go-ethereum/eth/tracers/api.go

// Copyright 2021 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

package tracers

import (
	"bufio"
	"context"
	"encoding/hex"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"math/big"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"runtime"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/bor/statefull"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/tracers/logger"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/ethapi"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
)

const (
	// defaultTraceTimeout is the amount of time a single transaction can execute
	// by default before being forcefully aborted.
	defaultTraceTimeout = 5 * time.Second

	// defaultTraceReexec is the number of blocks the tracer is willing to go back
	// and reexecute to produce missing historical state necessary to run a specific
	// trace.
	defaultTraceReexec = uint64(128)

	// defaultTracechainMemLimit is the size of the triedb, at which traceChain
	// switches over and tries to use a disk-backed database instead of building
	// on top of memory.
	// For non-archive nodes, this limit _will_ be overblown, as disk-backed tries
	// will only be found every ~15K blocks or so.
	defaultTracechainMemLimit = common.StorageSize(500 * 1024 * 1024)

	// maximumPendingTraceStates is the maximum number of states allowed waiting
	// for tracing. The creation of trace state will be paused if the unused
	// trace states exceed this limit.
	maximumPendingTraceStates = 128

	defaultPath = string(".")

	defaultIOFlag = false
)

var defaultBorTraceEnabled = newBoolPtr(false)

var errTxNotFound = errors.New("transaction not found")

// StateReleaseFunc is used to deallocate resources held by constructing a
// historical state for tracing purposes.
type StateReleaseFunc func()

var allowIOTracing = false // Change this to true to enable IO tracing for debugging

// Backend interface provides the common API services (that are provided by
// both full and light clients) with access to necessary functions.
type Backend interface {
	HeaderByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Header, error)
	HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber) (*types.Header, error)
	BlockByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Block, error)
	BlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber) (*types.Block, error)
	GetTransaction(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (*types.Transaction, common.Hash, uint64, uint64, error)
	RPCGasCap() uint64
	ChainConfig() *params.ChainConfig
	Engine() consensus.Engine
	ChainDb() ethdb.Database
	StateAtBlock(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, reexec uint64, base *state.StateDB, readOnly bool, preferDisk bool) (*state.StateDB, StateReleaseFunc, error)
	StateAtTransaction(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, txIndex int, reexec uint64) (*core.Message, vm.BlockContext, *state.StateDB, StateReleaseFunc, error)

	// Bor related APIs
	GetBorBlockTransactionWithBlockHash(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash, blockHash common.Hash) (*types.Transaction, common.Hash, uint64, uint64, error)
}

// API is the collection of tracing APIs exposed over the private debugging endpoint.
type API struct {
	backend Backend
}

// NewAPI creates a new API definition for the tracing methods of the Ethereum service.
func NewAPI(backend Backend) *API {
	return &API{backend: backend}
}

// chainContext constructs the context reader which is used by the evm for reading
// the necessary chain context.
func (api *API) chainContext(ctx context.Context) core.ChainContext {
	return ethapi.NewChainContext(ctx, api.backend)
}

// blockByNumber is the wrapper of the chain access function offered by the backend.
// It will return an error if the block is not found.
func (api *API) blockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber) (*types.Block, error) {
	block, err := api.backend.BlockByNumber(ctx, number)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	if block == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("block #%d not found", number)
	}

	return block, nil
}

// blockByHash is the wrapper of the chain access function offered by the backend.
// It will return an error if the block is not found.
func (api *API) blockByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash) (*types.Block, error) {
	block, err := api.backend.BlockByHash(ctx, hash)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	if block == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("block %s not found", hash.Hex())
	}

	return block, nil
}

// blockByNumberAndHash is the wrapper of the chain access function offered by
// the backend. It will return an error if the block is not found.
//
// Note this function is friendly for the light client which can only retrieve the
// historical(before the CHT) header/block by number.
func (api *API) blockByNumberAndHash(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber, hash common.Hash) (*types.Block, error) {
	block, err := api.blockByNumber(ctx, number)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	if block.Hash() == hash {
		return block, nil
	}

	return api.blockByHash(ctx, hash)
}

// getAllBlockTransactions returns all blocks transactions including state-sync transaction if present
// along with a flag and it's hash (which is calculated differently than regular transactions)
func (api *API) getAllBlockTransactions(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block) (types.Transactions, bool, common.Hash) {
	txs := block.Transactions()

	stateSyncPresent := false
	stateSyncHash := common.Hash{}

	borReceipt := rawdb.ReadBorReceipt(api.backend.ChainDb(), block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), api.backend.ChainConfig())
	if borReceipt != nil {
		txHash := types.GetDerivedBorTxHash(types.BorReceiptKey(block.Number().Uint64(), block.Hash()))
		if txHash != (common.Hash{}) {
			borTx, _, _, _, _ := api.backend.GetBorBlockTransactionWithBlockHash(ctx, txHash, block.Hash())
			txs = append(txs, borTx)
			stateSyncPresent = true
			stateSyncHash = txHash
		}
	}

	return txs, stateSyncPresent, stateSyncHash
}

// TraceConfig holds extra parameters to trace functions.
type TraceConfig struct {
	*logger.Config
	Tracer  *string
	Timeout *string
	Reexec  *uint64
	Path    *string
	IOFlag  *bool
	// Config specific to given tracer. Note struct logger
	// config are historically embedded in main object.
	TracerConfig    json.RawMessage
	BorTraceEnabled *bool
	BorTx           *bool
}

// TraceCallConfig is the config for traceCall API. It holds one more
// field to override the state for tracing.
type TraceCallConfig struct {
	TraceConfig
	StateOverrides *ethapi.StateOverride
	BlockOverrides *ethapi.BlockOverrides
	TxIndex        *hexutil.Uint
}

