBalance(addr1, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.AddBalance(addr2, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.AddBalance(addr3, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	statedb.Commit(0, true, false)

	// Make custom chain config where the max blob count changes based on the loop variable.
	cancunTime := uint64(0)
	config := &params.ChainConfig{
		ChainID:     big.NewInt(1),
		LondonBlock: big.NewInt(0),
		BerlinBlock: big.NewInt(0),
		CancunTime:  &cancunTime,
		BlobScheduleConfig: &params.BlobScheduleConfig{
			Cancun: &params.BlobConfig{
				Target:         12,
				Max:            24,
				UpdateFraction: params.DefaultCancunBlobConfig.UpdateFraction,
			},
		},
	}
	chain := &testBlockChain{
		config:  config,
		basefee: uint256.NewInt(1050),
		blobfee: uint256.NewInt(105),
		statedb: statedb,
	}
	pool := New(Config{Datadir: storage}, chain, nil)
	if err := pool.Init(1, chain.CurrentBlock(), newReserver()); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create blob pool: %v", err)
	}

	// Verify the regular three txs are always available.
	if got := pool.Get(tx1.Hash()); got == nil {
		t.Errorf("expected tx %s from %s in pool", tx1.Hash(), addr1)
	}
	if got := pool.Get(tx2.Hash()); got == nil {
		t.Errorf("expected tx %s from %s in pool", tx2.Hash(), addr2)
	}
	if got := pool.Get(tx3.Hash()); got == nil {
		t.Errorf("expected tx %s from %s in pool", tx3.Hash(), addr3)
	}

	cases := []struct {
		start      int
		limit      int
		fillRandom bool // Whether to randomly fill some of the requested blobs with unknowns
		version    byte // Blob sidecar version to request
		convert    bool // Whether to convert version on retrieval
	}{
		{
			start: 0, limit: 6,
			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion0,
		},
		{
			start: 0, limit: 6,
			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
		},
		{
			start: 0, limit: 6, fillRandom: true,
			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion0,
		},
		{
			start: 0, limit: 6, fillRandom: true,
			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
		},
		{
			start: 3, limit: 9,
			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion0,
		},
		{
			start: 3, limit: 9,
			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
		},
		{
			start: 3, limit: 9, fillRandom: true,
			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion0,
		},
		{
			start: 3, limit: 9, fillRandom: true,
			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
		},
		{
			start: 3, limit: 15,
			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion0,
		},
		{
			start: 3, limit: 15,
			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
		},
		{
			start: 3, limit: 15, fillRandom: true,
			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion0,
		},
		{
			start: 3, limit: 15, fillRandom: true,
			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
		},
		{
			start: 0, limit: 18,
			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion0,
		},
		{
			start: 0, limit: 18,
			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
		},
		{
			start: 0, limit: 18, fillRandom: true,
			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion0,
		},
		{
			start: 0, limit: 18, fillRandom: true,
			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
		},
		{
			start: 0, limit: 18, fillRandom: true,
			version: types.BlobSidecarVersion1,
			convert: true, // Convert some version 0 blobs to version 1 while retrieving
		},
	}
	for i, c := range cases {
		var (
			vhashes []common.Hash
			filled  = make(map[int]struct{})
		)
		if c.fillRandom {
			filled[len(vhashes)] = struct{}{}
			vhashes = append(vhashes, testrand.Hash())
		}
		for j := c.start; j < c.limit; j++ {
			vhashes = append(vhashes, testBlobVHashes[j])
			if c.fillRandom && rand.Intn(2) == 0 {
				filled[len(vhashes)] = struct{}{}
				vhashes = append(vhashes, testrand.Hash())
			}
		}
		if c.fillRandom {
			filled[len(vhashes)] = struct{}{}
			vhashes = append(vhashes, testrand.Hash())
		}
		blobs, _, proofs, err := pool.GetBlobs(vhashes, c.version, c.convert)
		if err != nil {
			t.Errorf("Unexpected error for case %d, %v", i, err)
		}

