go-ethereum/consensus/bor/bor.go

package bor

import (
	"bytes"
	"context"
	"encoding/hex"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"math/big"
	"sort"
	"strconv"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"

	lru "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru"
	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"

	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
	balance_tracing "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/tracing"

	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/bor/api"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/bor/clerk"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/bor/heimdall/span"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/bor/statefull"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/bor/valset"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc/eip1559"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
)

const (
	defaultSpanLength  = 6400 // Default span length i.e. number of bor blocks in a span
	zerothSpanEnd      = 255  // End block of 0th span
	checkpointInterval = 1024 // Number of blocks after which to save the vote snapshot to the database
	inmemorySnapshots  = 128  // Number of recent vote snapshots to keep in memory
	inmemorySignatures = 4096 // Number of recent block signatures to keep in memory
)

// Bor protocol constants.
var (
	defaultSprintLength = map[string]uint64{
		"0": 64,
	} // Default number of blocks after which to checkpoint and reset the pending votes

	uncleHash = types.CalcUncleHash(nil) // Always Keccak256(RLP([])) as uncles are meaningless outside of PoW.

	validatorHeaderBytesLength = common.AddressLength + 20 // address + power
)

// Various error messages to mark blocks invalid. These should be private to
// prevent engine specific errors from being referenced in the remainder of the
// codebase, inherently breaking if the engine is swapped out. Please put common
// error types into the consensus package.
var (
	// errUnknownBlock is returned when the list of signers is requested for a block
	// that is not part of the local blockchain.
	errUnknownBlock = errors.New("unknown block")

	// errMissingVanity is returned if a block's extra-data section is shorter than
	// 32 bytes, which is required to store the signer vanity.
	errMissingVanity = errors.New("extra-data 32 byte vanity prefix missing")

	// errMissingSignature is returned if a block's extra-data section doesn't seem
	// to contain a 65 byte secp256k1 signature.
	errMissingSignature = errors.New("extra-data 65 byte signature suffix missing")

	// errExtraValidators is returned if non-sprint-end block contain validator data in
	// their extra-data fields.
	errExtraValidators = errors.New("non-sprint-end block contains extra validator list")

	// errInvalidSpanValidators is returned if a block contains an
	// invalid list of validators (i.e. non divisible by 40 bytes).
	errInvalidSpanValidators = errors.New("invalid validator list on sprint end block")

	// errInvalidMixDigest is returned if a block's mix digest is non-zero.
	errInvalidMixDigest = errors.New("non-zero mix digest")

	// errInvalidUncleHash is returned if a block contains an non-empty uncle list.
	errInvalidUncleHash = errors.New("non empty uncle hash")

	// errInvalidDifficulty is returned if the difficulty of a block neither 1 or 2.
	errInvalidDifficulty = errors.New("invalid difficulty")

	// ErrInvalidTimestamp is returned if the timestamp of a block is lower than
	// the previous block's timestamp + the minimum block period.
	ErrInvalidTimestamp = errors.New("invalid timestamp")

	// errOutOfRangeChain is returned if an authorization list is attempted to
	// be modified via out-of-range or non-contiguous headers.
	errOutOfRangeChain = errors.New("out of range or non-contiguous chain")

	errUncleDetected     = errors.New("uncles not allowed")
	errUnknownValidators = errors.New("unknown validators")
)

// SignerFn is a signer callback function to request a header to be signed by a
// backing account.
type SignerFn func(accounts.Account, string, []byte) ([]byte, error)

// ecrecover extracts the Ethereum account address from a signed header.
func ecrecover(header *types.Header, sigcache *lru.ARCCache, c *params.BorConfig) (common.Address, error) {
	// If the signature's already cached, return that
	hash := header.Hash()
	if address, known := sigcache.Get(hash); known {
		return address.(common.Address), nil
	}
	// Retrieve the signature from the header extra-data
	if len(header.Extra) < types.ExtraSealLength {
		return common.Address{}, errMissingSignature
	}

	signature := header.Extra[len(header.Extra)-types.ExtraSealLength:]

	// Recover the public key and the Ethereum address
	pubkey, err := crypto.Ecrecover(SealHash(header, c).Bytes(), signature)
	if err != nil {
		return common.Address{}, err
	}

	var signer common.Address

	copy(signer[:], crypto.Keccak256(pubkey[1:])[12:])

	sigcache.Add(hash, signer)

	return signer, nil
}

// SealHash returns the hash of a block prior to it being sealed.
func SealHash(header *types.Header, c *params.BorConfig) (hash common.Hash) {
	hasher := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
	encodeSigHeader(hasher, header, c)
	hasher.Sum(hash[:0])

	return hash
}

func encodeSigHeader(w io.Writer, header *types.Header, c *params.BorConfig) {
	enc := []interface{}{
		header.ParentHash,
		header.UncleHash,
		header.Coinbase,
		header.Root,
		header.TxHash,
		header.ReceiptHash,
		header.Bloom,
		header.Difficulty,
		header.Number,
		header.GasLimit,
		header.GasUsed,
		header.Time,
		header.Extra[:len(header.Extra)-65], // Yes, this will panic if extra is too short
		header.MixDigest,
		header.Nonce,
	}

	if c.IsJaipur(header.Number) {
		if header.BaseFee != nil {
			enc = append(enc, header.BaseFee)
		}
	}

	if err := rlp.Encode(w, enc); err != nil {
		panic("can't encode: " + err.Error())
	}
}