// StdTraceConfig holds extra parameters to standard-json trace functions.
type StdTraceConfig struct {
	logger.Config
	Reexec          *uint64
	TxHash          common.Hash
	BorTraceEnabled *bool
}

// txTraceResult is the result of a single transaction trace.
type txTraceResult struct {
	TxHash common.Hash `json:"txHash"`           // transaction hash
	Result interface{} `json:"result,omitempty"` // Trace results produced by the tracer
	Error  string      `json:"error,omitempty"`  // Trace failure produced by the tracer
}

// blockTraceTask represents a single block trace task when an entire chain is
// being traced.
type blockTraceTask struct {
	statedb *state.StateDB   // Intermediate state prepped for tracing
	block   *types.Block     // Block to trace the transactions from
	release StateReleaseFunc // The function to release the held resource for this task
	results []*txTraceResult // Trace results produced by the task
}

// blockTraceResult represents the results of tracing a single block when an entire
// chain is being traced.
type blockTraceResult struct {
	Block  hexutil.Uint64   `json:"block"`  // Block number corresponding to this trace
	Hash   common.Hash      `json:"hash"`   // Block hash corresponding to this trace
	Traces []*txTraceResult `json:"traces"` // Trace results produced by the task
}

// txTraceTask represents a single transaction trace task when an entire block
// is being traced.
type txTraceTask struct {
	statedb *state.StateDB // Intermediate state prepped for tracing
	index   int            // Transaction offset in the block
}

// TraceChain returns the structured logs created during the execution of EVM
// between two blocks (excluding start) and returns them as a JSON object.
func (api *API) TraceChain(ctx context.Context, start, end rpc.BlockNumber, config *TraceConfig) (*rpc.Subscription, error) { // Fetch the block interval that we want to trace
	from, err := api.blockByNumber(ctx, start)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	to, err := api.blockByNumber(ctx, end)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	if from.Number().Cmp(to.Number()) >= 0 {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("end block (#%d) needs to come after start block (#%d)", end, start)
	}
	// Tracing a chain is a **long** operation, only do with subscriptions
	notifier, supported := rpc.NotifierFromContext(ctx)
	if !supported {
		return &rpc.Subscription{}, rpc.ErrNotificationsUnsupported
	}

	sub := notifier.CreateSubscription()

	// nolint : contextcheck
	resCh := api.traceChain(from, to, config, notifier.Closed())

	go func() {
		for result := range resCh {
			_ = notifier.Notify(sub.ID, result)
		}
	}()

	return sub, nil
}

// traceChain configures a new tracer according to the provided configuration, and
// executes all the transactions contained within. The tracing chain range includes
// the end block but excludes the start one. The return value will be one item per
// transaction, dependent on the requested tracer.
// The tracing procedure should be aborted in case the closed signal is received.
// nolint:gocognit
func (api *API) traceChain(start, end *types.Block, config *TraceConfig, closed <-chan interface{}) chan *blockTraceResult {
	if config == nil {
		config = &TraceConfig{
			BorTraceEnabled: defaultBorTraceEnabled,
			BorTx:           newBoolPtr(false),
		}
	}

	if config.BorTraceEnabled == nil {
		config.BorTraceEnabled = defaultBorTraceEnabled
	}

	reexec := defaultTraceReexec
	if config != nil && config.Reexec != nil {
		reexec = *config.Reexec
	}

	blocks := int(end.NumberU64() - start.NumberU64())
	threads := runtime.NumCPU()

	if threads > blocks {
		threads = blocks
	}

	var (
		pend    = new(sync.WaitGroup)
		ctx     = context.Background()
		taskCh  = make(chan *blockTraceTask, threads)
		resCh   = make(chan *blockTraceTask, threads)
		tracker = newStateTracker(maximumPendingTraceStates, start.NumberU64())
	)

	for th := 0; th < threads; th++ {
		pend.Add(1)

		go func() {
			defer pend.Done()

			// Fetch and execute the block trace taskCh
			for task := range taskCh {
				var (
					signer   = types.MakeSigner(api.backend.ChainConfig(), task.block.Number(), task.block.Time())
					blockCtx = core.NewEVMBlockContext(task.block.Header(), api.chainContext(ctx), nil)
				)
				// Trace all the transactions contained within
				txs, stateSyncPresent, stateSyncHash := api.getAllBlockTransactions(ctx, task.block)
				if !*config.BorTraceEnabled && stateSyncPresent {
					txs = txs[:len(txs)-1]
					stateSyncPresent = false
				}

				for i, tx := range txs {
					msg, _ := core.TransactionToMessage(tx, signer, task.block.BaseFee())
					txHash := tx.Hash()
					if stateSyncPresent && i == len(txs)-1 {
						txHash = stateSyncHash
					}
					txctx := &Context{
						BlockHash:   task.block.Hash(),
						BlockNumber: task.block.Number(),
						TxIndex:     i,
						TxHash:      txHash,
					}

					var res interface{}

					var err error

					if stateSyncPresent && i == len(txs)-1 {
						if *config.BorTraceEnabled {
							config.BorTx = newBoolPtr(true)
						}
					}

					res, err = api.traceTx(ctx, msg, txctx, blockCtx, task.statedb, config)
					if err != nil {
						task.results[i] = &txTraceResult{TxHash: txHash, Error: err.Error()}
						log.Warn("Tracing failed", "hash", txHash, "block", task.block.NumberU64(), "err", err)

						break
					}
					// Only delete empty objects if EIP158/161 (a.k.a Spurious Dragon) is in effect
					task.statedb.Finalise(api.backend.ChainConfig().IsEIP158(task.block.Number()))
					task.results[i] = &txTraceResult{TxHash: txHash, Result: res}
				}
				// Tracing state is used up, queue it for de-referencing. Note the
				// state is the parent state of trace block, use block.number-1 as
				// the state number.
				tracker.releaseState(task.block.NumberU64()-1, task.release)

