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Romeo Rosete 92b657fde5
Introduction to Clef _ go-ethereum.html 
Romeo Rosete
2025-05-23 20:11:19 -04:00

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css-1f8x31h">txpool</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/objects"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">objects</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/javascript-console"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">JS Console</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/javascript-console-contracts"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">JS Console 2: Contracts</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/graphql"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">GraphQL server</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:R29cr6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:R29cr6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-1bpr9l5"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Developers</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1dcaofd"><div class="css-gmuwbf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-ge2v0f"><g fill="currentColor"><path d="M2 11h20v2H2z"></path><path d="M11 2h2v20h-2z"></path></g></svg></div></div></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow: hidden; display: none; opacity: 0; height: 0px;"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:R29cr6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:R29cr6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-llreyz"><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Introduction</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">Dapp developers</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/dev-mode"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Dev mode</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/native"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Go API</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/native-accounts"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Go Account Management</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/native-bindings"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Go Contract Bindings</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/native-bindings-v2"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Go Contract Bindings (v2)</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/mobile"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Geth for Mobile</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">EVM tracing</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Introduction</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/basic-traces"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Basic traces</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/built-in-tracers"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Built-in tracers</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/custom-tracer"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Custom EVM tracer</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/live-tracing"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Live tracing</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/javascript-tutorial"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Tutorial for Javascript tracing</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">Geth developer</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/dev-guide"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Developer guide</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/disclosures"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Disclosures</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/dns-discovery-setup"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">DNS discovery setup guide</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/code-review-guidelines"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Code review guidelines</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/contributing"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Contributing</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:R2bcr6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:R2bcr6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-1bpr9l5"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Monitoring</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1dcaofd"><div class="css-gmuwbf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-ge2v0f"><g fill="currentColor"><path d="M2 11h20v2H2z"></path><path d="M11 2h2v20h-2z"></path></g></svg></div></div></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow: hidden; display: none; opacity: 0; height: 0px;"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:R2bcr6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:R2bcr6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-llreyz"><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/monitoring/dashboards"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Creating Dashboards</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/monitoring/understanding-dashboards"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Understanding Dashboards</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/monitoring/ethstats"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Ethstats</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/monitoring/metrics"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Metrics</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:R2dcr6l9f6:" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:R2dcr6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-1bgq4yr"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Tools</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1dcaofd"><div class="css-gmuwbf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-ge2v0f"><path fill="currentColor" d="M2 11h20v2H2z"></path></svg></div></div></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow: hidden; display: block; opacity: 1; height: auto;"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:R2dcr6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:R2dcr6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-llreyz"><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">Clef</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/introduction"><p class="chakra-text css-f9zxfy">Introduction</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/apis"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">APIs</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/rules"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Rules</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/setup"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Setup</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/datatypes"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Datatypes</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/tutorial"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Tutorial</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/clique-signing"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Clique-signing</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/abigen"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">abigen</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/devp2p"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">devp2p</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/puppeth"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">puppeth</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:R2fcr6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:R2fcr6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-10829se"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/faq"><p class="chakra-text css-k1a737">FAQs</p></a></div></button></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:R2hcr6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:R2hcr6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5fthjt" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-10829se"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/resources"><p class="chakra-text css-k1a737">Resources</p></a></div></button></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-12wi7kw"><div class="chakra-accordion css-0"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button type="button" id="accordion-button-:R1db6l9f6:" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:R1db6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-18nbkvo" data-index="0"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Documentation</p><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon chakra-accordion__icon css-j2ph2z" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M16.59 8.59L12 13.17 7.41 8.59 6 10l6 6 6-6z"></path></svg></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow: hidden; display: block; opacity: 1; height: auto;"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:R1db6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:R1db6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-1inji5u"><div class="chakra-stack css-1kxf1mu"><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:Rgqnbdb6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:Rgqnbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-1bpr9l5"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Getting started</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1dcaofd"><div class="css-gmuwbf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-ge2v0f"><g fill="currentColor"><path d="M2 11h20v2H2z"></path><path d="M11 2h2v20h-2z"></path></g></svg></div></div></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:none;opacity:0;height:0px"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:Rgqnbdb6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:Rgqnbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-llreyz"><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/getting-started"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Introduction</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/getting-started/hardware-requirements"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Hardware requirements</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/getting-started/installing-geth"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Installing Geth</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/getting-started/consensus-clients"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Consensus clients</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:Rhanbdb6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:Rhanbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-1bpr9l5"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Fundamentals</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1dcaofd"><div class="css-gmuwbf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-ge2v0f"><g fill="currentColor"><path d="M2 11h20v2H2z"></path><path d="M11 2h2v20h-2z"></path></g></svg></div></div></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow: hidden; display: none; opacity: 0; height: 0px;"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:Rhanbdb6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:Rhanbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-llreyz"><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Introduction</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/node-architecture"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Node architecture</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/command-line-options"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Command-line options</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/security"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Security</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/sync-modes"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Sync-modes</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/blsync"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Beacon light sync</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/account-management"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Account management</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/databases"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Databases</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/backup-restore"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Backup &amp; restore</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/logs"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Logs</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/peer-to-peer"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Connecting to peers</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/pruning"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Pruning</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/kurtosis"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Private networks via Kurtosis</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/private-network"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Private networks</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/config-files"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Config files</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/fundamentals/mining"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Mining</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:Rhqnbdb6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:Rhqnbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-1bpr9l5"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Interacting with Geth</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1dcaofd"><div class="css-gmuwbf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-ge2v0f"><g