// CalcProducerDelay is the block delay algorithm based on block time, period, producerDelay and turn-ness of a signer
func CalcProducerDelay(number uint64, succession int, c *params.BorConfig) uint64 {
	// When the block is the first block of the sprint, it is expected to be delayed by `producerDelay`.
	// That is to allow time for block propagation in the last sprint
	delay := c.CalculatePeriod(number)
	if number%c.CalculateSprint(number) == 0 {
		delay = c.CalculateProducerDelay(number)
	}

	if succession > 0 {
		delay += uint64(succession) * c.CalculateBackupMultiplier(number)
	}

	return delay
}

// BorRLP returns the rlp bytes which needs to be signed for the bor
// sealing. The RLP to sign consists of the entire header apart from the 65 byte signature
// contained at the end of the extra data.
//
// Note, the method requires the extra data to be at least 65 bytes, otherwise it
// panics. This is done to avoid accidentally using both forms (signature present
// or not), which could be abused to produce different hashes for the same header.
func BorRLP(header *types.Header, c *params.BorConfig) []byte {
	b := new(bytes.Buffer)
	encodeSigHeader(b, header, c)

	return b.Bytes()
}

// Bor is the matic-bor consensus engine
type Bor struct {
	chainConfig *params.ChainConfig // Chain config
	config      *params.BorConfig   // Consensus engine configuration parameters for bor consensus
	db          ethdb.Database      // Database to store and retrieve snapshot checkpoints

	recents    *lru.ARCCache // Snapshots for recent block to speed up reorgs
	signatures *lru.ARCCache // Signatures of recent blocks to speed up mining

	authorizedSigner atomic.Pointer[signer] // Ethereum address and sign function of the signing key

	ethAPI                 api.Caller
	spanner                Spanner
	GenesisContractsClient GenesisContract
	HeimdallClient         IHeimdallClient

	spanStore SpanStore // Store to save previous span data from heimdall

	// The fields below are for testing only
	fakeDiff      bool // Skip difficulty verifications
	devFakeAuthor bool

	closeOnce sync.Once
}

type signer struct {
	signer common.Address // Ethereum address of the signing key
	signFn SignerFn       // Signer function to authorize hashes with
}

// New creates a Matic Bor consensus engine.
func New(
	chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
	db ethdb.Database,
	ethAPI api.Caller,
	spanner Spanner,
	heimdallClient IHeimdallClient,
	genesisContracts GenesisContract,
	devFakeAuthor bool,
) *Bor {
	// get bor config
	borConfig := chainConfig.Bor

	// Set any missing consensus parameters to their defaults
	if borConfig != nil && borConfig.CalculateSprint(0) == 0 {
		borConfig.Sprint = defaultSprintLength
	}
	// Allocate the snapshot caches and create the engine
	recents, _ := lru.NewARC(inmemorySnapshots)
	signatures, _ := lru.NewARC(inmemorySignatures)

	// Create a new span store
	spanStore := NewSpanStore(heimdallClient, spanner, chainConfig.ChainID.String())

	c := &Bor{
		chainConfig:            chainConfig,
		config:                 borConfig,
		db:                     db,
		ethAPI:                 ethAPI,
		recents:                recents,
		signatures:             signatures,
		spanner:                spanner,
		GenesisContractsClient: genesisContracts,
		HeimdallClient:         heimdallClient,
		spanStore:              spanStore,
		devFakeAuthor:          devFakeAuthor,
	}

	c.authorizedSigner.Store(&signer{
		common.Address{},
		func(_ accounts.Account, _ string, i []byte) ([]byte, error) {
			// return an error to prevent panics
			return nil, &UnauthorizedSignerError{0, common.Address{}.Bytes()}
		},
	})

	// make sure we can decode all the GenesisAlloc in the BorConfig.
	for key, genesisAlloc := range c.config.BlockAlloc {
		if _, err := decodeGenesisAlloc(genesisAlloc); err != nil {
			panic(fmt.Sprintf("BUG: Block alloc '%s' in genesis is not correct: %v", key, err))
		}
	}

	return c
}

// Author implements consensus.Engine, returning the Ethereum address recovered
// from the signature in the header's extra-data section.
func (c *Bor) Author(header *types.Header) (common.Address, error) {
	return ecrecover(header, c.signatures, c.config)
}

// VerifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules.
func (c *Bor) VerifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) error {
	return c.verifyHeader(chain, header, nil)
}

func (c *Bor) GetSpanner() Spanner {
	return c.spanner
}

func (c *Bor) SetSpanner(spanner Spanner) {
	c.spanner = spanner
}

// VerifyHeaders is similar to VerifyHeader, but verifies a batch of headers. The
// method returns a quit channel to abort the operations and a results channel to
// retrieve the async verifications (the order is that of the input slice).
func (c *Bor) VerifyHeaders(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, headers []*types.Header) (chan<- struct{}, <-chan error) {
	abort := make(chan struct{})
	results := make(chan error, len(headers))

	go func() {
		for i, header := range headers {
			err := c.verifyHeader(chain, header, headers[:i])

			select {
			case <-abort:
				return
			case results <- err:
			}
		}
	}()

	return abort, results
}

// verifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules.The
// caller may optionally pass in a batch of parents (ascending order) to avoid
// looking those up from the database. This is useful for concurrently verifying
// a batch of new headers.
func (c *Bor) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, parents []*types.Header) error {
	if header.Number == nil {
		return errUnknownBlock
	}

	number := header.Number.Uint64()
	now := uint64(time.Now().Unix())

	// Allow early blocks if Bhilai HF is enabled
	if c.config.IsBhilai(header.Number) {
		// Don't waste time checking blocks from the future but allow a buffer of block time for
		// early block announcements. Note that this is a loose check and would allow early blocks
		// from non-primary producer. Such blocks will be rejected later when we know the succession
		// number of the signer in the current sprint.
		if header.Time-c.config.CalculatePeriod(number) > now {
			log.Error("Block announced too early post bhilai", "number", number, "headerTime", header.Time, "now", now)
			return consensus.ErrFutureBlock
		}
	} else {
		// Don't waste time checking blocks from the future
		if header.Time > now {
			log.Error("Block announced too early", "number", number, "headerTime", header.Time, "now", now)
			return consensus.ErrFutureBlock
		}
	}

	if err := validateHeaderExtraField(header.Extra); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// check extr adata
	isSprintEnd := IsSprintStart(number+1, c.config.CalculateSprint(number))