				// Stream the result back to the result catcher or abort on teardown
				select {
				case resCh <- task:
				case <-closed:
					return
				}
			}
		}()
	}
	// Start a goroutine to feed all the blocks into the tracers
	go func() {
		var (
			logged  time.Time
			begin   = time.Now()
			number  uint64
			traced  uint64
			failed  error
			statedb *state.StateDB
			release StateReleaseFunc
		)
		// Ensure everything is properly cleaned up on any exit path
		defer func() {
			close(taskCh)
			pend.Wait()

			// Clean out any pending release functions of trace states.
			tracker.callReleases()

			// Log the chain result
			switch {
			case failed != nil:
				log.Warn("Chain tracing failed", "start", start.NumberU64(), "end", end.NumberU64(), "transactions", traced, "elapsed", time.Since(begin), "err", failed)
			case number < end.NumberU64():
				log.Warn("Chain tracing aborted", "start", start.NumberU64(), "end", end.NumberU64(), "abort", number, "transactions", traced, "elapsed", time.Since(begin))
			default:
				log.Info("Chain tracing finished", "start", start.NumberU64(), "end", end.NumberU64(), "transactions", traced, "elapsed", time.Since(begin))
			}

			close(resCh)
		}()
		// Feed all the blocks both into the tracer, as well as fast process concurrently
		for number = start.NumberU64(); number < end.NumberU64(); number++ {
			// Stop tracing if interruption was requested
			select {
			case <-closed:
				return
			default:
			}
			// Print progress logs if long enough time elapsed
			if time.Since(logged) > 8*time.Second {
				logged = time.Now()
				log.Info("Tracing chain segment", "start", start.NumberU64(), "end", end.NumberU64(), "current", number, "transactions", traced, "elapsed", time.Since(begin))
			}
			// Retrieve the parent block and target block for tracing.
			block, err := api.blockByNumber(ctx, rpc.BlockNumber(number))
			if err != nil {
				failed = err
				break
			}

			next, err := api.blockByNumber(ctx, rpc.BlockNumber(number+1))
			if err != nil {
				failed = err
				break
			}
			// Make sure the state creator doesn't go too far. Too many unprocessed
			// trace state may cause the oldest state to become stale(e.g. in
			// path-based scheme).
			if err = tracker.wait(number); err != nil {
				failed = err
				break
			}
			// Prepare the statedb for tracing. Don't use the live database for
			// tracing to avoid persisting state junks into the database. Switch
			// over to `preferDisk` mode only if the memory usage exceeds the
			// limit, the trie database will be reconstructed from scratch only
			// if the relevant state is available in disk.
			var preferDisk bool

			if statedb != nil {
				s1, s2, s3 := statedb.Database().TrieDB().Size()
				preferDisk = s1+s2+s3 > defaultTracechainMemLimit
			}

			statedb, release, err = api.backend.StateAtBlock(ctx, block, reexec, statedb, false, preferDisk)
			if err != nil {
				failed = err
				break
			}
			// Clean out any pending release functions of trace state. Note this
			// step must be done after constructing tracing state, because the
			// tracing state of block next depends on the parent state and construction
			// may fail if we release too early.
			tracker.callReleases()

			// Send the block over to the concurrent tracers (if not in the fast-forward phase)
			txs := next.Transactions()
			select {
			case taskCh <- &blockTraceTask{statedb: statedb.Copy(), block: next, release: release, results: make([]*txTraceResult, len(txs))}:
			case <-closed:
				tracker.releaseState(number, release)
				return
			}

			traced += uint64(len(txs))
		}
	}()

	// Keep reading the trace results and stream them to result channel.
	retCh := make(chan *blockTraceResult)
	go func() {
		defer close(retCh)

		var (
			next = start.NumberU64() + 1
			done = make(map[uint64]*blockTraceResult)
		)

		for res := range resCh {
			// Queue up next received result
			result := &blockTraceResult{
				Block:  hexutil.Uint64(res.block.NumberU64()),
				Hash:   res.block.Hash(),
				Traces: res.results,
			}
			done[uint64(result.Block)] = result

			// Stream completed traces to the result channel
			for result, ok := done[next]; ok; result, ok = done[next] {
				if len(result.Traces) > 0 || next == end.NumberU64() {
					// It will be blocked in case the channel consumer doesn't take the
					// tracing result in time(e.g. the websocket connect is not stable)
					// which will eventually block the entire chain tracer. It's the
					// expected behavior to not waste node resources for a non-active user.
					retCh <- result
				}

				delete(done, next)

				next++
			}
		}
	}()

	return retCh
}

func newBoolPtr(bb bool) *bool {
	b := bb
	return &b
}

// TraceBlockByNumber returns the structured logs created during the execution of
// EVM and returns them as a JSON object.
func (api *API) TraceBlockByNumber(ctx context.Context, number rpc.BlockNumber, config *TraceConfig) ([]*txTraceResult, error) {
	block, err := api.blockByNumber(ctx, number)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return api.traceBlock(ctx, block, config)
}

// TraceBlockByHash returns the structured logs created during the execution of
// EVM and returns them as a JSON object.
func (api *API) TraceBlockByHash(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash, config *TraceConfig) ([]*txTraceResult, error) {
	block, err := api.blockByHash(ctx, hash)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return api.traceBlock(ctx, block, config)
}