		// Cross validate what we received vs what we wanted
		length := c.limit - c.start
		wantLen := length + len(filled)
		if len(blobs) != wantLen || len(proofs) != wantLen {
			t.Errorf("retrieved blobs/proofs size mismatch: have %d/%d, want %d", len(blobs), len(proofs), wantLen)
			continue
		}

		var unknown int
		for j := 0; j < len(blobs); j++ {
			testBlobIndex := c.start + j - unknown
			if _, exist := filled[j]; exist {
				if blobs[j] != nil || proofs[j] != nil {
					t.Errorf("Unexpected blob and proof, item %d", j)
				}
				unknown++
				continue
			}
			// If an item is missing, but shouldn't, error
			if blobs[j] == nil || proofs[j] == nil {
				// This is only an error if there was no version mismatch
				if c.convert ||
					(c.version == types.BlobSidecarVersion1 && 6 <= testBlobIndex && testBlobIndex < 12) ||
					(c.version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 && (testBlobIndex < 6 || 12 <= testBlobIndex)) {
					t.Errorf("tracked blob retrieval failed: item %d, hash %x", j, vhashes[j])
				}
				continue
			}
			// Item retrieved, make sure the blob matches the expectation
			if *blobs[j] != *testBlobs[testBlobIndex] {
				t.Errorf("retrieved blob mismatch: item %d, hash %x", j, vhashes[j])
				continue
			}
			// Item retrieved, make sure the proof matches the expectation
			if c.version == types.BlobSidecarVersion0 {
				if proofs[j][0] != testBlobProofs[testBlobIndex] {
					t.Errorf("retrieved proof mismatch: item %d, hash %x", j, vhashes[j])
				}
			} else {
				want, _ := kzg4844.ComputeCellProofs(blobs[j])
				if !reflect.DeepEqual(want, proofs[j]) {
					t.Errorf("retrieved proof mismatch: item %d, hash %x", j, vhashes[j])
				}
			}
		}
	}
	pool.Close()
}

// TestSidecarConversion will verify that after the Osaka fork, all legacy
// sidecars in the pool are successfully convert to v1 sidecars.
func TestSidecarConversion(t *testing.T) {
	// log.SetDefault(log.NewLogger(log.NewTerminalHandlerWithLevel(os.Stderr, log.LevelTrace, true)))

	// Create a temporary folder for the persistent backend
	storage := t.TempDir()
	os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(storage, pendingTransactionStore), 0700)

	var (
		preOsakaTxs  = make(types.Transactions, 10)
		postOsakaTxs = make(types.Transactions, 3)
		keys         = make([]*ecdsa.PrivateKey, len(preOsakaTxs)+len(postOsakaTxs))
		addrs        = make([]common.Address, len(preOsakaTxs)+len(postOsakaTxs))
		statedb, _   = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
	)
	for i := range keys {
		keys[i], _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
		addrs[i] = crypto.PubkeyToAddress(keys[i].PublicKey)
		statedb.AddBalance(addrs[i], uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
	}
	for i := range preOsakaTxs {
		preOsakaTxs[i] = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 2, 0, keys[i], types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
	}
	for i := range postOsakaTxs {
		if i == 0 {
			// First has a v0 sidecar.
			postOsakaTxs[i] = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 1, 0, keys[len(preOsakaTxs)+i], types.BlobSidecarVersion0)
		}
		postOsakaTxs[i] = makeMultiBlobTx(0, 1, 1000, 100, 1, 0, keys[len(preOsakaTxs)+i], types.BlobSidecarVersion1)
	}
	statedb.Commit(0, true, false)

	// Test plan:
	// 1) Create a bunch v0 sidecar txs and add to pool before Osaka.
	// 2) Pass in new Osaka header to activate the conversion thread.
	// 3) Continue adding both v0 and v1 transactions to the pool.
	// 4) Verify that as additional blocks come in, transactions involved in the
	// migration are correctly discarded.