fill="currentColor"><path d="M2 11h20v2H2z"></path><path d="M11 2h2v20h-2z"></path></g></svg></div></div></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow:hidden;display:none;opacity:0;height:0px"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:Rhqnbdb6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:Rhqnbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-llreyz"><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">JSON-RPC Server</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Introduction</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/batch"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Batch requests</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/pubsub"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Real-time Events</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">JSON-RPC Namespaces</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-admin"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">admin</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-clique"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">clique</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-debug"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">debug</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-eth"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">eth</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-les"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">les</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-miner"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">miner (deprecated)</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-net"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">net</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-personal"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">personal (deprecated)</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/ns-txpool"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">txpool</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/objects"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">objects</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/javascript-console"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">JS Console</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/javascript-console-contracts"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">JS Console 2: Contracts</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/interacting-with-geth/rpc/graphql"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">GraphQL server</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:Rianbdb6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:Rianbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-1bpr9l5"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Developers</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1dcaofd"><div class="css-gmuwbf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-ge2v0f"><g fill="currentColor"><path d="M2 11h20v2H2z"></path><path d="M11 2h2v20h-2z"></path></g></svg></div></div></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow: hidden; display: none; opacity: 0; height: 0px;"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:Rianbdb6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:Rianbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-llreyz"><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Introduction</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">Dapp developers</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/dev-mode"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Dev mode</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/native"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Go API</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/native-accounts"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Go Account Management</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/native-bindings"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Go Contract Bindings</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/native-bindings-v2"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Go Contract Bindings (v2)</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/dapp-developer/mobile"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Geth for Mobile</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">EVM tracing</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Introduction</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/basic-traces"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Basic traces</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/built-in-tracers"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Built-in tracers</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/custom-tracer"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Custom EVM tracer</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/live-tracing"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Live tracing</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/evm-tracing/javascript-tutorial"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Tutorial for Javascript tracing</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">Geth developer</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/dev-guide"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Developer guide</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/disclosures"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Disclosures</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/dns-discovery-setup"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">DNS discovery setup guide</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/code-review-guidelines"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Code review guidelines</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/developers/geth-developer/contributing"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Contributing</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:Riqnbdb6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:Riqnbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-1bpr9l5"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Monitoring</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1dcaofd"><div class="css-gmuwbf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-ge2v0f"><g fill="currentColor"><path d="M2 11h20v2H2z"></path><path d="M11 2h2v20h-2z"></path></g></svg></div></div></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow: hidden; display: none; opacity: 0; height: 0px;"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:Riqnbdb6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:Riqnbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-llreyz"><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/monitoring/dashboards"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Creating Dashboards</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/monitoring/understanding-dashboards"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Understanding Dashboards</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/monitoring/ethstats"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Ethstats</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/monitoring/metrics"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Metrics</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:Rjanbdb6l9f6:" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:Rjanbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-1bgq4yr"><p class="chakra-text css-vqdvr5">Tools</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1dcaofd"><div class="css-gmuwbf"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-ge2v0f"><path fill="currentColor" d="M2 11h20v2H2z"></path></svg></div></div></button><div class="chakra-collapse" style="overflow: hidden; display: block; opacity: 1; height: auto;"><div role="region" id="accordion-panel-:Rjanbdb6l9f6:" aria-labelledby="accordion-button-:Rjanbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__panel css-llreyz"><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-6x9ys0"><p class="chakra-text css-u22t7j">Clef</p><div class="chakra-stack css-1gkslkv"><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/introduction"><p class="chakra-text css-f9zxfy">Introduction</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/apis"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">APIs</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/rules"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Rules</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/setup"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Setup</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/datatypes"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Datatypes</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/tutorial"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Tutorial</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/clique-signing"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">Clique-signing</p></a></div></div></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/abigen"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">abigen</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/devp2p"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">devp2p</p></a></div><div class="chakra-stack css-1ymdxof" data-group="true"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/puppeth"><p class="chakra-text css-1f8x31h">puppeth</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:Rjqnbdb6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:Rjqnbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5jn0s9" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-10829se"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/faq"><p class="chakra-text css-k1a737">FAQs</p></a></div></button></div></div><div class="chakra-accordion css-t9xfd"><div class="chakra-accordion__item css-1t7rcca"><button data-group="true" type="button" id="accordion-button-:Rkanbdb6l9f6:" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-panel-:Rkanbdb6l9f6:" class="chakra-accordion__button css-5fthjt" data-index="0"><div class="chakra-stack css-10829se"><a class="chakra-link css-k943rb" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/resources"><p class="chakra-text css-k1a737">Resources</p></a></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></aside></div><div class="chakra-stack css-o9nb3l" id="main-content"><div class="chakra-stack css-exc07u"><nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="chakra-breadcrumb css-0"><ol class="chakra-breadcrumb__list css-0"><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-c1mx6c">docs</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq">/</span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-c1mx6c">tools</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq">/</span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-c1mx6c">clef</a><span role="presentation" class="css-t4q1nq">/</span></li><li class="chakra-breadcrumb__list-item css-18biwo"><a href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/introduction" class="chakra-breadcrumb__link css-1k55cy8">introduction</a></li></ol></nav><h1 class="chakra-heading css-1iyc2qo">Introduction to Clef</h1><span class="chakra-text css-t9xfd">Last edited on <!-- -->December 20, 2022</span></div><div class="css-d93cna"><div class="css-11igjs4"><h2 class="chakra-heading css-1r2ydld" id="what-is-clef">What is Clef? </h2>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">Clef is a tool for <strong>signing transactions and data</strong> in a secure local environment. It is intended to become a more composable and secure replacement for Geth's built-in account management. Clef decouples key management from Geth itself, meaning it can be used as an independent, standalone key management and signing application, or it can be integrated into Geth. This provides a more flexible modular tool compared to Geth's account manager. Clef can be used safely in situations where access to Ethereum is via a remote and/or untrusted node because signing happens locally, either manually or automatically using custom rulesets. The separation of Clef from the node itself enables it to run as a daemon on the same machine as the client software, on a secure usb-stick like <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-z5s8m1" href="https://inversepath.com/usbarmory">USB armory</a>, or even a separate VM in a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-z5s8m1" href="https://www.qubes-os.org/">QubesOS</a> type setup.</p>
<h2 class="chakra-heading css-1r2ydld" id="installing-and-starting-clef">Installing and starting Clef </h2>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">Clef comes bundled with Geth and can be built along with Geth and the other bundled tools using:</p>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm"><span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">make all</span></p>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">However, Clef is not bound to Geth and can be built on its own using:</p>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm"><span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">make clef</span></p>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">Once built, Clef must be initialized. This includes storing some data, some of which is sensitive (such as passwords, account data, signing rules etc). Initializing Clef takes that data and encrypts it using a user-defined password.</p>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm"><span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">clef init</span></p>
<div class="chakra-stack css-1dec9ee"><div class="chakra-stack css-n21gh5"><code class="chakra-code css-lccu91">WARNING!