// TraceBlock returns the structured logs created during the execution of EVM
// and returns them as a JSON object.
func (api *API) TraceBlock(ctx context.Context, blob hexutil.Bytes, config *TraceConfig) ([]*txTraceResult, error) {
	block := new(types.Block)
	if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(blob, block); err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not decode block: %v", err)
	}

	return api.traceBlock(ctx, block, config)
}

// TraceBlockFromFile returns the structured logs created during the execution of
// EVM and returns them as a JSON object.
func (api *API) TraceBlockFromFile(ctx context.Context, file string, config *TraceConfig) ([]*txTraceResult, error) {
	blob, err := os.ReadFile(file)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not read file: %v", err)
	}

	return api.TraceBlock(ctx, blob, config)
}

// TraceBadBlock returns the structured logs created during the execution of
// EVM against a block pulled from the pool of bad ones and returns them as a JSON
// object.
func (api *API) TraceBadBlock(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash, config *TraceConfig) ([]*txTraceResult, error) {
	block := rawdb.ReadBadBlock(api.backend.ChainDb(), hash)
	if block == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("bad block %#x not found", hash)
	}

	return api.traceBlock(ctx, block, config)
}

// StandardTraceBlockToFile dumps the structured logs created during the
// execution of EVM to the local file system and returns a list of files
// to the caller.
func (api *API) StandardTraceBlockToFile(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash, config *StdTraceConfig) ([]string, error) {
	block, err := api.blockByHash(ctx, hash)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return api.standardTraceBlockToFile(ctx, block, config)
}

func prepareCallMessage(msg core.Message) statefull.Callmsg {
	return statefull.Callmsg{
		CallMsg: ethereum.CallMsg{
			From:       msg.From,
			To:         msg.To,
			Gas:        msg.GasLimit,
			GasPrice:   msg.GasPrice,
			GasFeeCap:  msg.GasFeeCap,
			GasTipCap:  msg.GasTipCap,
			Value:      msg.Value,
			Data:       msg.Data,
			AccessList: msg.AccessList,
		}}
}

// IntermediateRoots executes a block (bad- or canon- or side-), and returns a list
// of intermediate roots: the stateroot after each transaction.
func (api *API) IntermediateRoots(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash, config *TraceConfig) ([]common.Hash, error) {
	if config == nil {
		config = &TraceConfig{
			BorTraceEnabled: defaultBorTraceEnabled,
			BorTx:           newBoolPtr(false),
		}
	}

	if config.BorTraceEnabled == nil {
		config.BorTraceEnabled = defaultBorTraceEnabled
	}

	block, _ := api.blockByHash(ctx, hash)
	if block == nil {
		// Check in the bad blocks
		block = rawdb.ReadBadBlock(api.backend.ChainDb(), hash)
	}

	if block == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("block %#x not found", hash)
	}

	if block.NumberU64() == 0 {
		return nil, errors.New("genesis is not traceable")
	}

	parent, err := api.blockByNumberAndHash(ctx, rpc.BlockNumber(block.NumberU64()-1), block.ParentHash())
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	reexec := defaultTraceReexec
	if config != nil && config.Reexec != nil {
		reexec = *config.Reexec
	}

	statedb, release, err := api.backend.StateAtBlock(ctx, parent, reexec, nil, true, false)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	defer release()

	var (
		roots              []common.Hash
		signer             = types.MakeSigner(api.backend.ChainConfig(), block.Number(), block.Time())
		chainConfig        = api.backend.ChainConfig()
		vmctx              = core.NewEVMBlockContext(block.Header(), api.chainContext(ctx), nil)
		deleteEmptyObjects = chainConfig.IsEIP158(block.Number())
	)

	txs, stateSyncPresent, stateSyncHash := api.getAllBlockTransactions(ctx, block)
	for i, tx := range txs {
		if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		var (
			msg, _    = core.TransactionToMessage(tx, signer, block.BaseFee())
			txContext = core.NewEVMTxContext(msg)
			vmenv     = vm.NewEVM(vmctx, txContext, statedb, chainConfig, vm.Config{})
		)

		//nolint: nestif
		if stateSyncPresent && i == len(txs)-1 {
			if *config.BorTraceEnabled {
				callmsg := prepareCallMessage(*msg)
				statedb.SetTxContext(stateSyncHash, i)
				if _, err := statefull.ApplyMessage(ctx, callmsg, statedb, block.Header(), api.backend.ChainConfig(), api.chainContext(ctx)); err != nil {
					log.Warn("Tracing intermediate roots did not complete", "txindex", i, "txhash", stateSyncHash, "err", err)
					// We intentionally don't return the error here: if we do, then the RPC server will not
					// return the roots. Most likely, the caller already knows that a certain transaction fails to
					// be included, but still want the intermediate roots that led to that point.
					// It may happen the tx_N causes an erroneous state, which in turn causes tx_N+M to not be
					// executable.
					// N.B: This should never happen while tracing canon blocks, only when tracing bad blocks.
					return roots, nil
				}
			} else {
				break
			}
		} else {
			statedb.SetTxContext(tx.Hash(), i)
			// nolint : contextcheck
			if _, err := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(msg.GasLimit), context.Background()); err != nil {
				log.Warn("Tracing intermediate roots did not complete", "txindex", i, "txhash", tx.Hash(), "err", err)
				// We intentionally don't return the error here: if we do, then the RPC server will not
				// return the roots. Most likely, the caller already knows that a certain transaction fails to
				// be included, but still want the intermediate roots that led to that point.
				// It may happen the tx_N causes an erroneous state, which in turn causes tx_N+M to not be
				// executable.
				// N.B: This should never happen while tracing canon blocks, only when tracing bad blocks.
				return roots, nil
			}
		}