	config := &params.ChainConfig{
		ChainID:            big.NewInt(1),
		LondonBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
		BerlinBlock:        big.NewInt(0),
		CancunTime:         newUint64(0),
		PragueTime:         newUint64(0),
		OsakaTime:          newUint64(1),
		BlobScheduleConfig: params.DefaultBlobSchedule,
	}
	chain := &testBlockChain{
		config:  config,
		basefee: uint256.NewInt(1050),
		blobfee: uint256.NewInt(105),
		statedb: statedb,
		blocks:  make(map[uint64]*types.Block),
	}

	// Create 3 blocks:
	//	- the current block, before Osaka
	//	- the first block after Osaka
	//	- another post-Osaka block with several transactions in it
	header0 := chain.CurrentBlock()
	header0.Time = 0
	chain.blocks[0] = types.NewBlockWithHeader(header0)

	header1 := chain.CurrentBlock()
	header1.Number = big.NewInt(1)
	header1.Time = 1
	chain.blocks[1] = types.NewBlockWithHeader(header1)

	header2 := chain.CurrentBlock()
	header2.Time = 2
	header2.Number = big.NewInt(2)

	// Make a copy of one of the pre-Osaka transactions and convert it to v1 here
	// so that we can add it to the pool later and ensure a duplicate is not added
	// by the conversion queue.
	tx := preOsakaTxs[len(preOsakaTxs)-1]
	sc := *tx.BlobTxSidecar() // copy sidecar
	sc.ToV1()
	tx.WithBlobTxSidecar(&sc)

	block2 := types.NewBlockWithHeader(header2).WithBody(types.Body{Transactions: append(postOsakaTxs, tx)})
	chain.blocks[2] = block2

	pool := New(Config{Datadir: storage}, chain, nil)
	if err := pool.Init(1, header0, newReserver()); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create blob pool: %v", err)
	}

	errs := pool.Add(preOsakaTxs, true)
	for i, err := range errs {
		if err != nil {
			t.Errorf("failed to insert blob tx from %s: %s", addrs[i], errs[i])
		}
	}

	// Kick off migration.
	pool.Reset(header0, header1)

	// Add the v0 sidecar tx, but don't block so we can keep doing other stuff
	// while it converts the sidecar.
	addDone := make(chan struct{})
	go func() {
		pool.Add(types.Transactions{postOsakaTxs[0]}, false)
		close(addDone)
	}()

	// Add the post-Osaka v1 sidecar txs.
	errs = pool.Add(postOsakaTxs[1:], false)
	for _, err := range errs {
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("expected tx add to succeed: %v", err)
		}
	}

	// Wait for the first tx's conversion to complete, then check that all
	// transactions added after Osaka can be accounted for in the pool.
	<-addDone
	pending := pool.Pending(txpool.PendingFilter{BlobTxs: true, BlobVersion: types.BlobSidecarVersion1})
	for _, tx := range postOsakaTxs {
		from, _ := pool.signer.Sender(tx)
		if len(pending[from]) != 1 || pending[from][0].Hash != tx.Hash() {
			t.Fatalf("expected post-Osaka txs to be pending")
		}
	}

	// Now update the pool with the next block. This should cause the pool to
	// clear out the post-Osaka txs since they were included in block 2. Since the
	// test blockchain doesn't manage nonces, we'll just do that manually before
	// the reset is called. Don't forget about the pre-Osaka transaction we also
	// added to block 2!
	for i := range postOsakaTxs {
		statedb.SetNonce(addrs[len(preOsakaTxs)+i], 1, tracing.NonceChangeEoACall)
	}
	statedb.SetNonce(addrs[len(preOsakaTxs)-1], 1, tracing.NonceChangeEoACall)
	pool.Reset(header1, block2.Header())

	// Now verify no post-Osaka transactions are tracked by the pool.
	for i, tx := range postOsakaTxs {
		if pool.Get(tx.Hash()) != nil {
			t.Fatalf("expected txs added post-osaka to have been placed in limbo due to inclusion in a block: index %d, hash %s", i, tx.Hash())
		}
	}

	// Wait for the pool migration to complete.
	<-pool.cQueue.anyBillyConversionDone