Clef is an account management tool. It may, like any software, contain bugs.
Please take care to
- backup your keystore files,
- verify that the keystore(s) can be opened with your password.
Clef is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY
without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
Enter 'ok' to proceed:
&gt; ok
The master seed of clef will be locked with a password.
Please specify a password. Do not forget this password!
Password:
Repeat password:
A master seed has been generated into /home/martin/.clef/masterseed.json
This is required to be able to store credentials, such as:
* Passwords for keystores (used by rule engine)
* Storage for JavaScript auto-signing rules
* Hash of JavaScript rule-file
You should treat 'masterseed.json' with utmost secrecy and make a backup of it!
* The password is necessary but not enough, you need to back up the master seed too!
* The master seed does not contain your accounts, those need to be backed up separately!
</code></div></div>
<h2 class="chakra-heading css-1r2ydld" id="security-model">Security model </h2>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">One of the major benefits of Clef is that it is decoupled from the client software, meaning it can be used by users and dapps to sign data and transactions in a secure, local environment and send the signed packet to an arbitrary Ethereum entry-point, which might include, for example, an untrusted remote node. Alternatively, Clef can simply be used as a standalone, composable signer that can be a backend component for decentralized applications. This requires a secure architecture that separates cryptographic operations from user interactions and internal/external communication.</p>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">The security model of Clef is as follows:</p>
<div class="chakra-stack css-n21gh5"><ul role="list" class="css-bfhy37"><li class="css-0">
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">A self-contained binary controls all cryptographic operations including encryption, decryption and storage of keystore files, and signing data and transactions.</p>
</li><li class="css-0">
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">A well defined, deliberately minimal "external" API is used to communicate with the Clef binary - Clef considers this external traffic to be UNTRUSTED. This means Clef does not accept any credentials and does not recognize authority of requests received over this channel. Clef listens on <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">http.addr:http.port</span> or <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">ipcpath</span> - the same as Geth - and expects messages to be formatted using the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-z5s8m1" href="https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification">JSON-RPC 2.0 standard</a>. Some of the external API calls require some user interaction (manual approve/deny)- if it is not received responses can be delayed indefinitely.</p>
</li><li class="css-0">
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">Clef communicates with the process that invoked the binary using stin/stout. The process invoking the binary is usually the native console-based user interface (UI) but there is also an API that enables communication with an external UI. This has to be enabled using <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">--stdio-ui</span> at startup. This channel is considered TRUSTED and is used to pass approvals and passwords between the user and Clef.</p>
</li><li class="css-0">
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">Clef does not store keys - the user is responsible for securely storing and backing up keyfiles. Clef does store account passwords in its encrypted vault if they are explicitly provided to Clef by the user to enable automatic account unlocking.</p>
</li></ul></div>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">The external API never handles any sensitive data directly, but it can be used to request Clef to sign some data or a transaction. It is the internal API that controls signing and triggers requests for manual approval (automatic approves actions that conform to attested rulesets) and passwords.</p>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">The general flow for a basic transaction-signing operation using Clef and an Ethereum node such as Geth is as follows:</p>
<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-spn4bz" href="./Introduction to Clef _ go-ethereum_files/clef_sign_flow.png"><div class="css-8jkrjq"><img alt="Clef signing logic" src="./Introduction to Clef _ go-ethereum_files/clef_sign_flow.png" class="chakra-image css-0"></div></a>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">In the case illustrated in the schematic above, Geth would be started with <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">--signer &lt;addr&gt;:&lt;port&gt;</span> and would relay requests to <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">eth.sendTransaction</span>. Text in <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">mono</span> font positioned along arrows shows the objects passed between each component.</p>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">Most users use Clef by manually approving transactions through the UI as in the schematic above, but it is also possible to configure Clef to sign transactions without always prompting the user. This requires defining the precise conditions under which a transaction will be signed. These conditions are known as <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">Rules</span> and they are small Javascript snippets that are <em class="chakra-text css-0">attested</em> by the user by injecting the snippet's hash into Clef's secure whitelist. Clef is then started with the rule file, so that requests that satisfy the conditions in the whitelisted rule files are automatically signed. This is covered in detail on the <a class="chakra-link css-z5s8m1" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/rules">Rules page</a>.</p>
<h2 class="chakra-heading css-1r2ydld" id="basic-usage">Basic usage </h2>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">Clef is started on the command line using the <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">clef</span> command. Clef can be configured by providing flags and commands to <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">clef</span> on startup. The full list of command line options is available <a class="chakra-link css-z5s8m1" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/introduction#command-line-options">below</a>. Frequently used options include <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">--keystore</span> and <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">--chainid</span> which configure the path to an existing keystore and a network to connect to. These options default to <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">$HOME/.ethereum/keystore</span> and <span class="chakra-text css-1j2vlym">1</span> (corresponding to Ethereum Mainnet) respectively. The following code snippet starts Clef, providing a custom path to an existing keystore and connecting to the Goerli testnet:</p>
<div class="chakra-stack css-1dec9ee"><pre style="color: white; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none; padding: 1rem; margin: 0.5em 0px; overflow: auto; background: rgb(1, 22, 39); border-radius: 0.5rem;"><code class="language-sh" style="color: rgb(214, 222, 235); font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none;"><span>clef --keystore /my/keystore --chainid 5
</span></code></pre></div>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">On starting Clef, the following welcome message is displayed in the terminal:</p>
<div class="chakra-stack css-1dec9ee"><div class="chakra-stack css-n21gh5"><code class="chakra-code css-lccu91">WARNING!