		// calling IntermediateRoot will internally call Finalize on the state
		// so any modifications are written to the trie
		roots = append(roots, statedb.IntermediateRoot(deleteEmptyObjects))
	}

	return roots, nil
}

// StandardTraceBadBlockToFile dumps the structured logs created during the
// execution of EVM against a block pulled from the pool of bad ones to the
// local file system and returns a list of files to the caller.
func (api *API) StandardTraceBadBlockToFile(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash, config *StdTraceConfig) ([]string, error) {
	block := rawdb.ReadBadBlock(api.backend.ChainDb(), hash)
	if block == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("bad block %#x not found", hash)
	}

	return api.standardTraceBlockToFile(ctx, block, config)
}

// traceBlock configures a new tracer according to the provided configuration, and
// executes all the transactions contained within. The return value will be one item
// per transaction, dependent on the requested tracer.
// We always run parallel execution
// One thread runs along and executes txs without tracing enabled to generate their prestate.
// Worker threads take the tasks and the prestate and trace them.
func (api *API) traceBlock(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, config *TraceConfig) ([]*txTraceResult, error) {
	if config == nil {
		config = &TraceConfig{
			BorTraceEnabled: defaultBorTraceEnabled,
			BorTx:           newBoolPtr(false),
		}
	}

	if config.BorTraceEnabled == nil {
		config.BorTraceEnabled = defaultBorTraceEnabled
	}

	if block.NumberU64() == 0 {
		return nil, errors.New("genesis is not traceable")
	}
	// Prepare base state
	parent, err := api.blockByNumberAndHash(ctx, rpc.BlockNumber(block.NumberU64()-1), block.ParentHash())
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	reexec := defaultTraceReexec
	if config != nil && config.Reexec != nil {
		reexec = *config.Reexec
	}

	path := defaultPath
	if config != nil && config.Path != nil {
		path = *config.Path
	}

	ioflag := defaultIOFlag
	if allowIOTracing && config != nil && config.IOFlag != nil {
		ioflag = *config.IOFlag
	}

	statedb, release, err := api.backend.StateAtBlock(ctx, parent, reexec, nil, true, false)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	defer release()

	// create and add empty mvHashMap in statedb as StateAtBlock does not have mvHashmap in it.
	if ioflag {
		statedb.AddEmptyMVHashMap()
	}

	// Execute all the transaction contained within the block concurrently
	var (
		txs, stateSyncPresent, stateSyncHash = api.getAllBlockTransactions(ctx, block)
		blockHash                            = block.Hash()
		blockCtx                             = core.NewEVMBlockContext(block.Header(), api.chainContext(ctx), nil)
		signer                               = types.MakeSigner(api.backend.ChainConfig(), block.Number(), block.Time())
		results                              = make([]*txTraceResult, len(txs))
		pend                                 sync.WaitGroup
	)

	threads := runtime.NumCPU()
	if threads > len(txs) {
		threads = len(txs)
	}

	jobs := make(chan *txTraceTask, threads)

	for th := 0; th < threads; th++ {
		pend.Add(1)

		go func() {
			defer pend.Done()
			// Fetch and execute the next transaction trace tasks
			for task := range jobs {
				msg, _ := core.TransactionToMessage(txs[task.index], signer, block.BaseFee())
				txHash := txs[task.index].Hash()
				if stateSyncPresent && task.index == len(txs)-1 {
					txHash = stateSyncHash
				}
				txctx := &Context{
					BlockHash:   blockHash,
					BlockNumber: block.Number(),
					TxIndex:     task.index,
					TxHash:      txHash,
				}

				var res interface{}

				var err error

				if stateSyncPresent && task.index == len(txs)-1 {
					if *config.BorTraceEnabled {
						config.BorTx = newBoolPtr(true)
						res, err = api.traceTx(ctx, msg, txctx, blockCtx, task.statedb, config)
					} else {
						break
					}
				} else {
					res, err = api.traceTx(ctx, msg, txctx, blockCtx, task.statedb, config)
				}

				if err != nil {
					results[task.index] = &txTraceResult{TxHash: txHash, Error: err.Error()}
					continue
				}
				results[task.index] = &txTraceResult{TxHash: txHash, Result: res}
			}
		}()
	}

	var IOdump string

	var RWstruct []state.DumpStruct

	var london bool

	if ioflag {
		IOdump = "TransactionIndex, Incarnation, VersionTxIdx, VersionInc, Path, Operation\n"
		RWstruct = []state.DumpStruct{}
	}
	// Feed the transactions into the tracers and return
	var failed error

	if ioflag {
		london = api.backend.ChainConfig().IsLondon(block.Number())
	}

txloop:
	for i, tx := range txs {
		if ioflag {
			// copy of statedb
			statedb = statedb.Copy()
		}

		// Send the trace task over for execution
		task := &txTraceTask{statedb: statedb.Copy(), index: i}
		select {
		case <-ctx.Done():
			failed = ctx.Err()
			break txloop
		case jobs <- task:
		}

		// Generate the next state snapshot fast without tracing
		msg, _ := core.TransactionToMessage(tx, signer, block.BaseFee())
		statedb.SetTxContext(tx.Hash(), i)
		vmenv := vm.NewEVM(blockCtx, core.NewEVMTxContext(msg), statedb, api.backend.ChainConfig(), vm.Config{})