	// Ensure that the extra-data contains a signer list on checkpoint, but none otherwise
	signersBytes := len(header.GetValidatorBytes(c.chainConfig))

	if !isSprintEnd && signersBytes != 0 {
		return errExtraValidators
	}

	if isSprintEnd && signersBytes%validatorHeaderBytesLength != 0 {
		log.Warn("Invalid validator set", "number", number, "signersBytes", signersBytes)
		return errInvalidSpanValidators
	}

	// Ensure that the mix digest is zero as we don't have fork protection currently
	if header.MixDigest != (common.Hash{}) {
		return errInvalidMixDigest
	}

	// Ensure that the block doesn't contain any uncles which are meaningless in PoA
	if header.UncleHash != uncleHash {
		return errInvalidUncleHash
	}

	// Ensure that the block's difficulty is meaningful (may not be correct at this point)
	if number > 0 {
		if header.Difficulty == nil {
			return errInvalidDifficulty
		}
	}

	// Verify that the gas limit is <= 2^63-1
	gasCap := uint64(0x7fffffffffffffff)
	if header.GasLimit > gasCap {
		return fmt.Errorf("invalid gasLimit: have %v, max %v", header.GasLimit, gasCap)
	}

	if header.WithdrawalsHash != nil {
		return consensus.ErrUnexpectedWithdrawals
	}

	if header.RequestsHash != nil {
		return consensus.ErrUnexpectedRequests
	}

	// All basic checks passed, verify cascading fields
	return c.verifyCascadingFields(chain, header, parents)
}

// validateHeaderExtraField validates that the extra-data contains both the vanity and signature.
// header.Extra = header.Vanity + header.ProducerBytes (optional) + header.Seal
func validateHeaderExtraField(extraBytes []byte) error {
	if len(extraBytes) < types.ExtraVanityLength {
		return errMissingVanity
	}

	if len(extraBytes) < types.ExtraVanityLength+types.ExtraSealLength {
		return errMissingSignature
	}

	return nil
}

// verifyCascadingFields verifies all the header fields that are not standalone,
// rather depend on a batch of previous headers. The caller may optionally pass
// in a batch of parents (ascending order) to avoid looking those up from the
// database. This is useful for concurrently verifying a batch of new headers.
func (c *Bor) verifyCascadingFields(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, parents []*types.Header) error {
	// The genesis block is the always valid dead-end
	number := header.Number.Uint64()

	if number == 0 {
		return nil
	}

	// Ensure that the block's timestamp isn't too close to it's parent
	var parent *types.Header

	if len(parents) > 0 {
		parent = parents[len(parents)-1]
	} else {
		parent = chain.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, number-1)
	}

	if parent == nil || parent.Number.Uint64() != number-1 || parent.Hash() != header.ParentHash {
		return consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
	}

	// Verify that the gasUsed is <= gasLimit
	if header.GasUsed > header.GasLimit {
		return fmt.Errorf("invalid gasUsed: have %d, gasLimit %d", header.GasUsed, header.GasLimit)
	}

	if !chain.Config().IsLondon(header.Number) {
		// Verify BaseFee not present before EIP-1559 fork.
		if header.BaseFee != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("invalid baseFee before fork: have %d, want <nil>", header.BaseFee)
		}

		if err := misc.VerifyGaslimit(parent.GasLimit, header.GasLimit); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	} else if err := eip1559.VerifyEIP1559Header(chain.Config(), parent, header); err != nil {
		// Verify the header's EIP-1559 attributes.
		return err
	}

	if parent.Time+c.config.CalculatePeriod(number) > header.Time {
		return ErrInvalidTimestamp
	}

	// Retrieve the snapshot needed to verify this header and cache it
	snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, number-1, header.ParentHash, parents)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Verify if the producer set in header's extra data matches with the list in span.
	// We skip the check for 0th span as the producer set in contract v/s producer set
	// in heimdall span is different which will lead a mismatch. Moreover, to make the
	// validation stateless, we use the span from heimdall (via span store) instead of
	// span from validator set genesis contract as both are supposed to be equivalent.
	if number > zerothSpanEnd && IsSprintStart(number+1, c.config.CalculateSprint(number)) {
		span, err := c.spanStore.spanByBlockNumber(context.Background(), number+1)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// Use producer set from span as it's equivalent to the data we get from genesis contract
		newValidators := make([]*valset.Validator, len(span.SelectedProducers))
		for i, val := range span.SelectedProducers {
			newValidators[i] = &val
		}
		sort.Sort(valset.ValidatorsByAddress(newValidators))

		headerVals, err := valset.ParseValidators(header.GetValidatorBytes(c.chainConfig))
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		if len(newValidators) != len(headerVals) {
			log.Warn("Invalid validator set", "block number", number, "newValidators", newValidators, "headerVals", headerVals)
			return errInvalidSpanValidators
		}

		for i, val := range newValidators {
			if !bytes.Equal(val.HeaderBytes(), headerVals[i].HeaderBytes()) {
				log.Warn("Invalid validator set", "block number", number, "index", i, "local validator", val, "header validator", headerVals[i])
				return errInvalidSpanValidators
			}
		}
	}

	// verify the validator list in the last sprint block
	if IsSprintStart(number, c.config.CalculateSprint(number)) {
		parentValidatorBytes := parent.GetValidatorBytes(c.chainConfig)
		validatorsBytes := make([]byte, len(snap.ValidatorSet.Validators)*validatorHeaderBytesLength)

		currentValidators := snap.ValidatorSet.Copy().Validators
		// sort validator by address
		sort.Sort(valset.ValidatorsByAddress(currentValidators))

		for i, validator := range currentValidators {
			copy(validatorsBytes[i*validatorHeaderBytesLength:], validator.HeaderBytes())
		}
		// len(header.Extra) >= extraVanity+extraSeal has already been validated in validateHeaderExtraField, so this won't result in a panic
		if !bytes.Equal(parentValidatorBytes, validatorsBytes) {
			return &MismatchingValidatorsError{number - 1, validatorsBytes, parentValidatorBytes}
		}
	}