Clef is an account management tool. It may, like any software, contain bugs.
Please take care to
- backup your keystore files,
- verify that the keystore(s) can be opened with your password.
Clef is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY.
without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
Enter 'ok' to proceed:
&gt;
</code></div></div>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">Requests requiring account access or signing now require explicit consent in this terminal. Activities such as sending transactions via a local Geth node's attached Javascript console or RPC will now hang indefinitely, awaiting approval in this terminal.</p>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">A much more detailed Clef tutorial is available on the <a class="chakra-link css-z5s8m1" href="https://geth.ethereum.org/docs/tools/clef/tutorial">Tutorial page</a>.</p>
<h2 class="chakra-heading css-1r2ydld" id="command-line-options">Command line options </h2>
<div class="chakra-stack css-1dec9ee"><pre style="color: white; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none; padding: 1rem; margin: 0.5em 0px; overflow: auto; background: rgb(1, 22, 39); border-radius: 0.5rem;"><code class="language-sh" style="color: rgb(214, 222, 235); font-family: Consolas, Monaco, &quot;Andale Mono&quot;, &quot;Ubuntu Mono&quot;, monospace; text-align: left; white-space: pre; word-spacing: normal; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 1em; tab-size: 4; hyphens: none;"><span>COMMANDS:
</span> init Initialize the signer, generate secret storage
attest Attest that a js-file is to be used
setpw Store a credential for a keystore file
delpw Remove a credential for a keystore file
newaccount Create a new account
gendoc Generate documentation about json-rpc format
help, h Shows a list of commands or help for one command
GLOBAL OPTIONS:
--loglevel value log level to emit to the screen (default: 4)
--keystore value Directory for the keystore (default: "$HOME/.ethereum/keystore")
--configdir value Directory for Clef configuration (default: "$HOME/.clef")
--chainid value Chain id to use for signing (1=mainnet, 3=Ropsten, 4=Rinkeby, 5=Goerli) (default: 1)
--lightkdf Reduce key-derivation RAM &amp; CPU usage at some expense of KDF strength
--nousb Disables monitoring for and managing USB hardware wallets
--pcscdpath value Path to the smartcard daemon (pcscd) socket file (default: "/run/pcscd/pcscd.comm")
--http.addr value HTTP-RPC server listening interface (default: "localhost")
--http.vhosts value Comma separated list of virtual hostnames from which to accept requests (server enforced). Accepts '*' wildcard. (default: "localhost")
--ipcdisable Disable the IPC-RPC server
--ipcpath value Filename for IPC socket/pipe within the datadir (explicit paths escape it)
--http Enable the HTTP-RPC server
--http.port value HTTP-RPC server listening port (default: 8550)
--signersecret value A file containing the (encrypted) master seed to encrypt Clef data, e.g. keystore credentials and ruleset hash
--4bytedb-custom value File used for writing new 4byte-identifiers submitted via API (default: "./4byte-custom.json")
--auditlog value File used to emit audit logs. Set to "" to disable (default: "audit.log")
--rules value Path to the rule file to auto-authorize requests with
--stdio-ui Use STDIN/STDOUT as a channel for an external UI. This means that an STDIN/STDOUT is used for RPC-communication with a e.g. a graphical user interface, and can be used when Clef is started by an external process.
--stdio-ui-test Mechanism to test interface between Clef and UI. Requires 'stdio-ui'.