		// nolint: nestif
		if !ioflag {
			//nolint: nestif
			if stateSyncPresent && i == len(txs)-1 {
				if *config.BorTraceEnabled {
					callmsg := prepareCallMessage(*msg)
					// nolint : contextcheck
					if _, err := statefull.ApplyBorMessage(vmenv, callmsg); err != nil {
						failed = err
						break txloop
					}
				} else {
					break txloop
				}
			} else {
				// nolint : contextcheck
				if _, err := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(msg.GasLimit), context.Background()); err != nil {
					failed = err
					break txloop
				}
				// Finalize the state so any modifications are written to the trie
				// Only delete empty objects if EIP158/161 (a.k.a Spurious Dragon) is in effect
				statedb.Finalise(vmenv.ChainConfig().IsEIP158(block.Number()))
			}
		} else {
			coinbaseBalance := statedb.GetBalance(blockCtx.Coinbase)
			// nolint : contextcheck
			result, err := core.ApplyMessageNoFeeBurnOrTip(vmenv, *msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(msg.GasLimit), context.Background())

			if err != nil {
				failed = err
				break
			}

			if london {
				statedb.AddBalance(result.BurntContractAddress, result.FeeBurnt)
			}

			statedb.AddBalance(blockCtx.Coinbase, result.FeeTipped)
			output1 := new(big.Int).SetBytes(result.SenderInitBalance.Bytes())
			output2 := new(big.Int).SetBytes(coinbaseBalance.Bytes())

			// Deprecating transfer log and will be removed in future fork. PLEASE DO NOT USE this transfer log going forward. Parameters won't get updated as expected going forward with EIP1559
			// add transfer log
			core.AddFeeTransferLog(
				statedb,

				msg.From,
				blockCtx.Coinbase,

				result.FeeTipped,
				result.SenderInitBalance,
				coinbaseBalance,
				output1.Sub(output1, result.FeeTipped),
				output2.Add(output2, result.FeeTipped),
			)

			// Finalize the state so any modifications are written to the trie
			// Only delete empty objects if EIP158/161 (a.k.a Spurious Dragon) is in effect
			statedb.Finalise(vmenv.ChainConfig().IsEIP158(block.Number()))
			statedb.FlushMVWriteSet()

			structRead := statedb.GetReadMapDump()
			structWrite := statedb.GetWriteMapDump()

			RWstruct = append(RWstruct, structRead...)
			RWstruct = append(RWstruct, structWrite...)
		}
	}

	if ioflag {
		for _, val := range RWstruct {
			IOdump += fmt.Sprintf("%v , %v, %v , %v, ", val.TxIdx, val.TxInc, val.VerIdx, val.VerInc) + hex.EncodeToString(val.Path) + ", " + val.Op
		}

		// make sure that the file exists and write IOdump
		err = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(path, "data.csv"), []byte(fmt.Sprint(IOdump)), 0600)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	close(jobs)
	pend.Wait()

	// If execution failed in between, abort
	if failed != nil {
		return nil, failed
	}

	if !*config.BorTraceEnabled && stateSyncPresent {
		return results[:len(results)-1], nil
	} else {
		return results, nil
	}
}

// standardTraceBlockToFile configures a new tracer which uses standard JSON output,
// and traces either a full block or an individual transaction. The return value will
// be one filename per transaction traced.
func (api *API) standardTraceBlockToFile(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, config *StdTraceConfig) ([]string, error) {
	if config == nil {
		config = &StdTraceConfig{
			BorTraceEnabled: defaultBorTraceEnabled,
		}
	}

	if config.BorTraceEnabled == nil {
		config.BorTraceEnabled = defaultBorTraceEnabled
	}
	// If we're tracing a single transaction, make sure it's present
	if config != nil && config.TxHash != (common.Hash{}) {
		if !api.containsTx(ctx, block, config.TxHash) {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("transaction %#x not found in block", config.TxHash)
		}
	}

	if block.NumberU64() == 0 {
		return nil, errors.New("genesis is not traceable")
	}

	parent, err := api.blockByNumberAndHash(ctx, rpc.BlockNumber(block.NumberU64()-1), block.ParentHash())
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	reexec := defaultTraceReexec
	if config != nil && config.Reexec != nil {
		reexec = *config.Reexec
	}

	statedb, release, err := api.backend.StateAtBlock(ctx, parent, reexec, nil, true, false)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	defer release()

	// Retrieve the tracing configurations, or use default values
	var (
		logConfig logger.Config
		txHash    common.Hash
	)

	if config != nil {
		logConfig = config.Config
		txHash = config.TxHash
	}

	logConfig.Debug = true

	// Execute transaction, either tracing all or just the requested one
	var (
		dumps       []string
		signer      = types.MakeSigner(api.backend.ChainConfig(), block.Number(), block.Time())
		chainConfig = api.backend.ChainConfig()
		vmctx       = core.NewEVMBlockContext(block.Header(), api.chainContext(ctx), nil)
		canon       = true
	)
	// Check if there are any overrides: the caller may wish to enable a future
	// fork when executing this block. Note, such overrides are only applicable to the
	// actual specified block, not any preceding blocks that we have to go through
	// in order to obtain the state.
	// Therefore, it's perfectly valid to specify `"futureForkBlock": 0`, to enable `futureFork`
	if config != nil && config.Overrides != nil {
		// Note: This copies the config, to not screw up the main config
		chainConfig, canon = overrideConfig(chainConfig, config.Overrides)
	}

	txs, stateSyncPresent, stateSyncHash := api.getAllBlockTransactions(ctx, block)
	if !*config.BorTraceEnabled && stateSyncPresent {
		txs = txs[:len(txs)-1]
		stateSyncPresent = false
	}

	for i, tx := range txs {
		// Prepare the transaction for un-traced execution
		var (
			msg, _    = core.TransactionToMessage(tx, signer, block.BaseFee())
			txContext = core.NewEVMTxContext(msg)
			vmConf    vm.Config
			dump      *os.File
			writer    *bufio.Writer
			err       error
		)
		// If the transaction needs tracing, swap out the configs
		if tx.Hash() == txHash || txHash == (common.Hash{}) || txHash == stateSyncHash {
			// Generate a unique temporary file to dump it into
			prefix := fmt.Sprintf("block_%#x-%d-%#x-", block.Hash().Bytes()[:4], i, tx.Hash().Bytes()[:4])
			if !canon {
				prefix = fmt.Sprintf("%valt-", prefix)
			}

			dump, err = os.CreateTemp(os.TempDir(), prefix)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}

			dumps = append(dumps, dump.Name())