	// All basic checks passed, verify the seal and return
	return c.verifySeal(chain, header, parents)
}

// snapshot retrieves the authorization snapshot at a given point in time.
// nolint: gocognit
func (c *Bor) snapshot(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, number uint64, hash common.Hash, parents []*types.Header) (*Snapshot, error) {
	// Search for a snapshot in memory or on disk for checkpoints
	signer := common.BytesToAddress(c.authorizedSigner.Load().signer.Bytes())
	if c.devFakeAuthor && signer.String() != "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000" {
		log.Info("👨‍💻Using DevFakeAuthor", "signer", signer)

		val := valset.NewValidator(signer, 1000)
		validatorset := valset.NewValidatorSet([]*valset.Validator{val})

		snapshot := newSnapshot(c.chainConfig, c.signatures, number, hash, validatorset.Validators)

		return snapshot, nil
	}

	var snap *Snapshot

	headers := make([]*types.Header, 0, 16)

	//nolint:govet
	for snap == nil {
		// If an in-memory snapshot was found, use that
		if s, ok := c.recents.Get(hash); ok {
			snap = s.(*Snapshot)

			break
		}

		// If an on-disk checkpoint snapshot can be found, use that
		if number%checkpointInterval == 0 {
			if s, err := loadSnapshot(c.chainConfig, c.config, c.signatures, c.db, hash); err == nil {
				log.Trace("Loaded snapshot from disk", "number", number, "hash", hash)

				snap = s

				break
			}
		}

		// If we're at the genesis, snapshot the initial state. Alternatively if we're
		// at a checkpoint block without a parent (light client CHT), or we have piled
		// up more headers than allowed to be reorged (chain reinit from a freezer),
		// consider the checkpoint trusted and snapshot it.
		// nolint:nestif
		if number == 0 {
			checkpoint := chain.GetHeaderByNumber(number)
			if checkpoint != nil {
				// get checkpoint data
				hash := checkpoint.Hash()

				// get validators from span
				span, err := c.spanStore.spanByBlockNumber(context.Background(), number+1)
				if err != nil {
					return nil, err
				}

				// new snap shot
				snap = newSnapshot(c.chainConfig, c.signatures, number, hash, span.ValidatorSet.Validators)
				if err := snap.store(c.db); err != nil {
					return nil, err
				}

				log.Info("Stored checkpoint snapshot to disk", "number", number, "hash", hash)

				break
			}
		}

		// No snapshot for this header, gather the header and move backward
		var header *types.Header
		if len(parents) > 0 {
			// If we have explicit parents, pick from there (enforced)
			header = parents[len(parents)-1]
			if header.Hash() != hash || header.Number.Uint64() != number {
				return nil, consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
			}

			parents = parents[:len(parents)-1]
		} else {
			// No explicit parents (or no more left), reach out to the database
			header = chain.GetHeader(hash, number)
			if header == nil {
				return nil, consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
			}
		}

		headers = append(headers, header)
		number, hash = number-1, header.ParentHash
	}

	// check if snapshot is nil
	if snap == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown error while retrieving snapshot at block number %v", number)
	}

	// Previous snapshot found, apply any pending headers on top of it
	for i := 0; i < len(headers)/2; i++ {
		headers[i], headers[len(headers)-1-i] = headers[len(headers)-1-i], headers[i]
	}

	snap, err := snap.apply(headers, c)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	c.recents.Add(snap.Hash, snap)

	// If we've generated a new checkpoint snapshot, save to disk
	if snap.Number%checkpointInterval == 0 && len(headers) > 0 {
		if err = snap.store(c.db); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		log.Trace("Stored snapshot to disk", "number", snap.Number, "hash", snap.Hash)
	}

	return snap, err
}

// VerifyUncles implements consensus.Engine, always returning an error for any
// uncles as this consensus mechanism doesn't permit uncles.
func (c *Bor) VerifyUncles(_ consensus.ChainReader, block *types.Block) error {
	if len(block.Uncles()) > 0 {
		return errUncleDetected
	}

	return nil
}

// VerifySeal implements consensus.Engine, checking whether the signature contained
// in the header satisfies the consensus protocol requirements.
func (c *Bor) VerifySeal(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) error {
	return c.verifySeal(chain, header, nil)
}

// verifySeal checks whether the signature contained in the header satisfies the
// consensus protocol requirements. The method accepts an optional list of parent
// headers that aren't yet part of the local blockchain to generate the snapshots
// from.
func (c *Bor) verifySeal(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, parents []*types.Header) error {
	// Verifying the genesis block is not supported
	number := header.Number.Uint64()
	if number == 0 {
		return errUnknownBlock
	}
	// Retrieve the snapshot needed to verify this header and cache it
	snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, number-1, header.ParentHash, parents)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Resolve the authorization key and check against signers
	signer, err := ecrecover(header, c.signatures, c.config)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !snap.ValidatorSet.HasAddress(signer) {
		// Check the UnauthorizedSignerError.Error() msg to see why we pass number-1
		return &UnauthorizedSignerError{number - 1, signer.Bytes()}
	}

	succession, err := snap.GetSignerSuccessionNumber(signer)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	var parent *types.Header
	if len(parents) > 0 { // if parents is nil, len(parents) is zero
		parent = parents[len(parents)-1]
	} else if number > 0 {
		parent = chain.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, number-1)
	}

	// Post Bhilai HF, reject blocks form non-primary producers if they're earlier than the expected time
	if c.config.IsBhilai(header.Number) && succession != 0 {
		now := uint64(time.Now().Unix())
		if header.Time > now {
			log.Error("Block announced too early by non-primary producer post bhilai", "number", number, "headerTime", header.Time, "now", now)
			return consensus.ErrFutureBlock
		}
	}

	if IsBlockEarly(parent, header, number, succession, c.config) {
		return &BlockTooSoonError{number, succession}
	}