--advanced If enabled, issues warnings instead of rejections for suspicious requests. Default off
--suppress-bootwarn If set, does not show the warning during boot
</code></pre></div>
<h2 class="chakra-heading css-1r2ydld" id="summary">Summary </h2>
<p class="chakra-text css-145zvrm">Clef is an external key management and signer tool that comes bundled with Geth but can either be used as a backend account manager and signer for Geth or as a completely separate standalone application. Being modular and composable it can be used as a component in decentralized applications or to sign data and transactions in untrusted environments. Clef is intended to eventually replace Geth's built-in account management tools.</p></div><div class="chakra-stack css-s3mn9m"><aside class="css-14zsnda"><p class="chakra-text css-ttz5vl">on this page</p><hr aria-orientation="horizontal" class="chakra-divider css-1dyio1o"><a class="chakra-link css-17yxwq0"><p class="chakra-text css-1v62gy0"> What is Clef? </p></a><a class="chakra-link css-17yxwq0"><p class="chakra-text css-1ayucz7"> Installing and starting Clef </p></a><a class="chakra-link css-17yxwq0"><p class="chakra-text css-1ayucz7"> Security model </p></a><a class="chakra-link css-17yxwq0"><p class="chakra-text css-1ayucz7"> Basic usage </p></a><a class="chakra-link css-17yxwq0"><p class="chakra-text css-1ayucz7"> Command line options </p></a><a class="chakra-link css-17yxwq0"><p class="chakra-text css-1ayucz7"> Summary </p></a></aside></div></div></div></div></main><div class="chakra-stack css-1t07u9w"><div class="css-1orfpdo"><div class="css-8jxpye"><div class="css-ak2pxb"><div 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The go-ethereum Authors<!-- --> |<!-- --> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="chakra-link css-z5s8m1" href="https://matomo.ethereum.org/index.php?module=CoreAdminHome&amp;action=optOut">Do-not-Track</a></p></div></div></div></div></div><span id="__chakra_env" hidden=""></span></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Developer mode","description":"Instructions for setting up Geth in developer mode"},"content":"\nIt is often convenient for developers to work in an environment where changes to client or application software can be deployed and tested rapidly and without putting real-world users or assets at risk. For this purpose, Geth has a `--dev` flag that spins up Geth in \"developer mode\". This creates a single-node Ethereum test network with no connections to any external peers. It exists solely on the local machine. Starting Geth in developer mode does the following:\n\n- Initializes the data directory with a testing genesis block\n- Sets max peers to 0 (meaning Geth does not search for peers)\n- Turns off discovery by other nodes (meaning the node is invisible to other nodes)\n- Sets the gas price to 0 (no cost to send transactions)\n- Simulates a consensus client which allows blocks to be mined as-needed without excessive CPU and memory consumption\n- Uses on-demand block generation, producing blocks when transactions are waiting to be mined\n\nThis configuration enables developers to experiment with Geth's source code or develop new applications without having to sync to a pre-existing public network. Blocks are only mined when there are pending transactions. Developers can break things on this network without affecting other users. This page will demonstrate how to spin up a local Geth testnet and a simple smart contract will be deployed to it using the Remix online integrated development environment (IDE).\n\n## Prerequisites {#prerequisites}\n\nIt is assumed that the user has a working Geth installation (see [installation guide](/docs/getting-started/installing-geth)).\nIt would also be helpful to have basic knowledge of Geth and the Geth console. See [Getting Started](/docs/getting-started).\nSome basic knowledge of [Solidity](https://docs.soliditylang.org/) and [smart contract deployment](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/tutorials/deploying-your-first-smart-contract/) would be useful.\n\n## Start Geth in Dev Mode {#start-geth-in-dev-mode}\n\nStarting Geth in developer mode is as simple as providing the `--dev` flag. It is also possible to create a realistic block creation frequency by setting `--dev.period 12` instead of creating blocks only when transactions are pending. Additional configuration options required to follow this tutorial.\n\nRemix will be used to deploy a smart contract to the node which requires information to be exchanged externally with Geth's own domain. To permit this, enable `http` and the `net` namespace must be enabled and the Remix URL must be provided to `--http.corsdomain`. Some other namespaces will also be enabled for this tutorial. The full command is as follows:\n\n```sh\ngeth --dev --http --http.api eth,web3,net --http.corsdomain \"https://remix.ethereum.org\"\n```\n\nThe terminal will display the following logs, confirming Geth has started successfully in developer mode:\n\n```terminal\nINFO [05-09|10:49:02.951] Starting Geth in ephemeral dev mode...\nINFO [05-09|10:49:02.952] Maximum peer count ETH=50 LES=0 total=50\nINFO [05-09|10:49:02.952] Smartcard socket not found, disabling err=\"stat /run/pcscd/pcscd.comm: no such file or directory\"\nINFO [05-09|10:49:02.953] Set global gas cap cap=50,000,000\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.133] Using developer account address=0x7Aa16266Ba3d309e3cb278B452b1A6307E52Fb62\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.196] Allocated trie memory caches clean=154.00MiB dirty=256.00MiB\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.285] Writing custom genesis block\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.286] Persisted trie from memory database nodes=13 size=1.90KiB time=\"180.524µs\" gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.287] Initialised chain configuration config=\"{ ChainID: 1337 Homestead: 0 DAO: nil DAOSupport: false EIP150: 0 EIP155: 0 EIP158: 0 Byzantium: 0 Constantinople: 0 Petersburg: 0 Istanbul: 0, Muir Glacier: 0, Berlin: 0, London: 0, Arrow Glacier: nil, MergeFork: nil, Terminal TD: nil, Engine: clique}\"\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.288] Initialising Ethereum protocol network=1337 dbversion= nil\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.289] Loaded most recent local header number=0 hash=c9c3de..579bb8 td=1 age=53y1mo1w\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.289] Loaded most recent local full block number=0 hash=c9c3de..579bb8 td=1 age=53y1mo1w\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.289] Loaded most recent local fast block number=0 hash=c9c3de..579bb8 td=1 age=53y1mo1w\nWARN [05-09|10:49:03.289] Failed to load snapshot, regenerating err=\"missing or corrupted snapshot\"\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.289] Rebuilding state snapshot\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.290] Resuming state snapshot generation root=ceb850..0662cb accounts=0 slots=0 storage=0.00B elapsed=\"778.089µs\"\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.290] Regenerated local transaction journal transactions=0 accounts=0\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.292] Gasprice oracle is ignoring threshold set threshold=2\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.292] Generated state snapshot accounts=10 slots=0 storage=412.00B elapsed=2.418ms\nWARN [05-09|10:49:03.292] Error reading unclean shutdown markers error=\"leveldb: not found\"\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.292] Starting peer-to-peer node instance=Geth/v1.10.18-unstable-8d84a701-20220503/linux-amd64/go1.18.1\nWARN [05-09|10:49:03.292] P2P server will be useless, neither dialing nor listening\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.292] Stored checkpoint snapshot to disk number=0 hash=c9c3de..579bb8\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.312] New local node record seq=1,652,089,743,311 id=bfedca74bea20733 ip=127.0.0.1 udp=0 tcp=0\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.313] Started P2P networking self=enode://0544de6446dd5831daa5a391de8d0375d93ac602a95d6a182d499de31f22f75b6645c3f562932cac8328d51321b676c683471e2cf7b3c338bb6930faf6ead389@127.0.0.1:0\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.314] IPC endpoint opened url=/tmp/geth.ipc\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.315] HTTP server started endpoint=127.0.0.1:8545 auth=false prefix= cors=http:remix.ethereum.org vhosts=localhost\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.315] Transaction pool price threshold updated price=0\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.315] Updated mining threads threads=0\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.315] Transaction pool price threshold updated price=1\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.315] Etherbase automatically configured address=0x7Aa16266Ba3d309e3cb278B452b1A6307E52Fb62\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.316] Commit new sealing work number=1 sealhash=2372a2..7fb8e7 uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=\"202.366µs\"\nWARN [05-09|10:49:03.316] Block sealing failed err=\"sealing paused while waiting for transactions\"\nINFO [05-09|10:49:03.316] Commit new sealing work number=1 sealhash=2372a2..7fb8e7 uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=\"540.054µs\"\n```\n\nThis terminal must be left running throughout the entire tutorial. In a second terminal, attach a Javascript console. By default, the `ipc` file is saved in the `datadir`:\n\n```sh\ngeth attach \u003cdatadir\u003e/geth.ipc\n```\n\nThe Javascript terminal will open with the following welcome message:\n\n```terminal\nWelcome to the Geth JavaScript console!\n\ninstance: Geth/v1.14.3-stable-ab48ba42/linux-arm64/go1.22.3\nat block: 0 (Thu Jan 01 1970 00:00:00 GMT+0000 (UTC))\n datadir: \n modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 dev:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0\n\nTo exit, press ctrl-d or type exit\n\u003e \n```\n\nFor simplicity this tutorial uses Geth's built-in account management. First, the existing accounts can be displayed using `eth.accounts`:\n\n```sh\neth.accounts\n```\n\nAn array containing a single address will be displayed in the terminal, despite no accounts having yet been explicitly created. This is the \"developer\" account. The developer address is the recipient of the total amount of ether created at the local network genesis. Querying the ether balance of the developer account will return a very large number. The developer account can be invoked as `eth.accounts[0]`.\n\nThe following command can be used to query the balance. The return value is in units of Wei, which is divided by 1\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e to give units of ether. This can be done explicitly or by calling the `web3.FromWei()` function:\n\n```sh\neth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])/1e18\n\n// or\n\nweb3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0]))\n```\n\nUsing `web3.fromWei()` is less error-prone because the correct multiplier is built in. These commands both return the following:\n\n```terminal\n1.157920892373162e+59\n```\n\nA new account can be created using Clef. Some of the ether from the developer account can then be transferred across to it. A new account is generated using the `newaccount` function on the command line:\n\n```sh\nclef newaccount --keystore \u003cpath-to-keystore\u003e\n```\n\nThe terminal will display a request for a password, twice. Once provided, a new account will be created, and its address will be printed to the terminal. The account creation is also logged in the Geth terminal, including the location of the keyfile in the keystore. It is a good idea to back up the password somewhere at this point. If this were an account on a live network, intended to own assets of real-world value, it would be critical to back up the account password and the keystore in a secure manner.