			// Swap out the noop logger to the standard tracer
			writer = bufio.NewWriter(dump)
			vmConf = vm.Config{
				Tracer:                  logger.NewJSONLogger(&logConfig, writer),
				EnablePreimageRecording: true,
			}
		}
		// Execute the transaction and flush any traces to disk
		vmenv := vm.NewEVM(vmctx, txContext, statedb, chainConfig, vmConf)

		//nolint: nestif
		if stateSyncPresent && i == len(txs)-1 {
			if *config.BorTraceEnabled {
				callmsg := prepareCallMessage(*msg)
				statedb.SetTxContext(stateSyncHash, i)
				_, err = statefull.ApplyBorMessage(vmenv, callmsg)

				if writer != nil {
					writer.Flush()
				}
			}
		} else {
			statedb.SetTxContext(tx.Hash(), i)
			// nolint : contextcheck
			_, err = core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(msg.GasLimit), context.Background())

			if writer != nil {
				writer.Flush()
			}
		}

		if dump != nil {
			dump.Close()
			log.Info("Wrote standard trace", "file", dump.Name())
		}

		if err != nil {
			return dumps, err
		}
		// Finalize the state so any modifications are written to the trie
		// Only delete empty objects if EIP158/161 (a.k.a Spurious Dragon) is in effect
		statedb.Finalise(vmenv.ChainConfig().IsEIP158(block.Number()))

		// If we've traced the transaction we were looking for, abort
		if tx.Hash() == txHash {
			break
		}
	}

	return dumps, nil
}

// containsTx reports whether the transaction with a certain hash
// is contained within the specified block.
func (api *API) containsTx(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, hash common.Hash) bool {
	txs, _, stateSyncHash := api.getAllBlockTransactions(ctx, block)
	for _, tx := range txs {
		if tx.Hash() == hash || stateSyncHash == hash {
			return true
		}
	}

	return false
}

// TraceTransaction returns the structured logs created during the execution of EVM
// and returns them as a JSON object.
func (api *API) TraceTransaction(ctx context.Context, hash common.Hash, config *TraceConfig) (interface{}, error) {
	if config == nil {
		config = &TraceConfig{
			BorTraceEnabled: defaultBorTraceEnabled,
			BorTx:           newBoolPtr(false),
		}
	}

	if config.BorTraceEnabled == nil {
		config.BorTraceEnabled = defaultBorTraceEnabled
	}

	tx, blockHash, blockNumber, index, err := api.backend.GetTransaction(ctx, hash)
	if tx == nil {
		// For BorTransaction, there will be no trace available
		tx, _, _, _ = rawdb.ReadBorTransaction(api.backend.ChainDb(), hash)
		if tx != nil {
			return &ethapi.ExecutionResult{
				StructLogs: make([]ethapi.StructLogRes, 0),
			}, nil
		} else {
			return nil, errTxNotFound
		}
	}

	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	// It shouldn't happen in practice.
	if blockNumber == 0 {
		return nil, errors.New("genesis is not traceable")
	}

	reexec := defaultTraceReexec
	if config != nil && config.Reexec != nil {
		reexec = *config.Reexec
	}

	block, err := api.blockByNumberAndHash(ctx, rpc.BlockNumber(blockNumber), blockHash)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	msg, vmctx, statedb, release, err := api.backend.StateAtTransaction(ctx, block, int(index), reexec)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	defer release()

	txctx := &Context{
		BlockHash:   blockHash,
		BlockNumber: block.Number(),
		TxIndex:     int(index),
		TxHash:      hash,
	}

	return api.traceTx(ctx, msg, txctx, vmctx, statedb, config)
}

// TraceCall lets you trace a given eth_call. It collects the structured logs
// created during the execution of EVM if the given transaction was added on
// top of the provided block and returns them as a JSON object.
// If no transaction index is specified, the trace will be conducted on the state
// after executing the specified block. However, if a transaction index is provided,
// the trace will be conducted on the state after executing the specified transaction
// within the specified block.
func (api *API) TraceCall(ctx context.Context, args ethapi.TransactionArgs, blockNrOrHash rpc.BlockNumberOrHash, config *TraceCallConfig) (interface{}, error) {
	// Try to retrieve the specified block
	var (
		err     error
		block   *types.Block
		statedb *state.StateDB
		release StateReleaseFunc
	)

	if hash, ok := blockNrOrHash.Hash(); ok {
		block, err = api.blockByHash(ctx, hash)
	} else if number, ok := blockNrOrHash.Number(); ok {
		if number == rpc.PendingBlockNumber {
			// We don't have access to the miner here. For tracing 'future' transactions,
			// it can be done with block- and state-overrides instead, which offers
			// more flexibility and stability than trying to trace on 'pending', since
			// the contents of 'pending' is unstable and probably not a true representation
			// of what the next actual block is likely to contain.
			return nil, errors.New("tracing on top of pending is not supported")
		}

		block, err = api.blockByNumber(ctx, number)
	} else {
		return nil, errors.New("invalid arguments; neither block nor hash specified")
	}