	// Ensure that the difficulty corresponds to the turn-ness of the signer
	if !c.fakeDiff {
		difficulty := Difficulty(snap.ValidatorSet, signer)
		if header.Difficulty.Uint64() != difficulty {
			return &WrongDifficultyError{number, difficulty, header.Difficulty.Uint64(), signer.Bytes()}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// IsBlockEarly returns true if the header time is earlier than expected (according to consensus rules). This
// can happen if the producer maliciously updates the header time.
func IsBlockEarly(parent *types.Header, header *types.Header, number uint64, succession int, cfg *params.BorConfig) bool {
	return parent != nil && header.Time < parent.Time+CalcProducerDelay(number, succession, cfg)
}

// Prepare implements consensus.Engine, preparing all the consensus fields of the
// header for running the transactions on top.
func (c *Bor) Prepare(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header) error {
	// If the block isn't a checkpoint, cast a random vote (good enough for now)
	header.Coinbase = common.Address{}
	header.Nonce = types.BlockNonce{}

	number := header.Number.Uint64()
	// Assemble the validator snapshot to check which votes make sense
	snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, number-1, header.ParentHash, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	currentSigner := *c.authorizedSigner.Load()

	// Set the correct difficulty
	header.Difficulty = new(big.Int).SetUint64(Difficulty(snap.ValidatorSet, currentSigner.signer))

	// Ensure the extra data has all it's components
	if len(header.Extra) < types.ExtraVanityLength {
		header.Extra = append(header.Extra, bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x00}, types.ExtraVanityLength-len(header.Extra))...)
	}

	header.Extra = header.Extra[:types.ExtraVanityLength]

	// get validator set if number
	if IsSprintStart(number+1, c.config.CalculateSprint(number)) {
		newValidators, err := c.spanner.GetCurrentValidatorsByHash(context.Background(), header.ParentHash, number+1)
		if err != nil {
			return errUnknownValidators
		}

		// sort validator by address
		sort.Sort(valset.ValidatorsByAddress(newValidators))

		if c.chainConfig.IsCancun(header.Number) {
			var tempValidatorBytes []byte

			for _, validator := range newValidators {
				tempValidatorBytes = append(tempValidatorBytes, validator.HeaderBytes()...)
			}

			blockExtraData := &types.BlockExtraData{
				ValidatorBytes: tempValidatorBytes,
				TxDependency:   nil,
			}

			blockExtraDataBytes, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(blockExtraData)
			if err != nil {
				log.Error("error while encoding block extra data: %v", err)
				return fmt.Errorf("error while encoding block extra data: %v", err)
			}

			header.Extra = append(header.Extra, blockExtraDataBytes...)
		} else {
			for _, validator := range newValidators {
				header.Extra = append(header.Extra, validator.HeaderBytes()...)
			}
		}
	} else if c.chainConfig.IsCancun(header.Number) {
		blockExtraData := &types.BlockExtraData{
			ValidatorBytes: nil,
			TxDependency:   nil,
		}

		blockExtraDataBytes, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(blockExtraData)
		if err != nil {
			log.Error("error while encoding block extra data: %v", err)
			return fmt.Errorf("error while encoding block extra data: %v", err)
		}

		header.Extra = append(header.Extra, blockExtraDataBytes...)
	}

	// add extra seal space
	header.Extra = append(header.Extra, make([]byte, types.ExtraSealLength)...)

	// Mix digest is reserved for now, set to empty
	header.MixDigest = common.Hash{}

	// Ensure the timestamp has the correct delay
	parent := chain.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, number-1)
	if parent == nil {
		return consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
	}

	var succession int
	// if signer is not empty
	if currentSigner.signer != (common.Address{}) {
		succession, err = snap.GetSignerSuccessionNumber(currentSigner.signer)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	header.Time = parent.Time + CalcProducerDelay(number, succession, c.config)
	if header.Time < uint64(time.Now().Unix()) {
		header.Time = uint64(time.Now().Unix())
	} else {
		// For primary validators, wait until the current block production window
		// starts. This prevents bor from starting to build next block before time
		// as we'd like to wait for new transactions. Although this change doesn't
		// need a check for hard fork as it doesn't change any consensus rules, we
		// still keep it for safety and testing.
		if c.config.IsBhilai(big.NewInt(int64(number))) && succession == 0 {
			startTime := time.Unix(int64(header.Time-c.config.CalculatePeriod(number)), 0)
			time.Sleep(time.Until(startTime))
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// Finalize implements consensus.Engine, ensuring no uncles are set, nor block
// rewards given.
func (c *Bor) Finalize(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, wrappedState vm.StateDB, body *types.Body) {
	headerNumber := header.Number.Uint64()
	if body.Withdrawals != nil || header.WithdrawalsHash != nil {
		return
	}
	if header.RequestsHash != nil {
		return
	}

	// Extract the underlying state to access methods like `IntermediateRoot` and `Copy`
	// required for bor consensus operations
	state := wrappedState.(*state.StateDB)

	var (
		stateSyncData []*types.StateSyncData
		err           error
	)

	if IsSprintStart(headerNumber, c.config.CalculateSprint(headerNumber)) {
		start := time.Now()
		cx := statefull.ChainContext{Chain: chain, Bor: c}
		// check and commit span
		if err := c.checkAndCommitSpan(state, header, cx); err != nil {
			log.Error("Error while committing span", "error", err)
			return
		}

		if c.HeimdallClient != nil {
			// commit states
			stateSyncData, err = c.CommitStates(state, header, cx)
			if err != nil {
				log.Error("Error while committing states", "error", err)
				return
			}
		}

		state.BorConsensusTime = time.Since(start)
	}

	if err = c.changeContractCodeIfNeeded(headerNumber, state); err != nil {
		log.Error("Error changing contract code", "error", err)
		return
	}