\n\nTo reconfirm the account creation, running `eth.accounts` in the Javascript console should display an array containing two account addresses, one being the developer account and the other being the newly generated address. The following command transfers 50 ETH from the developer account to the new account:\n\n```sh\neth.sendTransaction({from: eth.accounts[0], to: eth.accounts[1], value: web3.toWei(50, \"ether\")})\n```\n\nA transaction hash will be returned to the console. This transaction hash will also be displayed in the logs in the Geth console, followed by logs confirming that a new block was mined (remember, in the local development network, blocks are mined when transactions are pending). The transaction details can be displayed in the Javascript console by passing the transaction hash to `eth.getTransaction()`:\n\n```sh\neth.getTransaction(\"0x62044d2cab405388891ee6d53747817f34c0f00341cde548c0ce9834e9718f27\")\n```\n\nThe transaction details are displayed as follows:\n\n```terminal\n{\n accessList: [],\n blockHash: \"0xdef68762539ebfb247e31d749acc26ab5df3163aabf9d450b6001c200d17da8a\",\n blockNumber: 1,\n chainId: \"0x539\",\n from: \"0x540dbaeb2390f2eb005f7a6dbf3436a0959197a9\",\n gas: 21000,\n gasPrice: 875000001,\n hash: \"0x2326887390dc04483d435a6303dc05bd2648086eab15f24d7dcdf8c26e8af4b8\",\n input: \"0x\",\n maxFeePerGas: 2000000001,\n maxPriorityFeePerGas: 1,\n nonce: 0,\n r: \"0x3f7b54f095b837ec13480eab5ac7de082465fc79f43b813cca051394dd028d5d\",\n s: \"0x167ef271ae8175239dccdd970db85e06a044d5039252d6232d0954d803bb4e3e\",\n to: \"0x43e3a14fb8c68caa7eea95a02693759de4513950\",\n transactionIndex: 0,\n type: \"0x2\",\n v: \"0x0\",\n value: 50000000000000000000,\n yParity: \"0x0\"\n}\n```\n\nNow that the user account is funded with ether, a contract can be created and deployed to the Geth node.\n\n## A simple smart contract {#simple-smart-contract}\n\nThis tutorial will make use of a classic example smart contract, `Storage.sol`. This contract exposes two public functions, one to add a value to the contract storage and one to view the stored value. The contract, written in Solidity, is provided below:\n\n```solidity\npragma solidity \u003e=0.8.2 \u003c0.9.0;\n\ncontract Storage {\n uint256 number;\n\n function store(uint256 num) public {\n number = num;\n }\n\n function retrieve() public view returns (uint256) {\n return number;\n }\n}\n```\n\nSolidity is a high-level language that makes code executable by the Ethereum virtual machine (EVM) readable to humans. This means that there is an intermediate step between writing code in Solidity and deploying it to Ethereum. This step is called \"compilation\", and it converts human-readable code into EVM-executable bytecode. This byte-code is then included in a transaction sent from the Geth node during contract deployment. This can all be done directly from the Geth Javascript console; however, this tutorial uses an online IDE called Remix to handle the compilation and deployment of the contract to the local Geth node.\n\n## Compile and deploy using Remix {#compile-and-deploy}\n\nIn a web browser, open \u003chttps://remix.ethereum.org\u003e. This opens an online smart contract development environment. On the left-hand side of the screen there is a side-bar menu that toggles between several toolboxes that are displayed in a vertical panel. On the right-hand side of the screen, there is an editor and a terminal. This layout is similar to the default layout of many other IDEs such as [VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/). The contract defined in the previous section, `Storage.sol` is already available in the `Contracts` directory in Remix. It can be opened and reviewed in the editor.\n\n![Remix](/images/docs/remix.png)\n\nThe Solidity logo is present as an icon in the Remix sidebar. Clicking this icon opens the Solidity compiler wizard, which can be used to compile `Storage.sol` ready. With `Solidity.sol` open in the editor window, simply click the `Compile 1_Storage.sol` button. A green tick will appear next to the Solidity icon to confirm that the contract has been compiled successfully. This means the contract bytecode is available.\n\n![Remix-compiler](/images/docs/remix-compiler.png)\n\nBelow the Solidity icon is a fourth icon that includes the Ethereum logo. Clicking this opens the Deploy menu. In this menu, Remix can be configured to connect to the local Geth node. In the drop-down menu labelled `ENVIRONMENT`, select `Custom - External Http Provider`. This will open an information pop-up with instructions for configuring Geth - these can be ignored as they were completed earlier in this tutorial. However, at the bottom of this pop-up is a box labelled `External HTTP Provider Endpoint`. This should be set to Geth's 8545 port on `localhost` (`http://127.0.0.1:8545`). Click OK. The `ACCOUNT` field should automatically populate with the address of the account created earlier using the Geth Javascript console.\n\n![Remix-deploy](/images/docs/remix-deploy.png)\n\nTo deploy `Storage.sol`, click `DEPLOY`.\n\nThe following logs in the Geth terminal confirm that the contract was successfully deployed.\n\n```terminal\nINFO [05-09|12:27:09.680] Setting new local account address=0x7Aa16266Ba3d309e3cb278B452b1A6307E52Fb62\nINFO [05-09|12:27:09.680] Submitted contract creation hash=0xbf2d2d1c393a882ffb6c90e6d1713906fd799651ae683237223b897d4781c4f2 from=0x7Aa16266Ba3d309e3cb278B452b1A6307E52Fb62 nonce=1 contract=0x4aA11DdfD817dD70e9FF2A2bf9c0306e8EC450d3 value=0\nINFO [05-09|12:27:09.681] Commit new sealing work number=2 sealhash=845a53..f22818 uncles=0 txs=1 gas=125,677 fees=0.0003141925 elapsed=\"335.991µs\"\nINFO [05-09|12:27:09.681] Successfully sealed new block number=2 sealhash=845a53..f22818 hash=e927bc..f2c8ed elapsed=\"703.415µs\"\nINFO [05-09|12:27:09.681] 🔨 mined potential block number=2 hash=e927bc..f2c8ed\n```\n\n## Interact with contract using Remix {#interact-with-contract}\n\nThe contract is now deployed on a local testnet version of the Ethereum blockchain. This means there is a contract address that contains an executable bytecode that can be invoked by sending transactions with instructions, also in bytecode, to that address. Again, this can all be achieved by constructing transactions directly in the Geth console or even by making external http requests using tools such as Curl. Here, Remix is used to retrieve the value; then the same action is taken using the Javascript console.