	// Verify all transactions in the pool were converted and verify the
	// subsequent cell proofs.
	count, _ := pool.Stats()
	if count != len(preOsakaTxs)-1 {
		t.Errorf("expected pending count to match initial tx count: pending=%d, expected=%d", count, len(preOsakaTxs)-1)
	}
	for addr, acc := range pool.index {
		for _, m := range acc {
			if m.version != types.BlobSidecarVersion1 {
				t.Errorf("expected sidecar to have been converted: from %s, hash %s", addr, m.hash)
			}
			tx := pool.Get(m.hash)
			if tx == nil {
				t.Errorf("failed to get tx by hash: %s", m.hash)
			}
			sc := tx.BlobTxSidecar()
			if err := kzg4844.VerifyCellProofs(sc.Blobs, sc.Commitments, sc.Proofs); err != nil {
				t.Errorf("failed to verify cell proofs for tx %s after conversion: %s", m.hash, err)
			}
		}
	}

	verifyPoolInternals(t, pool)

	// Launch conversion a second time.
	// This is just a sanity check to ensure we can handle it.
	pool.Reset(header0, header1)

	pool.Close()
}

// fakeBilly is a billy.Database implementation which just drops data on the floor.
type fakeBilly struct {
	billy.Database
	count uint64
}

func (f *fakeBilly) Put(data []byte) (uint64, error) {
	f.count++
	return f.count, nil
}

var _ billy.Database = (*fakeBilly)(nil)

// Benchmarks the time it takes to assemble the lazy pending transaction list
// from the pool contents.
func BenchmarkPoolPending100Mb(b *testing.B) { benchmarkPoolPending(b, 100_000_000) }
func BenchmarkPoolPending1GB(b *testing.B)   { benchmarkPoolPending(b, 1_000_000_000) }
func BenchmarkPoolPending10GB(b *testing.B) {
	if testing.Short() {
		b.Skip("Skipping in short-mode")
	}
	benchmarkPoolPending(b, 10_000_000_000)
}

func benchmarkPoolPending(b *testing.B, datacap uint64) {
	// Calculate the maximum number of transaction that would fit into the pool
	// and generate a set of random accounts to seed them with.
	capacity := datacap / params.BlobTxBlobGasPerBlob

	var (
		basefee    = uint64(1050)
		blobfee    = uint64(105)
		signer     = types.LatestSigner(params.MainnetChainConfig)
		statedb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseForTesting())
		chain      = &testBlockChain{
			config:  params.MainnetChainConfig,
			basefee: uint256.NewInt(basefee),
			blobfee: uint256.NewInt(blobfee),
			statedb: statedb,
		}
		pool = New(Config{Datadir: ""}, chain, nil)
	)

	if err := pool.Init(1, chain.CurrentBlock(), newReserver()); err != nil {
		b.Fatalf("failed to create blob pool: %v", err)
	}
	// Make the pool not use disk (just drop everything). This test never reads
	// back the data, it just iterates over the pool in-memory items
	pool.store = &fakeBilly{pool.store, 0}
	// Fill the pool up with one random transaction from each account with the
	// same price and everything to maximize the worst case scenario
	for i := 0; i < int(capacity); i++ {
		blobtx := makeUnsignedTx(0, 10, basefee+10, blobfee)
		blobtx.R = uint256.NewInt(1)
		blobtx.S = uint256.NewInt(uint64(100 + i))
		blobtx.V = uint256.NewInt(0)
		tx := types.NewTx(blobtx)
		addr, err := types.Sender(signer, tx)
		if err != nil {
			b.Fatal(err)
		}
		statedb.AddBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(1_000_000_000), tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
		pool.add(tx)
	}
	statedb.Commit(0, true, false)
	defer pool.Close()

	// Benchmark assembling the pending
	b.ResetTimer()
	b.ReportAllocs()

	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
		p := pool.Pending(txpool.PendingFilter{
			MinTip:  uint256.NewInt(1),
			BaseFee: chain.basefee,
			BlobFee: chain.blobfee,
		})
		if len(p) != int(capacity) {
			b.Fatalf("have %d want %d", len(p), capacity)
		}
	}
}

func newUint64(val uint64) *uint64 { return &val }