	// Set state sync data to blockchain
	bc := chain.(*core.BlockChain)
	bc.SetStateSync(stateSyncData)
}

func decodeGenesisAlloc(i interface{}) (types.GenesisAlloc, error) {
	var alloc types.GenesisAlloc

	b, err := json.Marshal(i)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &alloc); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return alloc, nil
}

func (c *Bor) changeContractCodeIfNeeded(headerNumber uint64, state *state.StateDB) error {
	for blockNumber, genesisAlloc := range c.config.BlockAlloc {
		if blockNumber == strconv.FormatUint(headerNumber, 10) {
			allocs, err := decodeGenesisAlloc(genesisAlloc)
			if err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("failed to decode genesis alloc: %w", err)
			}

			for addr, account := range allocs {
				log.Info("change contract code", "address", addr)
				state.SetCode(addr, account.Code)

				if state.GetBalance(addr).Cmp(uint256.NewInt(0)) == 0 {
					// todo: @anshalshukla - check tracing reason
					state.SetBalance(addr, uint256.NewInt(account.Balance.Uint64()), balance_tracing.BalanceChangeUnspecified)
				}
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// FinalizeAndAssemble implements consensus.Engine, ensuring no uncles are set,
// nor block rewards given, and returns the final block.
func (c *Bor) FinalizeAndAssemble(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, header *types.Header, state *state.StateDB, body *types.Body, receipts []*types.Receipt) (*types.Block, error) {
	headerNumber := header.Number.Uint64()
	if body.Withdrawals != nil || header.WithdrawalsHash != nil {
		return nil, consensus.ErrUnexpectedWithdrawals
	}
	if header.RequestsHash != nil {
		return nil, consensus.ErrUnexpectedRequests
	}

	var (
		stateSyncData []*types.StateSyncData
		err           error
	)

	if IsSprintStart(headerNumber, c.config.CalculateSprint(headerNumber)) {
		cx := statefull.ChainContext{Chain: chain, Bor: c}

		// check and commit span
		if err = c.checkAndCommitSpan(state, header, cx); err != nil {
			log.Error("Error while committing span", "error", err)
			return nil, err
		}

		if c.HeimdallClient != nil {
			// commit states
			stateSyncData, err = c.CommitStates(state, header, cx)
			if err != nil {
				log.Error("Error while committing states", "error", err)
				return nil, err
			}
		}
	}

	if err = c.changeContractCodeIfNeeded(headerNumber, state); err != nil {
		log.Error("Error changing contract code", "error", err)
		return nil, err
	}

	// No block rewards in PoA, so the state remains as it is
	header.Root = state.IntermediateRoot(chain.Config().IsEIP158(header.Number))

	// Uncles are dropped
	header.UncleHash = types.CalcUncleHash(nil)

	// Assemble block
	block := types.NewBlock(header, body, receipts, trie.NewStackTrie(nil))

	// set state sync
	bc := chain.(core.BorStateSyncer)
	bc.SetStateSync(stateSyncData)

	// return the final block for sealing
	return block, nil
}

// Authorize injects a private key into the consensus engine to mint new blocks
// with.
func (c *Bor) Authorize(currentSigner common.Address, signFn SignerFn) {
	c.authorizedSigner.Store(&signer{
		signer: currentSigner,
		signFn: signFn,
	})
}

// Seal implements consensus.Engine, attempting to create a sealed block using
// the local signing credentials.
func (c *Bor) Seal(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, block *types.Block, results chan<- *types.Block, stop <-chan struct{}) error {
	header := block.Header()
	// Sealing the genesis block is not supported
	number := header.Number.Uint64()
	if number == 0 {
		return errUnknownBlock
	}
	// For 0-period chains, refuse to seal empty blocks (no reward but would spin sealing)
	if c.config.CalculatePeriod(number) == 0 && len(block.Transactions()) == 0 {
		log.Info("Sealing paused, waiting for transactions")
		return nil
	}

	// Don't hold the signer fields for the entire sealing procedure
	currentSigner := *c.authorizedSigner.Load()

	snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, number-1, header.ParentHash, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Bail out if we're unauthorized to sign a block
	if !snap.ValidatorSet.HasAddress(currentSigner.signer) {
		// Check the UnauthorizedSignerError.Error() msg to see why we pass number-1
		return &UnauthorizedSignerError{number - 1, currentSigner.signer.Bytes()}
	}

	successionNumber, err := snap.GetSignerSuccessionNumber(currentSigner.signer)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	var delay time.Duration

	// Sweet, the protocol permits us to sign the block, wait for our time
	if c.config.IsBhilai(header.Number) {
		delay = time.Until(time.Unix(int64(header.Time), 0)) // Wait until we reach header time for non-primary validators
		if successionNumber == 0 {
			// For primary producers, set the delay to `header.Time - block time` instead of `header.Time`
			// for early block announcement instead of waiting for full block time.
			delay = time.Until(time.Unix(int64(header.Time-c.config.CalculatePeriod(number)), 0))
		}
	} else {
		delay = time.Until(time.Unix(int64(header.Time), 0)) // Wait until we reach header time
	}

	// wiggle was already accounted for in header.Time, this is just for logging
	wiggle := time.Duration(successionNumber) * time.Duration(c.config.CalculateBackupMultiplier(number)) * time.Second