\n\nAfter deploying the contract in Remix, the `Deployed Contracts` tab in the sidebar automatically populates with the public functions exposed by `Storage.sol`. To send a value to the contract storage, type a number in the field adjacent to the `store` button, then click the button.\n\n![Remix-func](/images/docs/remix-func.png)\n\nIn the Geth terminal, the following logs confirm that the transaction was successful (the actual values will vary from the example below):\n\n```terminal\nINFO [05-09|13:41:58.644] Submitted transaction hash=0xfa3cd8df6841c5d3706d3bacfb881d2b985d0b55bdba440f1fdafa4ed5b5cc31 from=0x7Aa16266Ba3d309e3cb278B452b1A6307E52Fb62 nonce=2 recipient=0x4aA11DdfD817dD70e9FF2A2bf9c0306e8EC450d3 value=0\nINFO [05-09|13:41:58.644] Commit new sealing work number=3 sealhash=5442e3..f49739 uncles=0 txs=1 gas=43724 fees=0.00010931 elapsed=\"334.446µs\"\nINFO [05-09|13:41:58.645] Successfully sealed new block number=3 sealhash=5442e3..f49739 hash=c076c8..eeee77 elapsed=\"581.374µs\"\nINFO [05-09|13:41:58.645] 🔨 mined potential block number=3 hash=c076c8..eeee77\n```\n\nThe transaction hash can be used to retrieve the transaction details using the Geth Javascript console, which will return the following information:\n\n```terminal\n{\n accessList: [],\n blockHash: \"0xc076c88200618f4cbbfb4fe7c3eb8d93566724755acc6c4e9a355cc090eeee77\",\n blockNumber: 3,\n chainId: \"0x539\",\n from: \"0x7aa16266ba3d309e3cb278b452b1a6307e52fb62\",\n gas: 43724,\n gasPrice: 3172359839,\n hash: \"0xfa3cd8df6841c5d3706d3bacfb881d2b985d0b55bdba440f1fdafa4ed5b5cc31\",\n input: \"0x6057361d0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000038\",\n maxFeePerGas: 4032048134,\n maxPriorityFeePerGas: 2500000000,\n nonce: 2,\n r: \"0x859b88062715c5d66b9a188886ad51b68a1e4938d5932ce2dac874c104d2b26\",\n s: \"0x61ef6bc454d5e6a76c414f133aeb6321197a61e263a3e270a16bd4a65d94da55\",\n to: \"0x4aa11ddfd817dd70e9ff2a2bf9c0306e8ec450d3\",\n transactionIndex: 0,\n type: \"0x2\",\n v: \"0x1\",\n value: 0,\n yParity: \"0x1\"\n}\n```\n\nThe `from` address is the account that sent the transaction, and the `to` address is the deployment address of the contract. The value entered into Remix is now in storage at that contract address. This can be retrieved using Remix by calling the `retrieve` function - to do this simply click the `retrieve` button. Alternatively, it can be retrieved using `web3.getStorageAt` using the Geth Javascript console. The following command returns the value in the contract storage (replace the given address with the correct one displayed in the Geth logs).\n\n```sh\nweb3.eth.getStorageAt(\"0x407d73d8a49eeb85d32cf465507dd71d507100c1\", 0)\n```\n\nThis returns a value that looks like the following:\n\n```terminal\n\"0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000038\"\n```\n\nThe returned value is a left-padded hexadecimal value. For example, the return value `0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000038` corresponds to a value of `56` entered as a uint256 to Remix. After converting from hexadecimal string to decimal number the returned value should be equal to that provided to Remix in the previous step.\n\n## Reusing --datadir {#reusing-datadir}\n\nThis tutorial used an ephemeral blockchain that is completely destroyed and started afresh during each dev-mode session. However, it is also possible to create persistent blockchain and account data that can be reused across multiple sessions. This is done by providing the `--datadir` flag and a directory name when starting Geth in dev-mode.\n\n```sh\ngeth --datadir dev-chain --dev --http --http.api web3,eth,net --http.corsdomain \"https://remix.ethereum.org\"\n```\n\n## Re-using accounts {#reusing-accounts}\n\nGeth will fail to start in dev-mode if keys have been manually created or imported into the keystore in the `--datadir` directory. This is because the account cannot be automatically unlocked. To resolve this issue, the password defined when the account was created can be saved to a text file and its path passed to the `--password` flag on starting Geth, for example, if `password.txt` is saved in the top-level `go-ethereum` directory:\n\n```sh\ngeth --datadir dev-chain --dev --http --http.api web3,eth,net --http.corsdomain \"https://remix.ethereum.org\" --password password.txt\n```\n\n## Using a Custom Genesis Configuration\n\nIt is possible to use a custom genesis block configuration in development mode. To obtain a compatible configuration, run `geth --dev dumpgenesis`. The resulting genesis has proof-of-stake and all pre-merge hard forks activated at block 0. Precompile addresses are funded to prevent them being removed from the state per EIP158.\n\nUsers are free to modify the generated template provided they keep the pre-merge hard-forks and proof-of-stake transition activated at block 0.\n\n## Summary {#summary}\n\nThis tutorial has demonstrated how to spin up a local developer network using Geth. Having started this development network, a simple contract was deployed to the developer network. Then, Remix was connected to the local Geth node and used to deploy and interact with a contract. Remix was used to add a value to the contract storage, and then the value was retrieved using Remix and also using the lower-level commands in the Javascript console.\n","navLinks":[{"id":"Getting started","items":[{"id":"Introduction","to":"/docs/getting-started"},{"id":"Hardware requirements","to":"/docs/getting-started/hardware-requirements"},{"id":"Installing Geth","to":"/docs/getting-started/installing-geth"},{"id":"Consensus clients","to":"/docs/getting-started/consensus-clients"}]},{"id":"Fundamentals","items":[{"id":"Introduction","to":"/docs/fundamentals"},{"id":"Node architecture","to":"/docs/fundamentals/node-architecture"},{"id":"Command-line options","to":"/docs/fundamentals/command-line-options"},{"id":"Security","to":"/docs/fundamentals/security"},{"id":"Sync-modes","to":"/docs/fundamentals/sync-modes"},{"id":"Beacon light sync","to":"/docs/fundamentals/blsync"},{"id":"Account 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