	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	// try to recompute the state
	reexec := defaultTraceReexec
	if config != nil && config.Reexec != nil {
		reexec = *config.Reexec
	}

	if config != nil && config.TxIndex != nil {
		_, _, statedb, release, err = api.backend.StateAtTransaction(ctx, block, int(*config.TxIndex), reexec)
	} else {
		statedb, release, err = api.backend.StateAtBlock(ctx, block, reexec, nil, true, false)
	}
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	defer release()

	vmctx := core.NewEVMBlockContext(block.Header(), api.chainContext(ctx), nil)

	// Apply the customization rules if required.
	if config != nil {
		if err := config.StateOverrides.Apply(statedb); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		config.BlockOverrides.Apply(&vmctx)
	}
	// Execute the trace
	msg, err := args.ToMessage(api.backend.RPCGasCap(), block.BaseFee())
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	var traceConfig *TraceConfig
	if config != nil {
		traceConfig = &config.TraceConfig
	}

	return api.traceTx(ctx, msg, new(Context), vmctx, statedb, traceConfig)
}

// traceTx configures a new tracer according to the provided configuration, and
// executes the given message in the provided environment. The return value will
// be tracer dependent.
func (api *API) traceTx(ctx context.Context, message *core.Message, txctx *Context, vmctx vm.BlockContext, statedb *state.StateDB, config *TraceConfig) (interface{}, error) {
	if config == nil {
		config = &TraceConfig{
			BorTraceEnabled: defaultBorTraceEnabled,
			BorTx:           newBoolPtr(false),
		}
	}

	if config.BorTraceEnabled == nil {
		config.BorTraceEnabled = defaultBorTraceEnabled
	}

	var (
		tracer    Tracer
		err       error
		timeout   = defaultTraceTimeout
		txContext = core.NewEVMTxContext(message)
	)

	if config == nil {
		config = &TraceConfig{}
	}
	// Default tracer is the struct logger
	tracer = logger.NewStructLogger(config.Config)
	if config.Tracer != nil {
		tracer, err = DefaultDirectory.New(*config.Tracer, txctx, config.TracerConfig)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	vmenv := vm.NewEVM(vmctx, txContext, statedb, api.backend.ChainConfig(), vm.Config{Tracer: tracer, NoBaseFee: true})

	// Define a meaningful timeout of a single transaction trace
	if config.Timeout != nil {
		if timeout, err = time.ParseDuration(*config.Timeout); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	deadlineCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, timeout)

	go func() {
		<-deadlineCtx.Done()

		if errors.Is(deadlineCtx.Err(), context.DeadlineExceeded) {
			tracer.Stop(errors.New("execution timeout"))
			// Stop evm execution. Note cancellation is not necessarily immediate.
			vmenv.Cancel()
		}
	}()

	defer cancel()

	// Call Prepare to clear out the statedb access list
	statedb.SetTxContext(txctx.TxHash, txctx.TxIndex)

	if config.BorTx == nil {
		config.BorTx = newBoolPtr(false)
	}

	if *config.BorTx {
		callmsg := prepareCallMessage(*message)
		// nolint : contextcheck
		if _, err := statefull.ApplyBorMessage(vmenv, callmsg); err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("tracing failed: %w", err)
		}
	} else {
		// nolint : contextcheck
		if _, err = core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, message, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(message.GasLimit), context.Background()); err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("tracing failed: %w", err)
		}
	}

	return tracer.GetResult()
}

// APIs return the collection of RPC services the tracer package offers.
func APIs(backend Backend) []rpc.API {
	// Append all the local APIs and return
	return []rpc.API{
		{
			Namespace: "debug",
			Service:   NewAPI(backend),
		},
	}
}

// overrideConfig returns a copy of original with forks enabled by override enabled,
// along with a boolean that indicates whether the copy is canonical (equivalent to the original).
// Note: the Clique-part is _not_ deep copied
func overrideConfig(original *params.ChainConfig, override *params.ChainConfig) (*params.ChainConfig, bool) {
	chainConfigCopy := new(params.ChainConfig)
	*chainConfigCopy = *original
	canon := true

	// Apply forks (after Berlin) to the chainConfigCopy.
	if block := override.BerlinBlock; block != nil {
		chainConfigCopy.BerlinBlock = block
		canon = false
	}
	if timestamp := override.VerkleBlock; timestamp != nil {
		chainConfigCopy.VerkleBlock = timestamp
		canon = false
	}

	if block := override.LondonBlock; block != nil {
		chainConfigCopy.LondonBlock = block
		canon = false
	}

	if block := override.ArrowGlacierBlock; block != nil {
		chainConfigCopy.ArrowGlacierBlock = block
		canon = false
	}

	if block := override.GrayGlacierBlock; block != nil {
		chainConfigCopy.GrayGlacierBlock = block
		canon = false
	}

	if block := override.MergeNetsplitBlock; block != nil {
		chainConfigCopy.MergeNetsplitBlock = block
		canon = false
	}

	if timestamp := override.ShanghaiBlock; timestamp != nil {
		chainConfigCopy.ShanghaiBlock = timestamp
		canon = false
	}

	if timestamp := override.CancunBlock; timestamp != nil {
		chainConfigCopy.CancunBlock = timestamp
		canon = false
	}

	if timestamp := override.PragueBlock; timestamp != nil {
		chainConfigCopy.PragueBlock = timestamp
		canon = false
	}

	if timestamp := override.VerkleBlock; timestamp != nil {
		chainConfigCopy.VerkleBlock = timestamp
		canon = false
	}

	return chainConfigCopy, canon
}