	// Sign all the things!
	err = Sign(currentSigner.signFn, currentSigner.signer, header, c.config)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Wait until sealing is terminated or delay timeout.
	log.Info("Waiting for slot to sign and propagate", "number", number, "hash", header.Hash, "delay-in-sec", uint(delay), "delay", common.PrettyDuration(delay))

	go func() {
		select {
		case <-stop:
			log.Debug("Discarding sealing operation for block", "number", number)
			return
		case <-time.After(delay):
			if wiggle > 0 {
				log.Info(
					"Sealing out-of-turn",
					"number", number,
					"hash", header.Hash,
					"wiggle-in-sec", uint(wiggle),
					"wiggle", common.PrettyDuration(wiggle),
					"in-turn-signer", snap.ValidatorSet.GetProposer().Address.Hex(),
				)
			}

			log.Info(
				"Sealing successful",
				"number", number,
				"delay", delay,
				"headerDifficulty", header.Difficulty,
			)
		}
		select {
		case results <- block.WithSeal(header):
		default:
			log.Warn("Sealing result was not read by miner", "number", number, "sealhash", SealHash(header, c.config))
		}
	}()

	return nil
}

func Sign(signFn SignerFn, signer common.Address, header *types.Header, c *params.BorConfig) error {
	sighash, err := signFn(accounts.Account{Address: signer}, accounts.MimetypeBor, BorRLP(header, c))
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	copy(header.Extra[len(header.Extra)-types.ExtraSealLength:], sighash)

	return nil
}

// CalcDifficulty is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns the difficulty
// that a new block should have based on the previous blocks in the chain and the
// current signer.
func (c *Bor) CalcDifficulty(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, _ uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
	snap, err := c.snapshot(chain, parent.Number.Uint64(), parent.Hash(), nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil
	}

	return new(big.Int).SetUint64(Difficulty(snap.ValidatorSet, c.authorizedSigner.Load().signer))
}

// SealHash returns the hash of a block prior to it being sealed.
func (c *Bor) SealHash(header *types.Header) common.Hash {
	return SealHash(header, c.config)
}

// APIs implements consensus.Engine, returning the user facing RPC API to allow
// controlling the signer voting.
func (c *Bor) APIs(chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader) []rpc.API {
	return []rpc.API{{
		Namespace: "bor",
		Version:   "1.0",
		Service:   &API{chain: chain, bor: c},
		Public:    false,
	}}
}

// Close implements consensus.Engine. It's a noop for bor as there are no background threads.
func (c *Bor) Close() error {
	c.closeOnce.Do(func() {
		if c.HeimdallClient != nil {
			c.HeimdallClient.Close()
		}
	})

	return nil
}

func (c *Bor) checkAndCommitSpan(
	state *state.StateDB,
	header *types.Header,
	chain core.ChainContext,
) error {
	var ctx = context.Background()
	headerNumber := header.Number.Uint64()

	span, err := c.spanner.GetCurrentSpan(ctx, header.ParentHash)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if c.needToCommitSpan(span, headerNumber) {
		return c.FetchAndCommitSpan(ctx, span.ID+1, state, header, chain)
	}

	return nil
}

func (c *Bor) needToCommitSpan(currentSpan *span.Span, headerNumber uint64) bool {
	// If span is nil, return false.
	if currentSpan == nil {
		return false
	}

	// Check if span is not set initially, we commit the span with spanId 1, which will also commit the 0th span.
	// Check: https://github.com/maticnetwork/genesis-contracts/blob/5dcbcc72f10ab847276586e629f96b8a6d369e1d/contracts/BorValidatorSet.template#L229
	if currentSpan.EndBlock == 0 {
		return true
	}

	// If the current block is the first block of the last sprint in the current span.
	// But here we should skip the check for the 0th span, as it will cause the span to be committed to be committed twice.
	if currentSpan.EndBlock > c.config.CalculateSprint(headerNumber) && currentSpan.EndBlock-c.config.CalculateSprint(headerNumber)+1 == headerNumber {
		if currentSpan.ID == 0 {
			// If the current span is the 0th span, we will skip committing the span.
			log.Info("Skipping the last sprint commit for 0th span", "spanID", currentSpan.ID, "headerNumber", headerNumber)
			return false
		}
		return true
	}

	return false
}

func (c *Bor) FetchAndCommitSpan(
	ctx context.Context,
	newSpanID uint64,
	state *state.StateDB,
	header *types.Header,
	chain core.ChainContext,
) error {
	var heimdallSpan span.HeimdallSpan

	if c.HeimdallClient == nil {
		// fixme: move to a new mock or fake and remove c.HeimdallClient completely
		s, err := c.getNextHeimdallSpanForTest(ctx, newSpanID, header, chain)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		heimdallSpan = *s
	} else {
		response, err := c.spanStore.spanById(ctx, newSpanID)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		heimdallSpan = *response
	}

	// check if chain id matches with Heimdall span
	if heimdallSpan.ChainID != c.chainConfig.ChainID.String() {
		return fmt.Errorf(
			"chain id proposed span, %s, and bor chain id, %s, doesn't match",
			heimdallSpan.ChainID,
			c.chainConfig.ChainID,
		)
	}

	return c.spanner.CommitSpan(ctx, heimdallSpan, state, header, chain)
}

// CommitStates commit states
func (c *Bor) CommitStates(
	state *state.StateDB,
	header *types.Header,
	chain statefull.ChainContext,
) ([]*types.StateSyncData, error) {
	fetchStart := time.Now()
	number := header.Number.Uint64()

	var (
		lastStateIDBig *big.Int
		from           uint64
		to             time.Time
		err            error
	)

	if c.config.IsIndore(header.Number) {
		// Fetch the LastStateId from contract via current state instance
		lastStateIDBig, err = c.GenesisContractsClient.LastStateId(state.Copy(), number-1, header.ParentHash)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		stateSyncDelay := c.config.CalculateStateSyncDelay(number)
		to = time.Unix(int64(header.Time-stateSyncDelay), 0)
	} else {
		lastStateIDBig, err = c.GenesisContractsClient.LastStateId(nil, number-1, header.ParentHash)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		to = time.Unix(int64(chain.Chain.GetHeaderByNumber(number-c.config.CalculateSprint(number)).Time), 0)
	}

	lastStateID := lastStateIDBig.Uint64()
	from = lastStateID + 1

	log.Info(
		"Fetching state updates from Heimdall",
		"fromID", from,
		"to", to.Format(time.RFC3339))

	eventRecords, err := c.HeimdallClient.StateSyncEvents(context.Background(), from, to.Unix())
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("Error occurred when fetching state sync events", "fromID", from, "to", to.Unix(), "err", err)
	}

	if c.config.OverrideStateSyncRecords != nil {
		if val, ok := c.config.OverrideStateSyncRecords[strconv.FormatUint(number, 10)]; ok {
			eventRecords = eventRecords[0:val]
		}
	}

	fetchTime := time.Since(fetchStart)
	processStart := time.Now()
	totalGas := 0 /// limit on gas for state sync per block
	chainID := c.chainConfig.ChainID.String()
	stateSyncs := make([]*types.StateSyncData, 0, len(eventRecords))

	var gasUsed uint64

	for _, eventRecord := range eventRecords {
		if eventRecord.ID <= lastStateID {
			continue
		}

		if err = validateEventRecord(eventRecord, number, to, lastStateID, chainID); err != nil {
			log.Error("while validating event record", "block", number, "to", to, "stateID", lastStateID+1, "error", err.Error())
			break
		}

		stateData := types.StateSyncData{
			ID:       eventRecord.ID,
			Contract: eventRecord.Contract,
			Data:     hex.EncodeToString(eventRecord.Data),
			TxHash:   eventRecord.TxHash,
		}

		stateSyncs = append(stateSyncs, &stateData)

		// we expect that this call MUST emit an event, otherwise we wouldn't make a receipt
		// if the receiver address is not a contract then we'll skip the most of the execution and emitting an event as well
		// https://github.com/maticnetwork/genesis-contracts/blob/master/contracts/StateReceiver.sol#L27
		gasUsed, err = c.GenesisContractsClient.CommitState(eventRecord, state, header, chain)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		totalGas += int(gasUsed)

		lastStateID++
	}

	processTime := time.Since(processStart)

	log.Info("StateSyncData", "gas", totalGas, "number", number, "lastStateID", lastStateID, "total records", len(eventRecords), "fetch time", int(fetchTime.Milliseconds()), "process time", int(processTime.Milliseconds()))

	return stateSyncs, nil
}

func validateEventRecord(eventRecord *clerk.EventRecordWithTime, number uint64, to time.Time, lastStateID uint64, chainID string) error {
	// event id should be sequential and event.Time should lie in the range [from, to)
	if lastStateID+1 != eventRecord.ID || eventRecord.ChainID != chainID || !eventRecord.Time.Before(to) {
		return &InvalidStateReceivedError{number, lastStateID, &to, eventRecord}
	}

	return nil
}

func (c *Bor) SetHeimdallClient(h IHeimdallClient) {
	c.HeimdallClient = h
	// Update the heimdall client in span store
	c.spanStore.setHeimdallClient(h)
}

func (c *Bor) GetCurrentValidators(ctx context.Context, headerHash common.Hash, blockNumber uint64) ([]*valset.Validator, error) {
	return c.spanner.GetCurrentValidatorsByHash(ctx, headerHash, blockNumber)
}

//
// Private methods
//

func (c *Bor) getNextHeimdallSpanForTest(
	ctx context.Context,
	newSpanID uint64,
	header *types.Header,
	chain core.ChainContext,
) (*span.HeimdallSpan, error) {
	headerNumber := header.Number.Uint64()

	spanBor, err := c.spanner.GetCurrentSpan(ctx, header.ParentHash)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// get local chain context object
	localContext := chain.(statefull.ChainContext)
	// Retrieve the snapshot needed to verify this header and cache it
	snap, err := c.snapshot(localContext.Chain, headerNumber-1, header.ParentHash, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// new span
	spanBor.ID = newSpanID
	if spanBor.EndBlock == 0 {
		spanBor.StartBlock = 256
	} else {
		spanBor.StartBlock = spanBor.EndBlock + 1
	}

	spanBor.EndBlock = spanBor.StartBlock + (100 * c.config.CalculateSprint(headerNumber)) - 1

	selectedProducers := make([]valset.Validator, len(snap.ValidatorSet.Validators))
	for i, v := range snap.ValidatorSet.Validators {
		selectedProducers[i] = *v
	}

	heimdallSpan := &span.HeimdallSpan{
		Span:              *spanBor,
		ValidatorSet:      *snap.ValidatorSet,
		SelectedProducers: selectedProducers,
		ChainID:           c.chainConfig.ChainID.String(),
	}

	return heimdallSpan, nil
}

func validatorContains(a []*valset.Validator, x *valset.Validator) (*valset.Validator, bool) {
	for _, n := range a {
		if n.Address == x.Address {
			return n, true
		}
	}

	return nil, false
}

func getUpdatedValidatorSet(oldValidatorSet *valset.ValidatorSet, newVals []*valset.Validator) *valset.ValidatorSet {
	v := oldValidatorSet
	oldVals := v.Validators

	changes := make([]*valset.Validator, 0, len(oldVals))

	for _, ov := range oldVals {
		if f, ok := validatorContains(newVals, ov); ok {
			ov.VotingPower = f.VotingPower
		} else {
			ov.VotingPower = 0
		}

		changes = append(changes, ov)
	}

	for _, nv := range newVals {
		if _, ok := validatorContains(changes, nv); !ok {
			changes = append(changes, nv)
		}
	}

	if err := v.UpdateWithChangeSet(changes); err != nil {
		changesStr := ""
		for _, change := range changes {
			changesStr += fmt.Sprintf("Address: %s, VotingPower: %d\n", change.Address, change.VotingPower)
		}
		log.Warn("Changes in validator set", "changes", changesStr)
		log.Error("Error while updating change set", "error", err)
	}

	return v
}

func IsSprintStart(number, sprint uint64) bool {
	return number%sprint == 0
}